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In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Methanol Extract of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Leaf

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Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy, and its phytochemical compounds in the methanol extract of leaves of a folkloric aquatic medicinal herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method and antioxidant activity was assessed by evaluating the potentiality of free radical scavenging following standard biochemical methods. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results and Discussion: Methanol extract of leaf of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms showed the OH radical scavenging antioxidant activity with IC 50 value 0.97 mg/ml and antibacterial activity against B. cereus, B. paraflexus and E. coli. The highest zone inhibition diameter was 10 mm against B. paraflexus at a concentration of. Major compounds were 8-hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide in a mole% of 22.21, 21.42 and 16.53, respectively. Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract belong to alkaloid, flavonoid, glucoside, napthoquinone, phenol, tannin, terpenoid and other secondary metabolites. Conclusions: The methanol extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms leaf showed antibacterial as well as antioxidant efficacy and contained mjor bioactive compounds like 8-hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide .
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International Research Journal of Management
Science & Technology
ISSN 2250 1959(0nline)
2348 9367 (Print)
A REFEREED JOURNAL OF
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Published by iSaRa
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 1959 (0nline) 2348 9367 (Print)
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In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Profile of
Methanol Extract of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Leaf
Debabrata Misra
Email: dmisra77@gmail.com
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda 732 103, West Bengal, India
Manab Mandal
manabmandal130@gmail.com
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda 732 103, West Bengal, India
Narendra Nath Ghosh
ghosh.naren13@gmail.com
Department of Chemistry
University of Gour Banga
Malda 732 103, West Bengal, India
Vivekananda Mandal*
vivek.bot@ugb.ac.in
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda 732 103, West Bengal, India
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy, and its phytochemical compounds in
the methanol extract of leaves of a folkloric aquatic medicinal herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
Methods: Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method and antioxidant activity
was assessed by evaluating the potentiality of free radical scavenging following standard
biochemical methods. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatographymass
spectrometry (GC-MS). Results and Discussion: Methanol extract of leaf of Monochoria hastata
(L.) Solms showed the OH radical scavenging antioxidant activity with IC50 value 0.97 mg/ml and
antibacterial activity against B. cereus, B. paraflexus and E. coli. The highest zone inhibition
diameter was 10 mm against B. paraflexus at a concentration of . Major compounds were 8-
hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide in a mole% of 22.21, 21.42 and 16.53,
respectively. Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract belong to alkaloid,
flavonoid, glucoside, napthoquinone, phenol, tannin, terpenoid and other secondary metabolites.
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 1959 (0nline) 2348 9367 (Print)
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Conclusions: The methanol extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms leaf showed antibacterial as well as
antioxidant efficacy and contained mjor bioactive compounds like 8-hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl
Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide .
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
INTRODUCTION
The organic compounds derived from natural sources are often called the natural products. The use
of natural products in health and wellbeing, agriculture, and industry is dated back to thousands of
years. Since the ancient ages, people use natural extracts to generate useful materials such as
medicines, dyes, toxins, fuels and many others. Natural products of human interests are produced
from a vast array of biological sources like plants, microbes, arthropods, and animals [1]. Majority of
natural product knowledge is related to the understanding on the applications of plants in medicinal
uses. Archaeological evidences indicate that approximately 60,000 years ago, the Palaeolithic men
also knew the use of some medicinal plants. Since then, the plants and their natural products are
significantly used world widely in herbal preparations and in modern day’s drug industry as the
novel sources of medicines. In 1,500 BC, the ancient Egyptians documented more than 850 plant
medicines including garlic, juniper, hemp, castor bean, aloe, mandrake and many more in Ebers
Papyrus [2]. In India, the herbal medicines are being used most probably as early as 1,900 BC. The
Sanskrit writings like the Rig Veda which was written around 1,500 B.C. and the Atharva Veda were
the bases of Ayurveda system of medicine which was later enriched by ancient herbalists such as
Charaka and Shushruta around 1,000 BC. The Sushruta Samhita attributed to Sushruta in the 6th
century BC describes 700 medicinal plants. Secondary metabolites (e.g. steroids, quinines, alkaloids,
terpenoids and flavonoids) of plants have no apparent function in a plant’s primary metabolism, but
often have an ecological role, as pollinator attractants, represent chemical adaptations to
environmental stresses or serve as chemical defense against micro-organisms, insects and
higher predators and even other plants (allelochemics) [3]. Hence, plants contain various biologically
active compounds. In plants, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes are the major sites of
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2 -),
nitric oxide (NO), peroxinitrite (ONOO) and reactive sulfur species (RSS) which are formed from
thiols by reaction with ROS within plant cells. These free radicals are also produced in animal
system due to various oxidation-reduction metabolisms. Plants have efficient complex enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems to avoid the toxic effects of such free radicals.
Enzymatic systems include Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)-producing flavin oxidases, glutathione peroxidise (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR),
while non-enzymatic systems consist of low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic acid or
vitamin-C, glutathione, proline, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) and high molecular
weight secondary metabolites such as tannins. These compounds are also active in animal system.
So, plants have antioxidant potentiality [4]. Many plant derived compounds of different metabolite
class have antibacterial efficacy against various microorganism also [5]. Drug resistant bacteria
strains are more pathogenic with high mortality rate and become a great challenge in the
pharmaceutical and healthcare industry. To overcome microbial drug resistance developed by
microorganisms, scientists are looking forward for the development of alternative and novel drugs
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[6]. An ethnomedicinally used aquatic herb Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms which belongs to the
family Pontederiaceae has been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds, as an alternative,
refrigerant and tonic [7]. Traditionally, the Bodo, Koch-Rajbongshi and Rangia tribes of West
Bengal, India have been using the young shoots and leaf juice (30-45 ml) mixed with honey (10-15
ml) taken twice daily for a month regularly to cure boils [8]. A study, reported that M. hastata (L.)
Solms may contain some anticancer and antibacterial phenyl phenalenones such as monolaterol as it
is present in Monochoria elata Ridl [9]. Present study is a perusal to the antibacterial and antioxidant
activity of methanol extract of leaves of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection, authentication, sample preparation and extraction
The entire plant including the aerial and underground parts of the plant under study were collected in
the summer and the monsoon seasons from the water body of Jalalpur village of Kaliachak-I
development block of Malda district (25032’08” N-24040’20” N latitude & 88028’10” E-87045’50” E
longitude) in West Bengal (India). A shade dried flowering twig was prepared into herbarium sheet
as voucher specimen (Tag No. UGB/DM/01) and was submitted to the Central National Herbarium
of Botanical Survey of India, Howrah-711 103, West Bengal, India for identification. Collected plant
materials were washed thoroughly under running tap water and rinsed with distilled water. The
leaves with long petioles were segregated from the underground part and were dried in hot air
chamber at 50°C for one week. The dried samples were then grinded into powder using a mixer-
grinder machine and the powder sample was stored at 4°C in an air tight container. Powder sample in
different solvents like absolute n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
methanol, 90% methanol in water, 50% methanol in water and water in a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) was
extracted according to ascending polarity indices applying Soxhlet technique at 40°C for 48 hrs. The
extracts were then passed through the Whatman No. 1 filter papers and filtrates were made pigment
free by passing through an activated charcoal column. The filtrates were collected and concentrated
by rotary vacuum evaporator (Superfit Rotary Vacuum Evaporator, R-150, Mumbai, India). The 50%
methanol extract is used to assess antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
2.2. Assessment of in-vitro antioxidant activity
Various radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity of methanol extract was evaluated
by using standard protocols with minor modifications which are described below.
2.2.1. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
DPPH radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Blois (1958) [10].
0.1 ml of plant sample of different concentrations (0.1 to 1mg/ml) was poured in each test tube and
reacted with 2.9 ml of 0.1mM methanolic DPPH solution for 30 min. Ascorbic acid at the
concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the absorbance was read at 517 nm
against a blank and scavenging effect was calculated using the following formula.
Scavenging % = (Ao-As)/Ao×100, where Ao = OD of Blank, As = OD of Sample
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2.2.2. Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Yu et al. (2004)
[11]. 1.5 ml of plant sample of different concentrations (0.1 to 1mg/ml) was poured in each test tube
and mixed with 60 µl 1mM FeCl3 and 90 µl 1 mM phenanthroline. Then 2.4 ml of 0.2 M phosphate
buffer at pH-7.8 was added and reacted with 150 µl 0.17 M hydrogen peroxide for 5 min. Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid) at the concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the absorbance was
read at 560 nm against a blank and scavenging effect was calculated using the same formula.
2.2.3. Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity
Nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Garratt (1964)
[12]. 0.5 ml of plant sample of different concentrations was taken in each test tube and mixed with 2
ml 10mM sodium nitroprusside in 0.5 ml 0.5 M phosphate buffer at pH-7.4. The reaction mixture
was incubated at 37°C for 1 hr. Griess reagent (0.1% Naphthyl-ethylenediamine mixed with 1%
sulphanilic acid in 5% phosphoric acid) was added drop wise and absorbance was read at 540 nm
against a blank. Vitamin C at the concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the
scavenging effect was calculated using the same formula.
2.2.4. Phosphomolybdanum antioxidative power (PAP) assay
The total antioxidant activities of plant samples were determined by PAP assay following the method
of Prieto et al. (1999) [13].10 µl leaf extract taken in a test tube was mixed with 1 ml reagent
containing 4 mM ammonium molybdate, 28 mM sodium phosphate in 0.6 M sulphuric acid (1:1:2).
The reaction mixture was incubated at 95°C for 90 min in hot water bath. Griess reagent was added
drop-wise. Absorbance was read at 695 nm against a blank and mg equivalent ascorbic acid (AS) per
g of dry weight (dw) was calculated from the standard curve of ascorbic acid at the concentration of
0.1 to 1 mg/ml. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was taken as positive control.
2.3. Assessment of in-vitro antibacterial activity
2.3.1. Procurement and maintenance of microorganisms
Bacterial test strains of Bacillus cereus MTCC 1272 (B. cereus), Bacillus paraflexus MTCC 9831T
(B. paraflexus), Escherichia coli MTCC 571 (E. coli) which were procured from the Microbial
Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India and the Microbial Culture
Collection (MCC), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India, were used for antibacterial
assessment. These two resource houses are the affiliate members of the World Federation for
Culture Collections (WFCC) and MCC is registered with the World Data Centre for
Microorganisms (WDCM, registration number 930). The strains were maintained on nutrient agar
slants at 4 °C and activated at 37°C for 24 hr on 1.3% nutrient broth in 2% agar (HiMedia, Mumbai,
India) before any susceptibility test.
2.3.2. Antibacterial bioassay
Antibacterial activity of the Soxhlet extracted concentrated fraction was assayed by agar well
diffusion method [14]. Overnight culture of each bacterial strain grown in 1.3% nutrient broth was
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 1959 (0nline) 2348 9367 (Print)
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adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard containing 1.5x108 colony forming units (CFU/ml) for
inoculation. Isolates were seeded on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) (HiMedia M173-500G) plates by
using sterilized swabs. The surface of the medium was allowed to dry for 3 10 min. Agar surface
was bored by using sterilized cork borer to make wells (7 mm diameter). 20 µl each of the
concentrated fraction (100 mg/ml) was placed into the well as treatment. 3µl Ciprofloxacin
(50µg/ml) was used as positive control and respective solvents as negative control. Plates were
incubated at 37°C for 24 hours after which microbial growth inhibition was determined by measuring
the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm).
2.4. Validation of data and statistical analysis
All the experiments had been performed in triplicate. Arithmetic Mean (AM) and standard error of
mean (SEM) of all the results were calculated. The data were statistically validated as arithmetic
mean ± standard error of mean (AM ± SEM). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software was used for the
graphical presentation and determination of IC50 values of antioxidant activity.
2.5. Phytochemical profiling
Different compounds present in the 50% methanol extract had been identified by gas
chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out by using
the GC-MS instrument (Model 7890B GC-240 ION TRAP MS, Agilent Technologies, USA)
equipped with a capillary column VF-5MS (Length-30m, ID-0.25 mm, Film-0.25 µm, Max temp-
3250 C) with the capability of a scan rate of 3 microscans (1.44 seconds/scan) with a data rate of 0.69
Hz and mass detection range of m/z 10-1000. The instrument was operated in electron impact mode
at an emission current of 25 Amps, maximum ion time of 65000 μ Seconds, target TIC of 20000
counts, injector temperature of 2500 C, and detector temperature of 3000 C. The sample was loaded at
a pressure of 7.6522 psi and a flow rate of 1mL/min at an average velocity of 36.445 cm/sec with a
holdup time of 1.3719 min for a run time of 32 min. The oven temperature was initially programmed
at 500 C (isothermal for 2 min.) and then increased to 2500 C at 80 C/min (isothermal for 5 min) and
finally to 3000 C (isothermal for 5 min) at the post-run session. The identification of compounds from
the spectral data was based on the available mass spectral records of NIST library and calculation of
Mole % for different compounds was determined by the following formula:
Mole % = Ai/Ac × 100, where, Ai = Peak area count of individual compound and Ac = Cumulative
peak area count of all compounds.
Resuts and Discussion
3.1. Authentication of plant sample
The plant under study which is shown in Figure 1 was identified as Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms
by Dr. R. Gogoi, Scientist-D of the Central National Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India,
Howrah.
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 1959 (0nline) 2348 9367 (Print)
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Figure 1: Juvenile to mature plants of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms with inflorescence (right
to left).
3.2. In-vitro antioxidant activity
3.2.1. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually decreased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 2. Hence, the experiment revealed that the methanol
extract of the plant had no DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 2: DPPH radical scavenging activity
3.2.2. Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity
In the OH radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually increased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 3. It showed the antioxidant activity with IC50 value
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0.97 mg/ml, i.e., 0.97 mg/ml of crude plant sample was able to inhibit 50% of the OH free radical
pool while the IC50 value for the pure ascorbic acid was 0.47 mg/ml. Hence, the experiment revealed
that the methanol extract of the plant had OH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 3: OH radical scavenging activity
3.2.3. Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity
In the NO radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually decreased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 4. Hence, the experiment revealed that the methanol
extract of the plant had no NO radical scavenging activity.
Figure 4: NO radical scavenging activity
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3.2.4. Phosphomolybdanum antioxidative power (PAP) assay
The methanol extract showed the total antioxidant activity in terms of phosphomolybdanum
antioxidative power which is displayed in Figure 5. It had 0.016 mg ascorbic acid equivalent
antioxidant components/g dry extract.
Figure 5: Total antioxidant PAP activity
3.3. Assessment of in-vitro antibacterial activity
The crude extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. cereus, B. paraflexus and E. coli
which is shown in Figure 6. The highest zone inhibition diameter was 10 mm against B. flexus which
is closed to that in the case of antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin which showed 17 mm diameter of zone
inhibition.
Figure 6: Antibacterial activity
3.4. GC-MS analysis and phytochemical profiling
The GC-MS chromatogram which is shown in Figure 7 showed 14 compound peaks among which 2
peaks are of same compound. Hence, total 13 compounds were present in the crude extract.
Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract were tabulated in the Table: 1. The
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 1959 (0nline) 2348 9367 (Print)
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molecular structures of different compounds present in the methanol extract were shown in the Table
2.
Figure 7: GC-MS Chromatogram the methanol extract.
Table 1: Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract.
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Compounds in 50% Methanol extract
Pea
k
No.
Retenti
on time
(min)
Name of the
compound
NIST
Match
Factor:
Normal
-
Forwar
d
m/z (ma
ss-to-
charge
ratio)
Molecu
lar
weight
(g/mol)
Amou
nt
(Coun
ts)
Mol
e %
1
4.198
Carbohydrazide
640 in
replib
32.00
90.086
71518
8
16.
53
2
5.274
Dimethyl
Sulfoxide
7329 in
replib
63.00
78.129
92704
4
21.
42
3
9.205
2-Pyrrolidinone,
1-methyl-
14141
in
replib
99.00
99.133
55202
1.2
8
4
10.177
2-Cyclopentene-
1-carboxylic acid,
1-methyl
45767 in
mainlib
81.00
126.15
96762
2.2
4
5
12.267
Cyclohexanone,
2-methyl-5-(1-
methylethenyl)-
30335 in
mainlib
67.00
152.23
55854
1.2
9
6 &
13
13.799
&
21.073
Estra-1,3,5(10)-
trien-17-one, 3,4-
bis[(trimethylsilyl
)oxy]
210593
in
mainlib
&
210593
in
mainlib
430.00
430.735
10896
6 &
11588
9
5.2
0
7
14.000
3-Methyl-4-
isopropylphenol
107770
in
mainlib
135.00
150.221
70218
1.6
2
8
14.786
8-
hydroxymenthol
45595 in
mainlib
81.00
172.26
96112
0
22.
21
9
15.158
4-Octene-2,7-
diol, 2,7-
dimethyl-, Z
27749 in
mainlib
59.00
172.26
38691
2
8.9
4
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10
15.243
Phenol, 2-(2-
methyl-2-
propenyl)-
105001
in
mainlib
133.00
148.20
96537
2.2
3
11
16.558
Isonipecotic acid,
N-(2-
methoxybenzoyl)
- undecyl
193701
in
mainlib
282.00
417.58
39767
3
9.1
9
12
18.988
Alpha.-
Lumicolchicine
205997
in
mainlib
356.00
798.89
15458
9
3.5
7
14
24.012
2H-1-
Benzopyran-2-
one, 5,7-
dimethoxy-
165953
in
mainlib
206.00
206.19
18451
8
4.2
6
The peak at the retention time of 14.786 min was the base peak with 22.21 mole % and the library
search result confirmed it as 8-hydroxymenthol. Other compounds which were present in the major
proportions were Carbohydrazide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide which occupied 16.53% and 21.42% of
total mole, respectively. Menthol is an active antibacterial compound [15, 16]. It is a volatile oil.
Volatile oils are allelopathic compounds which protects the plant from various pathogens. Various
derivatives of Carbohydrazide are also antibacterial compounds and potent DNA gyrase inhibitors
[17, 18, 19]. Dimethylsulfoxide has antibacterial property against E. coli and other bacteria strains
responsible for food borne diseases [20, 21]. Isonipecotic acid, N-(2-methoxybenzoyl)- undecyl and
4-Octene-2,7-diol, 2,7-dimethyl-, Z are also present in a significant proportion, i.e., 9.19 and 8.94
mole%, respectively. Isonipecotic acid which is an amino acid is used to derivatize to prepare some
antibacterial compound like Methyl 1-(-2-amine-alkylcarbonyl) piperidine-4-carboxylate [22].
Hence, it may be a precursor compound in the aquatic plants like M. hastata (L.) Solms to protect
themselves against bacterial pathogens in their habitat. 4-Octene-2,7-diol, 2,7-dimethyl-, Z is an
essential oil which acts as a repellent in plant body [23]. 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 5,7-dimethoxy-
was present with a mole % of 4.26. Derivatives of 2H-1- Benzopyran-2-Ones are antibacterial
compounds [24]
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Table 2: Molecular structures of the compounds present in the methanol extract.
Name of the
compound
Class of the
compound
Molecular structure
Carbohydrazide
Azide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Sulphoxide
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-
methyl-
Alkaloid
2-Cyclopentene-1-
carboxylic acid, 1-
methyl
Tannin
Cyclohexanone, 2-
methyl-5-(1-
methylethenyl)-
Flavonoid
Estra-1,3,5(10)-
trien-17-one, 3,4-
bis[(trimethylsilyl)o
xy]
Terpenoid
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3-Methyl-4-
isopropylphenol
Phenol
8-hydroxymenthol
Phenol
4-Octene-2,7-diol,
2,7-dimethyl-, Z
Terpenoid
Phenol, 2-(2-
methyl-2-propenyl)-
Phenol
Isonipecotic acid,
N-(2-
methoxybenzoyl)-
undecyl
Napthoquinone
alpha.-
Lumicolchicine
Glucoside
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2H-1-Benzopyran-
2-one, 5,7-
dimethoxy-
Flavonoid
The overall phytochemical profile of the methanol extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms are shown in
Figure 8. It presents the total mole% of various secondary metabolites present in the crude
extract. The study suggests that the extract contained 26.06% phenolic compounds, most of
which are antioxidant [25].
Flavonoid which also has antioxidant properties was traced as 5.5% of total moles have free radical
scavenging and antioxidant activities. The related plant Monochoria vaginalis has been reported to
have antibacterial activity [26].
Figure 8: Phytochemical profile of the extract.
4. Conclusion
The present study suggests that the antioxidant and antibacterial properties showed by methanol
extract may be due to one or more compounds in synergism. The aquatic plant M. hastata (L.) solms
has antibacterial as well as antioxidant activity. The previous study on the related plant Monochoria
vaginalis also confirms this. Hence, the plant may be a repository of such bioactive compounds to be
used in drug industry.
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... An aquatic herb, M. hastata, which belongs to the family Pontederiaceae of the order Commelinales (APG IV) is commonly known as "Arrow-leaf pondweed" in English, "Bara nukha" in Bengali, and "Nilotpalam" in Sanskrit due to its arrow-shaped (hastate) leaf, with long petiole and brilliant purple-blue flowers, respectively [27][28][29][30]. Young shoots, leaves, and roots of this aquatic plant are used as vegetables, laxatives, and treatment of different diseases of several cattle and humans by various ethnic groups in India. ...
... Young shoots, leaves, and roots of this aquatic plant are used as vegetables, laxatives, and treatment of different diseases of several cattle and humans by various ethnic groups in India. According to Misra et al., the bioactive fraction obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of M. hastata leaves has potential antibacterial activity in clinically significant gastrointestinal microflora [27][28][29]. The objectives of the study were to advance the antibacterial activity and investigate the mode of action of the ethyl acetate extracted purified bioactive fraction of M. hastata leaf (EAMh) in clinically significant gastrointestinal microflora using in vitro experimental model. ...
... The bioactive ethyl acetate fraction (EAMh) of M. hastata (L.) Solms leaf was obtained by the procedure as described in our previous work [27][28][29]. The purification of the bioactive component in the ethyl acetate fraction was done by column chromatography using silica gel (60-200 mesh, Merck, Germany) eluted with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (2:3, v/v) mixed with 2-5 drops (~ 50-100 µl in 100 ml solvent mix) of formic acid. ...
Article
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Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms (family Pontederiaceae), an ethnomedicinal aquatic herb, is used to remedy several gastroin-testinal diseases by various ethnic groups in India. The present study aimed to purify and characterize the antibacterial active ingredient against gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and its mode of action using in vitro experimental models. The active lead molecule in the ethyl acetate extract (EA-Mh) fraction has been purified and characterized through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) methods. The anti-enteric efficacy has been evaluated against enteropathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The synergistic and antagonistic studies were done on E. coli MTCC 723 using standard antibiotics (ampicillin and kanamycin, final conc. 50 µg/ml) in a sterilized 96-well micro-plate, incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h. The chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses revealed the presence of tridecanoic acid methyl ester (TAME) in the bioactive fraction. The compound causes significant extracellular leakage activity by disrupting cellular morphology in the Enterococcus faecalis MCC 2041 T and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium MTCC 98, at a dose of 375 μg/ml and 750 μg/ml, respectively. The SEM study shows a significant rupturing of E. coli and E. faecalis cells due to TAME induced autolysis. It has synergistic activity with ampicillin. The in silico molecular docking through the AutoDock Vina 4.2 and GROMACS (ver. 5.1) Charmm27 force field results showed that the TAME had a strong binding affinity Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase B (PDB ID: 5l3j.pdb) protein and caused conformational changes. Thus, the manuscript reports the first time on the characterization of TAME from this plant with a detailed antibacterial mode of action studies.
... The aerial parts of M. hastata (L.) Solms were collected and prepared for extraction as per the method applied in our previous study. [17] Powder sample in different solvents such as absolute n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, 90% methanol in water, 50% methanol in water, and water in a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) was extracted according to the ascending polarity indices applying various extraction techniques. In the infusion extraction technique, the sample was taken in capped conical flasks and soaked with various solvents separately being agitated in an orbital shaker at 100 rpm for 24 h. ...
... The phytochemical profile of volatile compounds present in the most bioactive ethyl acetate extract was assessed by GC-MS analysis applying the same methodology, experimental condition, and instrument, which were applied in our previous experiment. [17] Validation of data and statistical analysis Results of triplicate experiments were taken as statistical data. Arithmetic mean (AM) and standard deviation (SD) of the results were calculated in MS-Excel 2007. ...
... The extracts obtained from its leaf show antibacterial and anti-viral effects. It contains different types of alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, monoacyl glycerol etc. [24] . 20 this plant for in-silico screening against 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 by docking and molecular dynamics simulation. ...
Article
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Using molecular docking and other studies, 20 compounds extracted from Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms were screened, and their inhibitory efficiency examined against main protease (3CLpro) of SARS CoV-2. All the compounds were found to binding with 3CLpro through van der Waals and electrostatic forces of attractions. Among them, Azelaic dihydrazide (ADZ) was found to have the highest docking score. 3CLpro-ADZ complex was studied by MD simulation. ADZ was found to disrupt the structure of 3CLpro after 2 ns. RMSD and RMSF analysis along with sequence and binding energy analysis suggest that ADZ can be a potential drug against SARS CoV-2.
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Some new N’-benzylidene-5-bromothiophene-2-carbohydrazide derivatives possessing thiophene nucleus were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using cup plate method. All the compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity and anti fungal activity
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Oxidative stress has been identified as the root cause of the development and progression of several diseases. Supplementation of exogenous antioxidants or boosting endogenous antioxidant defenses of the body is a promising way of combating the undesirable effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative damage. Plants have an innate ability to biosynthesize a wide range of non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of attenuating ROS- induced oxidative damage. Several in vitro methods have been used to screen plants for their antioxidant potential, and in most of these assays they revealed potent antioxidant activity. However, prior to confirming their in vivo therapeutic efficacy, plant antioxidants have to pass through several physiopharmacological processes. Consequently, the findings of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential assessment studies are not always the same. Nevertheless, the results of in vitro assays have been irrelevantly extrapolated to the therapeutic application of plant antioxidants without undertaking sufficient in vivo studies. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the physiology and redox biology of both plants and humans to improve our understanding of plant antioxidants as therapeutic entities. The applications and limitations of antioxidant activity measurement assays were also highlighted to identify the precise path to be followed for future research in the area of plant antioxidants.
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The antioxidant capacity of essential oils of Mentha spicata L., Mentha x gentilis L., Mentha crispa L., Mentha piperita L. and Mentha x piperita L. was determined by using differential pulse voltammetry. This assay was based on the reduction in the limiting current value of the oxygen electroreduction, which was used to calculate the antioxidant capacity (K) of these species. The species M. x gentilis L. had the highest K value. Cyclic voltammetry experiments confirmed the interaction between the electrode surface and the active compounds present in the essential oils. A simple electrochemical method for determining the ability of active compounds to chelate Fe (II) is proposed.
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A series of Methyl 1-(-2-amine-alkylcarbonyl) piperidine-4-carboxylate derivatives of amino acids (3ae)was synthesized. These new derivative was achieved by treating Isonipecotic acid methyl ester (1)with Boc-protected amino acids (2a-e) using CDI as coupling reagent in MDC at room temperature.Further deprotection with HCl/Dioxane gives the desired product. Structures of the synthesizedcompounds were established on the basis of spectral and elemental analysis. The synthesizedcompounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.
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Artemisia genus (family Asteraceae) has been widely used as medicines and cosmetic. The chemical compositions of essential oils extracted from five Artemisia species (A. anethoides, A. giraldii, A. roxburghiana, A. rubripes and A. sacrorum) were analyzed and the repellent activities of five essential oils were investigated by testing percent repellency (PR) in petri dish against Tribolium castaneum. By GC-MS analysis, the common components of the five essential oils were eucalyptol (11.09%-50.05%), camphor (6.28%-33.10%), terpinen-4-ol (2.46%-12.41%), β-caryophyllene (0.63%-10.68%) and germacrene D (2.28%-10.01%). 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-heptadien-6-ol (11.72%), 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-one (24.80%) and β-farnesene (12.23%) were the characteristic compounds in essential oils of A. sacrorum, A. anethoides and A. rubripes respectively. The essential oils of five plants showed repellent activity against T. castaneum. The PR of others four essential oils were comparable with DEET expect for A. sacrorum. The results indicated that the essential oils of A. anethoides, A. giraldii, A. roxburghiana and A. rubripes had the potential to be developed as repellent for control of T. castaneum.
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2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Coumarin), an important oxygen heterocyclic scaffold, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, displayed a wide range of potential biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this paper, we have synthesized a novel class of 3,7-disubstituted 2H-1-benzopyran- 2-one derivatives (3aa-3hb) bearing a basic ether side chain at C-7 and a substituted phenyl ring at C-3 of the coumarin ring. These compounds have been evaluated for anti-microbial (antibacterial/antifungal) activities. Some of the compounds 3ac, 3ae, 3bb, 3bc have shown significant anti-fungal activities against selective strains. Compound 3ae and 3bc with the MIC values of 1.56 μg/mL displayed better antifungal activity than fluconazole against Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
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This review outlines the antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites and lectins, compounds usually associated to defense mechanisms of plants. Secondary metabolites are separated into nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, non-protein amino acids, amines, alcamides, cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates) and non-nitrogen compounds (monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, sesquiterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and coumarins). Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and their biological properties include cell-cell interactions. This chapter reports solvent organic extracts (mixture of secondary metabolites), isolated secondary metabolites and lectins from plants with antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as antifungal activity towards human and plant pathogens. Mechanisms proposed for antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites and lectins against bacteria and fungi are also discussed. The effects of plant secondary metabolites and lectins on deleterious human and plant microorganisms indicates their perspectives of antimicrobial uses.
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The present study is aimed at investigating the antioxidant and curative effect of the methanolic extract of Monochoria vaginalis(MEMV) against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced acute liver injury in rats in curative models. Toxic control, MEMV and standard drug Silymarin treated rats were received a single dose of CCl4 (150 μl/100 g, 1:1 in ground nut oil). In post-treatment groups, rats were treated with MELA at doses of 100mg and 200mg/kg and Silymarin at a dose of (50mg/kg), 2, 24 and 48hr after CCl4 administration. Rats treated with the extract after the establishment of CCl4 induced liver damage showed significant (p ≤0.05) protection of liver as evidenced from normal AST, ALT, ALP and lipid peroxide levels. Hepatic glutathione levels were significantly (P≤0.05) increased by the treatment with the extracts. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly(p≤0.05) reduced by the extract treatment in curative groups. The antioxidant status of the animals were also assessed by measuring the activity of GSH, Catalase, SOD, GST and GPx. The extent of lipid peroxidation was also measured. Phytochemical screening of this plant revealed the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids which could be responsible for the possible hepatprotective action. This study demonstrates the antioxidant and curative effect of MEMV and thus scientifically proves the use of entire plant in traditional medicine for hepatic disorders.
Book
Asian medicinal plants show great promise in pharmaceutical and cosmetological development. Researchers engaged in the discovery of new leads in these areas need robust conceptual tools and understanding of interrelated basics of botany, ethnobotany, biomolecular pharmacology, phytochemistry, and medicinal chemistry to guide their investigations. Medicinal Plants of China, Korea, and Japan: Bioresources for Tomorrow’s Drugs and Cosmetics explores the fundamental science and demonstrates the compelling potential of these versatile plants, providing an essential resource to stimulate and guide focused inquiry. It is essential that researchers appreciate the chemotaxonomical statuses of these plants, so chapters are arranged according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system of plant taxonomy. The book discusses the history, synonymy, habitat, description, traditional uses, and pharmacochemistry of each plant. Detailed photographs and hand-made botanical plates enable quick and reliable identification of each plant species. Critical analyses of peer-reviewed articles provide the basis for Bioresource sections in each chapter wherein readers are advised, engaged, and guided towards exciting pharmaceutical and cosmetological research proposals. Also included are indexes of botanical terms, pharmacological terms, natural products, and local names. Detailing 200 medicinal plant species carefully selected for their novelty and pharmacological and cosmetological importance, this volume provides a firm starting point for anyone looking forward to unlocking the potential of Asian medicinal plants. In addition, this invaluable book identifies numerous patentable leads.