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IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology
http://www.irjmst.com Page 225
In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Profile of
Methanol Extract of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Leaf
Debabrata Misra
Email: dmisra77@gmail.com
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda – 732 103, West Bengal, India
Manab Mandal
manabmandal130@gmail.com
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda – 732 103, West Bengal, India
Narendra Nath Ghosh
ghosh.naren13@gmail.com
Department of Chemistry
University of Gour Banga
Malda – 732 103, West Bengal, India
Vivekananda Mandal*
vivek.bot@ugb.ac.in
Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Gour Banga
Malda – 732 103, West Bengal, India
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy, and its phytochemical compounds in
the methanol extract of leaves of a folkloric aquatic medicinal herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
Methods: Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method and antioxidant activity
was assessed by evaluating the potentiality of free radical scavenging following standard
biochemical methods. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). Results and Discussion: Methanol extract of leaf of Monochoria hastata
(L.) Solms showed the OH radical scavenging antioxidant activity with IC50 value 0.97 mg/ml and
antibacterial activity against B. cereus, B. paraflexus and E. coli. The highest zone inhibition
diameter was 10 mm against B. paraflexus at a concentration of . Major compounds were 8-
hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide in a mole% of 22.21, 21.42 and 16.53,
respectively. Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract belong to alkaloid,
flavonoid, glucoside, napthoquinone, phenol, tannin, terpenoid and other secondary metabolites.
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology
http://www.irjmst.com Page 226
Conclusions: The methanol extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms leaf showed antibacterial as well as
antioxidant efficacy and contained mjor bioactive compounds like 8-hydroxymenthol, Dimethyl
Sulfoxide and Carbohydrazide .
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
INTRODUCTION
The organic compounds derived from natural sources are often called the natural products. The use
of natural products in health and wellbeing, agriculture, and industry is dated back to thousands of
years. Since the ancient ages, people use natural extracts to generate useful materials such as
medicines, dyes, toxins, fuels and many others. Natural products of human interests are produced
from a vast array of biological sources like plants, microbes, arthropods, and animals [1]. Majority of
natural product knowledge is related to the understanding on the applications of plants in medicinal
uses. Archaeological evidences indicate that approximately 60,000 years ago, the Palaeolithic men
also knew the use of some medicinal plants. Since then, the plants and their natural products are
significantly used world widely in herbal preparations and in modern day’s drug industry as the
novel sources of medicines. In 1,500 BC, the ancient Egyptians documented more than 850 plant
medicines including garlic, juniper, hemp, castor bean, aloe, mandrake and many more in Ebers
Papyrus [2]. In India, the herbal medicines are being used most probably as early as 1,900 BC. The
Sanskrit writings like the Rig Veda which was written around 1,500 B.C. and the Atharva Veda were
the bases of Ayurveda system of medicine which was later enriched by ancient herbalists such as
Charaka and Shushruta around 1,000 BC. The Sushruta Samhita attributed to Sushruta in the 6th
century BC describes 700 medicinal plants. Secondary metabolites (e.g. steroids, quinines, alkaloids,
terpenoids and flavonoids) of plants have no apparent function in a plant’s primary metabolism, but
often have an ecological role, as pollinator attractants, represent chemical adaptations to
environmental stresses or serve as chemical defense against micro-organisms, insects and
higher predators and even other plants (allelochemics) [3]. Hence, plants contain various biologically
active compounds. In plants, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes are the major sites of
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2● -),
nitric oxide (NO●), peroxinitrite (ONOO−) and reactive sulfur species (RSS) which are formed from
thiols by reaction with ROS within plant cells. These free radicals are also produced in animal
system due to various oxidation-reduction metabolisms. Plants have efficient complex enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems to avoid the toxic effects of such free radicals.
Enzymatic systems include Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)-producing flavin oxidases, glutathione peroxidise (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR),
while non-enzymatic systems consist of low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic acid or
vitamin-C, glutathione, proline, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) and high molecular
weight secondary metabolites such as tannins. These compounds are also active in animal system.
So, plants have antioxidant potentiality [4]. Many plant derived compounds of different metabolite
class have antibacterial efficacy against various microorganism also [5]. Drug resistant bacteria
strains are more pathogenic with high mortality rate and become a great challenge in the
pharmaceutical and healthcare industry. To overcome microbial drug resistance developed by
microorganisms, scientists are looking forward for the development of alternative and novel drugs
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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[6]. An ethnomedicinally used aquatic herb Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms which belongs to the
family Pontederiaceae has been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds, as an alternative,
refrigerant and tonic [7]. Traditionally, the Bodo, Koch-Rajbongshi and Rangia tribes of West
Bengal, India have been using the young shoots and leaf juice (30-45 ml) mixed with honey (10-15
ml) taken twice daily for a month regularly to cure boils [8]. A study, reported that M. hastata (L.)
Solms may contain some anticancer and antibacterial phenyl phenalenones such as monolaterol as it
is present in Monochoria elata Ridl [9]. Present study is a perusal to the antibacterial and antioxidant
activity of methanol extract of leaves of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection, authentication, sample preparation and extraction
The entire plant including the aerial and underground parts of the plant under study were collected in
the summer and the monsoon seasons from the water body of Jalalpur village of Kaliachak-I
development block of Malda district (25032’08” N-24040’20” N latitude & 88028’10” E-87045’50” E
longitude) in West Bengal (India). A shade dried flowering twig was prepared into herbarium sheet
as voucher specimen (Tag No. UGB/DM/01) and was submitted to the Central National Herbarium
of Botanical Survey of India, Howrah-711 103, West Bengal, India for identification. Collected plant
materials were washed thoroughly under running tap water and rinsed with distilled water. The
leaves with long petioles were segregated from the underground part and were dried in hot air
chamber at 50°C for one week. The dried samples were then grinded into powder using a mixer-
grinder machine and the powder sample was stored at 4°C in an air tight container. Powder sample in
different solvents like absolute n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
methanol, 90% methanol in water, 50% methanol in water and water in a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) was
extracted according to ascending polarity indices applying Soxhlet technique at 40°C for 48 hrs. The
extracts were then passed through the Whatman No. 1 filter papers and filtrates were made pigment
free by passing through an activated charcoal column. The filtrates were collected and concentrated
by rotary vacuum evaporator (Superfit Rotary Vacuum Evaporator, R-150, Mumbai, India). The 50%
methanol extract is used to assess antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
2.2. Assessment of in-vitro antioxidant activity
Various radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity of methanol extract was evaluated
by using standard protocols with minor modifications which are described below.
2.2.1. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
DPPH radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Blois (1958) [10].
0.1 ml of plant sample of different concentrations (0.1 to 1mg/ml) was poured in each test tube and
reacted with 2.9 ml of 0.1mM methanolic DPPH solution for 30 min. Ascorbic acid at the
concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the absorbance was read at 517 nm
against a blank and scavenging effect was calculated using the following formula.
Scavenging % = (Ao-As)/Ao×100, where Ao = OD of Blank, As = OD of Sample
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology
http://www.irjmst.com Page 228
2.2.2. Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Yu et al. (2004)
[11]. 1.5 ml of plant sample of different concentrations (0.1 to 1mg/ml) was poured in each test tube
and mixed with 60 µl 1mM FeCl3 and 90 µl 1 mM phenanthroline. Then 2.4 ml of 0.2 M phosphate
buffer at pH-7.8 was added and reacted with 150 µl 0.17 M hydrogen peroxide for 5 min. Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid) at the concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the absorbance was
read at 560 nm against a blank and scavenging effect was calculated using the same formula.
2.2.3. Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity
Nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were evaluated by the method described by Garratt (1964)
[12]. 0.5 ml of plant sample of different concentrations was taken in each test tube and mixed with 2
ml 10mM sodium nitroprusside in 0.5 ml 0.5 M phosphate buffer at pH-7.4. The reaction mixture
was incubated at 37°C for 1 hr. Griess reagent (0.1% Naphthyl-ethylenediamine mixed with 1%
sulphanilic acid in 5% phosphoric acid) was added drop wise and absorbance was read at 540 nm
against a blank. Vitamin C at the concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml was taken as standard and the
scavenging effect was calculated using the same formula.
2.2.4. Phosphomolybdanum antioxidative power (PAP) assay
The total antioxidant activities of plant samples were determined by PAP assay following the method
of Prieto et al. (1999) [13].10 µl leaf extract taken in a test tube was mixed with 1 ml reagent
containing 4 mM ammonium molybdate, 28 mM sodium phosphate in 0.6 M sulphuric acid (1:1:2).
The reaction mixture was incubated at 95°C for 90 min in hot water bath. Griess reagent was added
drop-wise. Absorbance was read at 695 nm against a blank and mg equivalent ascorbic acid (AS) per
g of dry weight (dw) was calculated from the standard curve of ascorbic acid at the concentration of
0.1 to 1 mg/ml. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was taken as positive control.
2.3. Assessment of in-vitro antibacterial activity
2.3.1. Procurement and maintenance of microorganisms
Bacterial test strains of Bacillus cereus MTCC 1272 (B. cereus), Bacillus paraflexus MTCC 9831T
(B. paraflexus), Escherichia coli MTCC 571 (E. coli) which were procured from the Microbial
Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India and the Microbial Culture
Collection (MCC), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India, were used for antibacterial
assessment. These two resource houses are the affiliate members of the World Federation for
Culture Collections (WFCC) and MCC is registered with the World Data Centre for
Microorganisms (WDCM, registration number 930). The strains were maintained on nutrient agar
slants at 4 °C and activated at 37°C for 24 hr on 1.3% nutrient broth in 2% agar (HiMedia, Mumbai,
India) before any susceptibility test.
2.3.2. Antibacterial bioassay
Antibacterial activity of the Soxhlet extracted concentrated fraction was assayed by agar well
diffusion method [14]. Overnight culture of each bacterial strain grown in 1.3% nutrient broth was
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard containing 1.5x108 colony forming units (CFU/ml) for
inoculation. Isolates were seeded on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) (HiMedia M173-500G) plates by
using sterilized swabs. The surface of the medium was allowed to dry for 3 – 10 min. Agar surface
was bored by using sterilized cork borer to make wells (7 mm diameter). 20 µl each of the
concentrated fraction (100 mg/ml) was placed into the well as treatment. 3µl Ciprofloxacin
(50µg/ml) was used as positive control and respective solvents as negative control. Plates were
incubated at 37°C for 24 hours after which microbial growth inhibition was determined by measuring
the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm).
2.4. Validation of data and statistical analysis
All the experiments had been performed in triplicate. Arithmetic Mean (AM) and standard error of
mean (SEM) of all the results were calculated. The data were statistically validated as arithmetic
mean ± standard error of mean (AM ± SEM). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software was used for the
graphical presentation and determination of IC50 values of antioxidant activity.
2.5. Phytochemical profiling
Different compounds present in the 50% methanol extract had been identified by gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out by using
the GC-MS instrument (Model 7890B GC-240 ION TRAP MS, Agilent Technologies, USA)
equipped with a capillary column VF-5MS (Length-30m, ID-0.25 mm, Film-0.25 µm, Max temp-
3250 C) with the capability of a scan rate of 3 microscans (1.44 seconds/scan) with a data rate of 0.69
Hz and mass detection range of m/z 10-1000. The instrument was operated in electron impact mode
at an emission current of 25 Amps, maximum ion time of 65000 μ Seconds, target TIC of 20000
counts, injector temperature of 2500 C, and detector temperature of 3000 C. The sample was loaded at
a pressure of 7.6522 psi and a flow rate of 1mL/min at an average velocity of 36.445 cm/sec with a
holdup time of 1.3719 min for a run time of 32 min. The oven temperature was initially programmed
at 500 C (isothermal for 2 min.) and then increased to 2500 C at 80 C/min (isothermal for 5 min) and
finally to 3000 C (isothermal for 5 min) at the post-run session. The identification of compounds from
the spectral data was based on the available mass spectral records of NIST library and calculation of
Mole % for different compounds was determined by the following formula:
Mole % = Ai/Ac × 100, where, Ai = Peak area count of individual compound and Ac = Cumulative
peak area count of all compounds.
Resuts and Discussion
3.1. Authentication of plant sample
The plant under study which is shown in Figure 1 was identified as Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms
by Dr. R. Gogoi, Scientist-D of the Central National Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India,
Howrah.
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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Figure 1: Juvenile to mature plants of Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms with inflorescence (right
to left).
3.2. In-vitro antioxidant activity
3.2.1. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually decreased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 2. Hence, the experiment revealed that the methanol
extract of the plant had no DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 2: DPPH radical scavenging activity
3.2.2. Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity
In the OH radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually increased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 3. It showed the antioxidant activity with IC50 value
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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0.97 mg/ml, i.e., 0.97 mg/ml of crude plant sample was able to inhibit 50% of the OH free radical
pool while the IC50 value for the pure ascorbic acid was 0.47 mg/ml. Hence, the experiment revealed
that the methanol extract of the plant had OH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 3: OH radical scavenging activity
3.2.3. Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity
In the NO radical scavenging assay, the scavenging per cent is gradually decreased along the
concentration gradient which is shown in Figure 4. Hence, the experiment revealed that the methanol
extract of the plant had no NO radical scavenging activity.
Figure 4: NO radical scavenging activity
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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3.2.4. Phosphomolybdanum antioxidative power (PAP) assay
The methanol extract showed the total antioxidant activity in terms of phosphomolybdanum
antioxidative power which is displayed in Figure 5. It had 0.016 mg ascorbic acid equivalent
antioxidant components/g dry extract.
Figure 5: Total antioxidant PAP activity
3.3. Assessment of in-vitro antibacterial activity
The crude extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. cereus, B. paraflexus and E. coli
which is shown in Figure 6. The highest zone inhibition diameter was 10 mm against B. flexus which
is closed to that in the case of antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin which showed 17 mm diameter of zone
inhibition.
Figure 6: Antibacterial activity
3.4. GC-MS analysis and phytochemical profiling
The GC-MS chromatogram which is shown in Figure 7 showed 14 compound peaks among which 2
peaks are of same compound. Hence, total 13 compounds were present in the crude extract.
Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract were tabulated in the Table: 1. The
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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molecular structures of different compounds present in the methanol extract were shown in the Table
2.
Figure 7: GC-MS Chromatogram the methanol extract.
Table 1: Phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extract.
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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Compounds in 50% Methanol extract
Pea
k
No.
Retenti
on time
(min)
Name of the
compound
NIST
Match
Factor:
Normal
-
Forwar
d
Chemical
formula
m/z (ma
ss-to-
charge
ratio)
Molecu
lar
weight
(g/mol)
Amou
nt
(Coun
ts)
Mol
e %
1
4.198
Carbohydrazide
640 in
replib
C44H50N2O12
32.00
90.086
71518
8
16.
53
2
5.274
Dimethyl
Sulfoxide
7329 in
replib
C2H6OS or (CH
3)2SO
63.00
78.129
92704
4
21.
42
3
9.205
2-Pyrrolidinone,
1-methyl-
14141
in
replib
C5H9NO
99.00
99.133
55202
1.2
8
4
10.177
2-Cyclopentene-
1-carboxylic acid,
1-methyl
45767 in
mainlib
C7H10O2
81.00
126.15
96762
2.2
4
5
12.267
Cyclohexanone,
2-methyl-5-(1-
methylethenyl)-
30335 in
mainlib
C10H16O
67.00
152.23
55854
1.2
9
6 &
13
13.799
&
21.073
Estra-1,3,5(10)-
trien-17-one, 3,4-
bis[(trimethylsilyl
)oxy]
210593
in
mainlib
&
210593
in
mainlib
C24H38O3Si2
430.00
430.735
10896
6 &
11588
9
5.2
0
7
14.000
3-Methyl-4-
isopropylphenol
107770
in
mainlib
C10H14O
135.00
150.221
70218
1.6
2
8
14.786
8-
hydroxymenthol
45595 in
mainlib
C10H20O2
81.00
172.26
96112
0
22.
21
9
15.158
4-Octene-2,7-
diol, 2,7-
dimethyl-, Z
27749 in
mainlib
C10H20O2
59.00
172.26
38691
2
8.9
4
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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10
15.243
Phenol, 2-(2-
methyl-2-
propenyl)-
105001
in
mainlib
C10H12O
133.00
148.20
96537
2.2
3
11
16.558
Isonipecotic acid,
N-(2-
methoxybenzoyl)
- undecyl
193701
in
mainlib
C25H39NO4
282.00
417.58
39767
3
9.1
9
12
18.988
Alpha.-
Lumicolchicine
205997
in
mainlib
C44H50N2O12
356.00
798.89
15458
9
3.5
7
14
24.012
2H-1-
Benzopyran-2-
one, 5,7-
dimethoxy-
165953
in
mainlib
C11H10O4
206.00
206.19
18451
8
4.2
6
The peak at the retention time of 14.786 min was the base peak with 22.21 mole % and the library
search result confirmed it as 8-hydroxymenthol. Other compounds which were present in the major
proportions were Carbohydrazide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide which occupied 16.53% and 21.42% of
total mole, respectively. Menthol is an active antibacterial compound [15, 16]. It is a volatile oil.
Volatile oils are allelopathic compounds which protects the plant from various pathogens. Various
derivatives of Carbohydrazide are also antibacterial compounds and potent DNA gyrase inhibitors
[17, 18, 19]. Dimethylsulfoxide has antibacterial property against E. coli and other bacteria strains
responsible for food borne diseases [20, 21]. Isonipecotic acid, N-(2-methoxybenzoyl)- undecyl and
4-Octene-2,7-diol, 2,7-dimethyl-, Z are also present in a significant proportion, i.e., 9.19 and 8.94
mole%, respectively. Isonipecotic acid which is an amino acid is used to derivatize to prepare some
antibacterial compound like Methyl 1-(-2-amine-alkylcarbonyl) piperidine-4-carboxylate [22].
Hence, it may be a precursor compound in the aquatic plants like M. hastata (L.) Solms to protect
themselves against bacterial pathogens in their habitat. 4-Octene-2,7-diol, 2,7-dimethyl-, Z is an
essential oil which acts as a repellent in plant body [23]. 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 5,7-dimethoxy-
was present with a mole % of 4.26. Derivatives of 2H-1- Benzopyran-2-Ones are antibacterial
compounds [24]
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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Table 2: Molecular structures of the compounds present in the methanol extract.
Name of the
compound
Class of the
compound
Molecular structure
Carbohydrazide
Azide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Sulphoxide
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-
methyl-
Alkaloid
2-Cyclopentene-1-
carboxylic acid, 1-
methyl
Tannin
Cyclohexanone, 2-
methyl-5-(1-
methylethenyl)-
Flavonoid
Estra-1,3,5(10)-
trien-17-one, 3,4-
bis[(trimethylsilyl)o
xy]
Terpenoid
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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3-Methyl-4-
isopropylphenol
Phenol
8-hydroxymenthol
Phenol
4-Octene-2,7-diol,
2,7-dimethyl-, Z
Terpenoid
Phenol, 2-(2-
methyl-2-propenyl)-
Phenol
Isonipecotic acid,
N-(2-
methoxybenzoyl)-
undecyl
Napthoquinone
alpha.-
Lumicolchicine
Glucoside
IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367 (Print)
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2H-1-Benzopyran-
2-one, 5,7-
dimethoxy-
Flavonoid
The overall phytochemical profile of the methanol extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms are shown in
Figure 8. It presents the total mole% of various secondary metabolites present in the crude
extract. The study suggests that the extract contained 26.06% phenolic compounds, most of
which are antioxidant [25].
Flavonoid which also has antioxidant properties was traced as 5.5% of total moles have free radical
scavenging and antioxidant activities. The related plant Monochoria vaginalis has been reported to
have antibacterial activity [26].
Figure 8: Phytochemical profile of the extract.
4. Conclusion
The present study suggests that the antioxidant and antibacterial properties showed by methanol
extract may be due to one or more compounds in synergism. The aquatic plant M. hastata (L.) solms
has antibacterial as well as antioxidant activity. The previous study on the related plant Monochoria
vaginalis also confirms this. Hence, the plant may be a repository of such bioactive compounds to be
used in drug industry.
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