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Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Tourism Industry
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In Indonesia, Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have a major role in term of generating employment, contributing to GDP, and being safety valve in national economic recovery. Nevertheless, nowadays the role of SMEs is not sufficient to promote the economic growth and to increase society income. It is difficult toSMEs to grow becoming larger business “next stage” or persist in sustainable productivity. This problem is considered related to the decreasing of SMEs competitiveness. This study aims to develop model of competitiveness for SMEs especially among the creative industry in Bandung. As a means to address its issue, it uses depth interview method using semi-structured interview. The data collection had three phases: preliminary phase, first phase, and second phase. Preliminary phase is conducted to test the questions. The first phase interview is conducted to some sub-sectors of creative industry in Bandung that are included the SMEs criteria. Then, the data would be analyzed using grounded theory analysis in order to generate initial codes, sub-concepts, concepts, and categories. The second phase is conducted to validate the results of first phase and generate the final sub-concepts, concepts, categories, and finally build the theory.
EU's policy tendencies aimed at stimulating the development of competitive agglomeration are determining Member States to steer public measures to support associative forms such as clusters or poles of competitiveness. In Romania, the crystallization of this type of association is driven by the dynamics and increasing flexibility of the business environment, the impulse from abroad and the opportunity to access European funds to finance such projects.
The purpose of this chapter is to determine the competitiveness, exercise of entrepreneurship and quality of the business environment in Greece, based on the analysis of the motives and barriers of inward foreign direct invest-ment (FDI) for the period 1995-2003. The analysis was based on research that was carried out using a questionnaire, which was sent to 150 multina-tional enterprises (MNEs) that had invested in Greece in the aforementioned period. The sample size consisted of fifty-two MNEs and the response rate was 34.6 percent. According to the questionnaire results, the main motives for FDI in Greece, which is considered as a proxy for the level of entrepre-neurship in Greece, were: the prospects for market growth, political stabil-ity, economic stability, the size of Greek market, social stability, and the 2004 Olympic Games. The primary barriers to entrepreneurship in the Greek market mentioned by MNEs were bureaucracy, followed by the taxation system, corruption, and the labor market. Government officials and policy makers in Greece, students of economics, in particular, of inter-national development and international business/management, would benefit from this novel approach in determining motives and barriers of FDI in Greece as a proxy for the level of entrepreneurship and, consequently, developing the appropriate policy response with the goal of further stimulat-ing FDI in Greece. 254 Bitzenis, Marangos et al.
This study analyses the relationship between entrepreneurial dynamics and the level of competitiveness in Latin American countries. Based on a stage of economic development model we demonstrate that Latin American countries under the model followed different paths related to competitiveness. These different paths can explain the effect of specific competitiveness conditions on entrepreneurial dynamics in Latin America.
Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countries. Copyright Springer 2005
With so many theories and so many scientific bodies implicated in its study, Entrepreneurship can, at times, seem like a veritable jungle where finding one's way can prove to be difficult. This book functions as a map locating the most important issues: those where an acceptable consensus already exists, and those that remain open to discussion. In so doing, we have presented the accounts of distinguished explorers in their own words. The book contains three parts reflecting the synergistic approach opted for by the editors: Concepts, Theory, and Perspective, that correspond to previously published academic articles that were either important in the scientific consolidation of Entrepreneurship, or that present challenges for the future.
The aim of this case study is to increase our understanding of the role of entrepreneurs in enhancing the competitiveness of a rural tourism destination. A literature review of the research on destination competitiveness with a focus on the roles of different stakeholders is first presented, followed by a narrative about rural tourism development, the competitiveness of rural destinations and the role of entrepreneurs in establishing successful destinations. The data consists of six case studies and nine semi-structured interviews among tourism entrepreneurs and managers at a rural tourism destination in Finland. The findings challenge the prevailing DMO dominated approach to destination competitiveness development, and call for the acknowledgment of collaboration between small tourism enterprises in the enhancement of rural destinations. Municipalities have a crucial role as facilitators of the entrepreneurial environment, but without innovative, committed, and risk-taking entrepreneurs no destination will flourish.
With the publication of his best-selling books "Competitive Strategy (1980) and "Competitive Advantage (1985), Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School established himself as the world's leading authority on competitive advantage. Now, at a time when economic performance rather than military might will be the index of national strength, Porter builds on the seminal ideas of his earlier works to explore what makes a nation's firms and industries competitive in global markets and propels a whole nation's economy. In so doing, he presents a brilliant new paradigm which, in addition to its practical applications, may well supplant the 200-year-old concept of "comparative advantage" in economic analysis of international competitiveness. To write this important new work, Porter and his associates conducted in-country research in ten leading nations, closely studying the patterns of industry success as well as the company strategies and national policies that achieved it. The nations are Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The three leading industrial powers are included, as well as other nations intentionally varied in size, government policy toward industry, social philosophy, and geography. Porter's research identifies the fundamental determinants of national competitive advantage in an industry, and how they work together as a system. He explains the important phenomenon of "clustering," in which related groups of successful firms and industries emerge in one nation to gain leading positions in the world market. Among the over 100 industries examined are the German chemical and printing industries, Swisstextile equipment and pharmaceuticals, Swedish mining equipment and truck manufacturing, Italian fabric and home appliances, and American computer software and movies. Building on his theory of national advantage in industries and clusters, Porter identifies the stages of competitive development through which entire national economies advance and decline. Porter's finding are rich in implications for both firms and governments. He describes how a company can tap and extend its nation's advantages in international competition. He provides a blueprint for government policy to enhance national competitive advantage and also outlines the agendas in the years ahead for the nations studied. This is a work which will become the standard for all further discussions of global competition and the sources of the new wealth of nations.
The purpose of this article is to characterise the current business
environment as one of change, constraints, complexity and conflict and
their effects on the tourism and hospitality industry and education. A
tidal wave of societal developments is changing work, education and
leisure. Educators and human resource specialists must respond to change
and become more innovative in terms of course direction, content,
programming and delivery.
Corporate entrepreneurship, the discovery and pursuit of new opportunities through innovation and venturing, is an important source of competitive advantage. Corporate entrepreneurship involves a diverse set of activities such as innovation in products and processes; the development of internal and external corporate ventures; and the development of new business models, which require an array of roles, behaviors, and individual competencies. In this article, we define individual competencies and distinguish them from other individual difference constructs. We argue that given the unique requirements of corporate entrepreneurship, a competency-based approach to assessing organizational human capital needs is superior to more traditional job-analytic methods. Drawing on existing literature, we outline a competency framework for supporting corporate entrepreneurship and infer the underlying, measurable knowledge, skills, and abilities that contribute to these competencies. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this framework for the staffing, training and development, and performance-appraisal practices of firms seeking to promote corporate entrepreneurship. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kansas State University, 1996. Includes bibliographical references. Photocopy.
What is the role of entrepreneurship in economic development? At a minimum the answer should be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the structural transformation of countries from low income, primary-sector based societies into high-income service and technology based societies. More broadly though, it should also be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the opposite pole of stagnating development (including conflict) and in high innovation-driven growth. Although economic development lacks a ?general theory? of entrepreneurship, which could encompass a variety of development experiences, much progress has been made in extending the understanding of entrepreneurship in the process of development. This paper surveys the progress with the purpose of distilling the outlines for a more general theory of entrepreneurship in economic development. Entrepreneurship in developing countries remains a relatively under-researched phenomenon, so by surveying the current state of research, and by discussing the role of entrepreneurship in dual economy models of structural transformation and growth, a secondary objective of this paper is to identify avenues for further research. Finally, the policy implications from the economic literature suggest that a case for government support exists, and that this should focus on the quantity, the quality, and the allocation of entrepreneurial ability. Many routinely adopted policies for entrepreneurship, such as provision of credit and education, are shown to have more subtle effects, not all of which are conducive to growth-enhancing entrepreneurship.
The methodology to assess the competitiveness of real estate developers in China
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Li, V., (2111),:"The methodology to assess the competitiveness of real estate developers in
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Miracle of Estonia: Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Policy in Estonia. UNECE Palais des Nations
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Signe, R. (2115). Miracle of Estonia: Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Policy in Estonia.
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The Entrepreneurship Toolkit: successful Approach to Fostering Entrepreneurship, USAID
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Bohoney, J. (2111 ). The Entrepreneurship Toolkit: successful Approach to Fostering
Entrepreneurship, USAID.Weidemann Associates Inc.
Fostering SMEs and entrepreneurship development in support of alternative tourism in Bulgaria
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Thomas, R. (2112 ).Fostering SMEs and entrepreneurship development in support of
alternative tourism in Bulgaria. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.