Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area

Abstract

The Jaboticaba, (Myrciaria cauliflora, Berg), known as black pearl fruit and grape of the trees in China. Native to South America, mainly in south-central Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Also grown in South Florida (U. S.), Caribbean, Venezuela, Peru and China (Mainland). The fruit stands out in the popular preference due to the sweetness of the fruits which makes the consumption in natura viable. Chosen as a suggestion of recovery and revitalization of the landscape of small urban area degraded by human intervention. From tasty fruits like tropical grapes, their flowers sprout on the trunk and on the main branches, and sometimes on the new branches. It presents small white flowers, of small pollen and yellow that emits a delicious fragrance. Once formed, the Jaboticaba will leave the central bed with lush environment presents good shading,
delicious fruits to be enjoyed for human consumption and local wildlife, such as wild birds and hares.

Full text

Landscape Architecture
and Regional Planning
2018; 3(1): 1-9
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/larp
doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20180301.11
Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of
Degraded Area
Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
1
, Ricardo Gobato
2
, Alireza Heidari
3
1
Seedling Growth Laboratory, Green Land Landscaping and Gardening, Bela Vista do Paraiso, Parana, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Modeling, State Secretariat for Education of Parana, Bela Vista do Paraiso, Parana, Brazil
3
BioSpectroscopy Core Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University (CSU), California, USA
Email address:
To cite this article:
Marcia Regina Risso Gobato, Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari. Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area.
Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2018, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20180301.11
Received: September 22, 2017; Accepted: November 11, 2017; Published: January 18, 2018
Abstract:
The Jaboticaba, (Myrciaria cauliflora, Berg), known as black pearl fruit and grape of the trees in China. Native to
South America, mainly in south-central Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Also grown in South Florida (U.S.), Caribbean,
Venezuela, Peru and China (Mainland). The fruit stands out in the popular preference due to the sweetness of the fruits which
makes the consumption in natura viable. Chosen as a suggestion of recovery and revitalization of the landscape of small urban
area degraded by human intervention. From tasty fruits like tropical grapes, their flowers sprout on the trunk and on the main
branches, and sometimes on the new branches. It presents small white flowers, of small pollen and yellow that emits a
delicious fragrance. Once formed, the Jaboticaba will leave the central bed with lush environment presents good shading,
delicious fruits to be enjoyed for human consumption and local wildlife, such as wild birds and hares.
Keywords:
Eugenia cauliflora, Garden, Guapuru, Jaboticaba, Jia Bao Fuit, Landscape, Myrciaria cauliflora, Ybapuru
1. Introduction
The jaboticaba is a delicious fruit indigenous to Brazil,
Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. The fruit is highly
esteemed in Brazil. [1] Commonly found in parks, gardens
and sidewalk of several streets both large and small cities.
The fruit stands out in the popular preference due to the
sweetness of the fruits which makes the consumption in
natural viable. [2]
It was tried to describe the main species of jaboticaba found
in South America. Its use in the landscape of cities as well as
in gardens. It is used in cooking, home-made recipes for jams,
jellies, sorbets and liqueurs. Its commercial production in
Brazil, the United States of America and China.
It is suggested the planting of the jaboticaba tree, in a plot
of land, in a residential plot, where it is degraded by human
expansion and occupation, in the small town of Bela Vista do
Paraíso, in the northern pioneer state of Paraná region South
of Brazil. The land is abandoned, accumulating garbage,
remains of construction material, debris, invasive plants, the
original fauna and flora, and the same was occupied by
pasture for cattle, before subdivision and urbanization.
The plant was chosen because it is a wild species, well
appreciated by man, as well as local fauna, such as birds and
small animals such as hare, rabbit, prey, etc.
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora [Mart.] Berg) is a
member of the Myrtaceae. Jaboticaba’s are considered a
complex of closely related species [3]. Relatives include
guava (Psidium guajava L.), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia
indica, L.), and feijoa (Feijoa selloviana, Berg). The
jaboticaba is native to the subtropical areas of Brazil and is
planted commercially around Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais,
Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná and other provinces where
there is an excellent large market for the fruit [3, 4, 5, 6].
Jaboticaba is grown in Brazil, Central and South America,
and south Florida (U.S.), Caribbean, Venezuela, China.
In Brazil jaboticaba’s grow from sea-level to elevations of
more than 3,000 ft. Different plants vary markedly in how
much frost they can take without severe damage, probably
reflecting the species that a given plant belongs to. Some
plants can take 24°F or lower and survive; others are
damaged at 27°F. In 1917, a young tree at Brooksville,
Florida survived a temperature drop to 18°F. with only the
foliage and branches killed back. In California jaboticaba’s
have been successfully grown in San Diego, Spring Valley,

118 Marcia Regina Risso Gobato et al.: Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area
Bostonia, Encinitas, South Los Angeles and as far north as
the San Jose and San Francisco Bay areas. The plant makes a
suitable container specimen. [6, 7, 8, 9]
In Florida, several factors favor its potential establishment
in South Florida including the trees’ adaptation to humid
subtropical climate, the large Brazilian population that has
settled in Florida, and few pest problems. The main
drawbacks for commercial production include: the trees slow
grow rate, taking 5 to 7 years to begin production; the lack of
superior cultivars; difficulty in picking the fruit and; trees are
not well adapted to the highly calcareous, high pH soils in
southern Miami-Dade County, thus requiring minor element
applications. [1]
Produced on a commercial scale in Guangdong, Shanghai,
China (Mainland), [10] in production of seeds for export, in
addition products industrialized foods such as jams, bar
cereals, sweets and production of seedlings for planting. [11]
In the pharmaceutical industry, they are used in cream with
antiaging properties. [2]
Mature trees have tolerated 26-29°F for a few hours in
Florida and there is a report of a young tree with only leaf
and branch damage at 18°F. [6] Jaboticaba’s flower more
profusely under cold and dry conditions during the winter. [3,
12] They require full sun, respond well to rainfall or
irrigation, and are very susceptible to toppling.
Jaboticaba’s grow best in rich, deep, slightly acid soils.
Trees can also be grown in rocky alkaline or sandy soils if
supplied with minor nutrients. The tree does not tolerate
saline water or drought, but responds well to mulching,
composts, and peatmoss soil amendments. [13] Trees can be
grown in artificial media in containers, e.g., 20 gallon or
greater containers. The tree can also be used as an
ornamental specimen or for hedges. [14, 15]
1.1. Common Names
Brazilian Grapetree, Jaboticaba (English); Jabuticaba,
Jabuticaba-açu, Jabuticaba-de-sabará, Jabuticaba-murta,
Jabuticaba-paulista, Jabuticabeira (Portuguese of Brazil);
Stamjaboticaba (Swedish); [16, 17] Guaperu, Guapuru,
Hivapuru, Sabara, Ybapuru, (Indigenous names in Brazil)
Cabelluda [6, 7, 8, 9], grapes of trees, tree pearl fruit black,
Garbo fruit [10] (in Chinese).
Figure 1. Up Left, fruits in the trees of Jaboticaba Hybrid (Myrciaria cauliflora). [25] Up right fruits in the trees of Jaboticaba Red Hybrid (Plinia cauliflora
x aureana). [26] In the middle and the left, fruits of Jaboticaba Yellow (Myrciara glazioviana). [26] In the middle and the right, fruits in the trees of
Jaboticaba Hybrid (Myrciaria cauliflora). [27] Down left, flowers in the stem of the trees White Jaboticaba (Myrciaria aureana) and down right fruits in the
trees of White Jaboticaba (Myrciaria aureana). [25]

Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2018; 3(1): 1-9 119
1.2. Botanical Description
Trees are small to medium sized, evergreen with
symmetrical, dense canopy either single or sometimes multi-
trunked. [18] Trees grow slowly and in Florida seldom
exceed 15 feet and may be used as specimen trees in
backyards because of their ornamental value. The attractive
scaly bark of the trunk and branches has whitish to dark
brown patches and some trunks have a reddish color. The
lanceolate to elliptic, opposite leaves are 1-2 inches long and
half an inch wide, dark green, smooth and shiny.
Flowers are white, small in size, and profuse in adult trees,
single or in clusters arising directly from the trunk and fairly
thick branches (>1/2 inch). Trees bloom several times a year.
Fruit (berries) are muscadine grape-like, globose to round
and have a maroon to black skin. The skin is 33-49% of the
fruit weight. [19] Fruits weigh 3-15 gm (0.1-0.8 oz) and
are >1/2 to 3/2 inches in diameter. The pulp is whitish,
gelatinous with 1-4, oval to round and laterally compressed
seeds. Seeds are 13-35% of fruit weight. Fruits are produced
directly from the trunk and branches, singly or in clusters
with several crops a year. The trees usually take 7 to 10 years
to fruit from seed. Fruits are excellent to pleasant to eat and
have a subacid and sweet flavor with 14.0 Brix. [20]
Jaboticaba usually have a main crop in the spring and 3 to
5 other smaller crops during the year. [20, 21, 22] It takes 20-
30 days from bloom to fruit maturity. In Florida, yield is
estimated at 30-125 lbs per adult tree but mostly 30 to 50 lbs.
Production may begin 5 to 8 years from seed and about 6-7
years from vegetatively propagated by grafting, cuttings, air
layering [1, 21, 22, 23, 24].
1.3. Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta, Angiosperms
Class: Magnoliopsida, Eudicots
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genre: Plinia
Species: P. cauliflora
Binomial name: Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel [17, 29]
Synonyms: Eugenia cauliflora (Mart.) DC, Eugenia
jaboticaba Kiaersk, Myrcia jaboticaba Baill, Myrciaria
cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O.
Berg, Myrtus cauliflora Mart. (basionimo), Myrtus jaboticaba
Vell. [16]
1.4. Main Species
Myrciaria coronata Mattos. Small tree, measuring
approximately 3 m in height, has flattened terminal branches,
leaves with short petioles, globular fruits approximately 2.7
cm in diameter. Commonly known as crowned jaboticaba, or
crown jaboticaba, occurs mainly in São Paulo. [18]
Myrciaria oblongata Mattos. Tree about 5 m high;
Subachatated terminal branches, short petiole leaves, reddish,
very glandular; Ovate-elliptic fruits to self - purple ellipticals
2 to 3.2 cm in length by 2 to 2.7 cm in diameter 1 to 4 seeds.
Known as jaboticaba azeda, it occurs mainly in São Paulo.
Myrciaria spirito-santensis Mattos. Size of approximately
4m tall, brown branches, with terminal twigs and new hair;
Opposite or subopposite leaves of short petioles. It occurs
mainly in the Holy Spirit.
Myrciaria grandifolia Mattos. Tree of approximately 5 m
in height, cylindrical branches, with end subachatada, gray
and ser´ıceos terminal branches. Leaves with petioles of 5 to
6 mm in length; Fruits with 2.2 cm in diameter, globose,
smooth, atropurpurea. Known as jaboticaba great, or
“jaboticatuba”, occurs mainly in Minas Gerais.
Myrciaria peruviana (Poir) var. trunciflora (Berg) Mattos.
Trees with about 8 m in height; Cylindrical branches, and
flattened new twigs; Dark leaves with petioles approximately
3 mm in length; Globular berries, about 2 cm in diameter,
black; 1 to 4 seeds. Known as “jabuticaba de cabinho”, it
occurs in the states of MG and ES, in Brazil, and also in
Paraguay and Argentina.
Myrciaria aureana Mattos. Tree about 3 m high; Yellowish
bark; Cylindrical branches, with bark detachment being the
terminal branches and new yellowish gray possessing
seriaceous pilosity; Opposite leaves, with petioles 3 mm
long, cacti, have dark, numerous and little visible glands;
Subglobose-oblique fruits, 15 to 18 mm in length by 19 to 21
mm in diameter, light green; 1 to 4 smooth, light yellow
seeds. Known as white, it occurs in São Paulo. [18]
Myrciaria phitrantha (Kiaersk) Mattos. Approximately 7m
high; Cylindrical branches; Leaves with petioles of 5 to 10
mm in length, have semi-translucent scores; Berries about 2.4
cm in diameter, sub-globous. Known as cost. It occurs in São
Paulo. [18]
Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell) Berg. Tree from 6 to 9 m in
height; Thin and cylindrical branches, the terminal branches
being new, flattened; Leaves with a petiole of 1.5 to 2 mm in
length, ciliated when new; Fruits of 1.6 to 2.2 cm in diameter,
subglobous or globose, black and smooth; 1 to 4 seeds.
Known as it will know, it occurs in Brazil, Paraguay and
Argentina. [18]
Myrciaria cauliflora (DC) Berg. Has flat and flat terminal
branches; Leaves with petioles 3 mm long, membranous;
Globose fruits, black, 2.2 to 2.8 cm long by 2.2 to 2.9 cm in
diameter; 1 to 4 seeds. Known as “paulista assu” (or açu),
and ponhema. It occurs in Brazil, in general. [18]
1.4.1. Myrciaria cauliflora var Sabara
Botanical Name: Myrciaria cauliflora var. Sabara [28]
Myrciaria cauliflora. Has a habit of producing the fruit
directly on the trunk makes this a striking tree. Fruit is
similar to a grape with a sweet and aromatic flavour. New
growth is a coppery colour and beautiful honey scented
flowers makes it a very ornamental tree. Bears heavy crops
of quality fruit that can be eaten fresh from the tree. Often
fruiting up to 3 times per year. Time from flowering to fruit
being ready to eat is only 30 days. [26]

120 Marcia Regina Risso Gobato et al.: Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area
The jaboticaba’s habit of producing the fruit directly on the
trunk makes this a striking tree. Fruit is similar to a grape
with a sweet and aromatic flavour. The new growth is a
coppery colour along with their beautiful honey scented
flowers makes it a very ornamental tree. Bears heavy crops
of quality fruit that can be eaten fresh from the tree. Often
fruiting up to 3 times per year. Time from flowering to fruit
being ready to eat is only 30 days. [26]
1.4.2. Myrciaria sp. Grimal
Botanical Name: Myrciaria sp. Grimal
Ornamental evergreen tree from Brazil grown for unusual
sweet black fruit which cover the inside trunks. Crops several
times per year. Flowering to fruit maturity only takes about 1
month. Larger fruit than small leaf selection, but skin a little
tougher.
Other Names: Jia Bao fruit, Garbo fruit (嘉 宝 果 , in
Chinese) [30, 31, 32], Brazilian Grape, Jabotica,
Jabuticabeira, Guaperu, Guapuru, Hivapuru and Ybapuru.
[26]
1.4.3. Myrciara glazioviana
Botanical Name: Myrciara glazioviana
Yellow fruiting species with a distinctive sweet tangy
flavour reminiscent of pineapple. We consider this tree a
showpiece. Its lime green leaves have an unusual soft, almost
powdery appearance and its beautiful golden green
pendulous branches make it a worthy feature in the garden
for its highly ornamental nature. The fruit of the black
jaboticaba is becoming more popular and widespread (I even
found some on the shelf of a local grocery store here in
Lismore last week) while the yellow jaboticaba still remains
a mystery to many. A prerequisite for enjoying the fruits of
the Black Jaboticaba is patience. They can often take 6-7
years to come to fruit. [26]
However, we have found the Yellow Jabot produce fruit in
as little as 3 years. It is a small bushy tree, usually growing to
3-4 m in the subtropics of Australia, however I have seen
photographs of the tree, in Brazil (its place of origin), with a
couple of young boys perched high in the branches. These
trees must have reached 9-10 m tall. The tree has a moderate
cold tolerance but is best protected from frost. It is a suitable
container grown tree in those areas that do receive frost and
can be moved to a sheltered position during the cooler
months. They are happy in full sun or part shade and are
generally small enough to find a place in most gardens. [26]
They are relatively wind tolerant but will not enjoy salt
spray. They particularly enjoy deep rich soil pH 5.5 to 6.5 but
with regular nutrient application can be grown in most soil
types. While the fruits have some similarities to the Black
Jaboticaba, they are quite different in appearance, having a
slightly furry yellow skin instead of the smooth shiny black
skin. The fruit contains a gelatinous whitish pulp which has a
pleasant, slightly acid flavor. A single tree will produce fruit,
but cross pollination has shown to increase productivity.
When planting a jaboticaba, the crown (uppermost) roots
should be 2 to 3 inches higher than the surrounding soil
levels to provide water runoff. Peat, compost or rotted
manure may be mixed with the soil from the planting hole to
improve it. The soil should be a well-aerated mixture. [26]
1.4.4. Plinia cauliflora x Aureana
Botanical Name: Plinia cauliflora x aureana
Red jaboticaba is a seedling hybrid, also called Precocious
Jaboticaba. This makes for a very fast fruiting plant. Can fruit
in 3-4 years, as opposed to 6-8 years for regular jaboticaba.
Great tasting and dwarfing habit. [26]
1.4.5. Myrciara coronate
Botanical Name: Myrciara coronata
The largest fruits of all our jaboticaba’s, this variety can
produce golf ball sized fruits and is aptly named the Giant
Jaboticaba. Looking at the picture you can see the normal
sized Jaboticaba fruit on the left vs The Giant Jaboticaba fruit
on the right. It is an Ornamental evergreen tree from Brazil
grown for unusual sweet black fruit which cover the inside
trunks. Note this is the very first release and only 25 will be
available for sale in 2015 hence why it is in our rare and
collectable category. We are hoping to produce more at a
later date unknown. [26]
1.5. Utilization, Nutritional Aspects, Socio-climatic
Requirements and Pest Control
Utilization
The wood is resistant and can be used for the preparation
of beams, supports, sleepers and other internal works.
Fruit: can be consumed naturally or used in the preparation
of sweets, jellies, liqueurs, wine, vinegar, etc. [33] In
industry, the fruit is used for the preparation of brandy,
jellies, jeropiga (artificial wine), liqueur, juice, and syrup,
and the fruit extract is used as a coloring agent for wines and
vinegars. [34]
In homemade medicine the bark tea is used to treat angina,
and erysipela. The fruit wedge, in tea, is intended for the
treatment of asthma. Jaboticaba is also used for gargling, as
jaboticaba broth is effective against acute and chronic
inflammations of the mouth. The jaboticaba tree also has the
following phytotherapic indications: antiasthmatics,
inflammation of the tonsils, inflammation of the intestines,
hemoptysis, erysipelas, and chronic esquinencia. [30, 31, 32, 34]
The topic cosmetics applications with antioxidants actives
reduce the oxidative damages induced by UV (ultraviolet)
radiation, and are a good alternative for the skin protection
against “photo aging”. Jaboticaba’s peels have higher
concentrations of phenolic compounds, of antioxidant
activities and anthocyanin content, when compared to other
fraction. [35]
Study’s was to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic
extract of M. cauliflora (HEMC) on vascular tension and
blood pressure in rats. Study in vivo show that the
intravenous infusion of HEMC produced hypotension and
increased aortic blood flow with no changes in heart rate.
Tese fndings showed that HEMC induces endothelium-
dependent vascular relaxation and hypotension with no
alteration in heart rate. [36]

Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2018; 3(1): 1-9 121
Jabuticaba has high acceptance and nutritional importance
such as mineral content, vitamins and phenolic compounds,
which are antioxidant substances. Studies of dairy products
grown with addition of jabuticaba and green banana biomass
are well accepted by consumers in all attributes of the palate
and present potential for use by the food industry. [37]
The production of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba)
vinegar with cell immobilization, whose comprises the
retention of metabolically active cells within a polymeric
matrix. Compounds (aldehydes, higher alcohols, terpene,
acetate, diether, furans, acids, ketones and ethyl esters) were
found in the jabuticaba vinegar. [33]
Nutrition aspects
They are good sources of vitamins B2 and B3, protein and
calcium. They are used against asthma. Each 100 g of the
fruit has 44.9 cal; 11.2 g of glycines; 0.54 g protein; 9 mg of
calcium; 60 mg of phosphorus; 1.26 mg of iron; 8.3 mg of
sodium and 13 g of potassium. They also have, for every 100
g, 60 mg of vitamin B1; 160 mg of vitamin B2, 12.80 mg of
vitamin C, 2 mg of Niacin. [1, 24]
The germplams of jaboticaba are rich. Its fruits contain
rich amount of anthocyanin and phenolic compound which
have some functions, including high anti-oxidation, and
prevention of chronic diseases, such as, diabetes and
hyperlipidemia. [38]
Socio-climatic requirements
The jaboticaba tree is considered a plant of subtropical
origin, but with good adaptation to the tropical climate [18,
39], supporting well up to -3°C, but supporting a short period
of water shortage, and requires good soil moisture [18]. It
needs low temperatures to flourish [40].
In relation to altitude, it occurs in Brazil, from sea level up
to 1,400 meters altitude [18, 24]. It is classified as
mesophytic or heliophite and selective hygrophyll. [18]
In relation to the soil, it has developed well in several soil
types, preferably silica-clayey, or clay-siliceous, deep, fertile
and well drained. [41]
Pest Control
Pest control in jaboticaba can be done with the insecticide
Deltamethrin. [42]
2. Production in Brazil
Record jaboticaba harvest yields profit and employment in
Casa Branca, SP. Municipality accounts for 60% of fruit
production in the State of São Paulo. Catchers receive up to
R$ 2,000.00 every 15 days of harvest. Responsible for 60%
of state production of jaboticaba, Casa Branca (SP) registers
in 2013 a record harvest of the fruit, generating profit for the
farmers and more vacancies of employment in the field. [43]
The Institute of Agricultural Economics estimates that the
jaboticaba harvest this year produces 2,700 tons in the state,
1,700 tons in Casa Branca alone, a city that has 22 thousand
feet of jaboticaba and is the largest producer in Sao Paulo.
According to the agronomist J. C. Nogueira the climate
contributes to the good numbers. “The rains in the right
period, at the right time, the heat. For all this sequence of
factors, coupled with the cultural dealings that have been in
place for many years, the trend of this harvest is breaking the
record,” he said. [43]
F. E. F. Fagan is a traditional producer of jaboticaba and on
his 35 hectare farm, there are 3,300 feet of fruit. This year it
has already harvested 130 tonnes and will close the harvest
with a production 10% higher than last year. “The part of the
rains helped a lot because there is an economy with irrigation
and whenever it comes from above is better for the fruit,” he
commented. [43]
In the neighboring farm, J. R. Fagan has 20 hectares of
land with feet of jaboticaba and the 130 tons harvested until
the month of October surpasses all last year’s harvest of one
hundred tons. “There has been a lot of harvest, a lot of
volume, but it’s being profitable in quantity and the price is
reasonable, the price is good,” he said. [43]
Besides profit, the good harvest also generates jobs. In a
same farm, 20 people were hired to reinforce the harvest in
the orchards, and as the production is at the height of the
cycle of jaboticaba has catcher who manages to earn up to
R$ 2 thousand per fortnight. “It gave a lot of fruit and is
giving to make good money for us, giving to earn a lot more
and we will see even more until the end of the year we will
be picking up a lot more”, said J. F. Machado, catcher who
earns R$ 130.00 per day With the harvest. [43]
In the shack, where fruits are sorted and packaged for
distribution, more jobs were generated. “During the year
there is no job and here, when it has the crop, it gives us a lot
of work,” said assistant J. Rangel. “We can get some money
to help the family,” said M. de S. Coelho. [43]
Fruit consumers also celebrate. The cook W. de A. M.
makes sweets and salted out. With creativity, the table wins
dishes like the snack of shank with spicy jaboticaba sauce,
jellies, mousses and juices. It has saved, because the raw
material is more in account. “The value is R$ 5.00 a pound and
it’s great for us to increase production more”, he said. [43]
Feet of jaboticaba loaded generate income and saw
attraction in Goiás Plant of Brazilian origin only becomes
productive after 15 years. In all, 150 farms produce
jaboticaba in Hidrolândia. The feet of jaboticaba, in Goiás,
are loaded. For two months, the fruit becomes a tourist
attraction and generates income for many farmers. [44]
Altogether, 150 farms produce jaboticaba in Hidrolândia, a
region responsible for 60% of fruit production in Goiás. The
farmer P. A. Sousa has 42 thousand feet of honey, which is a
sweeter variety and has adapted very well to the Brazilian
Cerrado. The plant of Brazilian origin only becomes productive
after 15 years of planting, but here it bears fruit for 50 years and
is usually grown in consortium with other fruits. [44]
Goiás is the third largest producer of jaboticaba in the
country. The season runs from the beginning of September
until the end of October and the control of the production of
the fruit is made with the irrigation by flood that begins in the
month of July in different places of the orchard. With this, in
the month of September have feet loaded with ripe, green or
still flowering fruits. The service is made by V. Bugres, who
knows with precision when the jaboticaba’s of each foot will

122 Marcia Regina Risso Gobato et al.: Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area
be ready for the consumption. [44]
The 180,000 tons of fruit are sold in large cities or
transformed into various products such as wine, brandy,
cosmetics, sweets and even handicrafts, but the tradition of
sucking jaboticaba on the foot remains the most important
source of income for producers and a Satisfaction to the
thousands of tourists who appear on the site. “It’s very
beautiful, the feet are pretty full, the place is nice, you have
to enjoy a lot, right?” Says L. Senna, Realtor. [44]
Table 1. Nutritional information on the fruits of jabuticaba (mg/g)
(Myrciaria cauliflora).
Protein Sugar Fat Water Fiber Ash
1.70 126.40 0.40 867.60 0.70 3.20
Carotene Retinol VB1 VB2 VB3 VC
0.0006 0.0001 0.0002 0.0019 0.0024 0.2167
Potassium Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron VE
1.51 0.018 0.063 0.09 0.0049 0.0073
Manganese
Zinc Copper Phosphorus
Selenium
-
0.0012 0.0033 0.0027 0.092 0.000007
-
VB1: Vitamina B1; VB2: Vitamina B2; VB3: Vitamina B3; VC: Vitamina C;
VE: Vitamina E. [45]
3. Use of Jaboticaba in Cookery
Various products can be obtained from the jaboticaba. The
following are some recipes.
3.1. Jaboticaba Cake
Ingredients:
100 grams water biscuits;
1 tablespoon melted margarine;
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon;
1 tablespoon powdered sweetener;
3 cups jaboticaba;
2 cups water;
½ cup powdered sweetener;
1 teaspoon cornstarch;
½ unflavored gelatin powder envelopes;
3 egg whites;
½ cup light cream.
How to Prepare:
Beat the cookies on the processor until it forms a farofa.
Put in a pan with the margarine until starting to brown.
Remove and add the sweetener and cinnamon. Put the bottom
of a way to open. Bring the jaboticaba with the water to the
fire and leave to cook until the shell breaks. Let it stay warm
and hit the blender. To pass through a colander and to toast to
the fire with the sweetener, the starch. Leave to thicken.
Dissolve the gelatin in 4 tablespoons of water and in a water
bath. Reserve 1 cup jaboticaba jelly. Mix remaining, gelatin,
beaten snow white and cream. Put on the pie dough and bring
to the refrigerator. When firing, remove from the rim and
serve with the syrup. [46]
3.2. Jabuticaba Jelly
Ingredients:
3 liters of jaboticaba;
About five American cups of crystal sugar, according to
the amount of fruit juice.
Way of preparing
Wash the jaboticaba. Squeeze in a pan and bring to the fire
with the peel and the lump. Once boiling, stir and remove
from heat. Allow to cool, pass in the sieve of taquara, easily
found in municipal markets. Strain the liquid back into the
colander. Measure six cups of juice and five American cups
of sugar. Take to the fire and let the point. Important tip: let
drip the jelly in a glass with water. When the ball hits the
bottom of the glass and dissolves, it is already on point. Then
just put it in a sterilized glass.
Cover only after the jam is cold. [46, 47]
Figure 2. Above, there is a satellite image, of coordinates 22° 59’ 50.1” S
51° 11’ 50.0” W, of the residential complex, with the center of the central
plantation of the trees of jaboticaba. [48] In the center, an image of the
central plot, from the residential, with a view from west to east, towards the
flowerbed. One can visualize the area of central plot totally degrading, with
rubbish, rubble and invading plants. Below is the approximate
representation of the planting arrangement of the jaboticaba’s trees.
3.3. Jaboticaba Ice Cream
Ingredients:
1 liters of jaboticaba juice;
1 cup and a half of crystal sugar;
1 cup powdered milk;
1 tablespoon neutral alloy;
1 tablespoon of hydrogenated fat.
Way of preparing
Wash the jaboticaba’s thoroughly. Then squeeze the fruit in
a pan, leaving the peel and the core. Take to the fire. Once
boiling, pass on the sieve of “taquara”, easily found in
municipal markets. You can also use the plastic sieve. The

Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2018; 3(1): 1-9 123
aluminum is no good. Strain on a cloth strainer and then the
juice will be ready. Then put all the ingredients in the blender,
minus the hydrogenated fat. Crash for approximately 20
minutes. Leave in the freezer overnight. The next day divide
the dough into two parts, because the homemade mixer does
not hold everything at once. Beat each part with half a
spoonful of hydrogenated fat. The dough will grow and the ice
cream will be ready. Put in pots and refrigerate. [46, 47]
3.4. Liquor
Ingredients:
400g of jaboticaba;
200g of sugar;
200cm
3
of water;
200cm
3
alcohol 95 G.L.
Way of preparing:
Crush the jaboticaba’s, enjoying all the fruit. Infuse into
the alcohol for 24 hours. Coar in flannel. Make a syrup of
water with sugar and mix it to the infusion. Bottling and
letting age for 6 months, then filter. [18, 46]
4. Methods of Tree Planting
The chosen area Figure 2, is approximately 1700 m
2
,
calculates through the satellite image [49], with an altitude
bet ween 590 to 601 meters above sea level. Located in
the municipality of Bela Vista do Paraíso, Paraná, Brazil.
Subtropical climate region, UTC-3 time zone, latitude and
longitude, 22° 59’ 50.3” S and 51° 11’ 49.7”W,
respectively. [48]
The arrangement of the jaboticaba trees is described in
Figure 3, with spacing between the plants between 3 and 5
meters, being necessary 110 plants approximately, with
average of seven years of age. This is necessary due to the
slow growth of the jaboticaba, until a good formation of
canopy, allowing good shading, of all the central bed, that is,
the closing of the canopies. After that, using shading for the
parking lot, with the edges of the central bed, they provided
shade to vehicles, and the reduction of floor temperature of
the public road and the central bed. As complementary cover
of the soil, until the formation of crown of the trees, one can
do the planting of grasses.
Figure 3. Up seedlings ready for planting White Jaboticaba (Myrciaria
aureana) approximately one meter high, ready for planting. In the
centerJaboticaba Hybrid (Myrciaria cauliflora) trees with approximately
two meters, ready for planting. Down the image of orchard of jaboticaba
trees, White Jaboticaba (Myrciaria aureana). [25]
Before planting it is necessary: removal debris, stones,
garbage, invasive plants, among other objects foreign to the
environment that are in the place.
The seedlings with an average of eight years of growth in
the Brazilian market cost approximately R$ 1,000.00/plant,
approximately U$ 319.00, in the quotation of the Brazilian
currency against the U$ = dollar. One dollar on September
19, 2017, U$ 1.00 = R$ 3,136 [50]. The grasses have an
approximate cost of R$ 10.00/m
2
, already placed, or even the
sowing of fast-growing flowers at a lower cost.
5. Discussions
In Figure 1 the images are visualized:
Up Left, fruits in the trees of Jaboticaba Hybrid (Myrciaria
cauliflora); [25]
Up right fruits in the trees of Jaboticaba Red Hybrid
(Plinia cauliflora x aureana); [26]
In the middle and the left, fruits of Jaboticaba Yellow
(Myrciara glazioviana); [26]
In the middle and the right, fruits in the trees of Jaboticaba
Hybrid (Myrciaria cauliflora); [27]
Down left, flowers in the stem of the trees White
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria aureana); and down right fruits in the
trees of White Jaboticaba (Myrciaria aureana). [25]
In Figure 2 the images are visualized:
Above and to the left, there is a satellite image of the
residential complex, with the center of the central plantation
of the trees of jaboticaba, of coordinates 22° 59’ 50.1” S 51°
11’ 50.0” W.
Above and to the right, an image of the central plot, from

124 Marcia Regina Risso Gobato et al.: Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area
the residential, with a view from west to east, towards the
flowerbed.
One can visualize the area of central plot totally degrading,
with rubbish, rubble and invading plants.
Below is the approximate representation of the planting
arrangement of the jaboticaba’s trees.
In Figure 3 the images are visualized:
Up Left seedlings ready for planting White Jaboticaba
(Myrciaria aureana) approximately one meter high, ready for
planting; Up right, Above and to the right, Jaboticaba Hybrid
(Myrciaria cauliflora) trees with approximately two meters,
ready for planting;
Down the image of orchard of jaboticaba trees, from which
it is expected that the central planted can be planted, but that
will be more densely packed with trees, White Jaboticaba
(Myrciaria aureana).
6. Conclusions
After the planting and adaptation period of the plants, local
inhabitants, as well as the fauna, can enjoy the orchard
formed. There will be a significant improvement in the
quality of life of the local residents, due to the beauty, the
reduction of temperature, increase of the relative humidity of
the place, shading, harvest of the fruit in the own tree in
natural. It will attract a significant amount of birds, and other
wild animals that will benefit from food and shelter.
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