Fishes of the Middle Stretch of River Tawa, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Ichthyofaunal documentation is regarded as one of the major issues of enabling
sustainable use of natural resources and play a vital role in analyzing status of fish species
(threatened, endangered, dominant, abundance etc). River Tawa, an important river in
central India, supports rich fish diversity, a major source of livelihood and food.
Unfortunately, systematic study of fish diversity in R. Tawa has been neglected and the
information on these aspects is scanty, either very old and not been updated for decade.
With this in view, the study was conducted. This contribution focuses on the diversity of
fish, their human use and conservation status in middle stretch of the river. The present
study revealed that 57 fish species belonging to 35 genera, 13 families and 06 orders have
so far been identified. Besides this, the river supports 25 ornamental fish with (43.85%),
and 17 aquacultural fish with (29.82%). In addition to the above, trophic structure
indicated dominance of herbivore with 19 fish species (33.33%) followed by carnivore 15
species (26.31%) and omnivore with 16 species (28.07%) while 4 species (7.01%) was not
evaluated. As per red list of threatened species, 4 species belonging to near threatened
(NT) category and 1 belonging to vulnerable category. The fish species were also divided
into different groups like major carps, catfishes, murrels, eels, feather back etc. To save
this diversity and to a sustainable fishery practice in the country, proper documentation
leading to fish diversity information system is an urgent need of the present day.

Full text

November 2012- January 2013, Vol. 3, No. 1,706-716. e- ISSN: 2249 –1929
Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
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Section B: Biological Science
CODEN (USA): JCBPAT
Research Article
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J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. A, 2013, Vol.3, No.1, 706-716.
Fishes of the Middle Stretch of River Tawa,
Madhya Pradesh, India
A.K. Bose
1
*, B. C. Jha
1
, V. R. Suresh
1
, A. K. Das
1
, A. Parasar
2
and Ridhi
1
1
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute,Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
2
S. N. G. G. P.G (Autonomus) College, Bhopal,M.P.India
Received: 12 January 2013; Revised: 20 January 2013; Accepted: 25 January 2013
Abstract:
Ichthyofaunal documentation is regarded as one of the major issues of enabling
sustainable use of natural resources and play a vital role in analyzing status of fish species
(threatened, endangered, dominant, abundance etc). River Tawa, an important river in
central India, supports rich fish diversity, a major source of livelihood and food.
Unfortunately, systematic study of fish diversity in R. Tawa has been neglected and the
information on these aspects is scanty, either very old and not been updated for decade.
With this in view, the study was conducted. This contribution focuses on the diversity of
fish, their human use and conservation status in middle stretch of the river. The present
study revealed that 57 fish species belonging to 35 genera, 13 families and 06 orders have
so far been identified. Besides this, the river supports 25 ornamental fish with (43.85%),
and 17 aquacultural fish with (29.82%). In addition to the above, trophic structure
indicated dominance of herbivore with 19 fish species (33.33%) followed by carnivore 15
species (26.31%) and omnivore with 16 species (28.07%) while 4 species (7.01%) was not
evaluated. As per red list of threatened species, 4 species belonging to near threatened
(NT) category and 1 belonging to vulnerable category. The fish species were also divided
into different groups like major carps, catfishes, murrels, eels, feather back etc. To save
this diversity and to a sustainable fishery practice in the country, proper documentation
leading to fish diversity information system is an urgent need of the present day.
Keywords: River Tawa, Fish diversity, Human use, Conservation status, Madhya Pradesh

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INTRODUCTION
The biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem, protection of overall environmental quality for
understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the earth
1
. In recent times, biological diversity has assumed
great significance, especially after the earth summit. Precisely, the ichthyofaunal diversity refers to variety
of fish species
2
. Besides this, fisheries are emerging as an important economic activity globally. Fisheries
play an instrumental role in the socio-economic development of the country, as it is a valuable source of
livelihood for a huge section of economically backward population. It also generates gainful employment,
alternate income and stimulates growth of new subsidiary industries. The study and conservation of
ichthyofaunal diversity is not merely a topic of scientific quest as it has great economic, aesthetic and
moral significance thereby having relevance on the very survival of humanity on this planet. The earth has
the distinction of supporting huge ichthyofaunal diversity; represent more than half of the total number of
vertebrate in the world. Out of 39,900 species of vertebrates ichthyofaunal diversity display 8,411 are
freshwater species and 11,650 are marine, which is falls under 4044 genera, 445 families and 50 orders
throughout the world, over 40% live in freshwater and majority of them live in tropics
3
. The Indian fish
fauna is an assemblage of about 2500 species depicting diverse characteristics, of which 930 belonging to
326 genera, inhabiting the inland waters
4
and 1570 marine
5
. Out of these 400 species are commercial
important, which include cultured, cultivable and wild. On the global scale, Indian fish represents 11 % of
specie, 24% of genera, and 57% of families
6
.
Madhya Pradesh, pronounced “Central Province”; abbreviated (M.P), often called the “Heart of India” is a
state in central India, is the second largest state by area. The state possesses one of the oldest mountain
ranges the Vindhyas (1,400 million years old) and the Satpuras (1,000 million years old) other than
Himalayas
7
, which are the mother source of great river basins. There are ten river basins in Madhya
Pradesh as ten major rivers originate from the state and most of the rivers are interstate. The rivers of the
State have diverse ichthyofaunal diversity. Although, studies on the fish fauna of the river of Madhya
Pradesh have been made by several authors and some of the pioneer and important contribution were made
by
8-20
.
In addition to the above, R. Tawa is one of the principal and biggest left bank tributary of the Narmada
river of central India, as well as important river in Madhya Pradesh. However, no separate record of fish
fauna of river Tawa is available except a report of (CIFRI 2000) on fisheries of Tawa reservoir
21
. In
absence of proper information, it is difficult to assess status of any species and to proper its conservation
and management plan. Besides this, fish diversity of Madhya Pradesh is facing serious threats as reported
by many workers. Some disturbing trends are already discernible in fish diversity and fisheries of river
Tawa. As a result, a number of fish species either have become extinct or have reached at the verge of
extinction. Therefore, ichthyofaunal documentation is important to analyze status of fish species and also
helps us for future planning to improve and conserve the biodiversity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study, conducted in R. Tawa, has been an attempt to evaluate the fish diversity, their human
use and conservation status. R. Tawa rises from Mahadeo hills of the Satpura range in the Chhindwara
district of Madhya Pradesh and flows through district Betul and finally join in Narmada from the left at
Bandrabhan village at a distance of approximately 8 km northeast of Hosangabad town. Its origin is at
22°13’N and 78° 23’E. The Denwa is its important tributary. As far as the physio-geographical data of R.
Tawa is concerned, the total length of the river is 169 km
22
while it is 172 km
23
. The study has been carried
out over a period of March 2010 - February 2012, covering middle stretch of R. Tawa (below Nandiya

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Ghat to Tawa reservoir, at a stretch of approximate 67 km (Fig. 1). The study area is located in
Hosangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.
Fig. 1: Map showing study area along river Tawa
Collection of fish samples: Fish samples were collected / recorded from various sampling sites under each
sampling station, including the reservoirs. The sampling was carried out seasonally covering pre-monsoon,
monsoon, post-monsoon and winter season. Experimental fishing was carried out with the help of local
fishers using gill net, cast net, drag net, scoop net including hooks and lines. The nets had different mesh
sizes according to the size of the fishes to be caught. Collection of fish samples was taken at every habitat
type along the stretch, using all sampling methods, such that as far as possible. Fish samples were also
collected from landing centers associated with the river in stretch to monitor and verifying the presence of
any species which was not available during experimental fishing. The samples were photographed,
immediately prior to preservation as formalin decolorizes the fish colour on long preservation.

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Preservation: As soon as the small fishes were collected they were directly placed in a wide mouth jar
having 2-5 liter capacity with formalin solution. Formalin solution was prepared by diluting one part of
concentrated formalin with nine parts of water i.e., 10% formalin. After a couple of minutes, the fishes
died and all the fin expanded which made counting of fin rays very easily. This is an important step for
proper identification of many species of fishes. While larger fishes were given an incision on the abdomen
before being fixed, a small narrow cut was made on the abdominal wall slightly towards one side of the
mid-ventral line. Care being taken to avoid deep cut which may damage the fish and also not to expose the
viscera. For fishes longer than 30 cm, were injected with concentrated formalin solution at several places.
The fishes collected and fixed were labeled properly giving serial numbers, exact locality from where
collected; date of the collection, common and local name of fish. Separate jars were used for preserving
individual species and brought to the laboratory for identification.
Identification: The samples were identified following
24-27
and
4
. Besides, the various morphological
characters, shape, colours etc were recorded. Some morhphometric and meristic features were also taken
into consideration for proper identification of fishes. The morhphometric characters were taken into
consideration viz. total length, standard length, head length etc. The meristic features taken were number of
spines, rays, barbells, number of lateral line scales etc. The nomenclature followed was based on
28
. The
IUCN Red List of Threatened species was followed to assign the conservation status
29
.
Preparation of specimen and labeling: Having been identified all the collected fishes they were now
ready for specimen preparation. First of all glass or plastic jar was procured for keeping the identifying
fishes. 5-10% formalin is prepared for preserving the specimen. The fishes were taken and attached with
thread to a glass slide. After this the fish was transferred into the jar containing formalin and covered with
cap (in this case plastic jar). The fishes were kept inside jar, labeled with proper label indicating the
classification of fishes up to species level.
Results and Discussion: The present study revealed that 57 fish species belonging to 35 genera, 13
families and 06 orders have so far been identified (Table1). Order wise distribution shows Cypriniformes
represents 3 families 19 genera and 34 species out of them family Cyprinidae represents 17 genera and 32
species, family Balitoridae and Cobitidae represents 1 genus and 1 species each. Order Perciformes
represents 4 families, 6 genera and 9 species. Out of them family Amabssidae represents 2 genera and 2
species, family Channidae represents 1 genus and 4 species, Gobiidae represents 1 genus and 1 species
while Nandidae represents 2 genera and 2 species. Order Silurifomes constitute 3 families, 6 genera and 9
species. Out of them family Bagaridae represents 2 genera and 5 species, while family Siluridae and
Schilbeidae represents 2 genera and 2 species each. Order Synbmchiformes represents only one family
Mastecembelidae with 2 genera and 2 species. Order Beloniformes and Osteoglsssiformes both represent
one family each Belonidae and Notopteridae respectively with one genus and one species (Fig 2).
Percentage wise species compsition shows Cypriniformes was the dominant order constitutes (59.64%),
out of them family Cyprinidae represents (56.14%), family Balitoridae and Cobitidae both represents
(1.75%) each, followed by order Perciformes represents (15.78%) including Amabssidae (3.50%),
Chhanidae (7.01%), Nandidae (3.50%) while Gobidae represents (1.75%). Order Siluriformes constitute
(15.78%) including family Bagaridae (8.77%), Siluridae and Schilbeidae (3.50%) each. Order
Synbrnchiformes constitute one family Mastecembelidae with (3.50%), while Order Beloniformes and
Osteoglossiformes both was constitute one family each Belonidae and Notopteridae respectively
contributes (1.75%) each (Fig 3). The fish species were also divided into different groups like major carps,
catfishes, murrels, spiny eels, feather back etc (Fig 4).

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Table-1: Fish species their local name, common name, feeding guild, human use and conservation status in middle stretch of river Tawa
Sl.No Order-Cypriniformes Local name Common name Feeding guild Human use IUCN cons. status
Family-Cyprinidae
Species
1 Amblypharyngodon mala (Hamilton, 1822) Mola Mola carplet H NI Least Concern (LC)
2 Barilius bendalensis (Hamilton, 1807) Jhora, Persee Indian hill trout C C Least Concern (LC)
3 Barilius barila (Hamilton, 1822) Jhora, Persee Barred baril H NI Least Concern (LC)
4 Barilius vagra (Hamilton, 1822) Persee Indian hill trout H NI Least Concern (LC)
5 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) Katla Catla H A,G Least Concern (LC)
6 Cirrhinus cirrhosus/mrigla (Bloch, 1793) Naren Mrigal carp O C,A,G Vulnerable (VU)
7 Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) Bhinjri, Rewah Reba carp O Least Concern (LC)
8 Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton, 1822) Gauma Gangetic latia O NI Least Concern (LC)
9 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) Grass carp Grass carp H A, G Not evaluated (NE)
10 Cyprinus carpio carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Common carp Common carp O O,A,G Vulnerable (VU)
11 Devario devario (Hamilton, 1822) Patai, Debari Sind danio H O Least Concern (LC)
12 Garra gotyla gotyla (Gray, 1830) Pathar chata Sucker head H MC Not evaluated (NE)
13 Garra mullya (Sykes, 1839) Pathar chata Mullya garra, Stone sucker H NI Not evaluated (NE)
14 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) Silver carp Silver carp H C,A Near Threatened (NT)
15 Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) Bhana Bata H A Least Concern (LC)
16 Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839) Nunia Boggut labeo H A Least Concern (LC)
17 Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) Kalot Orangefin labeo O A Least Concern (LC)
18 Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822) Kusra Kuria labeo H A Least Concern (LC)
19 Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Rohu Rohita H A,G Least Concern (LC)
20 Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton, 1822) Chal Indian glass barb C O Least Concern (LC)
21 Osteobrama cotio cotio (Hamilton, 1822) Bhoiya, Gooradah Cotio NI Least Concern (LC)
22 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes, 1842) Karita, GuIdi Scarlet-banded barb O SF Data Deficient (DD)
23 Puntius chola (Hamilton, 1822) Karita, Kerrundi Swamp barb /Chola barb H O Least Concern (LC)

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24 Puntius conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) Karita, Pothi Rosy barb O O Least Concern (LC)
25 Puntius gelius (Hamilton, 1822) Karita, Pothi Golden barb O O Least Concern (LC)
26 Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822) Karpata Olive barb H MC,G,O Least Concern (LC)
27 Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) Karita, Katcha-karawa
Pool barb/Spotfin swamp
barb
H O Least Concern (LC)
28 Puntius ticto (Hamilton, 1822) Karita, Kaoli Ticto barb H O Least Concern (LC)
29 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822) Dhera Slender rasbora H MC,O Least Concern (LC)
30 Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton, 1822) Chelliah Large razorbelly minnow O Least Concern (LC)
31 Salmophasia orissaensis (Day, 1874) Chelliah Boopis razorbelly minnow NI Least Concern (LC)
32 Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822) Badas, Mahaseer Tor barb (mahseer)
A,G Near Threatened (NT)
Family- Balitoridae
33 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton, 1822) Gunguai, Gunguch Mottled loach/Striped loach O NI Least Concern (LC)
Family- Cobitidae
34 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) Gungunch Guntea loach O Least Concern (LC)
Order-Perciformes
Family- Ambassidae
35 Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822 Kakhai, Chahal Elongate glass-perchlet O O Least Concern (LC)
36 Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822) Kakhai, Chahal Indian glassy fish O SF, O Least Concern (LC)
Family- Channidae
37 Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822) Sambhal, Kharra, Dhok Great snakehead C O,A,G Least Concern (LC)
38 Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) Mathia, Bhutna, Gilwa Brown snakehead C A,O Least Concern (LC)
39 Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793) Sambhal, Kabra- mathia Spotted snakehead C A,O Least Concern (LC)
40 Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) Morrul, Samhal Striped snakehead C C,A,O Least Concern (LC)
Family- Gobiidae
41 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) Khasua Tank goby O MC,O Not evaluated (NE)
Family- Nandidae
42 Badis badis (Hamilton, 1822) Kali Potiah Badis, Mud perches H O Least Concern (LC)
43 Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822) Bongal, Singer, Chamri Gangetic leaffish C C,O Least Concern (LC)
Order-Siluriformes
Family- Bagridae

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44 Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1877) Katua, Tengra Day's mystus C O Least Concern (LC)
45 Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822) Tengra Gangetic mystus C C Least Concern (LC)
46 Mystus vitatus (Bloch, 1794) Singharh Striped dwarf catfish C O Least Concern (LC)
47 Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822) Kohra, Singharh Long-whiskered catfish C C,G Least Concern (LC)
48 Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839) Singharh , Ari Giant river-catfish C A,G Least Concern (LC)
Family- Siluridae
49 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) Pabda Butter catfish C A,O Near Threatened (NT)
50 Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Padhin Wallago C G Near Threatened (NT)
Family- Schilbeidae
51 Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) Bhekri Garua bachcha C C,G Least Concern (LC)
52 Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton, 1822) Vacha
C C,G Least Concern (LC)
Order-Synbranchiformes
Family-Mastacembeidae
53 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800) Baam, Karbaam Zig-zag eel, Spiny eel C O Least Concern (LC)
54 Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton, 1822 Baam Barred spiny eel O MC Least Concern (LC)
Order-Beloniformes
Family-Belonidae
55 Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822) Suja Freshwater garfish O MC,O Least Concern (LC)
OrderOsteoglossiformes
Family-Notopteridae
57 Notopterus notopterus (pallas, 1769) Patbla Bronze featherback C A,O Least Concern (LC)
*Feeding guild (H-Herbivore, O-Omnivore and C- carnivore) Odyuo and Nagesh 2011.
*Human Use (O- Ornamental value, G- Game fish, A- Aquacultura, C- Commercial, A+O- Aquaculture+Ornamental value, A+G- Aquaculture+ Game fish, A+O+G-
Aquaculture+Ornamental value+ Game fish, MC- Minor commercial, MC+O- Minor commercial+ Ornamental value, C+G- Commercial+ Game fish, MC+G+O- Minor
commercial+Game fish+ Ornamental value, SF- Substantial fisheries, NI- Not intrest) Froese, R. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2011. FishBase.
*IUCN conservation categories (DD- Data deficient, LC- Least Concern, VU- Vulnerable, NE- Not evaluated and NT- Near Threatened).

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Fig. 2: Diagraphic representation shows Number and Percentage of fishes in different Orders
Fig. 3: Diagraphic representation shows Number and Percentage of fishes in different Families
Fig. 4: Diagraphic representation shows Number and Percentage of fishes in different groups

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Besides this, the river supports 25 ornamental fish with (43.85%), 12 game fish with (21.05%), 17
aquacultural fish with (29.82%) and 8 species with (14.03%) are no interest fish (Fig 5). In addition to the
above, trophic structure indicated dominance of herbivore with 19 fish species (33.33%) followed by
carnivore 15 species (26.31%) and omnivore with 16 species (28.07%) while 4 species (7.01%) was not
evaluated (Fig 6). As per (ICUN 2010) red data book out of 57 species 4 belonging to near threatened
(NT) category, 43 belonging to least concern (LC), 1 belonging to vulnerable (V) and data deficient (DD)
category and 4 species was not evaluated (Fig 7).
Fig. 5: Diagraphic representation shows Number and Percentage of fishes in Human use
Fig. 6: Diagraphic representation of the Number and Percentage of fishes in different trophic guild
Fig. 7: Diagraphic representation shows Number and Percentage of fishes in Conservation status

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Previous study, on R. Tawa (Sarni reservoir) reported 27 fish species belonging to 7 families and 18
genera
30
whereas, 43 fish species belonging to 06 orders, 11 families and 27 genera from upper stretch of
the river including Sarni reservoir were recorded by
31
. In addition to the above, 43 species belonging to 10
families and 26 genera from Tawa reservoir, were observed by
22
while the fish fauna of R. Tawa com
prised 8 species belonging to families Cyprinidae, Cobitidae and Siluridae were observed by
23
. The
present study observed that the availability of 57 fish species only in middle stretch of the river indicated
that the river supports rich fish diversity, a major source of livelihood and food. Water of Sami reservoir is
utilized for Satpura thermal power plant (STTP) and cooling its various systems, as a result it receives fly
ash and bottom ash
32
. Hot water discharge by STTP having 7-8˚C above the ambient temperature is being
released into the river Tawa
30
and due to high temperature, early maturity in the fishes particularly that of
Indian Major Carps were observed especially C. catla, which are the serious anthropogenic factors
affecting fish species in R. Tawa
33
. The present study observed that 04 fish species are under threatened
category and also indicates that the water of the river is not favorable for fish health. Therefore, adequate
conservation is essential to protect fish species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Prof. A. P. Sharma, Director, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute,
Barrackpore, for his kind support and valuable suggestions. The authors are also thankful to the Fisheries
Department, Madhya Pradesh for providing funds to the project.
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Corresponding author: A.K. Bose
;
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute
Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120