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Nutritional Yeast Biomass: Characterization and Application
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that nutritional yeasts as well as Saccharomyces boulardii are important products for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes. Nutritional yeasts are a rich source of amino acids, single cell proteins, several bioavailable minerals (e.g. chromium, selenium, zinc, iron, magnesium, cooper, manganese), and B vitamins. The properties of these non-infectious yeasts may be of particular importance for human and animal health. Amongst them, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the best-known species used as a source of B vitamins and nutrients, especially chromium and selenium incorporated as organic compounds. Chromium is necessary for the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, while selenium promotes a normal function of immune system. Another less-known species is Yarrowia lipolytica, which contributes to the production of a number of important nutritional elements, including bioavailable proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, organic acids, polyalcohols, carotenoids, aroma compounds, single cell oil, and microbial surfactants. Nutritional yeasts are beneficial for vegans, vegetarians, athletes, reconvalescents, as well as young people during the puberty period. Furthermore, some yeast species possess properties required for a microorganism to be considered as probiotic. One of them is S. boulardii, particularly recommended in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and recurrent Clostridium difficile intestinal infections.
Keywords: nutritional yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Yarrowia lipolytica, probiotics
... Yeast is an ambitious SCP candidate because consumers have widely accepted it in a long history as animal and human food addictive. In addition to rich protein (30-50%) and wide amino acid spectrum (Jach and Serefko, 2018), SCP from yeast contains relatively less nucleic acid (5-12%) than bacteria-derived SCP (8-14%) (Jach and Serefko, 2018), which diminishes health threat and curtails the cost of downstream treatment. Moreover, yeast is rich in vitamin group B (Gervasi et al., 2018). ...
... Yeast is an ambitious SCP candidate because consumers have widely accepted it in a long history as animal and human food addictive. In addition to rich protein (30-50%) and wide amino acid spectrum (Jach and Serefko, 2018), SCP from yeast contains relatively less nucleic acid (5-12%) than bacteria-derived SCP (8-14%) (Jach and Serefko, 2018), which diminishes health threat and curtails the cost of downstream treatment. Moreover, yeast is rich in vitamin group B (Gervasi et al., 2018). ...
... Moreover, yeast is rich in vitamin group B (Gervasi et al., 2018). It is also possible to use its whole-cell as probiotics and its extract as immunostimulant in animal feed (Hoseinifar et al., 2018;Jach and Serefko, 2018;Mohan et al., 2019). The benefits above will add more value to the SCP product from yeast. ...
The food crisis due to the global population boom requires agriculture revolutions and a transition to sustainable, affordable sources of food proteins. Single cell protein (SCP) derived from microorganisms such as brewer's yeast is one of the best possible options to meet the protein challenges. Utilization of carbon and nitrogen recovered from waste streams, instead of sugar-rich substrate, for yeast-driving SCP production could improve the overall sustainability from both economic and environmental points of view. The lack of a comprehensive understanding of the process such as the interactions between different organic acids/ions and SCP production by yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has placed a major impediment to the valorization effort. This study tackles this challenge by exploring the impact of various organic acids, nitrogen and ionic species on SCP production by S. cerevisiae. It was found that the SCP production increased with acetate concentrations (2.6–20 g-COD/L). A maximal protein concentration of 0.75 g/L was harvested using 20 g-COD/L acetate. Intermittent acid addition for pH neutralization further enhanced SCP production by 67% at 0.94 g/L. Ammonia was the best inorganic nitrogen source for S. cerevisiae among nitrate and nitrite. S. cerevisiae was not able to utilize lactate, propionate and butyrate alone for growth, but it can catabolize lactate along with acetate. The addition of oleate and linoleate resulted in a significant increase in the protein content of biomass by 1.8- and 1.6-fold, respectively. S. cerevisiae using acetate required eight times fewer K⁺ than Na⁺. Typical anions including Cl⁻, NO3⁻ and SO4²⁻ (20–500 mM) were not found harmful for SCP synthesis. The results help to fill the knowledge gap in yeast-driving waste-to-protein conversion process, bring high impacts and positive implications for waste valorization and future feed and food supply.
... Y. lipolytica utilizing waste as a raw cassava (bioethanol industry by-product) reduces poisonous cyanide concentration to a safe level [18]. The yeast has relatively low nutritional requirements, showing very high growth potential, and its culture is independent of geographic and weather conditions and fresh water availability [6,[19][20][21]. Additionally, the use of yeast biomass enriched in protein containing plenty of value compounds or its metabolites is easier accepted by society than other microorganisms due to its usefulness, i.e., in the production of fermented products [20]. ...
... In the near future, the problem could be solved by the production of huge quantities of nutritional yeast biomass. At present, mainly S. cerevisiae biomass and extract are used for human nutrition but not commonly and in small numbers [19,46]. However, the first step to use the Y. lipolytica biomass as food has already been taken. ...
... Hence, 100 g of Y. lipolytica powder contains almost 100% of the recommended daily portion. Moreover, protein quantity in Y. lipolytica powder is comparable to that of S. cerevisiae biomass and is similar or even higher than in traditional sources such as meat and soybean and higher than milk protein [19,46,72]. Furthermore, the protein efficiency ratio standardized for casein (PER) of yeast protein is comparable with the PER of meat and soybean [72,108]. ...
Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleagineous species of yeast, is a carrier of various important
nutrients. The biomass of this yeast is an extensive source of protein, exogenous amino acids, bioavailable essenctial trace minerals, and lipid compounds as mainly unsaturated fatty acids. The biomass also contains B vitamins, including vitamin B12, and many other bioactive components. Therefore, Y. lipolytica biomass can be used in food supplements for humans as safe and nutritional additives for maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, including for vegans and vegetarians, athletes, people after recovery, and people at risk of B vitamin deficiencies.
... Therefore, the answer to humankind's challenge to meet the need of protein products seems to be the protein produced by various microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, algae, and fungi. This microbial protein is also called bioprotein, protein biomass, or single cell protein (SCP), though filamentous algae and fungi may be multicellular [7,11]. SCP is dead and dried biomass of microorganisms which culture on various carbon and energy sources ( Figure 1). ...
... Obtaining microbial protein by conversion of waste substrates to value-added feed and food as high nutritional protein biomass and thus reduction of environmental pollutions is very important valuable feature of SPC production [14]. Particularly, yeast plays a special role in purifying the environment from waste materials, especially oleaginous yeast such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida spp. that are capable of growing on many industrial wastes including alkanes, petroleum by-products, natural gas, glycerol, biofuel waste, and plant or animal-waste fats [11,12,[15][16][17][18][19]. The oily waste biodegradation by this yeast has a significant importance for environmental protection [16,18,[20][21][22]. ...
... One of the methods of getting rid of oily waste products after processing petroleum is its use as a culture medium for the production of added value compounds, such as protein, by yeast that can utilize these wastes [18,24,25]. Furthermore, both food grade or industrial wastes as well as forestry and agricultural sources are easily available and low-or even free-cost substrates as carbon and energy sources for SCP production by yeast [7,11,17,18,[26][27][28][29]. On the market of some countries, currently, there are: some food spreads made of yeast extract, especially bakery or brewery Saccharomyces cerevisiae; food supplements containing brewery or bakery yeast or algae; a meat substitute product provided from filamentous fungus Fusarium venenatum and yeast Torula (Candida utilis, renamed as Pichia jadinii); Pichia and Kluyveromyces used as flavoring agent [7,30]. ...
In recent years, the awareness and willingness of consumers to consume healthy food has grown significantly. In order to meet these needs, scientists are looking for innovative methods of food production, which is a source of easily digestible protein with a balanced amino acid composition. Yeast protein biomass (single cell protein, SPC) is a bioavailable product which is obtained when primarily using as a culture medium inexpensive various waste substrates including agricultural and industrial wastes. With the growing population, yeast protein seems to be an attractive alternative to traditional protein sources such as plants and meat. Moreover, yeast protein biomass also contains trace minerals and vitamins including B-group. Thus, using yeast in the production of protein provides both valuable nutrients and enhances purification of wastes. In conclusion, nutritional yeast protein biomass may be the best option for human and animal nutrition with a low environmental footprint. The rapidly evolving SCP production technology and discoveries from the world of biotechnology can make a huge difference in the future for the key improvement of hunger problems and the possibility of improving world food security. On the market of growing demand for cheap and environmentally clean SPC protein with practically unlimited scale of production, it may soon become one of the ingredients of our food. The review article presents the possibilities of protein production by yeast groups with the use of various substrates as well as the safety of yeast protein used as food.
... It has been shown that Y. lipolytica grown on a medium with different fatty wastes is a natural source of such nutritional components as single cell oils (especially mono-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated cocoa-butter equivalents), protein (i.e. single cell protein, SCP), amino acids, and B-group vitamins, including vitamin B12 (16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,24). In this respect, this yeast occupies an important place in pharmaceutical, feed, and food industry (20). ...
... single cell protein, SCP), amino acids, and B-group vitamins, including vitamin B12 (16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,24). In this respect, this yeast occupies an important place in pharmaceutical, feed, and food industry (20). ...
... Moreover, the use of this yeast biomass as an additional nutritional supplement can support a solution to the problem of food scarcity in the ever-growing human population, especially in developing countries such as India and Burkina Faso (20,28). In 2019, the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) authorized the use of dried and heat-killed Y. lipolytica biomass as a novel food in dietary supplements intended for the general population above 3 years of age [29]. ...
Background
Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with the ability to grow in a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, including industrial wastes, in which it produces and accumulates various nutrients.
Methods
The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of free L-carnitine in the biomasses of two Yarrowia lipolytica strains (ATCC 9793 and A-101) growing in YPD medium and biofuel waste. The cultivations of Y. lipolytica were performed in aerobic conditions at different temperatures (20–30°C) and pH values (4.0–7.0) of the media with and without the addition of precursors for L-carnitine production, such us iron, trimethyllysine, and L-ascorbic acid in a laboratory scale or chromium chloride (III) in a pilot plant scale.
Results
Both tested Y. lipolytica strains grown in fatty acid-poor YPD medium at 20°C and pH 6.0 contained endogenous free L-carnitine in their biomass with a maximum of 22.85 mg/100 g of wet biomass. The addition of L-carnitine precursors to the YPD medium exerted a significant effect on L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass, increasing it up to 250%. In turn, the biomass of both tested Y. lipolytica strains cultivated in the biofuel waste, irrespective of the culture conditions, contained below 1 mg of L-carnitine/100 g of wet biomass. However, the supplementation of the culture media with the L-carnitine precursors significantly increased the yield of the yeast biomass by 20–30% in the biofuel waste cultures. Moreover, the addition of chromium(III) chloride into the biofuel waste caused an increase in the free L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass up to 2.24 mg/100 g of dry weight.
Conclusion
Biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the free fat medium contained free L-carnitine, in contrast to the biomass grown in the fat-rich biofuel waste. The very low amounts of L-carnitine in the biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the crude biofuel waste suggest that the yeast is able to utilize almost the entire pool of free L-carnitine for growth and nutritional biomass production. However, the addition of chromium to the biofuel waste contributed to an increase in L-carnitine concentration in Y. lipolytica biomass.
... Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known for its ability to grow in a wide range of substrates, especially non-conventional hydrophobic ones, such as vegetable or animal-waste fats, different fractions of petroleum, or waste streams from various industries (Dourou et al., 2018;Groenewald et al., 2013;Jach et al., 2017;Jach and Serefko, 2018;Katre et al., 2012;Lopes et al., 2018Lopes et al., , 2019Papanikolaou et al., 2001Papanikolaou et al., , 2003RywiĔska et al., 2013). The fatty waste biodegradation by this yeast is very important for environmental protection in line with the take-make-dispose concept (Katre et al., 2012;Lopes et al., 2019;Saygün et al., 2014;Vasiliadou et al., 2018;Tzirita et al., 2018). ...
... One way to recycle fatty waste is its utilization as fermentation media component for the production of added value compounds by microorganisms like yeast (Lopez et al. 2019). Thus, the ability of Y. lipolytica to produce biomass rich in various nutritional components in available inexpensive oily wastes, as carbon sources, is highly beneficial for protecting the environment (Dobrowolski et al., 2007;Groenewald et al., 2013;Jach et al., 2017;Jach and Serefko, 2018;Katre et al., 2012;Lopes et al., 2018;5 lipids intracellularly up to 40% of its cell dry weight or produce 30-50% protein of dried biomass (Drzymaáa et al. 2020;Bellou et al., 2016;Beopoulos et al., 2011;Dourou et al., 2018;Jach et al., 2017;Juszczyk et al., 2013;Lopes et al., 2018Lopes et al., , 2019Papanikolaou et al., 2001Papanikolaou et al., , 2003RywiĔska et al., 2013). Similar to animal cells, Y. ...
... Hence, the U.S. FDA has granted the "Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)" status to several production processes using Y. lipolytica (Groenewald et al., 2013;Zieniuk and Fabiszewska, 2019). In this regard, dried and heat-killed nutritional yeast cells can be added as a cheap supplement to the regular human diet to help in solving the problem of food deficiency in rapidly growing populations, especially in developing countries like India (Jach et al., 2017;Jach and Serefko, 2018;Kennedy, 2015). Additionally, the nutritional yeast biomass is obtained very fast (in comparison with the growth of plants or animals), from a relatively small area and regardless of the weather. ...
Yarrowia lipolytica as an oleaginous yeast is capable of growing in various non-conventional hydrophobic substrate types, especially industrial wastes. In this study, the content of thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7) and folic acid (vitamin B9) in the wet biomass of Y. lipolytica strains cultivated in biofuel waste (SK medium), compared to the standard laboratory YPD medium, was assessed. Additionally, the biomass of Y. lipolytica A-101 grown in biofuel waste (SK medium) was dried and examined for B vitamins concentration according to the recommended microbial methods by AOAC Official Methods. The mean values of these vitamins per 100 g of dry weight of Y. lipolytica grown in biofuel waste (SK medium) were as follows: thiamine 1.3 mg/100 g, riboflavin 5.3 mg/100 g, pyridoxine 4.9 mg/100 g, biotin 20.0 µg/100 g, and folic acid 249 µg/100 g. We have demonstrated that the dried biomass is a good source of B vitamins which can be used as nutraceuticals to supplement human diet, especially for people at risk of B vitamin deficiencies in developed countries. Moreover, the biodegradation of biofuel waste by Y. lipolytica is desired for environmental protection.
... Studies reported elsewhere [5][6][7] revealed that yeast biomass, or so-called nutritional yeasts, can be a valuable addition for diet poor in animal products. Yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional species e.g. ...
... lysine and methionine, which occur in limited amounts in most plant and animal foods [5,6,[8][9][10][11]. The use of nutritional yeast biomass as a supplement to the regular diet can help solve the problem of food scarcity in ever-growing human population, especially in developing countries like India [6,7]. Now, Y. lipolytica is used as a high-quality protein source for livestock feeding, as a biotechnological production host for several substances like organic acids, PUFAs, carotenoids or enzymes as well as for bioremediation purposes [12]. ...
... A metabolic pathway B12 production is involved in ex novo accumulation of vitamin B12 (from substrates) in biomass produced by yeast. In contrast to de novo B12 synthesis by bacteria, ex novo B12 production is an anabolic process, occurring simultaneously with cell growth [13][14][15][16][17]. Being environmental friendly, Y. lipolytica utilizes inexpensive non-conventional feedstock and waste to produce biomass [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In this respect, yeast occupies an important place in pharmaceutical, feed, and food industry [7]. ...
The aim of the study was to obtain vitamin B12-enriched biomass of non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica A-101. The cultivations were performed on waste from biofuel production in aerobic conditions at different temperatures (20–30 °C) and pH values (4.0–7.0) of the medium, with and without the addition of cobalt, l-methionine, molybdenum, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and niacin. A temperature of 30 °C and pH between 5 and 6 were the optimal conditions for obtaining B12-enriched yeast biomass on biofuel waste. In such conditions, Y. lipolytica A-101 contained 9 µg of vitamin B12 per 100 g of dried biomass. The addition of the ingredients mentioned above to the medium did not exert a significant effect on the B12 concentration. Y. lipolytica are able to accumulate this vitamin from the medium in a similar manner to animal cells. Additionally, it should be noted that the dried biomass of Y. lipolytica appeared to be safe for consumption. Taken together, these data showed that Y. lipolytica can be used as a nutritional supplement to increase the intake of vitamin B12, especially at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.
... An example of a cellular product that does not secrete its protein of interest is nutritional yeast that uses the cheesy flavor of inert S. cerevisiae. 58 Currently, some companies use recombinant bacteria strains to express casein proteins, which is simpler as a prokaryote cell. Collagen is currently used in processed foods such as sausages or beef patties, 59 and it can be used as a binder in the production of protein powders rather than carbohydrates since it does not affect the nutrition of the powder. ...
... 59 The form typically added to these food products is hydrolyzed collagen, which is produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen tissue. 60 It has been studied on its use with rice protein 55,58 and works through agglomerating the protein by promoting an increase in the particle size. This interaction between collagen and plant protein could make collagen a suitable binder for use in the production of PBMA. ...
... It is also possible to apply yeasts in fermentative processes for food generation. It has been applied in agriculture, production of biofuels, medicines, chemical industry, and even environmental protection (Jach and Serefko 2018;Fleet 2011). They are divided into two families: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. ...
... To produce biomass, it is possible to use heterotrophic bacteria which can convert phosphorus and nitrogen from waste obtained from fish farming. This type of bacteria requires a C:N ratio between 12:15 for optimum biomass production (Jach and Serefko 2018). Few hydrogen oxidizing bacteria can obtain good yields in the production of unicellular protein. ...
Agro-industrial production generates large volumes of effluents with a high content of solids, nutrients, organic matter, and microorganisms. These effluents can negatively modify natural environments that receive them by surface runoff or infiltration through the soil, with possible damage to the population’s health. The objective of the circular economy is to maintain—as long as possible—the materials, products, and resources used in the production system to diminish, in this way, contaminating wastes. The “biologization” of industrial processes using the purification capacity of microalgae to decontaminate wastewaters has emerged in recent years. It offers two benefits, the production of biomass for different uses and the production of cleaner effluents. After microalgal treatments, ecotoxicity tests are used to assess the effectiveness of decontamination processes. In addition, bioassays indicate how long it is necessary to continue the decontamination process, i.e., when the concentration with no toxic effects has been reached, thus reducing unnecessary costs.
... YP content is upwards of 70% and it contains all the essential amino acids required by the human body (Kurcz et al., 2018). In addition, YP contains trace minerals and B-vitamins (Jach and Serefko, 2018). Compared with bean protein, YP has no allergenic ingredients, non-beany taste, and no risk of genetic modification, which is suitable for the general population. ...
Currently, with the preference for a healthy diet and increased awareness of reducing the carbon footprint, the demand for protein is becoming more and more diversified. In this study, the physicochemical properties of yeast protein (YP) and four common plant proteins (soy protein isolate, pea protein isolate, wheat gluten, and peanut protein) were compared. The most prevalent secondary structure in YP is the β-sheet. Furthermore, YP is in an aggregated state, and it has a high surface hydrophobicity. The tryptophan residues are primarily exposed on the polar surface of YP. The results of in vitro digestibility indicated that YP (84.91 ± 0.52%) was a high-quality protein. Moreover, YP has a higher thermal stability and relatively stable low apparent viscosity, which provides ample possibility for its application in food processing and in foods for people with swallowing difficulties. This study provides theoretical basis in the potential of YP as an alternative protein source.
... In fact, it was demonstrated that the nutritional yeast products had gluten concentrations below the 20 mg/kg threshold defined by the Codex Alimentarius (Allred et al., 2020). Additionally, YPB has been proposed as a nutrient supplement for vegan and vegetarian dietary patterns, and in specific populations such as athletes, convalescents and teenagers (Jach and Serefko, 2018). ...
... The enzymatically treated yeast (ETY) used in this study is a postbiotic yeast product derived from non-genetically modified yeast strains and contains a high level of β-1,3/1,6-glucans, mannanoligosaccharides, and protein. The ETY also contains other intracellular bioactive components with salutary properties [9]. Additionally, most of the proteins present in ETY are in the form of short peptides, which differentiates ETY from other commercially available yeast products. ...
Abstract Background There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeast (ETY) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, antioxidative status, and cecal mucosa cytokines of coccidia-challenged broiler chickens. Methods From d 1 to 14 post hatching, 480 broiler chickens were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets with increasing concentrations of ETY (0, 1, or 2 g/kg). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with body weight (BW) used as a blocking factor. On d 14 post hatching, the birds were re-randomized within each of the 3 experimental diets. Each of the 3 diet groups was split into a challenge or no-challenge group. This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The coccidia challenge was administered on d 15 by an oral gavage. Results Dietary ETY improved (P
... The genetic aspect of yeasts also plays an important role in producing a group of peptides and enzymes necessary for their work in the growth medium. According to Jach and Serefko (2018), yeast is known as a natural source of protein including enzymes, peptides, and amino acids. ...
Rizal S, Kustyawati ME, Murhadi, Amin M. 2023. The influence of inoculum types on the chemical characteristics and b-glucan content of tempe gembus. Biodiversitas 24: 793-798. Tempe gembus is a type of tempe which is made by fermenting tofu dregs with Rhizopus oligosporus. Tempe gembus has lower nutritional value than soybean tempe. Adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae to manufacture tempe gembus is expected to increase the added value of tempe gembus. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various types of inoculums on the chemical properties and b-glucan content of tempe gembus. The study used a completely randomized block design (RBD) with 3 repetitions and 7 types of inoculums: commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) (T1), S. cerevisiae (T2), R. oligosporus (T3), commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) + commercial yeast (Fermipan) (T4), commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) + S. cerevisiae (T5), R. oligosporus + Fermipan (T6), and R. oligosporus + S. cerevisiae (T7). Tempe gembus produced was analyzed for the content of fat, protein, ash, water, carbohydrates, and b-glucan. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA and the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test. The results showed that the type of tempe inoculum increased the levels of protein, ash, water and b-glucan but decreased the levels of fat and carbohydrates in tempe gembus. A mixture of R. oligosporus and S. cerevisiae produced the best tempe gembus containing 0.69% ?-glucan, 6.98% protein, 0.48% ash, 83.98% water, 8.12% carbohydrates and 0.47% fat.
... Nutritional yeast contains two main bioactive molecules: ɑ-mannan and β-glucan (Garcia Diaz et al. 2018). Animal studies investigate that these compounds showed stronger antibacterial and antifungal effects, which might protect the body from infections (Jach and Serefko 2018;Hassan et al. 2022). Several recent reports assessed the benefits of including yeast in layer diets by modifying gastrointestinal health status (Adetunji and Adejumo 2019;Abd El-Samee et al. 2012;Elnagar 2013). ...
Scientists throughout the world are increasingly interested in developing novel technologies and materials as alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry. The researchers’ efforts include not just substituting antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feeds, but also reducing the total overuse of veterinary antibiotics in the poultry industry in order to achieve organic products. Several approaches have been applied as antibiotic substitutes, including the use of beneficial bacteria or medicinal herbs. Recently, using probiotic sources in a daily supplement regimen has become a common routine in commercial poultry production. For many decades, yeast and its derivatives were regarded as one of the most important microorganisms used in animal feed. Yeasts are important in several ecological processes for instance the dissipation of energy and carbon and mineralisation of organic material through the soil ecosystem as well as are involved in parasitic, mutualistic, symbiotic, and competitive interactions with other microorganisms. The combination of nutritional metabolites in the yeast-derived product induces the birds’ health via balancing the immune system while heightening nutrient digestibility and gut health. Owing to prohibitions on using antimicrobial growth promoters, yeast-based products are becoming alternative supplements in poultry feed due to their health and nutritional advantages. Recently, several studies have shown that the inclusion of yeast in layer chicken feeds enhanced nutrient utilisation and increased egg production and egg weight. This review will discuss the uses of yeast in layer nutrition as an alternative method for organic poultry production to conventional growth stimulators.
... Even though both chemical and enzymatic treatments effectively reduce nucleic acid content, the nutritional quality of substrates may be altered by these treatments [120]. Nucleic acid content varies depending on the group of microorganisms: fungi (7-10% dry weight), yeast (6-12% dry weight), algae (3-8% dry weight) and bacteria (8-12% dry weight) [47,121]. ...
Microbial proteins, i.e., single-cell proteins or microbial biomass, can be cultivated for food and animal feed due to their high protein content and the fact that they represent a rich source of carbohydrates, minerals, fats, vitamins, and amino acids. Another advantage of single-cell proteins is their rapid production due to the growth rate of microorganisms and the possibility of using agro-industrial waste, residues and by-products for production through this renewable technology. Agro-industrial residues and by-products represent materials obtained from various processes in agriculture and agriculture-related industries; taking into account their composition and characteristics, as well as vast amounts, they have an enormous potential to generate sustainable bioproducts, such as microbial proteins. This review aims to summarize contemporary scientific research related to the production of microbial proteins on various agro-industrial residues and by-products, as well as to emphasize the current state of production of single-cell proteins and the importance of their production to ease the food crisis and support sustainable development.
... Yeast can be used for the prevention and treatment of various ailments and deficiencies, as they are a rich source of amino acids, proteins, minerals such as chromium, selenium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, and B vitamins (Jach & Serefko, 2018). ...
In this study pulsed electric field (PEF) was used to increase accumulation of iron and vitamin B12 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, which were then used to produce flakes. The yeast was enriched in two ways: only by adding iron salt (FeCl3·6H2O) and vitamin B12 to the culture medium and by additional application of PEF. Three trials of yeast flakes were prepared: C1 (control, not supplemented), C2—with B12 and iron salt and not treated with PEF, and P—with B12 and iron salt and treated with PEF (for 20 min at 10 μs pulse width, voltage of 1500 V, a number of pulses 1200 and field frequency 1 Hz). The use of PEF resulted in higher iron and vitamin B12 accumulation, respectively, 2.5‐ and 1.4‐fold for the sample P compared to the sample C2. The potential bioavailability of iron from yeast flakes was 10.13% and vitamin B12–4.31%, and the quality of this product was rated good by a sensory panel.
... The nutrient content of nutritional yeast includes carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Nutritional yeast also contains several nutrients that are not found in other vegetable sources, that is lysine and methionine and several vitamins (Jach & Serefko, 2018). Nutritional yeast has a taste similar to cheese, which is salty and savory. ...
Vegan are group of people who have high risk of megaloblastic anaemia because of vitamin B12 and folic acid defi ciency. Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) and nutritional yeast are rich vitamin B12 and folic acid, therefore can be formulated into healthy food, such as snack bar for vegan. The purpose of this study is to determine the eff ect of purple sweet potato substitution and nutritional yeast addition on acceptability and availability of vitamin B12 and folic acid of snack bar. The type of research of formulation was true experimental design (Complete Randomize Design) with 1 formula control and 2 modifi ed formula. This research was carried out for 3 months (December 2018-March 2019) in Nutrition Laboratory Universitas Airlangga. The panelists are 38 people who affi liated with vegan community Yayasan Buddha Maitreya Surabaya. Statistical analysis used Kruskall Wallis test and Mann Whitney test with 5% signifi cance level. The results of organoleptic test showed that the most preferred formula by panelists was F2 with an average value of 3,6. There are diff erences in terms of smell characteristic (p=0.017) and taste characterictic (p=0.021). F2 have the highest content of vitamin B12 and folic acid, which are 1.58 mcg and 1,62 mcg, respectively, for 50 gram snack bar. The study showed that the best optimization (acceptability and nutrient content) in formula is F2 (substitution of 20% of purple sweet potato and addition 9 g of nutritional yeast). Therefore, snack bar with purple sweet potato substitution and nutritional yeast enrichment is feasible as an alternative healthy snack for vegan.
... The use of yeast cell components for microencapsulation is a recent and relevant facet of yeast prospecting. The use of yeasts as an encapsulating agent satisfies the requirements for wrapping, incorporating, storing, protecting and releasing, in addition to being considered a matrix with high nutritional value and low cost, highlighting its use compared to other encapsulating agents (Dadkhodazade et al., 2018;Jach and Serefko, 2018). Besides, ascospores have resistance to extreme conditions such as digestive enzymes, heat, and organic solvents (Rao et al., 2019). ...
In this study, yeasts were isolated from an indigenous starter culture for cachaça production (Brazilian spirit) and brewer’s spent grain and characterized through a series of phenotypic assays: the killer profile, ascospore formation capacity, growth at high temperatures, resistance to natamycin and actidione, and exoenzyme production. One hundred thirty-four (n = 134) yeasts were isolated and identified as belonging to 6 genera and 10 different species. The ascospore formation in potassium acetate agar was observed in 86% of the isolates (73 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3 Torulaspora delbrueckii, and 1 Wickerhamomyces anomalus) highlighting their potential for microencapsulation. Only S. cerevisiae LMQA SNR 70 expressed an effective killer factor (ability to destroy sensitive strains), while only 3 S. cerevisiae, 1 Clavispora lusitaniae, and 1 Pichia kudriavzevii isolates were able to grow up at 45 °C. At 50 and 100 mg/L, actidione showed selectivity action for Candida parapsilosis, while natamycin inhibited the growth of all isolates. The non-Saccharomyces isolates stood out in the qualitative and quantitative tests for amylolytic, pectinolytic, cellulolytic, and xylanolytic activities. A predominance of the species W. anomalus and T. delbrueckii was observed. Besides, quantitative tests revealed that 23% of the isolates exhibited exoenzymatic activity in a nutrient-poor environment, and W. anomalus LMQA CSC 5 e LMQA CSC 43 stood out for the multi-enzymatic in agar and liquid medium response. The phenotypic profile showed that 16% of the isolates expressed two or more characteristics studied, with 2/3 represented by the non-Saccharomyces species. These results highlight the importance of studying yeast species for new biotechnological purposes.
... As nutritional yeasts are gluten free, they are suitable source of food for the celiac population (USDA, 2014;Pérez-Torrado et al., 2015). Therefore, the consumption of food products enriched with nutritional yeast, such as ready-to-eat snacks developed from pulses flours, is a healthy alternative for celiac people, vegans, athletes, as well as young people during the puberty period (Jach & Serefko, 2018). ...
The food industry is increasingly innovating and applying new processing technologies and ingredients to develop novel food products that meet the consumers' demand. In this study, the effect of extrusion (at 140 °C and 160 °C) was evaluated in different lentil flours formulations enriched with nutritional yeast, in terms of α-galactosides (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose), inositol phosphates (IPs), trypsin inhibitors and lectins content. The content of α-galactosides and IPs was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) was evaluated using a small-scale quantitative assay. The lectin content was analyzed using a haemagglutination assay and a Competitive Indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Extrusion promoted a significant increase, up to 85% in total α-galactosides content. After extrusion, IPs content was significantly decreased and TIA as well as lectins content had a reduction higher than 90%. Extrusion demonstrated to have a beneficial effect by increasing desirable prebiotic compounds and decreasing non-nutritional factors.
The composition of apples is diverse and is represented by various compounds including vitamins. When processing apple fruits into ciders, vitamins take part in numerous biochemical processes and undergo significant changes. The purpose of this research was to study the content of vitamins in apple juice and ciders produced from fruits of 30 varieties and forms of apple tree of domestic and foreign selection. Material and methods. To obtain ciders, apples of various pomological varieties and elite forms were ground on a homogenizer separately under the same processing mode. Then the juice (wort) was separated from the pulp. After that, the wort of each apple variety was fermented separately under the same conditions using the Fruit yeast race (genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Erbsle Geisenheim, Germany) at a temperature of 18±1 °C. The mass concentration of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and PP) in juices and ciders was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, vitamin C and rutin - by capillary electrophoresis. Results. It has been shown that the vitamin level depends of the apple varieties and the harvest time. Varieties with the highest concentrations of vitamins C, B group and rutin have been identified. Most of these varieties fell on apples of the autumn ripening period. The concentration of vitamins as a result of alcoholic fermentation has changed significantly. The concentration of vitamin C decreased by 2.4 times, B2 - by 1.5 times, B1 - by 1 .3 times, PP and rutin - by 1.2 times. At the same time, vitamins B1 and B6 were not found in ciders produced from Amulet and Golden Summer apple varieties. Vitamin B6 was also not found in ciders from Vasilisa, Imrus, Soyuz, Champion apple varieties, and from 12/1- 20-(16.17), 12/1-20-70, 12/2-20-33 forms. Conclusion. The highest concentration of vitamins was determined in juices and ciders made from apples harvested in autumn. The apples varieties have been identified, the processing of which into ciders preserves the greatest amount of vitamins: Prikubanskoe, Bagryanec Kuban, Renet Platona, Orpheus, Margo, 12/3-21-28, 12/1-21-(6-8), 12/1- 21-36, 12/1-20-4.
The poultry industry is interested in alternatives to antibiotics to improve production performance and reduce the incidence of enteric diseases. For more than a decade, yeast and yeast fermentation products have been used in the feed industry to improve the growth and feed efficiency of livestock. The yeast cell wall is comprised of numerous polysaccharides: mannans, chitin, β-1,3-glucans, and 1,6-glucans. These are the major bioactive molecules that can impart health benefits to the host. Yeast and yeast cell wall products modulate the host immune response, reduce the load of pathogens, and ameliorate the pathologic effects of enteric infections in poultry. The principal mechanisms of action of yeast probiotics and prebiotics are competitive exclusion and antagonism, immunomodulation, effect on digestive enzymes, and direct nutritional benefits. However, only a few species of yeast, such as Saccharomyces have been thoroughly studied for their probiotic potential. Novel probiotic yeast species, such as whole Pichia guilliermondii (Citrsitim) cells, have recently been shown to have probiotic and prebiotic properties and demand further investigation. A thorough understanding of the poultry gut mycobiota is required to formulate tailor-made probiotics and prebiotics for avian enteric diseases.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most powerful, single-cell eukaryotic system for biological research and industrial applications, due to its remarkable resistance/tolerance to high sugar concentrations and production of several products of commercial interest. S. cerevisiae biomass can be obtained from the brewery process bleeding (spent yeast) or cultured by using strategies to attain high cell densities. Agri-food wastes or biomasses can be used as main carbon sources for its cultivation, with the aim of reducing production costs. The main product of this process is yeast extract or inactive yeast that can be integrally used as food additive due to the high content of vitamins, proteins, peptides, and amino acids or fractionated to obtain umami taste and meaty flavor, cell wall, polyphosphate and ergosterol food additives. S. cerevisiae can also be genetically modified to produce important molecules in the food additive industry. This chapter aims to provide the state of the art and some perspectives and advances in the S. cerevisiae food additives.
The objective of this trial was to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeast (ETY) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and gut health of weanling pigs. A total of 192 weanling pigs (6.0 ± 1.04 kg) were allocated to 4 corn and soybean-based diets with increasing concentrations of ETY (0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg) for a 43-d trial. There were 8 replicate pens (4 replicate pens per sex) and 6 pigs per replicate. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design with body weight used as a blocking factor. Pigs had ad libitum access to water and diets for the duration of the study. There was no effect of ETY supplementation on the growth performance indices of weanling pigs. At d 14, there was a quadratic decrease (P < 0.05) in the ATTD of ADF. At d 28, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the ATTD of NDF and a quadratic decrease (P < 0.05) in the ATTD of ADF. On d 14, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum catalase activity with ETY supplementation. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in the gene expression of GPX4 in the ileal mucosa of pigs. Increasing dietary ETY supplementation linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the gene expression of ileal PEPT1. There was a tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.07) in the ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio with ETY supplementation. Additionally, there was a tendency for a linear increase (P = 0.06) in ileal digesta butyrate with ETY supplementation. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that dietary enzymatically treated yeast supplementation could partly ameliorate the deleterious effects of post-weaning stress by enhancing the antioxidative status of weanling pigs. However, prolonged supplementation of ETY may be needed to see its effect on growth performance.
Background: There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeast (ETY) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of coccidia-challenged broiler chickens.
Methods: From d 1 to 14 post hatching, 480 broiler chickens were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets with increasing concentrations of ETY (0, 1, or 2 g/kg). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with body weight (BW) used as a blocking factor. On d 14 post hatching, the birds were re-randomized within each of the 3 experimental diets. Each of the 3 diet groups was split into a challenge or no-challenge group. This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The coccidia challenge was administered on d 15 by an oral gavage.
Results: Dietary ETY improved (P < 0.05) the G:F of birds on d 21 regardless of the challenge state and linearly increased (P < 0.01) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, and gross energy (GE). The coccidia challenge decreased (P < 0.01) BW gain, feed intake, and G:F of broiler chickens, and reduced (P < 0.01) the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, and nitrogen. The coccidia challenge increased (P< 0.01) the mRNA gene expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 in the cecal mucosa. There was a tendency (P = 0.08) for ETY to linearly reduce IL-1β expression. Additionally, ETY supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the gene expression of OCLN. Serum catalase increased (P < 0.05) with dietary ETY in broiler chickens on d 21. Dietary ETY linearly increased (P < 0.05) the ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio, and ileal goblet cell density in broiler chickens. The ileal and excreta oocyst counts decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing supplementation of dietary ETY in coccidia-challenged broiler chickens on d 21.
Conclusions: Dietary ETY enhanced nutrient utilization and augmented intestinal development in broiler chickens. However, dietary ETY did not completely attenuate the adverse effects of a coccidia challenge in broiler chickens.
Introduction
Predictions on the world’s population in the next few decades suggest that the global demand for animal-derived proteins may not be met if current conventional agriculture approaches are used. One promising solution to this complex crisis lies in the use of single-cell proteins (SCP). SCP refers to the edible biomass of unicellular microorganisms and can be developed as animal feeds or human foods. This paper provides a detailed overview on research towards the production and utilisation of SCPs and trends within the field.
Study Design
A bibliometric based study was conducted on 425 SCP research articles collected from the Web of Science database, analysing the most cited papers using VOSviewer software, and contributing authors, affiliations and country of origin. Research publications on SCP started in 1961 and has grown steadily over the years.
Discussion
Emerging research topics within SCP production focused on the use of improved fungal strains, the composition and characteristics of SCPs based on the type of substrates used, industrial production processes and the use of waste for SCP production, which serves the dual purpose of mitigating the cost associated with waste disposal and production of a valuable product.
Many gluten-free foods are prepared from starch-rich ingredients with low protein and fiber content, resulting in poor nutritional and functional quality. In this study, five different composite legume flours which are prepared from different levels of chickpea, lentil, common bean, soybean and lupin flours were used at 75% level in gluten-free tarhana formulations to improve nutritional quality. Also, effect of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at different levels (2.5% and 5.0%) on physicochemical and sensory attributes of the samples containing composite flours was investigated. The inclusion of composite flours (75%) resulted in lower L* and hue values in tarhana than gluten-free sample without composite flour. The viscosity of tarhana containing “25% chickpea+50% lentil” composite flour (F2) was similar to traditional wheat tarhana (p > 0.05). The utilization of composite flours containing “50% chickpea+25% lentil” (F1), F2, and “25% chickpea+25% lentil+25% common bean” (F3) in tarhana revealed comparable oil absorption capacity to wheat tarhana. Besides, pH and foaming capacity values of samples containing composite flours were greater than wheat tarhana and gluten-free tarhana without composite flour. The addition of composite flours elicited markedly higher ash, protein, fat, and mineral content. While phytic acid concentration of tarhana enhanced with the incorporation of composite flour, the use of 5.0% yeast considerably decreased phytic acid content and enriched ash, protein, total phenolic content, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, and P concentrations of tarhana in comparison with tarhana containing 2.5% yeast. The inclusion of F1, F2, and F3 elicited acceptable sensory scores in tarhana. It was concluded that gluten-free tarhana prepared from legume composite flours (especially F1, F2, and F3) + 5.0% yeast could offer a nutritious and acceptable alternative for gluten-free diet with greater protein and mineral contents. Based on the findings, further studies may evaluate the use of hydrocolloids to improve the technological and sensory properties of functional tarhana formulations developed in this study.
As leveduras nutricionais vêm despontando como alternativa aos suplementos alimentares tradicionais, pois possuem alta concentração de proteínas, aminoácidos, vitaminas do complexo B e podem ser consumidas por indivíduos com dietas restritivas, como vegetarianos e intolerantes a lactose. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a prospecção tecnológica, análise e compreensão do escopo e das características das patentes relacionadas à levedura nutricional, por meio dos bancos de dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), European Patents Office (Espacenet) eUnited States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), do emprego do software Microsoft Excel, e utilizando a metodologia proposta por Bahruth et al., que divide a prospecção em quatro fases distintas – preparatória; pré-prospectiva; prospectiva e pós-prospectiva. O processo de busca envolveu uma etapa de refinamento manual das 227 patentes encontradas, para que aquelas sem enquadramento como leveduras nutricionais fossem excluídas. Os resultados refinados finais obtidos de apenas 64 depósitos e 2 concessões de patentes relacionados com leveduras nutricionais – pesquisados nos bancos de dados no período de 1925 a junho de 2018 – evidenciam que o mercado mundial ainda investe pouco nesse tipo de produto. Portanto, essa área ainda não se encontra saturada, com possibilidade de ser mais explorada e receber investimentos.
Humanity has been used microbial biomass for food production and now; for biofuels, drugs, and other useful compounds. Different microorganisms are employed in the production of biomass ranging from bacteria, yeast, fungi, and algae which are used to produce food, bioactive compounds, enzymes, hydrolysates, among others. Due to the accelerated population growth in the world and the need to meet its nutritional requirements, the search for alternatives that help to solve this social problem is one of the most pressing tasks.
Abstract Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast species with the ability to grow on a number of substrates types, especially industrial wastes. This paper concerns the statistical optimization of fermentation parameters and media to ensure consistent and improved Y. lipolytica protein production. A strain of Y. lipolytica A-101 was observed to be proficient in producing single cell protein, amino acids, and vitamin B12 while utilizing biofuel waste instead of a complete YPD medium for yeast growth. A fractional fractal design experiment was then applied, and the two fermentation parameters of temperature and pH were recognized to have a significant effect on the protein and amino acid production. Subsequently, the response surface methodology with a three-level complete factorial design was employed to optimize these influential parameters. Therefore, five different measuring systems were utilized to construct a quadratic model and a second-order polynomial equation. Optimal levels of parameters were then obtained by analysis of the model and the numerical optimization method. When the Y. lipolytica A-101 was cultivated at optimized pH (5.0) using biofuel waste as a medium, the protein concentration was increased to 8.28—a 44% enhancement as compared to the original (3.65). This study has thus demonstrated a beneficial way to cultivate Y. lipolytica A-101 on biofuel waste for enhanced production of single cell protein and amino acids for use in human diet and in animal feed.
Regarding an increase in consumption of yeasts in a form of dietary supplements, we decided to review briefly some of their properties that may be of particular importance for human health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that have been demonstrated to exert health-promoting effects due to their rich vitamin (especially B-complex) and mineral content, as well as their role in the production of microbial proteins, beta-glucans and mannans. Hence, the intake of brewer's yeasts as a nutritional supplement is popular among vegans and health conscious people. Furthermore, several species of yeasts possess the properties required for a microorganism to be considered as probiotic. The available yeast supplements contain specific strains of S. cerevisiae, sometimes in combination with lactic acid bacteria. They may be beneficial for diabetic patients and display cancer-preventive properties. The relatively unknown Yarrowia lipolytica deserves particular attention, since it contains highly bioavailable proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objective of this paper is to review the beneficial health properties of dietary supplements based on S. cerevisiae and other related species, e.g. Y lipolytica.
Background. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) are common complications of antibiotic use. Data on the efficacy of probiotics to prevent AAD and CDAD are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii to prevent AAD and CDAD in hospitalized adult patients.
Methods. We conducted a multicenter, phase III, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized patients who received systemic antibiotic treatment in 15 hospitals in Germany between July 2010 and October 2012. Participants received Perenterol forte 250 mg capsules or matching placebo twice per day within 24 hours of initiating antibiotic treatment, continued treatment for 7 days after antibiotic discontinuation, and were then observed for 6 weeks.
Results. Two thousand four hundred forty-four patients were screened. The trial was stopped early for futility after inclusion of 477 participants. Two hundred forty-six patients aged 60.1 ± 16.5 years and 231 patients aged 56.5 ± 17.8 were randomized to the S boulardii group and the placebo group, respectively, with 21 and 19 AADs in the respective groups (P = .87). The hazard ratio of AAD in the S boulardii group compared with the placebo group was 1.02 (95% confidence interval, .55–1.90; P = .94). Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea occurred in 0.8% of participants (4 of 477). Nine serious adverse events were recorded in the S boulardii group, and 3 serious adverse events were recorded in the placebo group. None were related to study participation.
Conclusions. We found no evidence for an effect of S boulardii in preventing AAD or CDAD in a population of hospitalized patients without particular risk factors apart from systemic antibiotic treatment.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier. NCT01143272.
Background:
Helicobacter pylori infects around 50% of the human population and is asymptomatic in 70% of the cases. H. pylori eradication in childhood will not only result in peptic symptoms relief, but will also prevent late-term complications such as cancer. Today, probiotics are being increasingly studied in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections as an alternative or complement to antibiotics.
Objectives:
In this study we aimed to assess the effect of S. boulardii supplementation on H. pylori eradication among children in our region.
Patients and methods:
In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial 28 asymptomatic primary school children with a positive H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) exam were randomly allocated into the study group, receiving Saccharomyces boulardii, and the control group receiving placebo capsules matched by shape and size, for one month. The children were followed up weekly and were reinvestigated four to eight weeks after accomplished treatment by HpSA testing. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Results:
24 children completed the study. The mean HpSA reduced from 0.40 ± 0.32 to 0.21 ± 0.27 in the study group, indicating a significant difference (P = 0.005). However, such difference was not observed in the control group (P = 0.89). Moreover, the HpSA titer showed a 0.019 ± 0.19 decrease in the study group whereas the same value was 0.0048 ± 0.12 for the controls, again stating a significant difference (P = 0.01).
Conclusions:
Saccharomyces boulardii has a positive effect on reducing the colonization of H. pylori in the human gastrointestinal system but is not capable of its eradication when used as single therapy.
The aim of the work was to obtain autolysates derived from spent brewer's yeast and demonstrate their potential capabilities as a natural and valuable ingredients intended for functional food and dietary supplements production. The research material consisted of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was the remains after the beer production process. In these autolysates the following analyses were performed-protein, dry matter and amino acids content, determination of molecular weight of proteins, antioxidant properties and sensory quality. It was found that the tested autolysates were characterised by a high content of essential amino acids, exciding the amount present in the reference protein developed by FAO/WHO. The sensory quality of the tested autolysates was dependent on the degree of autolysis process of the yeast protein which further determined their usage in a food production. Precise time control of the autolysis process allows obtaining a product with the designed functional properties, characterised by the desired content of free amino acids, peptides with a specific molecular weight and high antioxidant properties. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the post-fermentation yeast may be a valuable raw material for the preparation of yeast autolysates which may be new and valuable component in functional food and dietary supplements production.
During the cultivation of a thiamine-auxotrophic yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2412 on ethanol, the growth limitation by thiamine leads to the production of α-ketoglutaric acid. The α-ketoglutaric acid synthesis has been studied in dependence on pH, oxygen supply and ethanol, zinc and iron concentrations. Under optimal conditions, Y. lipolytica produced 88.7 g/L of α-ketoglutaric acid. The culture broth containing α-ketoglutaric acid was subjected to chemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which led to the formation of succinic acid in significant quantities (71.7 g/L). Further direct esterification of succinic acid with excess absolute ethanol yielded diethyl succinate. Biomass of Y. lipolytica, a superproducer of α-ketoglutaric acid, was characterized by a high content of protein and essential amino acids, free amino acids, and unusually large amount of γ-aminobutyric acid. The unique amino acid composition of the producer makes it possible to use this biomass as a component of parenteral nutrition mixtures and as a basis for neuroleptics.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological value of proteins from the yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, after cultivation on glycerol, a waste product obtained in the production of biofuel from rapeseed. In the tested material we determined moisture, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), ash, calcium, phosphorus, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, amino acids and fatty acids. The biological value of Y. lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins was determined with laboratory rats by two methods: the growth method (protein efficiency ratio standardized for casein, PERstand; net protein retention, NPR) and the Thomas -Mitchell method (biological value, BV; true digestibility, TD). The protein content of Y. lipolytica [467 g kg(-1) dry matter (DM)] was similar to that of S. cerevisiae (479 g kg(-1) DM). Of particular interest was the almost 30-times higher crude fat content in Y. lipolytica (200 g kg(-1) DM) than in S. cerevisiae (6.7 g kg(-1) DM). Yarrowica lipolytica cells accumulated substantial amount of fat in which more than 90% of fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids with a considerable share of polyunsaturated fatty acids (34%). The low share of sulfur amino acid of Y. lipolytica (2.05 g 16g(-1) N) and S. cerevisiae (2.32 g 16g(-1) N) limited the nutritional value of the protein of the studied yeast. The biological value of proteins as assessed by the growth method (PER, NPR) did not differ between the two yeast species. Finally, Y. lipolytica was a rich source of highly digestible ether extract (over 57%).
Aims
Chromium (Cr) is a trace element involved in glucose homeostasis. We aim to evaluate and quantify the effects of Cr supplementation on A1C and FPG in patients with T2DM.
Materials and methods
A systematic literature search of Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library (from database inception to 11/2014) with no language restrictions sought RCTs or cohort studies evaluating Cr supplementation in T2DM vs control and reporting either change in glycated hemoglobin (A1C) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Meta-analysis was conducted on each subtype of Cr supplement separately, and was analyzed by random effects model to yield the weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed by using the I2 statistic.
Results
A total of 14 RCTs (n = 875 participants, mean age range: 30 to 83 years old, 8 to 24 weeks of follow-up) were identified (Cr chloride: n = 3 study, Cr picolinate: n = 5 study, brewer’s yeast: n = 4 study and Cr yeast: n = 3 study). Compared with placebo, Cr yeast, brewer’s yeast and Cr picolinate did not show statistically significant effects on A1C. Furthermore, compared to control, Cr chloride, Cr yeast and Cr picolinate showed no effect on FPG, however, brewer’s yeast showed a statistically significant decrease in FPG -19.23 mg/dL (95% CI = -35.30 to -3.16, I2 = 21%, n = 137).
Conclusions
Cr supplementation with brewer’s yeast may provide marginal benefits in lowering FPG in patients with T2DM compared to placebo however it did not have any effect on A1C.
This study aims to investigate Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 during Helicobacter pylori eradication in children.
One hundred ninety-four H. pylori positive children were randomized in two groups. Therapy (omeprazole+clarithromycin+amoxicillin or omeprazole+clarithromycin+metronidazole in case of penicillin allergy) was given to both groups during two weeks. In the treatment group (n: 102) S. boulardii was added to the triple therapy, while the control group (n: 92) only received triple therapy. The incidence, onset, duration and severity of diarrhea and compliance to the eradication treatment were compared. A (13)C urea breath test was done 4 weeks after the end of eradication therapy in two groups of 21 patients aged 12 years and older to test the H. pylori eradication rate.
In the treatment group, diarrhea occurred in 12 cases (11.76%), starting after 6.25±1.24 days, lasting 3.17±1.08 days, and compliance to eradication treatment was 100%. In the control group, diarrhea occurred in 26 cases (28.26%), starting after 4.05±1.11 days, lasting 4.02±0.87 days, and in six cases eradication treatment was stopped prematurely (p<0.05). The (13)C urea breath test showed successful H. pylori eradication in 71.4% of the patients in the treatment and in 61.9 % in the control group (not significant).
S. boulardii has a beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of diarrhea during H. pylori eradication in children. Although S. boulardii did only slightly increase H. pylori eradication rate, compliance to eradication treatment was improved.
Objective.
—To determine the safety and efficacy of a new combination treatment for patients with Clostridium difficile—associated disease (CDD). The treatment combines the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii with an antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride or metronidazole).Design.
—A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group intervention study in patients with active CDD. Patients received standard antibiotics and S boulardii or placebo for 4 weeks, and were followed up for an additional 4 weeks after therapy. Effectiveness was determined by comparing the recurrence of CDD in the two groups using multivariate analysis to control for other risk factors for CDD.Setting.
—National referral study of ambulatory or hospitalized patients from three main study coordinating centers.Patients.
—A total of 124 eligible consenting adult patients, including 64 who were enrolled with an initial episode of CDD, and 60 who had a history of at least one prior CDD episode. Patients who were immunosuppressed due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or cancer chemotherapy within 3 months were not eligible.Intervention.
—Treatment with oral S boulardii (1 g/d for 4 weeks) or placebo in combination with a standard antibiotic.Main Outcome Measure.
—Recurrence of active CDD.Results.
—A history of CDD episodes dramatically increased the likelihood of further recurrences. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients treated with S boulardii and standard antibiotics had a significantly lower relative risk (RR) of CDD recurrence (RR, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.97) compared with placebo and standard antibiotics. The efficacy of S boulardii was significant (recurrence rate 34.6%, compared with 64.7% on placebo; P=.04) in patients with recurrent CDD, but not in patients with initial CDD (recurrence rate 19.3% compared with 24.2% on placebo; P=.86). There were no serious adverse reactions associated with S boulardii.Conclusions.
—The combination of standard antibiotics and S boulardii was shown to be an effective and safe therapy for these patients with recurrent CDD; no benefit of S boulardii was demonstrated for those with an initial episode of CDD.(JAMA. 1994;271:1913-1918)
We aimed to evaluate clinical symptoms in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome receiving Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Methods
Overall, 179 adults with irritable bowel syndrome (Rome III criteria) were randomized to receive once daily 500 mg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, delivered by one capsule (n = 86, F: 84%, age: 42.5 ± 12.5), or placebo (n = 93, F: 88%, age: 45.4 ± 14) for 8 weeks followed by a 3-week washout period. After a 2-week run-in period, cardinal symptoms (abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating/distension, bowel movement difficulty) and changes in stool frequency and consistency were recorded daily and assessed each week. A safety assessment was carried out throughout the study.ResultsThe proportion of responders, defined by an improvement of abdominal pain/discomfort, was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in the treated group than the placebo group (63% vs 47%, OR = 1.88, 95%, CI: 0.99-3.57) in the last 4 weeks of treatment. A non-significant trend of improvement was observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the other symptoms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was well tolerated and did not affect stool frequency and consistency.Conclusion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well tolerated and reduces abdominal pain/discomfort scores without stool modification. Thus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be a new promising candidate for improving abdominal pain in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome.
Yarrowia lipolytica is one of the most extensively studied ''non-conventional'' yeasts, being a strictly aerobic microorganism capable of producing important metabolites and having an intense secretory activity, which justifies efforts to use it in industry (as a biocatalyst), in molecular biology and in genetics studies. Moreover, Y. lipolytica has been considered an adequate model for dimorphism studies in yeasts. Yarrowia lipolytica presents the ability to grow on Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) as well as to degradate organic compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, often accompanied by biosurfactants production. One of the most important products secreted by this microorganism is lipase which can be exploited for several applications in the detergent, food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. In addition, Y. lipolytica is able to produce citric acid and aroma from a variety of carbon sources, including sugars, alkanes, plant oils, starch hydrolysates, ethanol, and glycerol. Thus, this chapter presents an overview of Yarrowia lipolytica features and its major biotechnological applications.
Carotenoids are used as feed additives for improved animal health and to produce quality animal products. Fermentation of corn whole stillage, rice bran, soybean flour etc by carotenogenic or red yeasts can result in carotenoid-enriched animal feed. Usually, the prescribed dietary dosage of carotenoids like astaxanthin and β-carotene is 1-120μg/g feed. In a previous study, Phaffia rhodozyma-fermented full fat rice bran and Sporobolomyces roseus-fermented full fat soy flour resulted in highest astaxanthin yield of 80μg/g feed and β-carotene of 836μg/g feed respectively. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and/or quantitatively evaluate the nutrition profiles of these two fermented products. In both products, there was reduction in crude fiber, crude protein and amino acids whereas the crude fat content was enhanced in rice bran and reduced in soy flour respectively; the levels of some amino acids like hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and ornithine were enhanced; oleic acid increased by 83% in S. rosues-fermented soy flour whereas stearic acid was enhanced by 389% in P. rhodozyma-fermented rice bran; and trypsin inhibitor was reduced to undetectable levels in carotenoid-enriched soy flour. Both fermented substrates contained 1 to 3% glucans and, 2.4 to 5.7% mannans, and glucosamine ranging from 0.13 to 4.6%. In addition to high levels of carotenoids, red yeast fermentation of both soy flour and rice bran yielded a suite of nutrients and the final product could be used to make ‘feed blends’ to provide adequate nutrients based on the dietary requirements of the animals.
Purpose: In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial, the effect of an insoluble yeast beta-glucan preparation on the incidences of common colds and its effect on common cold symptoms were compared to placebo. Methods: 100 healthy participants with recurring infections were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or yeast beta-glucan (Yestimun ® ; n = 50 each group) over a period of 26 weeks. The subjects had to document each common cold episode in a diary, and rate 6 predefined infections symptoms on a 3-point rating scale during an infection period, resulting in an infection score. The common cold episodes were confirmed by the investigators. Results: A total of 171 common cold episodes were documented. Of these, 76 were experienced by 38 subjects in the beta-glucan group and 96 were experienced by 48 subjects in the placebo group (p = 0.406). The beta-glucan group had significantly more sub-jects without incidences of common cold than the placebo group (15.6% vs 2.0%; p = 0.019). During the most intense infection season (first 13 weeks of the study), the beta-glucan group had significantly less infections compared to pla-cebo (p = 0.02). Beta-glucan significantly reduced the typical cold symptoms ("sore throat and/or difficulty swallow-ing", "hoarseness and/or cough" and "runny nose") as opposed to placebo. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a prophylactic effect of yeast beta-glucan on the occurrence of common colds as opposed to placebo. In addition, when these episodes occurred, they were from the beginning less pronounced and subsided faster.
In the present investigation the Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown on various fruit wastes such as banana skin, mango waste, sweet orange peel, rind of pomegranate and apple waste for the production of single cell protein. The disposal of wastes is a serious problem and their deposition poses health hazard for all the living beings. The problem was undertaken because on one hand there is disposal problem and on the other majority of our population is living below poverty line and is suffering from malnutrition. The protein from microbes is cheap, easy to obtain in crude form, nutritive and can be made available as a food or feed additive to increase its nutritional value. A comparative study of fruit wastes revealed that banana skin generates highest amount of protein, followed by that of rind of pomegranate, apple waste, mango waste and sweet orange peel respectively with 58.62%, 54.28%, 50.86%, 39.98% and 26.26% crude protein per 100 g of substrate used.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a beneficial role in health because of its intrinsic nutritional value and bio-functional properties, which is why it is also used as a dietary supplement. However, the perception that S. cerevisiae is harmless has changed due to an increasing number of infections caused by this yeast. Given this scenario, we have tested whether viable strains contained in dietary supplements displayed virulence-associated phenotypic traits that could contribute to virulence in humans. We have also performed an in vivo study of the pathogenic potential of these strains using a murine model of systemic infection by intravenous inoculation. A total of 5 strains were isolated from 22 commercial products and tested. Results highlight one strain (D14) in terms of burden levels in brains and kidneys and ability to cause death, whereas the other two strains (D2 and D4) were considered of low virulence. Our results suggest a strong relationship between some of the virulence-associated phenotypic traits (ability to grow at 39°C and pseudohyphal growth) and the in vivo virulence in a mouse model of intravenous inoculation for isolates under study. The isolate displaying greatest virulence (D14) was evaluated in an experimental murine model of gastrointestinal infection with immunosuppression and disruption of mucosal integrity, which are common risk factors for developing infection in humans, and results were compared with an avirulent strain (D23). We showed that D14 was able to spread to mesenteric nodes and distant organs under these conditions. Given the widespread consumption of dietary supplements, we recommend only safe strains be used.
Evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardiito standard triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Several probiotics such as Saccharomyces boulardii have been investigated for their clinical efficacy. This probiotic, inhibit H. pylori urease by lowering the gastric pH, adhesion of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells, stabilize the gastric barrier function and reduce the side effects of antibiotics.
In this randomized controlled trial we evaluated 160 adult patients with biopsy confirmed H. Pylori infection referred to gastroenterology ward of Taleghani hospital. The patients were randomized into two treatment regimens: patients in group A (n = 80) were given amoxicillin (1000 mg, b.i.d), clarithromycin (500 mg, b.i.d), omeprazole (20 mg, b.i.d) and probiotic of saccaromyces boularidi (Yomogi) (250 mg, b.i.d) for 14 days, moreover patients in group B (n = 80) were given amoxicillin (1000 mg, b.i.d), clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d) and omeprazole (20 mg,b.i.d) for 14 days.
160 patients (66 male 41.25%, 94female 58.75%) with the mean age of 47.1±11.4 years were evaluated. The success rate for H. pylori eradication in group A was higher 75(87.5%) than group B 65 (81.2%), but the difference between two groups was not significant (p = 0.350). Moreover, in case group side effects as nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort and bloating were significantly lower than control group in first and second weeks.
This study showed that saccaromyces boularidi decreased the adverse effects associated with H.pylori therapy but did not significantly decrease the eradication rate of H.pylori.
Yarrowia lipolytica is a nonpathogenic dimorphic aerobic yeast that stands out due to its ability to grow in hydrophobic environments. This property allowed this yeast to develop an ability to metabolize triglycerides and fatty acids as carbon sources. This feature enables using this species in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with oil spill. In addition, Y. lipolytica has been calling the interest of researchers due to its huge biotechnological potential, associated with the production of several types of metabolites, such as bio-surfactants, γ -decalactone, citric acid, and intracellular lipids and lipase. The production of a metabolite rather than another is influenced by the growing conditions to which Y. lipolytica is subjected. The choice of carbon and nitrogen sources to be used, as well as their concentrations in the growth medium, and the careful determination of fermentation parameters, pH, temperature, and agitation (oxygenation), are essential for efficient metabolites production. This review discusses the biotechnological potential of Y. lipolytica and the best growing conditions for production of some metabolites of biotechnological interest.
Cereal Chem. 88(5):467–472 Carotenoid value addition of corn whole stillage by red yeast fermenta-tion has yielded astaxanthin-and β-carotene-enriched distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for animal feed. In this study, commonly used animal feeds (rice bran, wheat bran, milo whole stillage, and soy-bean products) were subjected to carotenoid value addition. Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus monoculture and mixed-culture submerged fermentation of these substrates supplemented with 5% glyc-erol were analyzed for astaxanthin, β-carotene, and residual glycerol. Among all the substrates, full-fat rice bran and full-fat soy flour resulted in the highest astaxanthin (80 µg/g by P. rhodozyma) and β-carotene yields (836 µg/g by S. roseus). P. rhodozyma produced the highest asta-xanthin yield on each substrate, whereas depending on the substrate, either the mixed culture or S. roseus monoculture produced the highest β-carotene yield. Soy hull was a poor substrate for carotenoid value addi-tion. Both yeasts used glycerol as a carbon source for carotenoid produc-tion. This study shows that substrates influence the carotenoid yield. However, it is impossible to dissect the effect of specific nutrients on carotenoid production in complex biological substrates. Carotenoid value addition of these substrates provides as much as or more than the required daily dosage of carotenoids in animal feed.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in infants and young children. Method: From November 2012 to September 2013, ten research units of large teaching hospitals or children's hospitals participated in this multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Hospitalized young children aged between 1 month and 3 years (nongastrointestinal infection and antibiotic therapy required)were involved in our study. The children were randomly divided into control group and prevention group by means of block random allocation method. The control group received antibiotic therapy and other conventional treatment. The prevention group was given additional Saccharomyces boulardii (250 mg/d) orally. Diarrhea rates of two groups were compared both during the usage of antibiotics and within 14 days after the antibiotics withdrawal. The adverse reactions of Saccharomyces boulardii were observed all through this study. The results were analyzed by χ(2) test or Kruskal-Wallis test or t test. Result: Totally 408 cases (213 cases in prevention group and 195 cases in control group) were enrolled. The age ranged from 1 month to 3 years, with an average age of 1.14 years. The basic diseases were parenteral infections: 368 cases with different kinds of respiratory tract infections or pneumonia, 10 cases of bacterial meningitis, 9 cases with septicemia or sepsis, 6 cases with pertussis or pertussis like syndrome, 5 cases with urinary infection, 5 cases with skin or subcutaneous tissue infections, 3 cases of Kawasaki disease, one with scarlet fever and one with congenital syphilis. During the administration of antibiotics, the incidence of AAD in prevention group was 10.3% (22 cases), which was significantly lower than that of control group (57 cases, 29.2%, χ(2)=23.296, P<0.05). Within 14 days after the discontinuation of antibiotics, the percent of new diarrhea cases in prevention group (2.4%, 5/213) was also significantly lower than that in control group (16.4%, 32/195, χ(2)=23.4, P<0.05). Further analysis revealed that the rate of AAD in children less than or equal to 1 year old (25.1%, 52/207) was significantly higher than that of over 1 year old (13.4%, 27/201, χ(2)=8.922, P<0.05). The incidence of AAD in children treated with antibiotics for more than 5 days was 22.2%(60/270), which was significantly higher than that of less than or equal to 5 days (13.8%, 19/138, χ(2)=4.180, P<0.05). Although no significant difference was observed, the AAD rate of patients with combined use of two antibiotics was higher than that of using one. During the antibiotic therapy, compared with the control group, the risk of AAD in children under 1 year old was reduced by 52% (χ(2)=9.217, P<0.05), and 91% (χ(2)=20.35, P<0.05) in the children over 1 year old in prevention group. The risk of AAD of prevention group decreased by 66% (χ(2)=13.67, P<0.05) in patients treated with one antibiotics, and 65% in children with combined use of antibiotics (χ(2)=10.57, P<0.05). In patients treated with antibiotics for less than or equal to 5 days, the risk of AAD decreased by 74% in prevention group (χ(2)=7.38, P<0.05); and 63% if the course lasted for over 5 days (χ(2)=16.87, P<0.05). Within 14 days after the withdrawal of antibiotics, compared with the control group, the risk of diarrhea in the prevention group decreased by 82% (χ(2)=13.35, P<0.05) in infants (≤1 year old) and 93% (χ(2)=12.00, P<0.05) in children (>1 year old); the risk of diarrhea was reduced by 86% (χ(2)=9.57, P<0.05) and 87% (χ(2)=17.71, P<0.05) respectively in prevention group with single and combined use of antibiotics. In patients treated with antibiotics for more than 5 days, the risk of diarrhea in prevention group was reduced by 63% (χ(2)=22.79, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference if the antibiotics course was less than or equal to 5 days (χ(2)=2.97, P>0.05). No adverse effects related with Saccharomyces boulardii were observed in our study. Conclusion:Saccharomyces boulardii is effective and safe to prevent AAD of infants and young children both during the usage of antibiotics and up to 14 days after drug discontinuance. It can be one of the drugs of for choice prevention of AAD in infants and young children. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Tegister, ChiECRCT-2012-25.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind design study was conducted to evaluate the effect of beta-1,3/1,6 glucan derived from bakers yeast, a commercially available dietary supplement, on symptoms associated with upper-respiratory tract infections and psychological well-being. Moderate to highly stressed subjects (45 men, 105 women) ranging in age from 18-65 (mean age: 39 +/- 11 years) were administered placebo, 250 mg, or 500 mg beta-1,3/1,6 glucan during a 4 week treatment period. Subjects in both treatment groups (250 mg and 500 mg beta-1,3/1,6 glucan per day) reported fewer upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, better overall health and increased vigour, and decreased tension, fatigue, and confusion based on the profile of mood states assessment.
Basic remarks: Among travellers to distant countries with a low socioeconomic status and poor hygiene, traveller's diarrhea is a major problem. Once this epidemiological fact had been recognized, intensive efforts were made to reduce the incidence of this illness by prophylactic medication. Among non-antibiotic substances investigated, Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) appeared to show promising results in earlier studies. Method: In a placebo-controlled, double-blind study, various dosages (250 mg and 1,000 mg SB) were administered prophylactically to 3,000 Austrian travellers to distant regions. Results: A significant reduction in the incidence of diarrhea was observed, with succcess depending directly on the rigorous use of the preparation. A tendency was noted for SB to have a varying regional effect, which was particularly marked in North Africa and in the Near-east (Turkey!); in addition, the effect also proved to be dose-dependent. The medication can be classified as low on side effects.
Depending on the destination of the voyage the risk of travelers' diarrhea (TD) can exceed 50%. The therapeutic efficacy of the fixed combination of ethacridine-lactate and tannalbuminate (ET) has been investigated vs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen CBS 5926 [SC] in a randomized parallel group comparison study in 60 tourists with TD in Tunisia. The study duration was 5 days. Dose regimen: either two Tannacomp® film-coated tablets with 50 mg ethacridine-lactate and 500 mg tannalbuminate three times daily or three Perenterol® capsules with 50 mg SC four times daily. 43 patients completed the study. Mean age: 33.7 years (ET), 31.0 years (SC). The duration of diarrhea (DD) has been defined as the primary variable for confirmative statistical analysis. As secondary variables have been defined stool frequency and consistency, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, global assessment of therapy, tolerance and adverse drug reactions. Both ET and SC showed strong antidiarrheal effectiveness. In 2/3 of the ET group the DD was shortened to one day, in 1/3 to two days (mean 1.4 days, = 33.8 h). In the SC group the DD was shortened to 2.1 days (= 51.4 h) (mean). ET has been significantly superior over SC (p = 0.0394). The relief from abdominal cramps and vomiting has been better under ET. There were no adverse drug reactions in both groups.
In recent decades, fungal infections have emerged as an important health problem
associated with more people who present deficiencies in the immune system, such
as HIV or transplanted patients. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the emerging
fungal pathogens with a unique characteristic: its presence in many food products.
S. cerevisiae has an impeccably good food safety record compared to other
microorganisms like virus, bacteria and some filamentous fungi. However, humans
unknowingly and inadvertently ingest large viable populations of S. cerevisiae (homebrewed
beer or dietary supplements that contain yeast). In the last few years,
researchers have studied the nature of S. cerevisiae strains and the molecular
mechanisms related to infections. Here we review the last advance made in this
emerging pathogen and we discuss the implication of using this species in food
products.
Grinding is a unit operation widely used in the food industry and designed to reduce the size of materials. These operations can be implemented separately, in combination (dehydration, crystallization followed by grinding) or associated with sorting, mixing, agglomeration or coating. This chapter discusses the main theories and grinding technology, their applications and limiting factors.
Aim of study: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of probiotics and/or prebiotics in adults and children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Material and methods: Medical subject headings and free-language terms were used to search MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library (both up to May 2007). Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) were considered for study inclusion. Results: Twenty-four RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Except one, all trials were carried out in adults. At present, there is inadequate evidence in the adults and none in children for the use of probiotics for the induction of remission or maintenance of medically or surgically induced remission in Crohn's disease. In adults with ulcerative colitis, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 has been found as useful as mesalazine in maintaining remission. Evidence from RCTs support the use of high doses of VSL#3 for the primary and secondary prevention of pouchitis in adults. Very limited data are available on the efficacy of prebiotics and synbiotics. Conclusions: There is limited evidence to suggest that probiotics are beneficial for the treatment of IBD. Further studies both in adults and children are warranted, especially in the area of pouchitis. It is also too early to conclude on the effect of prebiotics and synbiotics.
Chronic AIDS-related diarrhea remains a problem because of its persistence and variable response to available treatments. Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a nonpathogenic yeast used to treat diarrhea with gut microflora alterations. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 35 patients with Stage IV AIDS was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Sb in AIDS-related diarrhea unresponsive to standard therapy. Mean age was 34.9 years. Most patients were male. The cause of the diarrhea was identified in 54.3% of cases (cryptosporidiosis in 20%). Eighteen patients were assigned to Sb therapy and 17 to placebo therapy. The two groups were comparable at baseline. Resolution of diarrhea was recorded in 61% of Sb patients versus 12% of placebo patients after one week (p < 0.002). Significant improvements were also noted in the Sb group regarding the daily diarrhea score based on stool number, weight, and volume (p < 0.002); abdominal pain; abdominal distension; asthenia; weight gain;and the Karnofsky index. Tolerability was outstanding. Our data show that over a one-week period Sb is an effective symptomatic treatment for persistent AIDS-related diarrhea. The pathophysiologic mechanism underlying this beneficial effect and the long-term eficacy of Sb remain to be determined. Sb was as effective in relieving diarrhea in this study as in previously published studies in other indications.
Objective:
To evaluate efficacy of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea associated with the use of antibiotics.
Design:
Meta-analysis; outcome data (proportion of patients not getting diarrhoea) were analysed, pooled, and compared to determine odds ratios in treated and control groups.
Identification:
Studies identified by searching Medline between 1966 and 2000 and the Cochrane Library. Studies reviewed Nine randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trials of probiotics.
Results:
Two of the nine studies investigated the effects of probiotics in children. Four trials used a yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii), four used lactobacilli, and one used a strain of enterococcus that produced lactic acid. Three trials used a combination of probiotic strains of bacteria. In all nine trials, the probiotics were given in combination with antibiotics and the control groups received placebo and antibiotics. The odds ratio in favour of active treatment over placebo in preventing diarrhoea associated with antibiotics was 0.39 (95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.62; P<0.001) for the yeast and 0.34 (0.19 to 0.61; P<0.01 for lactobacilli. The combined odds ratio was 0.37 (0.26 to 0.53; P<0.001) in favour of active treatment over placebo.
Conclusions:
The meta-analysis suggests that probiotics can be used to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhoea and that S boulardii and lactobacilli have the potential to be used in this situation. The efficacy of probiotics in treating antibiotic associated diarrhoea remains to be proved. A further large trial in which probiotics are used as preventive agents should look at the costs of and need for routine use of these agents.
Brewer's yeasts are rich in vitamins of the B-group and contain other nutritive factors; therefore, they are recommended as valuable food supplements for people with special dietary requirements like pregnant women, children, and adolescents, or for people with high physical activity. Additionally, certain strains of brewer's yeast are known to be capable of adsorbing xenobiotics such as mycotoxins. Because of that, these yeasts are regarded as having positive effects in food, beverage, and feed technology. Their potential to bind mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA), however, can subsequently lead to a contamination of such brewer's yeasts used as food supplements. In the present study, we analyzed 46 samples of brewer's yeasts for the occurrence of OTA by HPLC with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) and for confirmatory measurements by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Nearly 90 % of the samples were contaminated with OTA, the levels ranging from the limit of detection (LOD, 0.01 μg/kg) to 4.2 μg/kg. The mean and median levels of contamination were 0.49 and 0.27 μg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the additional weekly OTA exposure by regularly consuming such supplements was assessed. Depending on different subpopulations (adults, children) and levels of contamination used for calculation, the additional OTA intake via brewer's yeast products ranged from 9.3 % (mean case) to 114 % (worst case) of the published mean weekly OTA intake in Germany (adults 279.3 ng, children 195.3 ng). At present, maximum levels for OTA in nutritional supplements like brewer's yeast do not exist. Based on our results, however, it is recommended that producers of these dietary supplements should include mycotoxin analyses in ongoing and future self-monitoring programs and in product quality checks.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is a common complication of antibiotic use, but it can be prevented with administration of probiotics.
To update our 2005 meta-analysis on the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children and adults.
The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched up until May 2015, with no language restrictions, for randomised controlled trials; additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines.
Twenty-one randomised controlled trials (4780 participants), among which 16 were new trials, met the inclusion criteria for this updated systematic review. Administration of S. boulardii compared with placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (as defined by the study investigators) in patients treated with antibiotics from 18.7% to 8.5% (risk ratio, RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.38-0.57, number needed to treat, NNT: 10; 95% CI: 9-13). In children, S. boulardii reduced the risk from 20.9% to 8.8% (6 randomised controlled trials, n=1653, RR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.3-0.6); in adults, from 17.4% to 8.2% (15 randomised controlled trials, n=3114, RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.38-0.63). Moreover, S. boulardii reduced the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea; however, this reduction was significant only in children (2 randomised controlled trials, n = 579, RR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.08-0.73) and not in adults (9 randomised controlled trials, n = 1441, RR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.47-1.34).
This meta-analysis confirms that S. boulardii is effective in reducing the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children and adults.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Heterologous protein production constitutes an important research field, having both academic and commercial applications. The use of yeasts as host systems took advantage of the combination of their easy manipulation and high growth capacity, with their eukaryotic subcellular organisation allowing post-translational processing. Among available yeast host systems, Yarrowia lipolytica (Yarrowia) appears as one of the most attractive. This non-conventional dimorphic yeast has been distinguished due to its remarkable regularity of performance in the efficient secretion of various heterologous proteins. We will present in this chapter Yarrowia’s characteristics regarding heterologous protein production and describe the genetic and molecular tools available. Recent developments of the Yarrowia expression system, such as surface display vectors, engineered strains and high-throughput screening processes, will be reviewed. A comprehensive survey of the literature allowed us to list more than 100 heterologous proteins, from more than 60 species, successfully produced until now in this yeast. This amount of data sometimes offers a comparison with other yeast host systems and globally demonstrates the reliability and versatility of Yarrowia as host for heterologous production.
This study focused on the isolation, identification, and utilization of the mycota present in distillery yeast sludge as source of single cell protein. Seven fungal isolates were described and identified. These include three species of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen, Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron and Talice, and Candida guilliermondii (Castellani) Langeron et Guerra) and four species of molds (Aspergillus flavus Link, Aspergillus niger van Teigh, Aspergillus japonicus Saito var japonicus, and Rhizopus sp.).
The ability of the fungal isolates to produce single cell protein was evaluated by determining the crude protein content (CPC) of the distillery yeast sludge after 14 days of solid state fermentation. Results revealed that inoculation of the seven taxa produced significantly higher percentage CPC of the distillery yeast sludge. Apparently, S. cerevisiae-treated distillery yeast sludge had the highest percentage CPC of 33.7% and the highest percentage increase in CPC of 34.3%, while Rhizopus sp.-treated distillery yeast sludge had the lowest of 21.8%. Thus, the present study indicates the great potential of the seven taxa as source of single cell protein using the distillery sludge as substrate.
The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has become a recognized system for expression/secretion of heterologous proteins. This non-conventional yeast is currently being developed as a workhorse for biotechnology by several research groups throughout the world, especially for single-cell oil production, whole cell bioconversion and upgrading of industrial wastes. This mini-review presents established tools for protein expression in Y. lipolytica and highlights novel developments in the areas of promoter design, surface display, and host strain or metabolic pathway engineering. An overview of the industrial and commercial biotechnological applications of Y. lipolytica is also presented.
Objective.
—To determine whether a nutritional supplement of selenium will decrease the incidence of cancer.Design.
—A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cancer prevention trial.Setting.
—Seven dermatology clinics in the eastern United States.Patients.
—A total of 1312 patients (mean age, 63 years; range, 18-80 years) with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were randomized from 1983 through 1991. Patients were treated for a mean (SD) of 4.5 (2.8) years and had a total follow-up of 6.4 (2.0) years.Interventions.
—Oral administration of 200 μg of selenium per day or placebo.Main Outcome Measures.
—The primary end points for the trial were the incidences of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. The secondary end points, established in 1990, were all-cause mortality and total cancer mortality, total cancer incidence, and the incidences of lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers.Results.
—After a total follow-up of 8271 person-years, selenium treatment did not significantly affect the incidence of basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. There were 377 new cases of basal cell skin cancer among patients in the selenium group and 350 cases among the control group (relative risk [RR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.28), and 218 new squamous cell skin cancers in the selenium group and 190 cases among the controls (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.93-1.39). Analysis of secondary end points revealed that, compared with controls, patients treated with selenium had a nonsignificant reduction in all-cause mortality (108 deaths in the selenium group and 129 deaths in the control group [RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63-1.08]) and significant reductions in total cancer mortality (29 deaths in the selenium treatment group and 57 deaths in controls [RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31-0.80]), total cancer incidence (77 cancers in the selenium group and 119 in controls [RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.85]), and incidences of lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Primarily because of the apparent reductions in total cancer mortality and total cancer incidence in the selenium group, the blinded phase of the trial was stopped early. No cases of selenium toxicity occurred.Conclusions.
—Selenium treatment did not protect against development of basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. However, results from secondary end-point analyses support the hypothesis that supplemental selenium may reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, carcinomas of several sites. These effects of selenium require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding selenium supplementation can be made.
Objective:
To examine the safety and efficacy of multiple doses of PGG-glucan (poly- [ 1-6]-B-Dglucopyranosyl-[ 1-3]-B-D-glucopyranose) in high-risk patients undergoing major thoracic or abdominal surgery.
Design:
An interventional, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Setting:
Four university-affiliated medical centers.
Patients:
Sixty-seven high-risk patients undergoing major thoracic or abdominal surgery.
Intervention:
Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive saline placebo or PGG-glucan at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg. One dose was administered before surgery and three doses were administered after surgery.
Main Outcome Measures:
To examine the safety and efficacy of PGG-glucan infusion and to identify potentially important factors for a planned phase III study.
Results:
A dose-response trend with regard to infection incidence among patients who received PGG-glucan was observed. Serious infections occurred in four patients who received placebo and in three patients who received PGG-glucan at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. However, only one patient who received PGG-glucan at a high dose had a serious infection. The incidence and severity of adverse events was comparable in all groups.
Conclusions:
PGG-glucan was generally safe and well tolerated, may decrease postoperative infection rates, and warrants further investigation in a planned phase III trial.(Arch Surg. 1994;129:1204-1210)
Background: Findings from animal models suggest that selenium supplementation improves glucose metabolism. Objective: To examine the effect of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Areas of low selenium consumption of the eastern United States. Patients: 1202 persons seen in dermatology clinics who did not have type 2 diabetes at baseline. Intervention: Oral administration of selenium, 200 μLg/d, or placebo. Measurements: Incidence of type 2 diabetes. Results: During an average follow-up of 7.7 years (SD, 2.7), type 2 diabetes developed in 58 selenium recipients and 39 placebo recipients (incidence, 12.6 cases per 1000 person-years vs. 8.4 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.55 [95% Cl, 1.03 to 2.33]). The lack of benefit of selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes persisted in analyses stratified by age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. An exposure-response gradient was found across tertiles of baseline plasma selenium level, with a statistically significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes in the highest tertile of baseline plasma selenium level (hazard ratio, 2.70 [Cl, 1.30 to 5.61]). Limitations: Diabetes was a secondary outcome in the parent trial. Diagnoses of diabetes were self-reported but were validated in most participants. The sample was mostly older and white. Conclusions: Selenium supplementation does not seem to prevent type 2 diabetes, and it may increase risk for the disease.
To meet the protein need of our growing population, it is important to include non-conventional protein sources in our diet. Important non – conventional sources are oil seed proteins, leaf protein concentrate, (LPC) fish protein concentrate (FPC) and single cell proteins (SCP) or biomass protein (BMP). Single cell protein recently attracted attention and holds a major potential for increasing protein supply. Proteins not only provide a nutritional component in a food system but also perform a number of other functions).The protein obtained from microbial source is designed as "Single Cell Protein" (SCP). Bacteria, Moulds, Yeasts, Green and Blue-green algae are widely used as source of single cell protein. However, blue-green algae, where cell wall lacks cellulose, are easily digestible and are the most frequently used organism. Microbial protein or SCP has various benefits over animal and plant proteins in that its requirement for growth are neither seasonal or climate dependent; it can be produced all round the year .Does not require a large expanse of land as in plant or animal protein production. It has high protein content with wide amino acid spectrum, low fat content, higher protein-carbohydrate ratio than forages, can be grown on waste and it is environmental friendly as it helps in recycling waste. Various forms of organic waste such as cellulose hemicelluloses, hydrocarbon and different types of agricultural waste are used in the production of SCP. Besides nutritional value, a protein should have desirable functional properties also for its incorporation in food. Functional properties of proteins vary with the source, composition, method of preparation/extraction, prevailing environment etc. SCP has been found to meet all the requirements for its inclusion as diet supplement for both human and livestock especially in the developing countries of Africa and the world at large. This paper is therefore aimed at reviewing the in production, processing and consumption of SCP for food and feed.
To evaluate the clinical effect of proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection among children in terms of Hp eradication rate and incidence of adverse events.
A prospective randomised controlled study was conducted on 240 children with a confirmed diagnosis of Hp infection. These patients were randomized into triple therapy (n=120) and probiotics groups (n=120). The triple therapy group received amoxicillin [40 mg/(kg·d), Tid], clarithromycin [15 mg/(kg·d), Bid] and omeprazole [0.7-0.8 mg/(kg·d), Qd], while the probiotics group received Saccharomyces boulardii (250 mg, Bid) in addition to triple therapy. The course of treatment was 14 days in both groups. The adverse events in subjects were recorded by their parents during treatment. Hp eradiation was evaluated by (13)C breath test at 4 weeks after treatment, and the eradication rate and incidence of adverse events were compared between the two groups.
The Hp eradication rates were 75.8% (91/120) in the triple therapy group and 85% (102/120) in the probiotics group (P>0.05). Compared with the triple therapy group, the probiotics group had nonsignificantly lower incidence of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (P>0.05) and significantly lower incidence of stomatitis, constipation and diarrhea (P<0.05).
Triple therapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii cannot significantly increase Hp eradication rate, but can significantly reduce the incidence of stomatitis, constipation, and diarrhea during treatment.
The aim of this study was to determine whether Saccharomyces boulardii prevents and treats diarrhoea and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in children. A total of 333 hospitalised children with acute lower respiratory tract infection were enrolled in a 2-phase open randomised controlled trial. During the 1st phase, all children received intravenous antibiotics (AB). They were randomly allocated to group A (S. boulardii 500 mg/day + AB, n=167) or group B (AB alone, n=166) and followed for 2 weeks. Diarrhoea was defined as ≽3 loose/watery stools/day during at least 2 days, occurring during treatment and/or up to 2 weeks after AB therapy had stopped. AAD was considered when diarrhoea was caused by Clostridium difficile or when stool cultures remained negative. In the 2nd phase of the study, group B patients who developed diarrhoea were randomly allocated to two sub-groups: group B1 (S. boulardii + oral rehydration solution (ORS)) and group B2 (ORS alone). Data from 283 patients were available for analysis. Diarrhoea prevalence was lower in group A than in group B (11/139 (7.9%) vs. 42/144 (29.2%); relative risk (RR): 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.5). S. boulardii reduced the risk of AAD (6/139 (4.3%) vs. 28/144 (19.4%); RR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5). When group B patients developed diarrhoea (n=42), S. boulardii treatment during 5 days (group B1) resulted in lower stool frequency (P<0.05) and higher recovery rate (91.3% in group B1 vs. 21.1% in B2; P<0.001). The mean duration of diarrhoea in group B1 was shorter (2.31±0.95 vs. 8.97±1.07 days; P<0.001). No adverse effects related to S. boulardii were observed. S. boulardii appeared to be effective in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea and AAD in children treated with intravenous antibiotics.
Many clinical and animal studies demonstrate the importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty
acids (LCPUFA) in neural development and neurodegeneration. This review will focus on involvement
of LCPUFA from genesis to senescence. The LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid are
important components of neuronal membranes, while eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid,
and arachidonic acid also affect cardiovascular health and inflammation. In neural development, LCPUFA deficiency can lead to severe disorders like schizophrenia
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Perinatal LCPUFA supplementation demonstrated
beneficial effects in neural development in humans and rodents resulting in improved cognition and
sensorimotor integration. In normal aging, the effect of LCPUFA on prevention of cognitive impairment will be
discussed. LCPUFA are important for neuronal membrane integrity and function, and also contribute
in prevention of brain hypoperfusion. Cerebral perfusion can be compromised as result of obesity,
cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus type 2. Last, we will focus on the role of LCPUFA in most common neurodegenerative diseases like
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s Disease. These disorders are characterized by impaired cognition
and connectivity and both clinical and animal supplementation studies have shown the potential of
LCPUFA to decrease neurodegeneration and inflammation. This review shows that LCPUFA are
essential throughout life.