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Comparison of Physiological Activities of Flammulina velutipes according to Solvent Extractions
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts from Flammulina velutipes. Antioxidant activity was evaluated based on total contents of polyphenols and flavonoids, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Total contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were the highest in ethyl acetate extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of these extracts were in the order of ethanol (82.3%)> ethyl acetate (79.6%)> acetone (78.4%)> ascorbic acid (76.8%). Ethanol extract showed significantly different (P<0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activities compared with other extracts. ABTS radical scavenging effects were 74.7% and 73.0% for acetone and ethanol extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of F. velutipes extracts were evaluated by the paper disk diffusion method against six strains of microbes, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae. Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial effects against all tested strains, and especially ethyl acetate extract had strong antimicrobial activities against M. luteus and E. coli. Antioxidant activities were negatively correlated with contents of total polyphenols (-0.192 with DPPH and -0.953 with ABTS) and total flavonoids (-0.717 with DPPH and -0.704 with ABTS). A positive relationship was established among total flavonoid contents and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. This study confirms positive antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for F. velutipes. © 2018, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.
... The TFC was 7.77 ± 0.18 mg CE/g extract in EtAC extract, demonstrating a significant difference with that of acetone extract and EtOH extract; similar to the TPC, the amount was the lowest in the EtOH extract. The TPC and TFC were also the highest in EtAC extract than in acetone and EtOH extract in L. edodes as reported by Lee et al [23] Flavonoids can generally be classified according to their chemical structure into phenolic acids that have benzoic acid and cinnamic acid as its basic structure and into C6-C3-C6 structure with 2 phenyl rings. Examples of flavonoids include flavones, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols. ...
Background/Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities using Pleurotuseryngii extracts. Method/Statistical analysis: TPC, TFC, DPPH,and ABTS activities were examined for antioxidant effects. In order to determine the antimicrobial activity, we also studied these extracts using six multi-resistant bacteria through paper disc diffusion. Findings: The content of total polyphenols ranged from 1.67 mg GAE/g extract in acetone extract to 1.31 mg GAE/g extract in EtOH extract. The content of total flavonoid varied from 7.77 mg CE/g extract in EtAC extract to 0.61 mg CE/g extract in EtOH extract. At the result of DPPH activities of all extracts were higher than the ascorbic acid solution. DPPH activity of EtAC extract was the highest value at 81.0%. In addition, the highest ABTS activity was observed in EtOH extract at 88.4%. DPPH activity showed a stronger correlation with TPC and TFC. EtOHextract and acetone extract showed antimicrobial activity against six microorganisms. The EtOH extracts were the most effective against Enterobacter cloacae, and the most significant acetone extracts were the most effective for Escherichia coli. Improvements/Applications: Based on this study, Pleurotuseryngiican be a good candidate for natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. © 2018, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
... The TFC was 7.77 ± 0.18 mg CE/g extract in EtAC extract, demonstrating a significant difference with that of acetone extract and EtOH extract; similar to the TPC, the amount was the lowest in the EtOH extract. The TPC and TFC were also the highest in EtAC extract than in acetone and EtOH extract in L. edodes as reported by Lee et al [23] Flavonoids can generally be classified according to their chemical structure into phenolic acids that have benzoic acid and cinnamic acid as its basic structure and into C6-C3-C6 structure with 2 phenyl rings. Examples of flavonoids include flavones, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols. ...
Background/Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities using Pleurotus eryngii extracts. Method/Statistical analysis: TPC, TFC, DPPH,and ABTS activities were examined for antioxidant effects. In order to determine the antimicrobial activity, we also studied these extracts using six multi-resistant bacteria through paper disc diffusion. Findings: The content of total polyphenols ranged from 1.67 mg GAE/g extract in acetone extract to 1.31 mg GAE/g extract in EtOH extract. The content of total flavonoid varied from 7.77 mg CE/g extract in EtAC extract to 0.61 mg CE/g extract in EtOH extract. At the result of DPPH activities of all extracts were higher than the ascorbic acid solution. DPPH activity of EtAC extract was the highest value at 81.0%. In addition, the highest ABTS activity was observed in EtOH extract at 88.4%. DPPH activity showed a stronger correlation with TPC and TFC. EtOH extract and acetone extract showed antimicrobial activity against six microorganisms. The EtOH extracts were the most effective against Enterobacter cloacae, and the most significant acetone extracts were the most effective for Escherichia coli. Improvements/Applications: Based on this study, Pleurotus eryngii can be a good candidate for natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. © 2018, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Natural antioxidant defences have been found to be defective in many of the same diseases. This has led to suggestions that oxidative damage and therefore disease progression may be retarded by supplementing natural antioxidant defences. Potential antioxidant therapy includes natural antioxidant enzymes and vitamins or synthetic agents with antioxidant activity. Diseases where antioxidant therapy may be beneficial include diabetes mellitus, reperfusion injury, inflammatory diseases and the prevention of chronic processes such as atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. Further well controlled prospective clinical trials of antioxidants are required to establish the efficacy and tolerability of antioxidant therapy in the treatment of human diseases.
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2'-trihydroxy-5'-methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.
We investigated the antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts from Spirodela polyrhiza (SP) through in vitro assays. The total phenolic contents of SP water and ethanol extracts were 52.75-293.4 and 60.12-398.4 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of SP ethanol extract (38.25-159.4 mg/g) was higher than that of SP water extract (38.25-67.75 mg/g). The water and ethanol extracts from SP scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2`-azino-di-2-ethyl-benzothia-zoline sulfonate (ABTS) radical in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration range of . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the SP ethanol extract (2.87%-59.5%) was higher than that of the water extract (4.12%-81.52%). The IC_{50}s of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts were 2,100 and 1,034µg/ml respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 8.30%-83.16% and 13.11%-8.34% respectively. The IC_{50}s of the ABTS radical scavenging activity of SP water and ethanol extracts were 798.7 and 457.1µg/ml, respectively. The reducing power activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 0.055-1.122 and 0.140-1.428, respectively (500-4,000µg/ml). The soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) radical scavenging activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 157.7%-168.0% and 148.0%-169.4%, respectively. These results suggest that the water and ethanol extracts of SP may be useful as a potential antioxidant.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) for extraction of Auricularia auricula-judae. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by determining total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were not significantly different among the extracts, whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity were significantly higher in ethanol and acetone extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activities of ethanol and acetone extracts showed high values (58.7% and 46.7%, respectively). The antimicrobial properties of these extracts were determined against six bacterial pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae) by the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts showed antimicrobial activities against all tested bacteria, and all extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis. © 2016, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All Rights Reserved.
The present study investigated antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of Hericium erinaceus extracts obtained with acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol. These extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activities by total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity. ABTS radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract showed the highest value similar to that of standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. The acetone extract and ethyl acetate extract had relatively high total flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Antimicrobial activities were determined by using disc diffusion method with four strains of Gram-negative bacteria and eleven strains of Gram-positive bacteria including nine oral bacteria. The ethyl acetate extract had antimicrobial activity against Grampositive bacteria, whereas the methanol extract showed inhibitory effect against Gram-negative bacteria. For the microbial activity of oral bacteria, the most of H. erinaceus extracts were effective to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
Antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from Coriolus versicolor were investigated for their total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity. C. versicolor ex-tracts were produced by organic solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were higher than those in the methanol extract. DPPH radical scaveng-ing activity of methanol extract showed the highest value of 80.3%, which was similar to that of ascorbic acid (85.5%). All extracts showed good (>90.0%) ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. The antimicrobial activities of these extracts from C. versicolor were evaluated against six strains of bacteria using the disc diffusion method. All extracts showed antimicrobial activities against all tested bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus. These results indicate that various extracts from C. versicolor could be useful as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. © 2015, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.
We have evaluated antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvents extracts from Pleurotus ostreatus. Organic solvents such as acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were used to produce P. ostreatus extracts. Antioxidant activities were determined by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical scavenging activity, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity. The acetone extract showed the highest antioxidant activities except total flavonoid contents. Antimicrobial activities of P. ostreatus extracts were determined against four strains of Gram-negative bacteria and eleven strains of Gram-positive bacteria including nine oral bacteria by disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts had antimicrobial activities against only B. subtilis and E. coli, whereas the other extracts inhibited the growth of most oral bacteria. These extracts showed a significant growth inhibition against S. sanguinis.
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent (acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) extracts from Lentinus edodes. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity were highest in ethanol extract. ABTS radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract showed the highest value (98.5%), which was similar to that of ascorbic acid (95.7%). The ethyl acetate extract from Lentinus edodes showed relatively high total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Negative correlations were found between total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities in Lentinus edodes extracts. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae by the disc diffusion method. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activities against almost all tested microorganisms except E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract showed a significant growth inhibition effect against E. coli, Ent. cloacae, and B. subtilis. © 2015, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.
Water and ethanol extracts of 16 different Korean traditional oriental prescriptions used widely for prevention of degenerative arthritis were prepared and their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were quantified. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water, ethanol and enzyme-treated extracts were determined by in vitro assays. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of three extracts from the 16 different medicinal prescriptions varied from 10.03-78.03 and 0-16.24 mg/g, respectively. Among the three extracts of 16 different medicinal prescriptions tested, 'Mahangeuigamtang' showed the potent full term for DPPH (RC 50=71.26, 27.33, 63.00 μg/mL) and foil term for ABTS (RC 50=21.11, 27.45, 152.11 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities, and its water and ethanol extracts exhibited significant cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity (49.10 and 69.06%, respectively). Ethanol and enzyme-treated extracts of 'Euieuiintang' exerted the strongest COX-2 inhibitory activity (68.23 and 75.05%, respectively). 'Mahangeuigamtang' and 'Euieuiintang' may be useful as potential therapeutic agents for treatment of degenerative diseases, such as inflammation and aging.
Antioxidant properties and antioxidant compound contents in different parts of 14 commercial mushrooms were evaluated. Methanolic extracts from the entire mushroom, the pileus and the stipe, separately, were screened for their DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Total ubiquinones (Coenzyme Qs; CoQs), total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were determined, in order to assess the extract's antioxidant activity. The portion of the mushroom selected had an effect on the results, with pileus methanolic extract exhibiting the greatest antioxidant effect (p<0.05). The analyzed mushrooms contained powerful antioxidants such as phenols (144.5~ 536.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents, mg GAE/100 g of dried weight, dw), flavonoids (3.7~31.2 mg of quercetin equivalents, mg QE/100 g dw) and ubiquinones (65.6~485.1 μg/100 g dw). Content of CoQ9 and CoQ10 in the 14 commercial mushrooms varied from 23.1 to 256.2 μg/100 g and from 16.1 to 238.3 μg/100 g, respectively. Phellinus linteusshowed the highest antioxidant activity among all species due to the contribution of antioxidants such as phenols (530.5 mg GAE/100 g dw) and ubiquinones (308.8 ug/100 g dw). A positive linear correlation was demonstrated between free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic (R2=0.79) and ubiquinone (R2=0.59) contents in the pileus of mushrooms (p<0.05). Our data indicate that commercial mushrooms have potential as dietary sources of CoQs and phenolic antioxidants.
To find antitumor components with low toxicity in the Basidiomycetes of Korea, the carpophores of Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Singer were extracted with hot water for eight hours. The extract was purified by dialyzing through Visking tube and a protein-bound polysaccharide fraction was obtained as pale brownish amorphous powder after freeze-drying. The fraction was examined for antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 implanted subcutaneously in the left groin in ICR mice. The inhibition ratio of this fraction against the tumor was 62.3% at the dose of 10mg/kg/day for the period of ten days. The tumors in three of the ten treated mice were completely regressed. The chemical analysis of the antitumor component by anthrone and Lowry-Folin methods showed that it consisted of a polysaccharide (42.4%) and a protein (24.5%). The hydrolysis of the polysaccharide moiety with 3% HCl-MeOH and trimethysilylation of the hydrolyzate yielded five monosaccharides which were identified by G.L.C. Several amino acids were identified by an amino acid autoanalyzer in the acid hydrolyzate of the protein moiety.
Functional activities of Flammulina velutipes extract including electron donating ability, nitrite-scavenging effect, and tyrosinase inhibition activity was examined. Extraction were carried out by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) under different conditions including solvent and microwave power. Tyrosinase inhibition activity and nitrite-scavenging effect increased as microwave power increased during extraction. Total phenol content and electron-donating ability reached maximum at the microwave power of 90 W. Total polyphenol content and electron-donating ability increased as extraction time extended up to 15 min, with the highest tyrosinase inhibition obtained after 5 min extraction. Significantly higher tyrosinase inhibition activity was found in 99% ethanol extract, whereas greater nitrite-scavenging effect was observed in the water extract. The maximum nitrite-scavenging effect was found at pH 1.2 and decreased as pH increased.
Aim and methods:
Although the antimicrobial activity of extracts from several mushroom species has been reported, studies with the individual compounds present in that extracts are scarce. Herein, the antimicrobial activity of different phenolic compounds identified and quantified in mushroom species from all over the world was evaluated. Furthermore, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis and molecular docking studies were performed, in order to provide insights into the mechanism of action of potential antimicrobial drugs for resistant micro-organisms.
Results:
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids were the phenolic compounds with higher activity against the majority of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, phenolic compounds inhibited more MRSA than methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA was inhibited by 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic (MICs = 0.5 mg ml(-1) ) and p-coumaric (MIC = 1 mg ml(-1) ) acids, while these compounds at the same concentrations had no inhibitory effects against methicillin-susceptible Staph. aureus.
Conclusions:
The presence of carboxylic acid (COOH), two hydroxyl (OH) groups in para and ortho positions of the benzene ring and also a methoxyl (OCH3 ) group in the meta position seems to be important for anti-MRSA activity.
Significance and impact of the study:
Phenolic compounds could be used as antimicrobial agents, namely against some micro-organisms resistant to commercial antibiotics.
In order to find antioxidant potential, seeds of 30 varieties of Glycine max were studied for their total phenolic contents (TPC), flavonoids and antioxidant activity (AOA). The seed extracts showed wide variation of TPC from 6.4 to 81.7 mg GAE/g, flavonoids 3.5 to 44.6 mg QE/g and AOA 7.5% to 74.7%. Free radical-scavenging activity (FRSA), assayed by DPPH in terms of IC50 (inhibitory concentration), ranged from 0.14 to 0.80 mg/ml, EC50 (efficiency concentration) from 6.1 to 34.8 mg/mg DPPH, ARP (anti-radical power) 2.9 to 16.4 and reducing power from 1.9 to 4.7 ASE/ml. Variety Kalitur showed highest the FRSA followed by Alankar and Hara soya, as evident from their low IC50, EC50 and high ARP values. Alankar, Kalitur NRC-37, PK-472, VLS-47, Hara soya varieties were with comparatively higher TPC (52.7–81.7 mg GAE/g), AOA (50.5–74.7%) and showed better inhibition of peroxide formation assayed through ammonium thiocyanate and egg yolk, non-site-specific and site-specific inhibition of hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation and ferrous ion-chelating capacity than did the other varieties. Seed extracts of these varieties and leaves of Kalitur showed significant protection against DNA damage caused by free radicals. The agri-wastes of some promising varieties, e.g. Alankar, Kalitur, NRC-37 and PK-472, showed TPC ranging from 27.4 to 167 mg GAE/g, total flavanoids from 10.4 to 63.8 mg QE/g and AOA from 26.5% to 84.7% and their values were highest in the leaves, followed by pod pericarp and twigs. Out of all the varieties studied, leaves of Alankar and Kalitur varieties were more potent free radical-scavengers than were seeds, pod pericarp or twigs. The specific phenolic compositions and their quantifications were performed by HPLC and MS/MS, which showed that the seeds of Kalitur were higher in genistin (127 μg/g), seeds and leaves of Alankar in diadzin (113 μg/g) and gallic acid (87.2 μg/g), respectively. The present studies may be of importance in varietal improvement, nutraceuticals, bio-pharmaceuticals and utilization of agri-wastes as possible cost-effective natural antioxidants.
Nowadays macrofungi are distinguished as important natural resources of immunomodulating and anticancer agents and with regard to the increase in diseases involving immune dysfunction, cancer, autoimmune conditions in recent years, applying such immunomodulator agents especially with the natural original is vital. These compounds belong mainly to polysaccharides especially beta-d-glucan derivates, glycopeptide/protein complexes (polysaccharide-peptide/protein complexes), proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids. Among polysaccharides, beta(1-->3)-d-glucans and their peptide/protein derivates and among proteins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (Fips) have more important role in immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Immunomodulating and antitumor activity of these metabolites related to their effects to act of immune effecter cells such as hematpoietic stem cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity, resulting in the production of biologic response modifiers. In this review we have introduced the medicinal mushrooms' metabolites with immunomoduling and antitumor activities according to immunological evidences and then demonstrated their effects on innate and adaptive immunity and also the mechanisms of activation of immune responses and signaling cascade. In addition, their molecular structure and their relation to these activities have been shown. The important instances of these metabolites along with their immunomodulating and/or antitumor activities isolated from putative medicinal mushrooms are also introduced.
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