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*Corresponding Author: Dr Swagata Dilip Tavhare, Email:drswagata32@gmail.com
ISSN 0976 – 3333
RESEARCH ARTICLE
ICLE
Available Online at www.ijpba.info
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2017; 8(6): 59-78
Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on Bhanga (Cannabis sativa linn.): a classical
unfamiliar portrayal
Swagata DilipTavhare*1, Rabinarayan Acharya2
1Ph.D Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna,IPGT& RA, Jamnagar, 361008.
2Professor & Head, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, 361008.
Received 01 Oct 2017; Revised 30 Oct 2017; Accepted 15 Dec 2017
ABSTRACT
Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.),Cannabinaceae family, an annual herbaceous plant, has been used since
millennia as a source of medicine, industrial fibre, seed oil, food,recreation, religious and spiritual moods.
This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its wide applications.
Ayurveda, the science of life, describing many of the formulation about the pharmaco-clinical application
of Bhanga but many of these formulations are not in practice today. Indeed; it is a treasure trove of multi-
variant Guna (qualities) and Karma (actions), making it a broad spectrum drug. In this review, the rich
spectrum of cannabis is being discussed by putting a special emphasis on the formulations containing
cannabis either as a major or a minor ingredient. Available 41 Rasagranthas and 26 Chikitsagrantha and
other Ayurvedic treatises were referred with respect to Bhanga’s Adhikara (main indication), Kalpana
(dosage forms), Anupana (vehicle), Aushadha Sevana Kala (time and period of administration),Pathya-
Apathya(do’s and dont’s),Prayojyanaga (parts used), Karma (action), specific uses and instructions of the
formulations. It is observed that, there are 210 formulations which contain Bhanga, out of which 193 are
recommended for internal administration and 17 for external applications. Among the formulations
indicated for internal administration, 102 contain Bhanga as one of the major ingredient, whereas in 91
formulations, it’s a minor ingredient. Nine formulations of external application are having Bhanga as
major ingredient and 8 as minor ingredient.The review represents formulations being indicatedof 45
differentRoga- Adhikara, 22 Kalpana,18 Pathya- Apathya, five different parts used, 49 Karma (action)
and few benefits and instruction to be followed during administration of formulations containing Bhanga.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Bhanga, Cannabis sativa, Kalpana, Anupana, Matra, Shodhana
INTRODUCTION
Cannabis (Bhanga) based medications have been
a topic of intense study since the endogenous
cannabinoid system was discovered two decades
ago, thus improvement has been seen in wide
therapeutic application of cannabis through large
number of clinical trials.[1]The benefit of treatment
with cannabinoids for a number of medical
indications has been shown in controlled trials in
which predominantly standardized and/or
synthetic cannabinoid preparations were used. The
use of such preparations may therefore be
reasonable for patients in whom conventional
treatment does not achieve adequate relief of
symptoms. Ayurveda classics have also advocated
number of disease conditions in which Bhanga is
either used as a single drug or as an ingredient of a
formulation. The current multisystem diseased
affected population era caused the systemic use of
number of molecules thus creating drug- drug
interactions, adverse drug reaction and excess load
of medicines over vital organs. In patients with
multiple disease conditions, simply application of
recommendations from multiple single disease
clinical guidelines may result in complex multiple
drug regimens (polypharmacy) with the potential
for implicitly harmful combinations of drugs.[2]
Polypharmacy has been linked to greater drug-
related problems compared to single drug use and
is associated with poorer mental health, including
psychological distress, anxiety, depression; risk-
taking behaviours and suicidal attempts.[3,4]
Bhanga in this regards, is a drugs combating
multiple clinical conditions, thus, formulations
containing Bhanga can be used preferably to
decrease the load of polypharmacy and its further
ill consequences. However, concern over the
danger of abuse led to the banning of the
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 60
medicinal use of marijuana in most countries in
the 1930s.Controlled Substances Act (1970)
enlisted Marijuana under Schedule 1 drug with no
medicinal value and a high potential for abuse.
Administration of marijuana causes some
psychological effects. [5]Many drugs used today
can cause addiction and are misused and abused.
Nevertheless they are still an important part of our
pharmacopoeia, Bhanga being one of them. The
first cannabis-based medication was approved for
use in Germany in 2011.[6]An review has been
attempted previously shows limelight on
synonyms, classification, pharmacological
properties, purification methods and indication of
formulations [7] whereas review on
pharmacotherapeutic application of Bhanga is
lacking. Review on classical formulations having
Bhangaas a levigating media has also been
reported.[8]The proportionate of Bhanga, in
formulations having Bhanga as an
ingradient,either as a major or minor ingradient
with respect to other ingradient of a particular
formulation has not been reported yet. Initially,
the safety of the formulations, containing minor
proportion Bhanga, can be assessed through
preclinical and clinical studies. Considering wide
range of therapeutic applications, it is now high
time to bring back these compounds formulations
to clinical practice within the schedule rules and
regulations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present review information of herbo-
mineral formulations where Bhanga is used as an
ingredient are extracted from available 41
Rasagranthas (compendia related to Rasashastra)
and 26 Chikitsagrantha(compendia of Ayurveda)
other Ayurvedic treatises.In 26 Rasagranthas and
9 Chikitsagranthas Bhanga has been included
either as a single drug or in a formulations. The
following texts were referred for the present
review namely,Vaidyachintamani[9],
Rasakamadhenu Purvardha[10], Rasendra
sarasamgraha [11] Siddhabhaishajaya-manimala
[12], Bhavaprakasha Chikitsa [13],Yogaratnakar
a[14], Rasarajmahodadhi[15],Rasayogasagara –
II[16] , Vaidyaka Rasayana[17], Bharata Bhaishajya
RatnakaraI[18], Sahastrayoga[19], Yogachintamani
[20], Bharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara–II [21],
Bruhatnighanturatnakara[22],Bhaishajya
Ratnavali [23] , Yogatarangini [24], Rasakamdhenu
Uttarardha[25],Rasachintamani[26], Rasaratna-
sammuchaya [27], Rasayogasagara–I [28], Bruhat-
rasarajasundara [29], Bharata Bhaishajya
Ratnakara-V [30], Bharata Bhaishajya
RatnakaraIV[31],Rasayansara[32],Arkaprakasha[33],
Rasatarangini[34],Vaidyachamatkarachintamani[35]
, Rasendrasambhava[36], Rasendrachintamani[37],
Bharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara-III[38], Harita [39],
Vaidyaratnama[40], Rasajalanidhi[41], Abhinava
Navajeevana[42], Rasamanjiri[43], Anandakanda[44],
and Vasavarajiyama[45].
The formulations containing Bhanga are
presented in this review and rest formulations
have been excluded. Formulations containing
Bhanga as an ingredient have been devided in two
categories viz. Bhanga is considered as a major
ingredient i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 or 1:6”
and as a minor one i.e. consisting more than 1:6
proportions of other total ingredients in the
formulations. Different search engines like
Google scholar, MEDSCAPE, BMC, Science
Direct, MEDLINE(www.pubmed.com)/pubmed
database, SCOPEMED, and other relevant
databases were searched using keywords like
‘Cannabis’, ‘Marijuana’, ‘Hemp’,
‘Tetrahydrocannabinol’ (THC), ‘Cannabinol’
(CBN), ‘Cannabidiol’ (CBD), ‘Dosage forms’,
‘Routes of administrations’, Time of
administration’, ‘Indication’, ‘Contraindication’,
‘Activities’, ‘Action’, ‘Ayurvedic pharmaceutics’,
‘Rasashastra’ and ‘Bhaishajya-Kalpana’ with
their corresponding mesh terms in combination
like OR,OF, AND. Published articles relevant to
topic were also screened. All the identified articles
using the online search were screened by reading
the title, abstract and relevant information. The
articles and searched Ayurvedic information not
satisfying the article criteria were excluded from
the final analysis. The information selected for
inclusion at this stage was further screened for
suitability by thorough reading. In this review,
attempt has been made to describe formulations
with name and its pharmaco-therapeutic review in
the following systematic manner i.e.Kalpa
(Formulations), Adhikara (Indication), Aushadha
Kalpana (Dosage forms), Anupana (Vehicle),
Matra (Dose), Aushadha Sevana Kala (Time of
drug administration), Aushadha Sevana Avadhi
(Period of drug administration), Pathya-Apathya
(Do’s and Dont’s),Specific uses, Instructions,
Bheshaja Prayoga Marga (Routes of drug
administration), Karma (Action), Prayojyanga
(part used) and Shodhana (Purification/
Processing). The probable correlation of disease
condition has been presented in table 4.
This search was undertaken during March 2016 to
October 2017.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 61
Kalpa (Formulations):
This review reports, 210 Bhanga formulations out
of which 193 are for internal administration and
17 for external.(Table1, 2, 3)
Table 1: Yoga (Formulations) containing Bhanga as a major ingredient for internal application
S.
N
Yoga(Formulation)
Adhikara(Ind
ication)
Matra(Dos
e)
Anupana(Vehicle)
Karma(Action of drug /
formulation)
Reference
1.
Agnikumara Rasa (24)
Grahani
1 Shana
Deepana, Grahi
11, 18
2.
Agnikumara Rasa III
Agnimandya
3 Masha
Madhu: Deepana, Shunthi+
Guda ½ Tola
28
3.
Anya Kalpa
Sangrahani
1 Gunja
9
4.
Anyat Lai Churna I
Sangrahani
1-4 Masha
Kanji, Roganurupa
10
5.
Anyat Lai Churna II
Sangrahani
1.5Masha
Mastu
10
6.
Lai Churna 7(Bruhat)
Grahani
1 Masha
31
7.
Bhanga Churna (ii)
Kushtha
12
8.
Bhanga Churna (Bharjita)
(iii)
Jwara
Guda
12
9.
Bhanga Churna
Jwara
Madhu
Nidrajanana, Grahi
13
10.
Bhanga Churna
Amatisara
Dahi
Grahi
14
11.
Bhanga Putapaka
Nasaroga
Taila+ Saindhava (rock salt)
13
12.
Bruhat Lai Churna(i)
Sangrahani
1 Masha
Roganurupa
10
13.
Bruhat Lai Rasa (ii)
Atisara
1 Masha
Roganurupa
10
14.
Bruhat Kameshwara Modaka
Vajeekarana
6 Masha
31
15.
Churna (i)
Putanaroga
15
16.
Churna (ii)
Vajeekarana
Dugdha ,Sharkara
12
17.
Daradadi Vati
Vajeekarana
1Makushth
a
Jala
Vrushya, Vajeekara
16
18.
Dhananjaya
Agnimandya
12
19.
Dnyanodaya rasa
Jwara
Grahi
17,30
20.
Dyanodaya Rasa
Rasayana
1-2 Masha
Roganurupa
Shukrala, Vrushya
16
21.
Gangadhara Churna
(Bruhat)
Grahani
1-3 g
Ajadugdha, Madhu, Sheeta jala
Grahi, Deepana
19,42
22.
Gokshura Paka (ii)
Vajeekarana
3 Masha- 1
Tola
28
23.
Gokshura Paka
Kshaya
-
-
-
20
24.
Gokshuradi Paka
Prameha
1Aksha
Balya, Vrushya, Vajeekara
17
25.
Grahanigajakesari Rasa (1)
Sangrahani,
Grahani
2 Ratti/ 1
Maricha
Takra
21,
28
26.
Grahanikapata Rasa (II)
Grahani,
Kaphapitta
Sangrahani
1 Masha
Madhu+
Maricha
28 ,14, 22
27.
Grahanikapata Rasa(16) (v)
Grahani
2 Masha
Madhu
28
28.
Grahanishardula Churna
Grahani
2 Masha
Tandulodaka
28
29.
Grahanyari Rasa (2)
Grahani
1Chanaka
Guda+ Madhu
28 ,23
30.
Jatiphaladi Churna
Sangrahani,
Atisara,
Grahani
1Karsha, 1
Tola
Takra, Sharkara
Grahi, Balya, Rasayana
21,24,17,14
,22
31.
Jaya patra Churna
Nasaroga
Saindhava +Tilataila
23, 21
32.
Jayadi Vati
Shoola,
Vandhyatwa
1Chanaka
Roganurupa
-
21
33.
Jayakhanda Churna
Atisara
Dadhi
Grahi
21
34.
Jwalanala Rasa
Ajeerna
4 Masha
Guda+ Shunthi
Deepana, Pachana
22
35.
Kamagnisandiapana
Modaka
Rasayana
Vajeekarana
1 Karsha
Dugdha 4 Masha/ Ghruta,
Madhu, Karpura
Balya, Bruhana, Vajeekara,
Parama Rasayana,
Shukrakara, Ojakara,
Buddhivardhana,
Ayuvardhana, Rasayana,
Uttama Vajeekarana
25,
23
36.
Kamadeva Rasa (10)
Vajeekarana
2 Masha
Sharkara+ Tila+ Ghruta+
Dugdha
-
28
37.
Kamadeva Vati
Vajeekarana
4 Tola
Kshudhavruddhikara,
Kantikara, Chintahara,
Manvinodkara, Veeryakara
24
38.
Kamadeva Vati
Rasayana,
Vajeekarana
2 Tola
Dugdha
Madakari, Nidrajanana,
Rasayana, Vajeekara,
Shukrala
18
39.
Kamadeva Modaka
Rasayana
Vajeekarana
Balya, Shukrala, Bruhana
15
40.
Kamadeva Modaka
Rasayana II
Vajeekarana
Vajeekarana
15
41.
Kameshwara Modaka
Vajeekarana
1Modaka
Dugdha
Balya, Bruhana
16
42.
Kameshwara Modaka
Vajeekarana,
Rasayana
½ Karsha
, 1 Tola
Dugdha+ Sharkara ½ Shera
Veeryastambhana,
Balya,Vashikarana, Bruhana,
Vajeekara, Rasayana
27,18,
,26,23
43.
Kameshwara Modaka (3)
Vajeekarana
½-1 Tola
Dugdha
28
44.
Kameshwara Modaka (4)
Vajeekarana
4 Masha
Dugdha
28
45.
Kameshwara Modaka (5)
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Dugdha
28
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 62
46.
Kameshwara Modaka (8)
Rasayana,
Vajeekarana
6 Masha
Dugdha
Vrushya,Rasayana,
Balya,Vajeekarana,
Brumhana, Sthira,
Stambhana
28
47.
Kameshwara Modaka (9)
Vajeekarana
-
-
Kamavriddhi
20
48.
Kameshwara Modaka (10)
Grahani
-
-
Balya
17
49.
Kameshwara Modaka (2)
Vajeekarana
1-3 Masha
Dugdha
Vrushya, Vajeekarana
28,23
50.
Kameshwara Modaka III
Rasayana
1 Karsha
Dugdha
Balya, Bruhana,
Shukrastambhana
16
51.
Kamasundara Modaka
Vajeekarana
1-4 Masha
Madhu, Dugdha
Vajeekarana, Shukrala
18,28
52.
Karpuradya Rasa
Prameha
As per Agni
Dhattura Beeja Taila
29,11, 28
53.
Katukadi Kwatha
Jwara
-
-
30
54.
Kumaryasava III
Gulma
As per Agni
-
Deepana, Shoolaghna
18
55.
Lai Churna (6)(Laghu)
Sangrahani,
Atisara,
Grahani
1 Tanka
Takra, Bilwa Kwatha/ Madhu
Grahi, Deepana
29,13
,22
56.
Lai Churna
Sangrahani
Grahi
32
57.
Lai Churna (Madhyama ) (3)
Grahani
1 Masha
31
58.
Lai Churna (1)
Grahani
1 Masha
Takra
31
59.
Lai Churna (2)/ Madhya Lai
Churna
Sangrahani
4 Masha,2
Masha
Grahi, Deepana, Pachana,
Ruchya
31, 29
60.
Lai Churna (4)(Laghu)/ Lai
Rasa
Grahani,
Atisara
1-4 Masha
Takra
Grahi
31 , 10,
61.
Laxmivilasa A
valeha
Vajeekarana
Vrushya, Balya, Deepana
17
62.
Lavika Churna I
(Madhyama)
Grahani
1 Tola
Kanji, Aranala, Mastu, Jala
Buddhivardhana
31, 29
63.
Lavika Churna II(Mahat)
Grahani
Kanji: Vatakaphajaroga/
Tushodaka
Uttejaka, Balya,
Ayuvardhana, Deepana,
Grahi, Keshya, Rasayana
31,
29
64.
Madaka dravya Arka
-
-
-
Madaka
33
65.
Madana Kameshwari Leha
Vajeekarana
½ Tola
Dugdha, Shalmali Moola
Kwatha
Vajeekarana, Shukrala,
Rasayana, Balya
66.
Madana Modaka
Vajeekarana,
Rasayana
2 Tola
Vajeekarana, Rasayana
15
67.
Madananda Modaka
Vajeekarana
2Masha-0.5
Tola
Rudraksha Beeja, Tila, Ghruta,
Sharkara,Dugdha, Payasa
Balya, Bruhana, Rasayana,
Vajeekarana
31
68.
Madana Modaka
Grahani
-
Koshna Dugdha
Vajeekarana, Rasayana
27,31
69.
Madanodaya Modaka
Rajayakshma,
Sangrahani
3-6 Masha
Dugdha+ Shrakara+ Ela
Balya, Pourushakara,
Kantida, Buddhikara
34
70.
Mahakameshwara I
Vajeekarana
31
71.
Maha Kameshwara Modaka
Vajeekarana
Balya, Medhya, Kantida,
Vajeekara, Rasayana,
Shukrashodhana, Deepana,
Uttejaka, Varnya
31
72.
Majuma Usaba Magarabi
Sarvaroga
Deepana, Pachana,
Raktajanana, Medohara
15
73.
Mundyadi Gutika I
Sannipata
Sangrahani
3 Nishka
Madhu
Grahi
22 ,31
74.
Mrutsanjeevana Rasa(ii)
Sannipata
Jwara
2-3 Ratti
Dugdha
Deepana, Raktavardhana
15
75.
Pushti Dava
Vajeekarana
7 Masha
Dugdha
Balya
15
76.
Rasayana yoga
Vajeekarana
17
77.
Rativallabha Modaka
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Medhya, Balya
31
78.
Rativallabha Modaka
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Dugdha
Ojavardhana, Balya,
Deepana, Vrushya,
Drushtivardhaka, Bruhana,
Vishaghna
31, 16
,23
79.
Shweta Aparajita Nasya
Apasmara
27
80.
Sparshavataghna rasa
Sparshavata
Guda
27,18
81.
Stambhana Avaleha
Vajeekarana
Madhu
Veeryastambhana
30
82.
Stambhana Vati (3)
Rasayana
1 Ratti
16
83.
Takra (prepared with
Bhanga)
Shotha
1Badarasth
i
Takra
23
84.
Talakeshwara Rasa
Vatavyadhi
1-4 Ratti
,1 Gutika
Uttejaka
25,23,29
85.
Talisadi Churna
Grahani,
Atisara
1.5 Masha
Sharkara
Balya, Varnya, Medhya,
Kantida, Rasayana, Kanti,
Buddhiprada, Ayu-Bala-
Kanti-Medha-Pushtikara
21,14,
, 24
86.
Talavatika
Rasayana
3 Ratti
Tambula patra
21
87.
Trailokyavijaya Vati
Atisara
1 Ratti
Shoolaghna, Grahi,
Nidrajanana, Balya
34
88.
Trivruttadi Modaka
Parinamashoo
la
4 Masha
Koshna Dugdha
21
89.
Udayaditya Rasa (4)
Sparshavata
8 Ratti
28
90.
Vangeshwaradi Vati
Jwara
1 Tola
Sharkara+ Dugdha
Balya, Rasayana,
Vajeekarana, Medhya
31
91.
Vati (Bhanga)
Vajeekarana
4 Tola
Balya, Mahapushtikara
12
92.
Vati (Bhanga)
Vajeekarana
12
93.
Veeryastambhakari Vatika
Vajeekarana
1 Masha
Shukrala, Stambhana
31,17
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 63
94.
Vijaya Avaleha
Atisara
2 Masha
Madhu
31,13
95.
Vijaya Ghruta
Vajeekarana
Vrushya, Shukrala,
Stambhaka, Vajeekara
31
96.
Vijaya Gutika
Sangrahani
2 Tola
Madhu+ Ghruta
10
97.
Vijaya Yoga (i)
Vataja Jwara
Madhu
31,22
98.
Vijaya Yoga(ii)
Rasayana
Dugdha
Rasayana, Vajeekara
31
99.
Vijaya Yoga(iii)
Nasaroga
1 Masha
31
100.
Vijayadi Gutika
Kasa, Shwasa
35,35
101.
Vijayeshwara Rasa
Twakavikara
4 Masha
Daruharidra, Khadira, Neema
22
102.
Vyoshadi Churna
Sangrahani
3 Masha
Ghruta+ Madhu
Deepana, Balya
22
Note: Probable correlation of disease condition has been kept in table 4.
P.U. = Part used, L=Leaf, S=Seed, G=Ganja, Mo=Morning, Ev=Evening, Ni=Night, AN=Afternoon, Mt=Month
Dosage forms: Rasa- metalic or herbomineral prepearions, Vati, Gutika-Tablets, Shaka-Vegetables, Leha-Semi-solid jaggary based medicine
for licking, Parpati-Crust medicine form, Swarasa-Expressed juice, Kwatha-Decoction, Anupana-Vehicle, Siddha Jala-medicated water,
Putapaka- ,Churna- Powder , Avaleha-Confectionaries Medicated semisolid preparation , Mandura vataka- Preparation of ferric oxide clax
,Usaba- ,Modaka- Sweet based food or medicine in granules form , Arka- Liquid medicine preparation of volatile content ,Paka-
Semisolid sugar, honey or jaggary based preparation
Dose:1 Shana=, 1 Masha= 1 g, 1 Gunja, Ratti= 125 mg , 1 Makushtha=size of a mat bean ,1 Tola/ Karsha= 12g, 1 Aksha =12g , 1
Maricha=size of a black peper Chanaka= size of a chickpea ,1 Modaka= ,1 Tanka= ,1 Nishka= 4 g, 1 Badarasthi- 1 Kolasthi= size of a
ziziphus seed, 1 Jatiphala=size of a nutmeg, 1 Kalaya = size of a green pea
Table 2: Yoga (Formulations) containing Bhanga as a as a minor ingredient
S.
N
Yoga(Formulation)
Adhikara(Indication)
Matra
(Dose)
Anupana(Vehicle)
Karma(Action of drug /
formulation)
Refer-
ence
1.
Afimpaka
4 Masha
Balakara
20
2.
Agastya Rasayana
Sangrahani
28,24
3.
Ahiphena Paka(i)
Vajeekarana
Veeryastambhana
18
4.
Ahiphena Paka(ii)
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Mahisha(buffalo)
Dugdha
Ayuvardhana, Rasayana,
Vajeekarana
28
5.
Amruta Vatika
Rasayana
0.9-1Tola
23
6.
Anya Churna
Sangrahani
4.5Karsha
162
9
7.
Arkadi Kwatha
Dhanurvata
35
8.
Atisar vidaranama Rasa
Atisara
1 Ratti
28
9.
Bhanga Sharabata
Kshaya
-
Jala
Pushti, Balya
15
10.
Bruhat Chandramruta Rasa
Kshaya, Kasa
4 Ratti
Madhu
36
11.
Bruhatpaniya Gutika
Amlapitta
1 Masha
37
12.
Bruhat purna chandra Rasa
Rasayana, Vajeekarana
29
13.
Bruhatchandramruta Rasa
(i)
Rajayakshma
4 Ratti
Pippali+ Madhu
31
14.
Bruhatpaka
Sarvaroga
Ghee, Dugdha
Balya, Veeryvardhaka,
Vajeekara
15
15.
Chandramruta Rasa
(Bruhat)
Rajayakshma
4 Ratti
Pippali 2 Ratti+Madhu
½ Tola
23
16.
Chyavanprasha Avaleha
Kshaya
As per Bala
Rasayana, Deepana
39
17.
Dadimavaleha
Atisara, Sarvatisara
1 Pala
9, 38, 14
18.
Drashtaphala paniya Vatika
Kaphaja Jwara
29
19.
Duralabha Arishta
Arishta
Deepana, Jwaraghna
17
20.
Gangadhara Churna
Grahani
1.5 Masha
Madhu, Manda,
Ajadugdha
21
21.
Gandharyadi Nasya
Shiroroga
28
22.
Garbhavinodi Rasa
Sutikaroga
1Badarasthi
Gandhaprasarani rasa
Grahi, Shoolaghana
29
23.
Gokshurapaka (i)
Vajeekarana,
Prameha,
15
24.
Gokshura Paka
Vajeekarana
Rasayana, Vajeekarana,
Balya, Tushtijanana
39
25.
Grahanikapata Rasa(9)(i)
Grahani
1 Ratti, 3
Ratti, 3
Masha
Ghruta 1Tola + Madhu
1/2 Tola/ After: Madhu,
Before: Kshirini Jala
+Saindhava + Maricha
27, 41 ,
28
26.
Grahanikapata Rasa II
Atisara
3 Ratti+3
Ratti
Shankha Bhasma
24
27.
Gunjagarbha Rasa (1)
Rasayana, Hrudroga
3 Ratti
Ghruta
28 ,
,37
28.
Gunjagarbha Rasa(3)
Vajeekarana
2 Ratti
Dugdha
Deepana, Rukshana
28
29.
Haridradi Modaka
-
Balya, Grahi
15
30.
Jatyadi Vati
Bahumutra
1 Chanaka
19
31.
Kalagnirudro Rasa
Kaphaja Jwara
2 Ratti
29
32.
Kameshwara Modaka (2)
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Tila churna
Vajeekara, Shukrala,
Rasayana, Grahani,
Deepana, Bhutaghna
18,23
33.
Kamehswara Modaka (1)
Vajeekarana
1-2 Modaka
Nitya Anandkara, Mrutuhara
28, 37
34.
Kameshwara Rasa
Vajeekarana
½ Tola
Ghruta + Madhu
Rasayana
43
35.
Kamsandipana Modaka
Vajeekarana
Balya, Bruhana, Ruchya,
Deepana
15
36.
Kaphachintamani Rasa
Kapha Roga
1Chanaka,
1 Mana
Roganurupa
11,29,
36,18,28
37.
Karpursundara Vati
Vataja Grahani
1 Kolasthi
28
38.
Kasturibhushana rasa
Jwara
1-2 Ratti
Adraka Swarasa
Veeryavardhana, Balya,
36,
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Shukrala, Ojovardhana
23,28
39.
Kasturyadi Stambhana Vati
Vajeekarana
3 Ratti
Vajeekara, Vrushya
28, 17
40.
Kesara Paka (2)
Rasayana, Vajeekarana
1 Jatiphala
Dugdha
Vrushya, Vajeekara,, Balya,
Rasayana
28
41.
Khajuramruta Kalpa
Vajeekarana, Prameha
1 Tola
-
15
42.
Kuchila Paka
15
43.
Kushmanda Paka (Bruhat)
Vajeekarana
½-1 Tola
Dugdha
Deepana, Dhatuvardhana
28
44.
Madhya Lai Churna
Sangrahani
Roganurupa
31, 10
45.
Lakshmivilasa Rasa
Vatavyadhi, Rasayana ,
Vajeekarana,
Vishamajwara
1 Chanaka,
3Ratti
Tambul patra/ Takra,
Seedhu, Sura/
Mamsarasa, Dugdha,
Dadhi, Jala, Seedhu
Grahi, Rasayana,
Vajeekarana, Shukrala,
Keshya, Rasayana, Netrya,
Balya
11,23,29
,31,318,
29,39
46.
Lavangasava
Prameha, Dhatukshaya
-
31
47.
Lavangadi Gutika
Agnimandya
Chukra
Deepana, Ayuvardhana
17
48.
Madanmanjiri Gutika
Vajeekarana
17
49.
Madankama Rasa
Upadansha
1 Masha
Sharkara
Balya, Veerya vardhana
11
50.
Madanpraksha Churna
Vajeekarana,Prameha
2.5 Tola
Dugdha
Rasayana, Vajeekara,
Vrushya, Balya
31
51.
Mahabilvadya Leha
Pitta roga
3Nishka
19
52.
Mahabhutwara Ghruta
Balaroga
23
53.
Mahakameshwara
Kalpa
Rasayana Kalpa
½ Karsha
Dugdha, Shalmali-
moola churna- Shukrala
Rasayana, Deepana, Grahi,
Vajeekara, Shukrala
44
54.
Mahalakshmivilasa
Shiroroga
2 Ratti
36,23,11
,36,23
55.
Mahalavangadi Churna
Jwara
45
56.
Mahapushti Dava
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Dugdha+ Ghruta
Balya
15
57.
Maharaja Vati
Vishamajwara
4 Gunja
Madhu-Vishamajwara
Jwaraghna, Balya, Deepana,
Jwaraghna, Shoolaghna,
Grahi
11,23
58.
Majum Usaba
Upadansha
Deepana, Balya, Pachana
15
59.
Mansoullasaka Churna
Vajeekarana
Vrushya
17
60.
Modakadi Churna
Atisara
Madhu
Grahi
31
61.
Nagasundara Rasa
Atisara
1 Ratti
Madhu
27,38
62.
Namardihara Paka II
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Dugdha
15
63.
Naradiya Lakshmivilasa
Rasa
Rasayana, Vajeekarana
3 Gunja
Dugdha, Dadhi, Sura,
Seedhu
Rasayana, Vajeekarana
11
64.
Narayana Churna
Sangrahani
Madhu
38 ,22
65.
Narayanjwarankusha Rasa
Taunajwara
Swedajanana, Jwaraghna
38,14
66.
Paniya Vatika
Jwara
1 Tila
Sheeta Jala
38
67.
Pippalyadi Churna
Sangrahani
38
68.
Praneshwara Rasa (3)
Sarvaraoga
1 Masha
Koshna Jala
38
69.
Pushtikara Churna
Vajeekarana
1 Tola
Dugdha
Deepana, Balya
15
70.
Rajayoga
Vajeekarana
1 Puga
31
71.
Rasachandrika Vati
Shiroroga
1 Kalaya
/2 Ratti
Sheeta Jala
11,23
,31
72.
Rasadi Gutika
Vatavyadhi
29
73.
Rudra Tailam I
Shiroroga
As required
31
74.
Saouvarchaladi Churna
Grahani
6 Masha
Madhu+ Sharkara
27
75.
Shakravhadi Kwatha
Sheeta Jwara
35
76.
Sharbata
Prasuti roga
1 Tola
15
77.
Sharbata II
Prasuti roga
1 Tola
15
78.
Shigru Pushpa Rasayana
Prameha
Stambhaka
79.
Shushkamuladya Taila
Shotha
As required
23,30
80.
Stambhana Vatika(1)
Vajeekarana
1 Chanaka
Madhu, Sita+ Ghruta+
Dugdha
Veeryastambhana
30
81.
Swarjiksharadi Yoga
Grahani
1 Masha
Madhu, Ghruta,
Sharkara
16
82.
Trushanadi Loha
Sthoulya
Madhu+ Ghruta
Balya, Varnya, Rasayana,
Deepana
11,36,29
83.
Udaradi Loha
Udara
30
84.
Unmattadya Arka
Vajeekarana
17
85.
Unmatbhairava Rasa(2)
Rasayana, Sannipata
2 Ratti
Madhu
28
86.
Upadanshghna Modaka
Upadansha
2 Tola
Balya, Ojavardhana
28
87.
Vajeekarana Yoga
Vajeekara
3 Ratti
Ghruta+ Madhu
46.
88.
Varisagaro Rasa
Kaphaja Jwara
4 Masha
29
89.
Vasadi Kwatha
Netraroga
17
90.
Vatalakshmi Vilasa
Vatavyadhi
1Chanaka
36
91.
Vijayadi Vrushya Yoga/
Rasayanabhra Yograja
Vajeekarana
Madakaraka
24
1 Tila- size of 1 seasam, 1 Jatiphala =size of 1 nutmeg, 1 Puga- size of 1 betel nut
Table 3: Bhanga containing formulations external applications
S.N.
Yoga(Formulation)
Adhikara(Indication)
M/m
Matra (Dose)
Karma(Action)
Reference
1.
Amryasthi yoga
Palitya
m
Ranjana
30
2.
Bhanga (i)
Kshudra roga
M
12
3.
Dhoopa
Arsha
M
17
4.
Kanaka Taila
Shiroroga
m
As required
23,18
5.
Lepa
Jwara
M
Nidrajanana
17
6.
Mahalakshminarayana Taila
Vatavyadhi
m
As required
22
7.
Mahanarayana Taila
Vatavyadhi
m
2 Tola
25
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 65
8.
Mahapinda Taila
Vatarakta
m
As required
23,31
9.
Malla Taila
Vatavyadhi
m
12
10.
Nirgundyadi Dhoopa
Dhooma
m
38
11.
Pottali
Vajeekarana
M
24
12.
Rudra Taila
Shiroroga
m
As required
23
13.
Saraswata Churna
Churna
M
19
14.
Taila
Vajeekarana
M
Uttejaka
12
15.
Vijaya Bandha
Aagantuja Jwara
M
Jwaraghna
22
16.
Vijayadi Lepa
Kshudraroga
M
1 Nishka
22,26 ,25
17.
Yoni-Sankochkara Gutika
Vajeekarana
M
24
P= Panchanga, m= minor ingredient, M= Major ingredient
Pottali mentioned for Vajeekarana is to be kept at site for 1 Prahara (3 hours)
Out of 193 formulations recommended for
internal administration, 102 formulations have
Bhanga as a major constituent, whereas, in 100
formulations it is a minor. (Table 1, 2). In nine
external applications, Bhanga is in major
proportion while in 8, it is in minor. (Table 3)
Jatiphaladi Churna for Sangrahani, Atisara and
Grahani, Kaphachintamani Rasa for Kapha Roga,
Lakshmivilasa Rasa for Vatavyadhi, Rasayana,
Vajeekarana and Vishamajwara,
Mahalakshmivilasa for Shiroroga, Kameshwara
Modaka for Vajeekarana Rasayana and
Trushanadi Loha for Sthoulya etc. are frequently
repeated by classics.(Table 1,2,4)
Table 4: Adhikara (Disease condition) wise categorization of formulations containing Bhanga and its probable modern co-relation
SN
Adhikara(Disease
condition)
Probable modern disease co-
relation as per API
No. of formulations
where Bhanga is used
as major ingredient
No. of formulations where
Bhanga is used as minor
ingredient
Total
formula
tion
1.
Agnimandya
Digestive impairment
11
1
12
2.
Ajeerna
Indigestion
1
0
1
3.
Amlapitta
Hyperacidity
0
1
1
4.
Apasmara
Epilepsy
1
0
1
5.
Atisara/Sarvatisara/ Amatisara
Diarrhoea
9
5
14
6.
Bahumutrata
Excessive urination
0
1
1
7.
Balaroga
Diseases of children
0
1
1
8.
Dhanurvata
Tetanus
0
1
1
9.
Grahani
Malabsorption syndrome
18
7
25
10.
Hrudroga
Heart diseases
0
1
1
11.
Jwara
Fever
5
2
7
12.
Kaphaja Roga
Diseases of Kapha Dosha
0
1
1
13.
Kaphaja Jwara
Fever due to Kapha Dosha
0
3
3
14.
Kasa
Cough
1
0
1
15.
Kshaya
Emaciation
2
2
4
16.
Kushtha
Diseases of skin
1
0
1
17.
Nasaroga
Diseases of nose
3
0
3
18.
Netraroga
Diseases of eye
0
1
1
19.
Palitya
Greying of hair
0
1
1
20.
Parinamshoola
Peptic ulcer
1
0
1
21.
Pittaja Roga
Diseases due to vitiation of Pitta
Dosha
0
1
1
22.
Prameha
Urinary disorders
3
4
7
23.
Putanaroga
Napkin rash
1
0
1
24.
Rajayakshma
Tuberculosis
0
2
2
25.
Rasayana
Adapto-immuno-neuroendocrino-
modulator
5
4
9
26.
Rasayana+ Vajeekarana
Adapto-immuno-neuro-endocrino
-modulator+ Aphrodisiac
5
4
9
27.
Sangrahani
Malabsorption syndrome
13
4
17
28.
Sannipata
Disease due to vitiation of all
Doshas
1
1
2
29.
Sarvaroga
All disease
1
2
3
30.
Sheetajwara
Fever due to cold
0
1
1
31.
Shiroroga
Diseases of head
0
4
4
32.
Shoola
Pain
1
0
1
33.
Shotha
Edema
1
1
2
34.
Shwasa
Dyspnoea/ asthma
1
0
1
35.
Shwetakushtha
Vitiligo
1
0
1
36.
Sparshavata
Loss of sensation due to vitiated
VataDosha
2
0
2
37.
Sthoulya
Obesity
0
1
1
38.
Sutikaroga
Postpartum diseases
0
3
3
39.
Tarunajwara
Acute fever
0
1
1
40.
Udara
Diseases of abdomen/
enlargement of abdomen
0
1
1
41.
Upadansha
Syphilis
0
3
3
42.
Vajeekarana
Aphrodisiac
29
19
48
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 66
43.
Vandhyatwa
Impotency
1
0
1
44.
Vatavyadhi
Diseases due to Vata Dosha
1
2
3
45.
Vishamajwara
Intermittent fever
0
1
1
Total
119
85
206
(Note: For four formulations Adhikara has not been mentioned by classic)
In due course of time, Bhanga has been excluded
as an ingredient in some formulations like
Kanaksundara Rasa and Madanakamadeva
Rasa,probably to avoid its adverse effects [26].To
avoid the adverse reactions classics recommends
Shodhana of Bhanga before using it for oral
administration. In Madanmodaka, Mundyadi
Gutika I, Madanaprakasha Churna and
Ghritabharjita Bhanga i.e. cannabis fried with
cowghee is recommended for use in the
formulations. Frying with cowghee is one type of
Shodhana (purification/processing) method
described for Bhanga. [ 46, 47, 48]
Adhikara (Indication):
Formulations segregated according to their
Adhikara (Indication) are described in table
4.Formulations containing Bhanga have been
indicated in various 45 disease conditions. Use of
Bhanga, as a levigating media, in the treatment of
40 disease conditions has been reported.[49] It is
found that; maximum formulations i.e. 36 are
described in Vajeekarana (Aphrodisiac) Adhikara
followed by Grahani and Sangrahani
(Malabsorption syndrome) i.e.24 and 16
formulations respectively. As per Doshika
predominance; specifically one formulation each
has been explained for Kaphapittaja Sangrahani,
Sannipatika Sangrahani and Amatisara
(Amoebic dysentery).Formulations of Bhanga are
broad spectrum covering diseases of both
Amashaya (stomach) and Pakwashaya (intestine)
region where Agnimandya (hypofunctioning of
Agni) is the root cause. Bhanga being a Deepana,
Pachana drug works at the root level of disease
and also has the Vyadhi-pratyanikatwa (Disease
combating capacity) for the respective disease
conditions as mentioned above. (Table 4)
Bhanga possess Tikta Rasa, Ushna Veerya, Laghu
Teekshna Guna, Kaphahara and Pittakara
Doshaghnata, Grahi, Pachana Karma. [50]Bhanga,
being Vyavayi[51] in action, brings fast acting
nature to formulation. This is due to its Tikta Rasa
which has Aakasha Vayu Mahabhuta (element)
composition, Ushna Veerya, Laghu and Teekshna
Guna.[52]
Cannabis has been widely used for Shukrala,
Vajeekarana purpose since ages. Recent in-vivo
and in-vitro studies have concluded that cannabis
may actually have peripheral antagonizing effects
on erectile function by stimulating specific
receptors in the cavernous tissue. Also, it seems
that there are inherent differences between
primate and non‐primate species concerning
cannabis effects on erectile functions.[53]Clinical
studies showing correlation of cannabis use in
male sexual function are conflicting and
contradictory and limited in both quality and
quantity. Few studies outlined the beneficial
effects of cannabis in enhancing erectile function
while others contradict the result. [54]
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two
major chronic disorders of gastrointestinal tract
forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are
endogenous bioactive lipids that bind to and
activate the cannabinoid receptors, and together
with the enzymes responsible for their
biosynthesis and degradation [fatty acid amide
hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase
(MAGL)] constitute the endocannabinoid system
(ECS). The ECS is implicated in gut homeostasis,
modulating gastrointestinal motility, visceral
sensation and inflammation as well as being
recently implicated in IBD
pathogenesis.Therapeutic potential for the ECS
have been identified through numerous
subsequent studies investigating the effects of
cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid
degradation inhibitors in rodent models of IBD.[55]
Aushadha Kalpana (Dosage forms):
About 22 different dosage forms of Bhanga have
been reported in the classical texts of
Ayurveda.(Table 5)
Table 5: Kalpana (Dosage forms)of Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.) for various internal or external formulations
S.
N
Kalpana
(Dosage form)
M
m
M
m
T
S.N.
Kalpana
(Dosage form)
M
m
M
m
T
Internal
External
Internal
External
1
Churna
29
13
2
0
44
12
Putapaka
3
0
0
0
3
2
Rasa
20
23
0
0
43
13
Lepa
0
0
2
1
3
3
Modaka
10
29
0
0
39
14
Aasava
1
1
0
0
2
4
Vati
9
12
1
0
22
15
Arishta
1
1
0
0
2
5
Avaleha
8
5
0
0
13
16
Usaba
1
1
0
0
2
6
Taila
2
2
1
6
11
17
Dhoopa
0
0
1
1
2
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Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 67
7
Paka
4
2
0
0
6
18
Arka
1
1
0
0
2
8
Sharabata
3
3
0
0
6
19
Loha
0
1
0
0
1
9
Gutika
5
1
0
0
6
20
Mandura Vataka
0
1
0
0
1
10
Ghruta
2
3
0
0
5
21
Pottali
0
0
1
0
1
11
Kwatha
3
1
0
0
4
22
Bandhana
0
0
1
0
1
M-Bhanga as a major ingredient, m=Bhanga as a minor ingredient T: Total, Churna=powder, Rasa=Purified metalic or herbomineral
prepearions,Modaka= Bolus/Sweet based food or medicine in granules form, Vati/ Gutika = Tablets, Avaleha=Confectionaries, Taila=Oil,
Paka= Semisolid sugar, honey or jaggary based preparation, Sharabata=Medicated juicy preparation, Kwatha= Decoction, Putapaka:
Swarasa extracted by heating drug material closed container-, Lepa=soft mixtures for application or cream, Aasava, Arishta =Self
generated alcoholic preparations , Usaba=Unani preparation , Dhoopa= Fumes , Arka- Liquid medicine preparation of volatile content,
Loha=Iron based medicinal preparation, Mandura Vataka- Preparation of ferric oxide clax, Pottali= a mercurial preparation ,
Bandhana=Bandag
Among them, Churna(powder) is maximum[44]
followed by Rasa (Purified metalic or
herbomineral prepearions)[43]and Modaka
(Bolus/Sweet based food or medicine in granules
form).[39]Out of 22 dosage forms, eight are solid
dosage forms i.e. Rasa, Vati (Tablets), Churna,
Loha (Iron based medicinal preparation), Modaka,
Gutika(Tablets), Mandura-Vataka (Preparation of
ferric oxide clax), Dhoopa (Fumes); five are semi-
soild dosage forms i.e. Avaleha(Confectionaries),
Paka(Semisolid sugar, honey or jaggary), Lepa
(soft mixtures for application or cream), Pottali
(here it is a mercurial preparation) and Bandhana
(Bandage)filled with Kalka-Dravya(semisolid
preparation of herbal powders); and eight are
liquid dosage forms i.e. Arka (Liquid medicine
preparation of volatile content), Kwatha
(Decoction), Aasava (Self generated alcoholic
preparations), Taila (oil), Ghruta(Ghee),
Sharabata (Medicated juicy preparation),
Arishta(Self generated alcoholic preparations) ,
Usaba (A type of unani preparation). (Table 5) As
Bhanga is used in varied dosage forms, it suggests
its solubility both in water, milk, and alcohol as
well as lipid media.
For Vajeekarana purpose Modaka Kalpana is
commonly advised. It is generally prepared by
using sugar, jaggery, ghee etc. edibles. It is
reported that, eating of cannabis preparations does
not produce effects for 30 minutes to 2 hours, and
the perceived high is relatively prolonged, lasting
5 to 8 hours or even longer. The slow action of
orally ingested cannabis is due to Δ9-THC being
absorbed by the intestine and transported to the
liver where it is converted into 11-OH-THC, an
equipotent and longer-lasting metabolite .[56]
In recent pharmaceutical development cannabis is
being used in various dosage forms. In recent
market, cannabis is available in extracts, herbal
cannabis, tinctures, resins, edibles, lozenges,
lollipops, nabiximols and prescribed cannabinoids
nabilone, dronabinol etc.Tincture is prepared by
soaking the dried flowers of the
female hemp plant (marijuana) in ethanol
as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and
other cannabinoids dissolve into the alcohol.[57]
This tincture can be used orally or as an external
application for skin. An example for such type of
pharmaceutical preparation is
nabiximols with trade name "Sativex" used as an
oral spray.In cannabis oil ground cannabis plant
material may be "activated" by
the decarboxylation of (−)– Trans-Δ9-
tetrahydrocannabinol acid to (−)-Trans-Δ9-tetra-
hydrocannabinol (THC) in order to become a
psychoactive compound. On heating the highest
yield of psychoactive THC is achieved at 110 °C
after 110 minutes due to decarboxylation. [58]
Nowadays,cannabis cooking oils are available
to medical cannabis patients in a variety of
organic blends for various cooking applications.
[59]Cannabis edibles or cannabis infused food are
available in market which contains cannabinoids,
significant amount of THC which can induce a
wide variety of feelings, including relaxation,
euphoria and panic. Cannabis edibles are
consumed for spiritual, medical, and recreational
purposes. The effects of THC depend on the
amount of THC consumed and on the presence of
other psychoactive substances in the food. A
minority of edibles contains trace amounts of
THC and instead contains significant amounts of
other cannabinoids, most commonly CBD.
Cannabis-infused butter or canna-butteris
prepared by heating the raw cannabis in melted
butter allows the cannabinoids to be extracted by
the fat. A cannabis-infused drink, sometimes
called a liquid edible or drinkable, is a drink that
has been infused with cannabinoids. Traditional
cannabis-infused drinks include the Indian
drinks Lassi and Thandai when prepared
with Bhanga.Cannabis tea is an herbal tea that is
psychoactively weak due to the lack of fat and
alcohol in the drink. In U.S. states that have
legalized cannabis for recreational use, drinks are
an increasingly popular means of consuming
cannabinoids.[60] Mirth provisions is one of the
largest companies in the emerging cannabis-
infused beverage market, known for its line of
drinks called Legal[61].The Modaka, Paka,
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 68
Sharabata, Usaba, Ghruta etc. falls under the
category of cannabis edibles.
Anupana (Vehicle):
Classics texts have advocated 49 Anupana for
administration of Bhanga in various disease
conditions. (Table 6)
Table 6: Various Anupana (Vehicle) of formulations containing Bhanga (Cannabis Sativa L.)
SN
Anupana (Vehicle)
SN
Anupana
SN
Anupana
SN
Anupana
1
Dugdha
14
Guda
27
Manda
40
Tambula (Piper betel Linn.) patra
2
Koshna Dugdha
15
Guda +Shunthi
28
Payasa
41
Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC.)
3
Dugdha+ Sharkara
16
Takra
29
Tila (Sesamum indicum Linn.)
Churna
42
Khadira (Acacia catechu Linn.)
4
Dugdha+ Sharkara+
Ela
17
Dadhi(Curd)
30
Tilataila
43
Neema (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)
5
Dugdha+ Ghruta
18
Mastu
31
Taila/Tilataila + Saindhava
44
Gandhaprasarani rasa
6
Madhu (Honey)
19
Kanji
32
Dhattura (Datura metel Linn.)
Beejataila
45
Shankha Bhasma
7
Madhu+ Maricha
20
Aranala
33
Jala
46
Kshirini{Manilkara hexandra
(Roxb.)Dubard} Jala + Saindhava +
Maricha (Piper nigrum Linn.)
8
Madhu+ Pippali
21
Seedhu
34
Sheeta Jala
47
Adraka Swarasa
9
Madhu+ Sharkara
22
Sura
35
Koshna Jala
48
Tushodaka
10
Ghruta
23
Mamsa-rasa
36
Karpura (Cinnamomum
camphora Nees & Eberm)
49
Tandulodaka
11
Ghruta+ Madhu
24
Chukra
37
Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Roxb.) Beeja
50
Roganurupa
12
Ghruta + Saindhava
25
Sharkara
38
Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.)
Kwatha
13
Ghruta +Sita
26
Aja-dugdha
39
Shalmali Moola Kwatha
Formulations showing multi-disease action can be
administered with the Roganurupa Anupana
(Vehicle as per the vitiated Dosha or disease
condition).The same principle is applicable where
Anupana are not mentioned. Amongst all, most
commonly used Anupana are Dugdha (Milk),
Madhu (Honey), Takra (Buttermilk), Ghruta
etc.Some Anupana are specified indication-wise
e.g. Madhu for Deepana (Appetizer) and
Vishamajwara (Intermittent fever)and Kanji
(fermented preparation)for Vatakaphajaroga/
Tushodaka(Feremented preparation of cereals
with husk), Dugdha+ Shrakara (Sugar)+ Ela
(Eletteria cardamomum Maton.) and Shalmali
(Salamalia malabarica Schott & Endl) Moola
(Root) Churna (Powder)for Shukrala
(Spermatopoietic)activity.(Table 1,2)Perez-Reyes
et al., reported that effect of THC dissolved in five
different vehicles and delivered each in gelatin
capsules. The vehicle that produced the highest
plasma cannabinoid concentration was reported in
sodium glycocholate followed by sesame oil.
Authors concluded that the speed and degree of
absorption were greatly influenced by the vehicle,
thus validating the concept of Anupana.[62]
Matra (Dose):
The Rasa formulations containing Bhanga in
major proportion can be administered minimum
from 1 Chanaka upto 1 Ratti(125 mg)but when it
is in minor proportion it can be prescribed upto 1
Masha (4 g). Bhanga formulations in Churna
form can be given upto 1 Tola (12g).(Table 7)
Paka containing Bhanga can be given maximum
upto 1 Tola(12g).It is found that for Vati Kalpana
there wide dose range i.e. 1 Tila, 1 Makushtha, 1
Ratti, 1 to 4 Masha and maximum upto 4 Tola.
Modaka preparation can be given upto 2 Tola
(24g). Kwatha dose has not been given, it should
be considered as standard dose given by Ayurveda
pharmaceutics i.e. Asava must be given as per
Agni i.e. digestion power of an individual. The
maximum dose suggested for Avaleha is 1 Pala
(48 g).Sharabata can be given upto 1 Tola(12
ml).The dose for formulations like Arka, Usaba,
Ghruta, Arishta and Loha etc has not been
mentioned, it should be consider according to
classical recommendation.(Table 1,2,7)
Aushadha Sevana Kala (Time of
administration):
Mostly formulations indicated for Rasayana
purpose are advised to be administered in morning
time i.e. Rasayanakala. Formulations for the
Vajeekarana, Shukrala purpose are advised to be
administered in night time i.e. Nishikala (Table 7).
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 69
Table 7: Maximum and minimum Matra (Dose) of Bhanga (Cannabis sativa Linn.) formulation according to Kalpana
(dosage forms)
S.
N.
Kalpana
(Dosage
form)
M/
m
Yoga (Formulation)
Minimum
dose
Referen
ce
Formulation
Maximum
dose
Refere
nce
1.
Rasa
M
Anya Kalpa, Talakeshwara Rasa
1 Ratti
9,25,23,
29
Grahanyari Rasa (2)
1 Chanaka
28 ,
23
m
Atisara Vidaranama Rasa
1 Ratti
28
Varisagaro Rasa
4 Masha
2.
Churna
M
Bruhat Lai Churna(i), Gangadhara
Churna (Bruhat), Lai Churna
(Madhyama ) (3), Lai Churna (1), Lai
Churna (4)(Laghu)/ Lai Rasa
1 Masha
15 , 19,
42,31,
31, 31 ,
10
Jatiphaladi Churna,
Lavika Churna I
(Madhyama)
1 Tola
21,24,
17,14,
22,31,
29
m
Gangadhara Churna
1.5 Masha
31
Madanapraksha Churna
2.5 Tola
31
3.
Paka
M
Gokshura Paka (ii)
3 Masha
28
Gokshura Paka (ii),
Gokshuradi Paka
1 Aksha
28,
17
m
Kesara Paka (2)
1 Jatiphala
28
Ahiphena Paka(ii)
1 Tola
28
4.
Vati
M
Daradadi Vati
1Makushtha
16
Kamadeva Vati
4 Tola
24
m
Paniya Vatika
1 Tila
38
Bruhatapaniya Gutika
1 Masha
37
5.
Modaka
M
Kameshwara Modaka
(2),Kamasundara Modaka
1 Masha
28,23,18
Madana Modaka
2 Tola
15
m
Kameshwara Modaka (2)
1 Tola
18,23
6.
Kwatha
M
Katukadi Kwatha
30
m
Arkadi Kwatha
31
7.
Asava
M
Kumaryasava III
As per Agni
18
m
Lavangasava
31
8.
Avaleha
M
Vijaya Avaleha
2 Masha
31,13
Madana Kameshwari Leha
½ Tola
m
Chyavanprasha Avaleha
As per Bala
39
Dadimavaleha
1 Pala
9, 38,
14
9.
Arka
M
Madaka Dravya Arka
33
10.
Usaba
M
Majuma Usaba Magarabi
15
m
Majum Usaba
15
11.
Ghruta
M
Vijaya Ghruta
31
12.
Taila
m
Shushkamuladya Taila, Rudra Tailam
As required
23,30,31
13.
Sharabata
m
Bhanga Sharabata
15
Sharbata II
1 Tola
15
14.
Arishta
m
Duralabha Arishta
17
15.
Ghruta
m
Mahabhutwara Ghruta
23
16.
Loha
m
Trushanadi Loha, Udaradi Loha
11,36,29
,30
Table 7: Aushadha Sevana Kala (Time of administration) of formulations containing Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.)
S
N
Time of
administration of formulation
Frequency of
administration
of formulation
Formulations
1
Morning
OD
Gokshuradi Paka, Lavika Churna I(Madhyama), Madana Modaka, Kushmanda Paka
(Bruhat), Praneshwara Rasa (3), Rasachandrika Vati, Shigrupushpa Rasayana, Vasadi
Kwatha
2
Night
Kamadeva Vati, Kamadeva Vati, Madana Kameshwari Leha, Afimpaka, Ahiphena Paka(i),
Madanapraksha Churna, Mahakameshwara Kalpa,, Stambhana Vatika(1)
3
Evening
Madananda Modaka
4
Morning ,night
BID
Lai Churna (2)/ Madhya Lai Churna, Madana Modaka, Kesara Paka (2)
5
Morning, evening
Grahanigajakesari Rasa (1), Rasadi Gutika, Sharabata II
6
For two hours after diet
Rajayoga
7
Morning, evening , night
TID
Vangeshwaradi Vati
Aushadha Sevana Avadhi (Period of
administration):
Formulations containing cannabis as an
ingredient, in specific dosage form, are safe to
administer from two months maximum upto the
period of one year. [27,38](Table 8) Chronic effects
of cannabis use include mood disorders,
exacerbation of psychotic disorders in vulnerable
people, cannabis use disorders, withdrawal
syndrome, neurocognitive impairments,
cardiovascular and respiratory and other diseases.
[63]
Table 8: Aushadha Sevana Avadhi (Period of administration)
for the formulation containing Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.)
Sr No
No. of days to be administered
Formulation
1.
7 days (Minimum)
Vasadi Kwatha
2.
15 days
Kumaryasava
3.
40 days
Talavatika,
Talakeshwara
Rasa,Bruhatpaka
4.
42 days (1 Mandala)
Jatyadi Vati
5.
60 days
Udayaditya Rasa (4),
Sparshavataghna Rasa
6.
90 days
Madanodaya Modaka
7.
120 days
Vijaya Yoga(ii),
Bruhatapaka
8.
180 days
Kamadeva Modaka
Rasayana I
9.
365 days (Maximum)
Kameshwara Modaka
(1)
Pathya-Apathya (Do’s and dont’s):
The do’s and don’ts of a patient during
administration of formulations containing Bhanga
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IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 70
has been well reported.(Table 9) It is always
advisable to follow the Pathya-Apathya for
desired therapeutic effects.
Table 9: Pathya-Apathya (Do’s And Dont’s) for formulations
containing Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.)
N
Formulation
Do’s
Ref
1.
Anyata Lai Churna I
To be taken with food
10
2.
Lai Churna (6)(Laghu)
During administration of
formulation there is no diet
restrictions even curd, fish are
indicated.
29,13,2
2
3.
Mahakameshwara
Kalpa
Milk in diet
44
4.
Mrutsanjeevana
Rasa(ii)
Diet should be followed
strictly.
15
5.
Pushti Dava
Diet should be followed
strictly.
15
6.
Udayaditya Rasa (4)
Rice, Ghee
28
7.
Grahanikapata Rasa (9)
(i)
Can be administered with
Dugdhika (Euphorbia hirta
Linn.) Churna, Jeeraka
(Cuminum cyminum Linn.),
Saindhava, Maricha (Piper
nigrum Linn.) with curd to be
administered
27, 41 ,
28
8.
Kesara Paka (2)
Avoid food at night
28
9.
Narayanjwarankusha
Rasa
It causes sweating thus cover
the body .Pathya (Dietary)
food and Curd cold water
can’t be given afterward
38,14
10.
Paniya Vatika
After administration keep
body covered with warm
cloth.
38
11.
Praneshwara Rasa (3)
Can be taken with cold water
38
12.
Rajayoga
Keep Javitri (Myrstica
fragrance Houtt.) in mouth
during administration period.
31
13.
Saouvarchaladi Churna
If felt tastelessness take with
cow buttermilk
27
14.
Udayaditya Rasa(4)
Night awakening not
restricted.
15.
Upadanshghna Modaka
Dugdha (milk), Mamsarasa
(meat juice).
28
16.
Vajeekarana Yoga
Payasa (An Indian recipe) of
cowmilk+ wheat+ Honey+
ghee for 21days and avoid
intercourse during this
Payasa administration
46
17.
Varisagaro Rasa
Curd of buffalo to be taken.
29
18.
Vasadi Kwatha
It should be taken next
morning, prepared 1 day
before
17
19.
Lepa
Lepa on plantar sole of legs
17
Dont’s
20.
Bruhatpaka
Don’t indulge in sexual
activities till administration
i.e. 40 days
15
21.
Praneshwara Rasa (3)
Vegetables, pulses,
Diwaswapa, oil massage, sex
are contraindicated
38
22.
Rajayoga
Salt, sour curd are
contraindicated
31
23.
Kamadeva Modaka
Rasayana
Sex is contraindicated
15
24.
Lai Churna (2)/ Madhya
Lai Churna
Takra is contraindicated
31, 29
25.
Takra (prepared with
Bhanga)
Salt to be avoid during
administration.
23
26.
Udayaditya Rasa (4)
Night awakening to be avoid.
28
Specific uses:
Formulations on which specific emphasis is given
for its activity or administration are described in
table 10.Bhanga containing formulations can be
given in pediatric cases e.g. Talisadi Churna.
There is no classical evidence that, the
formulations containing Bhanga either as an
ingredient or as a levigating media can be given in
pregnancy.[64]However, Animal studies reports
that cannabis exposure during pregnancy may
alter the normal processes and trajectories of brain
development.[65]Long-term effects of marijuana
consumption on prenatal exposure to humans is
yet to be explored.
Table 10: Specific uses of formulations containing Bhanga
(Cannabis sativa L.)
SN
Formulation
Specific uses
Ref
1.
Lai Churna
7(Bruhat)
Wood can be digested {i.e. it’s an
Uttama Pachana (powerful
digestive) churna}
31
2.
Dnyanodaya
rasa
Administration causes quick sexual
arousal
17, 30
3.
Kamagnisan
diapana
Modaka
It is Sukrakara i.e. increases high
sexual potency
25,23
4.
Kameshwara
Modaka
Useful for all men
16,27,8,
26,23
5.
Kameshwara
Modaka (5)
Person can indulge in high sexual
activities after administration of the
drug.
28
6.
Kameshwara
Modaka (8)
1 Tab causes 4 hours of
Veeryastambhana i.e. semen fall is
avoided. As per classics, it’s a
clinically tested formulation. After
administration for some period the
strength becomes stable and then
persists as it is.
28
7.
Maha
Kameshwara
Modaka
Person can digest double quantity
of diet.
31
8.
Talisadi
Churna
Useful of child
21,14,24
9.
Lakshmi-
vilasa Rasa
People can endulge in high sexual
activities after administration. It is
said that Lord Krishna has
consumed this drug so was able to
have multiple thousands of
relations.
11,23,29
,31,37,2
9,39
10.
Madanpraks
ha Churna
Useful for adults
31
11.
Mahabhutwa
ra Ghruta
Can be used in Nasya, Abhyanga or
Dhoopana form.
23
12.
Trushanadi
Loha
No diet and lifestyle restriction
11,36,29
13.
Udaradi
Loha
Satmya (Assimilated due to
consumption) food
30
14.
Unmattadya
Arka
Men can do intercourse for long
time
17
15.
Karpursunda
ra Vati
Useful for deaddiction of Ahiphena
with chronic addictors
28
Instructions during the administration of
Bhanga containing formulations:
Formulations like Kamadeva Vati, Madana
Modaka and Madananda Modaka are specially
designed for those involving in multi-partner
sexual activities. Such preparations possess high
sexual potency thus, strictly prohibited for the
common person. In formulations like Madana
Modaka, Mundyadi Gutika it is advised to use
Ghrutabharjita (fried with cow’s ghee) or
Mrudubharjita (shallow fried) Bhanga. During
administration of Talakeshwara Rasa indicated
for Vatavyadhi it is instructed to live in cowdung
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 71
coated home or in cow’s shade probably to avoid
its heat effect as the formulation is prepared by
using cannabis seeds which has high volatile
content[66], Bhanga being a Pittala in action.[67]
(Table 11)
Table 11: Instruction while administration of formulations
containing Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.)
SN
Formulation
Instruction
Reference
1.
Kamdeva
Vati
Tablet prepared for kings not to be
administered by common man.
18
2.
Madana
kameshwari
leha
Keep Avaleha in between Champak
(Michelia champaca L), Ketaki
(Pandnus odorifer Forssk. Kuntze)
, Jati (Jasminum
grandiflorumLinn.) Pushpa
3.
Madana
Modaka
It is said that Lord Vasudeva has
administered it thus can have
relations with 16108 females
indicating its high Shukrala and
Vajeekara potency.
15
4.
Madananda
Modaka
Administration of 108 Modaka
gives Amruta (nectar) like
properties. It is said to be Best
medicine for all disease.
31
5.
Madana
Modaka
Ghrutbharjita Bhanga to be used
while preparing formulation.
31
6.
Mundyadi
Gutika I
Mrudu Bharjita Bhanga to be used
while preparing formulation.
22,31
7.
Sparshavata
ghna rasa
It should be administered at sunrise
27,30
8.
Talakeshwar
a Rasa
Patient must live in cowdung
coated home and in shade.
25,23,29
9.
Agastya
Rasayana
No diet and lifestyle restriction
during administration also no
restriction for indulging in sexual
activities.
28, 24
10.
Ahiphena
Paka
Keep the drug in mouth during
intercourse
18
11.
Kanaka
Taila (E)
Very potent formulation; even a
drop can spoil Durva (Cynodon
dactylon L.) grass.
Oil examination: If drop falls on
Durva grass it should get dried.
23, 18
Bheshaja Prayoga Marga (Routes of drug
administration):
The route of administration of cannabis can affect
the onset, intensity, and duration of the
psychotropic effects, the effects on organ systems,
and the addictive potential and negative
consequences associated with its use. [68] Various
routes of administration such as oral, topical,
inhalation etc. are presented in Table1, 2,3 and 5.
Nowadays, cannabis is used by inhalation both by
smoking and vaporization, oral, oromucosal or
sublingual, topical and rectal routes of
administration. Smoking, a widely used route of
cannabis administration, provides a rapid and
efficient method of drug delivery from the lungs
to the brain, contributing to its abuse potential.
Intense pleasurable and strongly reinforcing
effects may be produced due to almost immediate
drug exposure to the central nervous system
(CNS). Slightly lower peak THC concentrations
are achieved after smoking as compared to
intravenous administration. [69] Bioavailability
following the smoking route was reported as
2−56%, due in part to intra- and inter-subject
variability in smoking dynamics, which
contributes to uncertainty in dose delivery.[70]
Very few studies are available on the disposition
of THC and its metabolites after oral
administration of cannabis as compared to the
smoked route. THC is readily absorbed due to its
high octanol/water partition coefficient (P).[71] The
advantages of cannabinoid smoking are offset by
the harmful effects of cannabinoid smoke; hence
smoking is generally not recommended for
therapeutic applications.
Ayurveda classics advocate oral as a principal
route of administration for many of cannabis
formulations. Due to low bioavailability of oral
THC formulations, alternative routes of drug
administration, including oromucosal or
sublingual dosing, vaporization of product and
inhalation, and rectal administration, have been
developed to improve the amount of delivered
cannabinoids.Sativex® a standardize extract of
cannabis contains equal proportions of THC and
CBD is administered sublingually to avoid first-
pass metabolism by the liver. Sativex® is
approved in Canada for the treatment of
neuropathic pain associated with multiple
sclerosis. [72]
On oral and rectal administration it is found that,
THC concentrations peaked within ranged
between 2.1 to 16.9 ng/ml and 1.1−4.1 ng/ml
respectively. The bioavailability of the rectal route
was approximately twice that of the oral route due
to higher absorption and lower first-pass
metabolism. [73] However, the data is procured
from pilot study on two patients and need to be
explored in detail.Topical administration, another
route of cannabinoid exposure to avoid first-pass
metabolism and improves THC bioavailability.[74]
Transdermal delivery of cannabinoids is hoped to
reduce negative side effects seen with inhalation
dosing. These properties could improve the utility
of transdermal cannabinoid slow delivery of THC
to the brain and hence drug-abuse potential of
cannabinoid is expected to be low. However,
extraction of cannabinoids for rapid delivery
through Transdermal route has not been
evaluated.Intravenous (i.v.)administration of
cannabis showed symptoms like acute paranoi,
panic, hypotension, withdrawal of consent due to
dislike of THC effects like broad range of
transient symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive
deficits in healthy individuals that resembled
endogenous psychoses. Hence, IV administration
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 72
is not a prescribed route for cannabis. Ayurveda
has not advised i.v. administration.
Karma (Action):
Bhanga has been repeatedly quoted to be a Balya
drug followed by Rasayana, Vajeekara, Deepana,
Vrushya, Shukrala, Brumhana, Pachana, Medhya
and, Stambhana etc. activities.(Table 12).
Table 12: Various Karma (Action) of formulations containing Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.)
SN
Karma
(action)
R
SN
Karma
(action)
R
SN
Karma
(action)
R
S
N
Karma
(action)
R
SN
Karma (action)
R
1
Balya (tonic)
43
11
Ayuvardha
na
/Ayukara
(Life
enhancer)
6
21
Ruchya (Taste
promoter)
2
31
Kamavriddhik
ara (Increases
sexual
potency)
1
41
Vashikarana
(Hypnotism/Subjugati
on)
1
2
Rasayana
28
12
Medhya
(Memory
booster)
5
22
Pachana
(Digestant)
4
3
Buddhiprada
(Memory
inducer)
1
42
Mrutuhara (Life
saving)
1
3
Vajeekara
28
13
Jwaraghn
a(Antipyre
tic)
5
23
Madakari
(intoxicant)
2
33
Raktajanana
(Haemopoietic
)
1
43
Sthira (Stable)
1
4
Deepana
(Appetizer)
25
14
Shoolaghn
a(Analgesi
c)
4
24
Manvinodkara
(Mood
stabilizer)
2
34
Raktavardhan
a
(Haematenic)
1
44
Kshudhavruddhikara
(Hunger stimulator)
1
5
Grahi
13
15
Nidrajana
na
(Sedative)
3
25
Buddhivardha
ka (Memory
enhancer)
3
35
Medohara
(Anti-
lipidemic)
1
45
Netrya
(Eye tonic)
1
6
Vrushya
(Aphrodisiac)
12
16
Uttejaka
(Stimulant
)
3
26
Veeryakara/
Veeryvardhak
a/Pourushakar
a
3
36
Dhatuvardhan
a (Tissue
promoter)
1
46
Nitya-Anandkara
1
7
Shukrala
(Spermatopoi
etic)
11
17
Varnya
(Complexi
on
promoter)
3
27
Ojovardhana/
Ojakara
2
37
Swedajanana
(Sweat
producer)
1
47
Drushtivardhaka
(Vision promoter)
1
8
Bruhana
(Bulk
promoter)
9
18
Pushtikara
(tonic)
3
28
Sukhakara
(Spermatogene
sis)
1
38
Rukshana
(roughning)
1
48
Vishaghna (anti-
poison)
1
9
Kantida /
Kantikara
(Complexion
promoter)
7
19
Keshya
(Hair
tonic)
2
29
Shukrastambh
ana (Prevents
spermatorrhoe
a)
1
39
Chintahara
(Anti-anxiety)
1
49
Parama
(Best)Rasayana
1
10
Stambhana
(Withholds
faces, urine)
6
20
Ojavardha
na (Oja
promoter)
2
30
Shukrashodha
na (Semen
depurant)
1
40
Bhutaghna
(Antibacterial)
1
R: repetition
It is observed that these formulations have multi-
varient actions. Thus, it can be used to combat
multiple clinical conditions. It is evident from
present review that Bhanga has active role in
treating multisystem disorders of almost all
Strotasa (systems) diseases (disorders) whether it
is a Pradhana Vyadhi (Main disease), Upadrava
(side effects), Udarka (after effects) etc.(Table
13).
Table 13: Strotasa (system) wise, Karma (action) wise
classification of Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L.) Formulations
S
N
Strotasa
(System)
Vyadhi (Disease) of
respective Strotasa
Karma (action) of
respective Strotasa
1.
Rasavaha
Jwara, Hrudroga,
Shotha, Sutikaroga
Jwaraghna
2.
Raktavaha
Kushtha,
Shwetakushtha,
Vyanga, Nyachha,
Shiroroga,
Sutikaroga
Jwaraghna, Varnya,
Kantida, Raktajanana,
Raktavardhana
3.
Mamsavaha
Shiroroga, Shotha
Bruhana
4.
Medovaha
Sthoulya, Prameha,
Rukshana, Medohara
5.
Asthivaha
Vatavyadhi
Keshya
6.
Majjavaha
Sparshavata,
Dhanurvata
Buddhivardhana,
Netrya,
Drushtivardhaka,
Buddhiprada,
Uttejaka, Medhya
7.
Shukravaha
Upadansha,
Rajayakshma
Sukhakara,
Vrushya,Shukrastambh
ana, Shukrashodhana,
Shukrala,Vajeekara,
Veeryvardhaka,
Ojavardhana,
Ojakara, Stambhana,
Netrya, Pushti,
Kamavriddhikara,
Nitya-Anandkara,
Uttejaka, Bruhana
8.
Annavaha
Agnimandya,
Ajeerna, Amlapitta,
Atisara/ Sarvatisara /
Amatisara, Grahani,
Parinamshoola,
Sangrahani
Deepana ,Pachana,
Stambhana,Kshudhavr
uddhikara, Ruchya
9.
Pranavaha
Kasa, Shwasa,
Rajayakshma
Sthira, Vishaghna
10.
Manovaha
Unmada, Apasmara
Chintahara,
Manvinodkara,
Madakari,
Madakaraka,
Vashikarana,
Manvinodkara,
Bhutaghna,
Nidrajanana, Uttejaka
11.
Mutravaha
Bahumutrata,
Madhumeha
Uttejaka
12.
Sarva (All)
Stotasa
Rajayakshama
Dhatuvardhana,
Balya, Ayuvardhana,
Ayukara, Rasayana,
Vishaghna,Bhutaghna,
Swedajanana,
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 73
Pushtikara,
Shoolaghna
Huge therapeutic potential of CB1 receptor has
been reported. The drug can be used for both local
as well as internal administration. Topical CB1
agonists or agonists that do not penetrate the
blood-brain barrier can be used. On peripheral
targets, cannabinoids acting specifically on non-
psychoactive CB2 receptors can be used. Apart
from CB1/CB2 receptors additional, new
cannabinoid also do not produce psycho activity.
[75,76]
Prayojyanga (Part used):
It is observed that leaves, seeds, inflorescence and
whole plant of Bhanga are the parts used. Leaves
and seeds being the most commonly used.(Table
14 )There are many formulations where the part
used are not clearly noted. In such formulations
parts can be decided by the assessment of use of
formulation by Yukti (wisdom) or leaf can be used
as per the recommendation of Ayurvedic
pharmacopoeia of India. [77]
The flowering tops or "buds" of the female
cannabis plant have the highest concentrations of
THC, followed by the leaves in comparison with
male species of cannabis. Much lower THC levels
are found in the stalks and seeds of the cannabis
plant.[78] In seed or seed oil Phytocannabinoids are
very trace only kernel contains trace amount of
THC and CBD. Outside surface of seedcoat has
higher concentration of THC may be due to
contamination with plant leaves or flowers. [79]
Effect of Sthana (Habitat) and Jati (Species
variation) on the properties of Bhanga has been
reported.[80]Differences are observed
phytochemically amongst the species of cannabis
and as per habitat. It is reported that, isoenzymatic
pattern of esterase and peroxidase is richer in
hemp male plants in comparison with female
plants. Specific activity of catalase is less in
female plants while specific peroxidasic activity is
greater in male plants. Female plants possess
average level of soluble protein. The polyphenols,
flavones and polyholozides values are significant
differ with sex as well as parts in the same plant,
polyphenol being absent in male plant. [81, 82]
Table 14: Different Prayojyanga (parts used) of Bhanga in the
various formulations
S
N
Prayojya
nga (Part
used)
Name of the Formulations
References
1
Patra
(Leaves)
Gangadhara Churna (Bruhat),
Madanakameshwari leha, Madana
Modaka, Veeryastambhakai Vatika,
Kameshwara Modaka (1), Kanaka
Taila Saraswata Churna,Rudra
Taila
19, 27,31,
31,17,
28,23,7,
37,19
2
Beeja
(Seeds)
Karpuradya Rasa, Shweta Aparajita
Nasya, Madananda Modaka,
Talakeshwara Rasa, Chandramruta
Rasa (Bruhat), Kaphachintamani
Rasa, Kasturibhushana rasa,
Lakshmivilasa Rasa,
Mahalakshmivilasa Rasa, Rajayoga,
Malla Taila
29,11,28,27
,31,25,23,2
9,23,6,29,3
6,18,28,36,
23, 28, 11,
23,29,31,37
, 29, 39,
36,23,7, 36,
23,31
3
Leaves+
Seeds
Kamagnisandiapana Modaka,
Kameshwara Modaka III,
Rativallabha Modaka, Kameshwara
Modaka (2)
25,23, 16,
31, 16 ,23,
11,23,23
4
Pachanga
(All
parts)
Vijaya Bandha
22
P.U. = Part used, L= Leaf, S=Seed, G=Ganja, Mo=Morning,
Ev=Evening, Ni=Night, AN=Afternoon, Mt=Month
Precautions:
Ayurveda have strongly advocated the use of
Bhanga after its shodhana (processing /
purification) in order to minimize its probable
adverse effects i.e ‘Madakari’ effect.[83] To
manage the adverse effects, caused by intake of
Bhanga Dosha, it is advised to administer cow
Dadhi (curd) with Shunthi (Zinziber officinalae
Roxb.) or Nimbuka (Citrus limonL.) juice.[36]
Further, Godugdha (cowmilk) and Shunthi or
crushed wet root of Sandesada (Delonix elata L.)
with water can be used for neutralizing the
adverse effects caused by Bhanga
administration.[84]
xiv) Bhanga Shodhana (Purification or
processing):
Bhanga has been included under Upavisha (semi-
poisonous) group of plants. To combat its possible
adverse effects, before its clinical applications,
differentclassical texts have advocated various
methods of Shodhana of Bhanga by using media
like water, cow’s milk, cow’s ghee
etc.[85,86,87,29,36]and decoction of bark of Acacia
arabica Linn. In formulations like Mundyadi
Gutika I, Madana Modaka, Madanapraksha
Churna use of Ghrutabharjita Bhanga has been
advised.[22, 31,15, 31]
CONCLUSION
Bhanga is a unique versatile plant having diversed
pharmacological properties which can provide
high therapeutic potential appear to go much
beyond psychotic effects. It presents a colossal
potential for enlarging the single drug
effectiveness of Ayurveda treatment.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
Bhanga should be used after Shodhana in the
formulations to avoid adverse effects and thus
narcotraffiking. Future studies in these regards are
IJPBA, Nov-Dec, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 6
Tavhare Swagata et al.\ Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on bhanga (cannabis sativa linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 74
an encouraging direction in the Ayurveda
research.
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