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SOME CHEMOSYSTEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE AUDOUINELLA (ACROCHAETIUM-RHODOCHORTON) COMPLEX
Abstract
The total soluble protein, biliproteins, and esterase patterns from polyacrylamide discontinuous pH gel electrophoresis for three clones of Rhodochorton purpureum and three identified species of Acrochaetium are described. Absorption spectra of biliproteins are presented. Inter and intraspecific genetic affinities represented by electrophoretic protein patterns within the Audouinella (Acrochaetium-Rhodochorton) complex are discussed. Problems of speciation within the complex are considered and the authors support the suggestions of Drew that a single genus be designated to represent the complex and the suggestion by Woelkerling that the genus Audouinella represent the sexually reproducing members of the complex.
... Chemosystematic data from protein extracts of five species of Acrochaetiaceae support the morphological continuum in as much as the intraspecific variation in three isolates of Audouinella purpurea (Lightf.) Woelkerling was as great as among all species taken together (Richardson & Mallory, 1973). The acknowledgement of this problem was incorporated into the classification schemes of Drew (1928), ...
Five phylogenetic schemes are presented for the Acrochaetiaceae based on comparative morphology and ultrastructure. The relationships between the possible phylogenetic relatives of the family and the taxonomic rank at which the group can be recognized are discussed. The most satisfactory schemes derive at least part of the Bangiophyceae from an acrochaetioid ancestor in which pit connections were present. All schemes that recognize the primitive nature of Audouinella in the Florideophyceae suggest the recognition of the Acrochaetiaceae at ordinal level. On this basis, the order Acrochaetiales is again proposed.
Für die Bände I bis VI der „Chemotaxonomie“ dienten die Klassifikationen von Smith (1955) und Engler (Syllabus, 11. Aufl., 1.Band, 1954) als Richtlinien der Sippenabgrenzung und -anordnung. Dementsprechend wurden 16 Abteilungen und bei den Samenpflanzen (XV Gymnospermae + XVI Angiospermae) 6 Klassen besprochen. Vgl. Bd. I, S. 25–28.
Electrophoretic techniques were used to assess the degree of genetic differentiation among 4 species of the seaweed Eucheuma; E. isiforme, E. nudum, E. gelidium and E. acanthocladum. Nine Floridian populations were surveyed for 5 enzymes (14 loci), and compared using both phenotypic identity (I
p
)and Nei's genetic identity (I) statistics. Results suggest there is a very high degree of genetic similarity between E. isiforme and E. nudum (=0.904), and between E. gelidium and E. acanthocladum (=0.857), but a very low degree of similarity between these two pairs of species (=0.372). These findings are in agreement with an earlier report which recommended the removal of E. gelidium and E. acanthocladum from the genus based on differences in reproductive anatomy. Greater genetic similarity was observed among the E. isiforme populations than among the E. nudum populations, the latter being ecologically more diverse and geographically or hydrographically more isolated. The proportion of polymorphic loci per population ranged from 0.25 to 0.36. Heterozygote deficiencies were observed at two acid phosphatase loci in offshore populations of E. nudum which showed a propensity for vegetative reproduction.
Polyaorylamide gel electrophoretic studies were conducted with soluble protein extracts from the mycelium of five species of the genus Aspergillus. The results obtained do not support the concept that such protein patterns can be used in the identification of species, but suggest that the technique might be of value in assessing the degree of similarity between species of the same genus or of closely related genera.
Phycobilin proteins from eleven genera of red algae (Rhodophyta) were examined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The relative electrophoretic mobility of the biliproteins indicated much greater heterogeneity than previously reported. Comparisons of protein homologies may be used in describing systematic and phylogenetic affinities of the Rhodophyta.
Oxidoreductases and other proteins were extracted from fungi and separated by electrophoresis in starch gels. Isolates of FU8arium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, and Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) were used. The main soluble proteins were detected by staining with amido black after electrophoresis in starch gel with a discontinuouA citrate-borate system in the pH range 8·2-9·5. Alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1.), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), diaphorase (i.e. various NADH2-nitro blue tetrazolium oxidoreductases) and
Although most sexually reproducing strains of Rhodochorton purpureum are dioecious, an isolate from Chile is monoecious. The tetrasporophyte of the monoecious strain differentiates directly from the fertilized carpogonium as in the dioecious strains but it differs slightly in its development.
The albumins extracted from the seeds of a number of different species of the Fabaceae have been subjected to disc electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. Both formic and glutamic dehydrogenase activities were readily detectable on the gels for ninety of the 103 species examined and one or other of the dehydrogenases on gels of the remaining species.
The mobility values of the dehydrogenases varied among the different taxa examined. The more morphologically homogeneous the taxon the less variable were the enzymic data of the species within it, thus within the Vicieae, Trifolieae, Loteae and tribal groupings of Bentham's Phaseoleae species had more nearly similar formic dehydrogenase mobilities than did species of the Podalyrieae and Genisteae (sensu lato).
Before any taxonomic conclusions can be drawn a much more extensive survey is necessary; however, sufficient correlations were observed between formic dehydrogenase mobilities and the globulin data of the previous paper to indicate the potential usefulness of this method in systematic studies.
The globulins extracted from a number of different species of legume seeds have been subjected to disc electrophoresis. In the limited sample surveyed, the tribes Vicieae, Phaseoleae, Diocleae, Trifolieae and Daibergieae were each characterized by a distinctive protein band pattern. When the globulins of genera from the Loteae, Galacteae and Glycineae were examined, two types of protein band patterns were obtained which were distinctive for each tribe. A wider range of protein band patterns were obtained when genera of the Cajaneae were examined. The one species of Abrus examined possessed a globulin protein band pattern which differed from the patterns found in any other genera of the tribes examined.
If the findings reported here can be extended to a much greater range of genera without significant change, then for some tribes within the Leguminosae a distinctive protein band pattern can be obtained when their seed globulins are electrophorized.
Proteins extracted from twenty-one cultures representing fourteen strains of blue-green algae were subjected to disc electrophoresis. Phycocyanin was visible on gels of all species and phycoerythrin on gels of seven species. All extracts gave substantially similar protein patterns although minor differences separate Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorogloea fritschii, and especially Anacystis nidulans, both from each other and from the other species examined. A set of three protein bands was absent from cultures grown on a medium free of combined nitrogen, but present on similar cultures receiving such additions. However, the bands were also absent from two cultures grown with a combined nitrogen source when incubated at a relatively low light intensity.
A new preparative procedure was used in conjunction with disc electrophoresis to study proteins in vesicles, segment membranes, albedo, and flavedo of the Washington Navel orange, and vesicles and peels of lemon and grapefruit. A cationic gel system and an anionic gel system were applied to each tissue, and produced characteristic and reproducible patterns for each source. Diagrams and densitometric tracings of the gels are presented.
The albumins of seventeen species of the Leguminoseae have been electrophorized on polyacrylamide gels. The potential usefulness of this technique as a tool in taxonomic studies is discussed.
The technique of gel electrophoresis is now being used to solve many problems in evolution such as the amount and type of genetic variation in populations and the genetic differences between species. The article describes the merits of this new biochemical approach and examines some of the findings.
When the protein patterns, obtained from the electrophoresis of the seeds of six allied species of Yucca and one of Hesperaloe, are translated into graphs, the individuality of the pattern of each species becomes apparent. When the seven graphs are superimposed to form a single graph, it is seen that the protein patterns are arranged in three groups, and that Y. constricta and H. parviflora are in the same group. These results confirm the original identification Yucca parviflora, by Torrey in 1859 as the correct genus and species for the plant designated by some as Hesperaloe.
Natural populations of three species of Baptisia (Leguminosae) were examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis for the presence of molecular polymorphism with respect to the isoenzyme patterns of leucine aminopeptidase, β-galactosidase and indophenol oxidase. No species-specific patterns were observed and considerable intraspecific polymorphism was detected.
Aqueous saline extracts of fresh specimens of twelve species of marine algae, representative of the Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae, have been analyzed by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The pattern of proteins in the green algae was the most complex with ∼12 bands, that in the reds less complex with ∼9 bands and least in the browns with ∼5 bands. Fractionation of the extracts with (NH4)2SO4 indicated the probable presence of several globulins and chromoproteins, and two albumins, but such fractions were grossly heterogeneous. Fractionation of the extract from Rhodymenia palmata indicated the presence of allophycocyanin, R-phycocyanin and R-phycoerythrin mainly from spectrometric data. Trials with gradient gels and isoelectric focusing were less informative than by the conventional method of electrophoresis in 7·5 % gels. Comparison of six stains for algal proteins indicated Coomassie Brilliant Blue and Woolfast Blue as preferable.
High carboxylic ester bydrolase (esterase) activity towards indophenyl acetate was found in green beans, cabbage, potato tuber, citrus albedo and flavedo, and fruits of many cucurbits. Only potato and cucurbits hydrolysed esters of cucurbitacins, bitter principles occurring in the Cucurbitaceae, and cholinesterase activity was found only in citrus and in one variety of cucurbit. Starch gel electrophoresis showed that all extracts contained a multiplicity of esterases active against α-naphthyl acetate which differed in different species, in different strains of the same species and even in different parts of the same plant. Several cucurbitacin esterases were also detected in potato and cucurbit extracts, but citrus contained only one cholinesterase.
S ummary
The technique of disc electrophoresis has been presented, including a discussion of the technical variables with special reference to the separation of protein fractions of normal human serum.
THE work reported here was initiated to obtain preliminary information about the extent and nature of electro-phoretic variation of esterase isozymes within commercial ``pure line'' varieties of a self-pollinated species. Many of the agronomic characters which could be used to measure genetic variation have been selected for uniformity within the varieties; however, esterase banding patterns have not been selected intentionally. If these patterns are not correlated with characters previously selected, their variation might be a satisfactory indication of the overall genetic variation present in the varieties.
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