Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer on 2D Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator Operating at Telecom Wavelengths

Abstract

Here, we proposed a high performance 16-channel optical demultiplexer using two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator for telecommunication systems. By plane wave expansion (PWE) method the photonic band gap (PBG) of proposed structure calculated. Then, with finite difference time domain (FDTD) method the performance parameters of designed two-dimensional photonic crystal demultiplexer are analyzed. It is found that the channel wavelength of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is truly tuned by changing the structure parameters of the demultiplexer and position of rod. Output peaks located in the optical communication C-band and L-band with the transmission efficiency of 99 %. The demultiplexer exhibits high-quality factor of 5176, and spectral width of 0.3. Very low crosstalk values are between −19 dB and −90 dB where, device only occupies an area of 1708.65 µm

Full text

S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan*
Tunable High Performance 16-Channel
Demultiplexer on 2D Photonic Crystal Ring
Resonator Operating at Telecom Wavelengths
https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0199
Received November 12, 2017; accepted January 4, 2018
Abstract: Here, we proposed a high performance
16-channel optical demultiplexer using two-dimensional
photonic crystal ring resonator for telecommunication sys-
tems. By plane wave expansion (PWE) method the photo-
nic band gap (PBG) of proposed structure calculated.
Then, with finite difference time domain (FDTD) method
the performance parameters of designed two-dimensional
photonic crystal demultiplexer are analyzed. It is found
that the channel wavelength of wavelength-division multi-
plexing (WDM) is truly tuned by changing the structure
parameters of the demultiplexer and position of rod.
Output peaks located in the optical communication
C-band and L-band with the transmission efficiency of
99 %. The demultiplexer exhibits high-quality factor of
5176, and spectral width of 0.3. Very low crosstalk values
are between −19dB and −90 dB where, device only occu-
pies an area of 1708.65 µm
2
. The proposed compact
16-channel demultiplexer can find more applications for
the ultra-compact WDM systems in highly integrated tele-
communication circuits.
Keywords: high performance demultiplexer, 16-channel
optical demultiplexer, high-quality factor, telecommuni-
cation wavelengths
1 Introduction
Silicon-based ring resonators have been a skeleton element
of silicon photonics with potential applications to switch
[1–7], decoders [8–12], gates [13–16], filters [17–37] and
demultiplexers [11, 38–47]. In order to rapid the growing
networks, multi-channel format conversion is desired,
because it will reduce the complexity, power consumption,
and the cost of the optical networks. So far, several methods
have been proposed based on PCs structures to separate the
channels from input signal [41, 48–56]. Optical demulti-
plexer using ring resonator drop filter has desirable flex-
ibility in design and performance. In order to compact
integration and low power consumption, ring resonator-
based demultiplexers and compact switches are required
for transporting high data flow between computer chips,
optical networks and routing multiwavelength data. Ring
resonator-based demultiplexers have been investigated by
various authors [42, 49, 50, 57]. A type of heterostructure 3-
channel demultiplexer by PCs ring resonator is proposed by
Rakhshani etal. [58]. The mean value of crosstalk they
reported is −24.44 dB and they could achieve transmission
efficiency around 95 %. To separate the channels, they
utilized three ring resonators in which each one has a
different dielectric constant. A compact wavelength-
division multiplexing (WDM) demultiplexer for seven
channels in PCs is proposed by Boumami etal. [59]. They
suggest a T-branch WDM demultiplexer. The channel spa-
cing they have reported is around 50 nm which is not
suitable at all. Also the transmission ratio they achieved is
lower than 25 % in some channels. The best power trans-
mission coupling efficiency they reported is around 56 %
which is not suitable for detecting. Venkatachalam et al.
[60] proposed eight channels modified wavelength-division
demultiplexer. The average transmission efficiency, Q fac-
tor, and line spacing of their demultiplexer are 90%, 1960
and 1.8 nm, respectively. Fallahi et al. [61] proposed Four-
channel optical demultiplexer based on hexagonal photo-
nic crystal ring resonators. The average transmission effi-
ciency, quality factor, channel spacing and crosstalk are
equal to 95.8%, 1943, 2 nm and −11.8 dB, respectively.
Considering the above mentioned demultiplexers, in this
paper our goal go to improve the performance parameters
of proposed structures, such as increasing the number of
output channels, decreasing the optical bandwidth, cross-
talk and improving the transmission efficiency and quality
factor. So we proposed a new shape defective resonant
cavity structure to realize the proposed demultiplexer.
Simulation results show that the proposed design provides
better WDM characteristics. The rest of the article is
*Corresponding author: S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan, Young Researchers
and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,
E-mail: smsattarie@gmail.com
S. Naghizade, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
J. Opt. Commun. 2018; aop
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organized as follows: In Section 2, the analysis of photonic
band gap (PBG) structure is described. Section 3 focuses on
the design of proposed demultiplexer. In Section 4, simula-
tion and results are presented and discussed. Finally, the
conclusions are presented in Section 5.
2 Analysis of PBG structure
To design the proposed optical demultiplexer a hexa-
gonal lattice of dielectric rods with circular cross sec-
tion immersed in air background and xz plane is used.
To determine the physical structural parameters of our
proposed demultiplexer, in first step we must calculate
the gap map diagrams of the structure. In fact, for an
excellent design, it is better to use the gap map dia-
grams. The photonic band gap is extracted using plane
wave expansion (PWE) method calculations [62]. To
obtain the gap map diagrams, we calculated the band
structure at various values of the photonic crystal para-
meters, such as refractive index, the rod radius, and
the lattice constant. As shown in Figure 1(a), by
increasing the refractive index, the photonic band gap
shifted toward lower frequencies. Furthermore, as can
be seen in Figure 1(b), by decreasing the R/a ratio, the
photonic band gap shifted towards higher frequencies.
By considering the gap map diagrams, appropriate
parameters for designing the proposed structure can
be obtained. Thus, for our structure, the refractive
index, the dielectric rod radius, and the lattice constant
are taken to be, n=4.46, R= 111.6 nm, and a=620 nm,
respectively. Based on the above values, the photonic
band gap is obtained, as shown in Figure 2. According
to Figure 2, there are two PBGs in TM mode (blue color
areas). The first PBG in TM mode, which is between
0.29 < a/λ< 0.44, has the appropriate frequency range
for our goals. By choosing the lattice constant of
a=620nm,thePBGwillbeat1409nmλ<2137 nm,
which completely covers the wavelength range of the
third optical telecommunication window.
3 Design of proposed
demultiplexer
The proposed demulitplexer consists of 16-ring resona-
tors, bus waveguide, and eight Lbend waveguides. The
ring resonator is used to select the desired channel,
whereas the Lbend waveguide is employed for drop-
ping the selected channel. The general schematic of the
ring resonators used in the structure is shown in Figure
3. To improve the wavelength selection task, we have
introduced four scattering rods for each ring resonator,
whicharehighlightedwithbluecolorinFigure3.We
Figure 1: Gap map diagrams for TE and TM polarization: variation of
PBG versus a refractive index of dielectric rods and b R/a ratio.
Figure 2: The band diagram of proposed fundamental PC structure.
2S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan: Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer
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have called the radius of these scattering rods Rsc and
equal to 111.6 nm. Also, one bigger rod employed in
center of ring resonator and highlighted via dark red
color in Figure 3 where the radius of this rod is rc and
equal to 167.4 nm. In the around of bigger rod existing
16-fold defect rods which are highlighted via dark
greencolorsinFigure3andtheradiusofthesedefect
rods called rd and this size is different for each ring
and in fact the demultiplexing technique is based on
this discrepancy. The 12-fold defect rods arranged in
the area of assumed circle and the diameter of this
circle (see Figure 3) called 2Rr. The fourfold defect
rods exists in the inside of mentioned circle in the
both side of bigger rod and the distance of these rods
from each other called with P, W and Sparameters
where, P, W and Sequal to 2a,0.5aand a,respectively
(see Figure 3). Other important part in the proposed
ring resonator is the position of one rod of threefold
coupling rods as shown with dark cyan color in Figure
3. To improving the coupling of optical waves from bus
waveguide to ring resonator and Lbend waveguides
one of coupling rods shifted in Zdirection and the size
of this rods are equal to the size of other 16-fold defect
rods (Rd). We have called this shifting dand equal to
d= 250 nm. The Gaussian light source is launched at
the bottom end of the structure through a bus wave-
guide. The size of the bus waveguide is 1240 nm (2*a),
which is useful to propagate the light waves linearly
and distribute them to ring resonators through cou-
pling rods. The footprint of the proposed structure is
1708.65 μm
2
. The output ports which are taken a placed
in the above of bus waveguide of the PC structure are
used to select wavelengths (λ1toλ8). The ports in the
low of bus waveguide used to select wavelengths (λ9to
λ16), which results in producing channels with high
performance optical parameters such as transmission
efficiency, Qfactor and cross talk. The proposed 16-
channel demultiplexer is shown in Figure 3. The radii
of the 16-fold defect rods and sixfold coupling rods
equal to rd =0.4625R,0.4650R, 0.4675R,0.47R,
0.4725R,0.475R, 0.4775R,0.48R, 0.4825R,0.485R,
0.4875R, 0.49R,0.4925R, 0.4950R, 0.4975Rand 0.5R
nm for the 1th to 16th channel, respectively.
4 Simulation and results
To simulate and analysis of the proposed structure, we
used full wave toolbox of R soft software which simulates
Figure 3: Schematic of designed ring resonator (a) and final sketch of proposed 16- channel demultiplexer (b).
S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan: Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer 3
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the optical devices based on FDTD method [63]. For
accurate modeling of the demultiplexer we need 3D simu-
lation, but it requires great amount of run time and very
powerful computer. So we used effective index approx-
imation method of PCs for satisfying this requirement and
with this approximation we reduce the 3D simulations to
2D simulations [64]. Grid sizes (Δx and Δz) in FDTD para-
meters are chosen to be a/16 which equals 38.75 nm. Due
to the stability consideration of the simulation, the time
step should be satisfy the Δt≤1=cffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1=Δx2+1=Δy2
p, where
cis the speed of light in free space. Therefore, time step
(Δt) and the PML width surrounding our structure for
simulating 0.023 and 500 nm assumed respectively.
After simulation, λ1 = 1546 nm, λ2 = 1549.5 nm, λ3 = 1553
nm, λ4 = 1555.5 nm, λ5 = 1558.5, λ6 = 1561, λ7 = 1564,
λ8 = 1566, λ9 = 1568.2, λ10 = 1571, λ11 = 1573.2,
λ12 = 1575.5, λ13 = 1578.5, λ14 = 1581, λ15 = 1582.5 and
λ16 = 1586, were obtained for first to sixteen output chan-
nels, respectively. Liner and dB scale of output spectra
for the demultiplexer are depicted in Figure 4. The chan-
nel spacing is between 1.5 and 3.5 nm, and the average
bandwidth is 0.3 nm. The most outstanding characteristic
of our structure is its high transmission efficiency, the
minimum transmission efficiency of the structure is 98 %,
and the average quality factor (Q=λ0/Δλ) is more than
5176. The complete specification of the demultiplexer is
listed in Table 1. Also the crosstalk values are listed in
Table 2, in which crosstalk values are named as Xij,(i,j
varies from 1 to 16) that shows the effect of ith channel in
jth channel at central wavelength of jth channel. In Table
2, iand jindices are shown in column and row respec-
tively. The lower (better) the crosstalk level results in
better resolutions for output channels. The crosstalk
level for our structure varies from −19 to −90 dB. In the
proposed structure, the wavelength selecting mechanism
is based on choosing different size for the radiuses of
dielectric rods in the core part of the resonant rings. For
good representation of WDM task, Figure 5 is presented.
One can see that the light propagates through channels 6
and 10 at the wavelengths of λ6 = 1561 nm and λ10 = 1571
nm, respectively.
The comparison of the device performance with some
recent works has given in Table 3. Comparisons con-
fessed for superior performance of our demultiplexer
and endorsed that our device have a promising potential
to be used in WDM applications.
Table 1: Simulation results of the proposed demultiplexer.
#ch r
d
λ(nm) ΔλnmðÞ QF T.E(%)
*
.R .  
.R..  
.R .  
.R..  
.R..  
.R .  
.R .  
.R .  
.R..  
 .R .  
 .R..  
 .R..  
 .R..  
 .R .  
 .R..  
 .R .  
*Transmission efficiency.
Figure 4: Output spectra of the demultiplexer, linear (a) and dB
scale (b).
4S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan: Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer
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5 Conclusions
In summary, in this article a high performance 16-
channel all optical demultiplexer is proposed and
designed using symmetric ring resonator for optical
WDM telecommunication applications. By increasing
the radius of the inner rods, 16 different channels via
different outputs can be tuned. From the simulation, it
is observed that the average optical transmission effi-
ciency, Quality factor and spectral width of designed
demultiplexer are obtained 99 %, 5176 and 0.3 nm,
respectively. Also the optical channel spacing in our
proposed structure is less than 3 nm and crosstalk
Table 2: Crosstalk values of the proposed demultiplexer (dB).
x
ij

–− − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
− –− − − − − − − − − − − − − −
− − –− − − − − − − − − − − − −
− − − –− − − − − − − − − − − −
− − − − –− − − − − − − − − − −
− − − − − –− − − − − − − − − −
− − − − − − –− − − − − − − − −
− − − − − − − –− − − − − − − −
− − − − − − − − –− − − − − − −
 − − − − − − − − − –− − − − − −
 − − − − − − − − − − –− − − − −
 − − − − − − − − − − − –− − − −
 − − − − − − − − − − − − –− − −
 − − − − − − − − − − − − − –− −
 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − –−
 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −–
Figure 5: Electric field distribution of proposed demultiplexer for: a λ
6
=1561 nm and b λ
10
=1571 nm.
S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan: Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer 5
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value is between −19 dB and −90 dB. The size of the
proposed demultiplexer is 1708.65° μm
2
which is very
small hence it can be employed for integrated photo-
nics, CWDM and DWDM applications.
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Table 3: Comparison of the proposed demultiplexer with reported one.
works Spectral width Channel
spacing
Worst QF Worst crosstalk
(dB)
Worst TE No of channels
Ref[]..  – 
Ref[].   −  
Ref[].<  − 
Ref[].     
Ref[]. .  – 
Ref[]– ––< 
Ref[].  −  
Ref[].  .−  
Ref[]..  −. 
Ref[]–– – 
Ref[]  −  
Ref[]–  −.  
Ref[]–– –.
Ref[]–  −.  
This work .<  −  
6S. Naghizade and S. M. Sattari-Esfahlan: Tunable High Performance 16-Channel Demultiplexer
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