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TEJIDO Y RITO EN ESPACIOS DE CULTO ÃBEROS: LAS FUSAYOLAS COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDIO
... Esta situación se repite en el caso de los grupos culturales ibéricos, si bien es cierto que en este caso particular contamos con otros testimonios que nos acercan a cuestiones como la de la vestimenta mediante la escultura antropomorfa, la cerámica ibérica figurada o los exvotos realizados en diferentes materiales (véase, entre otros, Nicolini, 1969;Prada, 1979;Prados, 1992;Olmos, 1992;Izquierdo, 2001;De la Bandera, 2009;Ramallo y Brotons, 2019;Uroz, 2020). Esta visión se completa con los elementos relacionados directamente con la fabricación de los tejidos, como la representación pintada del telar del Tossal de Manisses (Izquierdo y Pérez, 2005, p. 94) o el hallazgo de agujas, fusayolas y pesas de telar en asentamientos (Pérez Jordà et al., 2011;Prados y Sánchez, 2020) y espacios de culto cuya funcionalidad todavía se discute en términos productivos y/o rituales (Vílchez, 2015). ...
This contribution examines the textile remains deposited in graves at the Iberian necropolis of Los Nietos (Cartagena, Spain). The cemetery has been excavated at various times since 1975 and contains nearly 200 cremation tombs of various types, dating from the 5 th to the 3 rd centuries BC. Despite the challenges posed by the fragile preservation of textiles, the application of archaeometric methods such as surface microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have enabled the identification of textiles through mineralization traces left on the metallic artifacts. The results of a first selection of burials at Los Nietos reveal the use and preservation of textiles on objects associated with weaponry, as well as the combination of several pieces made from different raw materials and weaving techniques on certain artifacts.
... (Vílchez, 2015: 284). Se han documentado profusamente en espacios destinados al culto, y su hallazgo en estos contextos se interpreta como ofrendas realizadas por mujeres de diferente condición social, esto es, como un objeto de uso personal que se dedica a la divinidad como muestra del vínculo existente entre ambas; también se ha planteado la posibilidad de que pudiera tratarse de una ofrenda relacionada con ritos del paso de la edad infantil a la edad adulta, la fusayola sería la representación material de esta asunción de actividades domésticas propias de la mujer adulta (Vílchez, 2015: 286 y Pérez Ruiz, 2014. ...
The aim of this paper is to analyse a set of archaeological materials that have appeared throughout the campaigns carried out at the archaeological site of Can Tacó/Turó d’en Roina between 2004 and 2017, that could be interpreted as the material remains of ritual or votive practices. The residential building of Can Tacó/Turó d’en Roina, located in the Iberian Layetanian area, is an archaeological settlement of the first moment of the Roman conquest in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula that we interpret as a residential and administrative complex whose period of activity can be dated approximately between 160 BCE and the first decades of the 1st century BCE. Given its early chronology and clearly Italic architectural and decorative features, we think that his main inhabitant would exercise official and representative functions in close connection with the highest representative of Roman authority at this time in the Iberian Peninsula, the Army. This complex would not only be occupied by this relevant character of Italic origin, but would also have a service staff, presumably of local origin for the most part, who would occupy the rooms interpreted as work and storage spaces.
These remains to which we assume a ritual value, have appeared in their entirety in the secondary rooms, intended for domestic service, storage and carrying out domestic activities and maintenance of the building. Therefore, they provide us with very valuable clues on aspects such as the ethnic affiliation of the personnel assigned to the service of the residence, on the persistence of indigenous practices and rituals, and the process of cultural hybridization that will gradually take place among the indigenous people and the newcomers.
... Spinning and weaving activities have long been associated with women in Iberian and Celtiberian societies (Almagro et al. 2011, 170, 174;Vílchez 2015;Gomes 2017; for a critique, Rafel 2007), in ancient Greece (Bundrick 2008), as well as in other Mediterranean contexts such as Etruria and Lazio in Italy during the Early Iron Age (Bietti Sestieri 2008; Gleba 2007, 71-74). For Classical Antiquity, all documentary evidence indeed points to the predominance of women as textile labourers (Harlow, Michel, and Nosch 2014). ...
Studying textile production in the middle Guadiana basin between the seventh and fifth centuries BC, this article reveals the significance of textiles for the development and change of economic complexity in rural societies in Iron Age south-western Iberia. Textiles were at the very heart of the economic transformation of the area in this period. The functional properties of textile tools and their implications for manufacturing different types of threads and woven textiles show that in the seventh and sixth centuries BC the production of textiles was household-based and mostly for self-consumption. From the late sixth century and especially in the fifth century BC, however, the increasing specialisation of textile production and the appearance of workshops heralded new economic relations. By examining textile production and artisans’ skills and knowledge, this study reconsiders our understanding of craft production, societal change, and economic complexity among the rural societies of Iron Age Iberia.
Se analizan los materiales muebles localizados durante las excavaciones de la tumba 155 de la necrópolis íbera de Cerro del Santuario de Baza (Granada) con el objetivo de revisar las piezas en su totalidad y establecer una serie de criterios que han permitido organizar dicho ajuar funerario en distintos lotes y que se corresponderían con diferentes momentos y rituales que tuvieron lugar durante el entierro de mujer hace casi 2.500 años. Por primera vez, tras muchos años de estudios más o menos específicos de los bienes depositados en la cámara, se hace una propuesta interpretativa de su carácter simbólico que agrupa la totalidad del material, su naturaleza, disposición y relación microespacial.
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Images of the women related to the textile activities of the Iberian culture have been interpreted as rites of passage, as depictions of everyday activities or as status symbols of powerful women. This paper proposes that their meaning can only be interpreted with reference to the important process of the intensification of household textile production which takes place from the Middle Iberian Period (late 5th–4th century BC onwards). Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the textile tools in settlements and burials increases considerably at this time and classical sources emphasise the social significance of Iberian textile production and its importance in Mediterranean trade. Using these data and an analysis of these images, this paper proposes that their significance reaches beyond their symbolism to the ideology of an elite with important interests in textile products and their increased production.
This volume provides an ambitious synopsis of the complex, colourful world of textiles in ancient Mediterranean iconography. A wealth of information on ancient textiles is available from depictions such as sculpture, vase painting, figurines, reliefs and mosaics. Commonly represented in clothing, textiles are also present in furnishings and through the processes of textile production. The challenge for anyone analysing ancient iconography is determining how we interpret what we see. As preserved textiles rarely survive in comparable forms, we must consider the extent to which representations of textiles reflect reality, and critically evaluate the sources. Images are not simple replicas or photographs of reality. Instead, iconography draws on select elements from the surrounding world that were recognisable to the ancient audience, and reveal the perceptions, ideologies, and ideas of the society in which they were produced. Through examining the durable evidence, this anthology reveals the ephemeral world of textiles and their integral role in the daily life, cult and economy of the ancient Mediterranean.
This volume provides an ambitious synopsis of the complex, colourful world of textiles in ancient Mediterranean iconography. A wealth of information on ancient textiles is available from depictions such as sculpture, vase painting, figurines, reliefs and mosaics. Commonly represented in clothing, textiles are also present in furnishings and through the processes of textile production. The challenge for anyone analysing ancient iconography is determining how we interpret what we see. As preserved textiles rarely survive in comparable forms, we must consider the extent to which representations of textiles reflect reality, and critically evaluate the sources. Images are not simple replicas or photographs of reality. Instead, iconography draws on select elements from the surrounding world that were recognisable to the ancient audience, and reveal the perceptions, ideologies, and ideas of the society in which they were produced. Through examining the durable evidence, this anthology reveals the ephemeral world of textiles and their integral role in the daily life, cult and economy of the ancient Mediterranean.
This paper explores textile production-related iconography on seals from Bronze Age Greece. Thirteen motifs related to textile production are recognised in the imagery. These range from the flax plant and the woolly animals to fibre combing, purple dyeing, spinning and weaving using loom weights, and perhaps the comb and rigid heddle, to finished textiles and bands. All these processes and tools are symbolically interwoven in the figure of the spider, a frequent motif in the Aegean glyptic. New motif identifications are proposed which suggest that textile production and the material culture related to it, constituted an important semantic reference reflected in the imagery of seals, especially on Crete in the Middle Bronze Age.
Abstract: Inheriting moral qualities (πολíthς αγαθός) and a noble presence (καλός) from
the family were intimately connected aspects in Antiquity and, at the same time, consequence of one another. A family tradition of many generations was believed to permit individuals to ascend the way to perfection (moral and physical). What we call justification of the “ideology of power” found its basis in such qualities, distinctive of families of noble ancestry. The people worthy of that power were those whom a long tradition had modelled and perfected, the αριστοι. In regard to clothing and identities in the ancient Mediterranean world, the adornment of the aristoi was based on the use of luxury products, like silk fabrics (sometimes with gold threads), jewelry and certain types of purple; all of which symbolized their aesthetic and social exclusiveness. The colour purple acted as an important group identity marker of the best (α’ριστοκρατία) and was even related to blood, evident symbol of its members ‘particular lineage’.
The final period of Castellet de Bernabé (circa 200 BC) is the only one to provide enough finds to allow correlations between structures, materials and activities. The evidence of two different socioeconomic groups of cohabitant dwellers emerges quite well from the architecture, allowing to propose the existence of social relations based on clientship. The study of the use of space contribute to the definition of several co-residence patterns and even a gendered segregation of the domestic activities that were carried out by the community that occupied the site.
El estudio de los santuarios iberos y más particularmente de los exvotos de bronce es un campo fundamental para el análisis de las mujeres iberas. No debemos olvidar que por encima de la escultura, la pintura u otras manifestaciones iconográficas los exvotos de bronce iberos componen la más amplia gama de imágenes de la sociedad ibera. Aportamos algunos ejemplos de lectura de género en diversos tipos rituales de exvotos. The study of the Iberian sanctuaries and of the bronze exvotes is a fundamental area for the analysis of Iberian women. Along with the sculpture, paintings and other art works, the bronze exvotes are the widest range of images of the Iberian society. This paper shows several gender interpretations of exvotes classified by ritual criteria.
Presentamos en este trabajo una tinaja de grandes dimensiones inédita con decoración figurada procedente de la ciudad ibérica del Tossal de Sant Miquel de Llíria (Valencia). Con un elevado índice de fragmentación. el vaso muestra interesantes figuraciones como una escena femenina de hilado y tejido, joven a caballo, así como damas estantes. Su iconografía nos aproxima al análisis de los grupos de edad y género en la cultura ibérica: ternas como la naturaleza o los rituales de tránsito a la edad adulta. La dimensión simbólica de las escenas plasmadas en este vaso de encargo se integra en el programa de imágenes de la antigua Edeta, en un marco urbano y aristocrático, de tradición mediterránea.
Woman and sacred space. Making women visible in sacred sanctuaries in Iberian Culture. From the gen-der archaeology and religious and ritual focus during the Iberian Culture (6 th -1 st Centuries BC), I present an approach to the woman's role and its meaning in the different ritual ceremonies. I propose several stu-dies cases on Iberian sanctuaries where it would be possible to analyze the woman's role.
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