Study on concrete with rice husk ash

Abstract

Rice husk ash (RHA) possesses high pozzolanic activities and very suitable as partial replacement of cement in concrete. This paper presents a comparative study on use of RHA as partial replacement of cement in concrete specimens. Review of the researches on physical, mechanical and structural properties of concrete containing RHA as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement was included in this paper. Simultaneously, concrete specimens were tested with different percentages of RHA as replacement of cement content and with different w/c ratio. Compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength and slump test were carried out to evaluate the appropriateness of using RHA in concrete. The replacement of cement by RHA in structural concrete represents a good alternative in as economical as strength consideration of concrete, even without any kind of processing and found environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste. Review of researches shows that RHA-used concrete can resist chloride penetration more than normal ordinary Portland cement concrete.

Full text

1 23
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions
ISSN 2364-4176
Volume 3
Number 1
Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. (2018) 3:1-9
DOI 10.1007/s41062-018-0127-6
Study on concrete with rice husk ash
Ayesha Siddika, Md.Abdullah Al
Mamun & Md.Hedayet Ali

1 23
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Innovative Infrastructure Solutions (2018) 3:18
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0127-6
TECHNICAL NOTE
Study onconcrete withrice husk ash
AyeshaSiddika1· Md.Abdullah AlMamun1· Md.HedayetAli1
Received: 21 November 2017 / Accepted: 3 January 2018
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
Rice husk ash (RHA) possesses high pozzolanic activities and very suitable as partial replacement of cement in concrete. This
paper presents a comparative study on use of RHA as partial replacement of cement in concrete specimens. Review of the
researches on physical, mechanical and structural properties of concrete containing RHA as partial replacement of ordinary
Portland cement was included in this paper. Simultaneously, concrete specimens were tested with different percentages of
RHA as replacement of cement content and with different w/c ratio. Compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength
and slump test were carried out to evaluate the appropriateness of using RHA in concrete. The replacement of cement by
RHA in structural concrete represents a good alternative in as economical as strength consideration of concrete, even without
any kind of processing and found environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste. Review of researches shows that
RHA-used concrete can resist chloride penetration more than normal ordinary Portland cement concrete.
Keywords Rice husk ash· Compressive strength· Flexural strength· Split tensile strength
Introduction
To minimize the cost of construction of concrete structures,
researchers are trying to find alternatives of the ingredients
of concrete without compromising its strength. Cement is
the primary raw material of concrete mix, and manufactur-
ing of cement caused severe environmental pollution, for
example, it leads to CO2 emissions [1–3]. The major cost
of concrete can be optimized by the use of various types of
supplementary materials as partial replacement of cement
content. Rice husk is produced in millions of tons per year
as a byproduct material from agricultural and industrial pro-
cesses [4–6]. After full combustion of rice husk, it produced
20–25% RHA by weight [7, 8]. RHA contains non-crystal-
line silica and it could be a suitable partly replacement for
Portland cement [9–13]. Rice husk ash (RHA) is considered
as a highly pozzolanic material [14–18] which can be used
as partial replacements of cement in concrete. Usage of RHA
in concrete as partly replacements of cement minimizes the
cost of concrete construction and helps to easy recycling of
waste generated from incinerations or combustions of rice
husk used in agricultural and industrial projects and also
helps to reduce the CO2 pollution from cement production
process. RHA has been successfully used as a pozzolana in
commercial production in a number of countries including
Columbia, Thailand and India [13].
Researchers are investigating the mechanical and struc-
tural properties of RHA to use in concrete with and without
additional materials. Mehta and Pirtz [19] found that RHA
is very useful to decrease the temperature of mass concrete
more than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Mah-
mud etal. [20] found that RHA-used concrete possesses bet-
ter strength, low shrinkage and higher durability than OPC
concrete. Zerbino etal. [21] concluded that concretes pre-
pared with ground RHA showed noticeable improvement in
the mechanical properties as partial replacement of cement
in concrete up to 25%. The use of RHA with fiber shows
that the mechanical strength of concrete increases, and the
voids and permeability of the concrete pavement decrease,
respectively [22]. According to Ravande etal. [23], Portland
rice husk ash cements containing up to 50% ash by weight
showed higher compressive strengths than the ordinary Port-
land cements even at early ages of 3 and 7days.
* Ayesha Siddika
ayesha.ruet@yahoo.com
Md. Abdullah Al Mamun
mamun_05ce7@yahoo.com
Md. Hedayet Ali
hedayet.ce05@yahoo.com
1 Department ofCivil Engineering, Rajshahi University
ofEngineering & Technology, Rajshahi6204, Bangladesh
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There is extensive research on the use of RHA as a par-
tial replacement of cement in concrete on the aspects of
strength, physical properties, durability and the mechanical
strength. But the study on RHA-used concrete member at
natural burning conditions is limited. In the present study,
the mechanical behavior of concrete composed of RHA and
cement is investigated experimentally and compared with
control concrete at different stages. The objective of the
present study is to find the strength of concrete with RHA
replacement (10 and 15%), which is ground within short
period (10min) without any further processing. Physical
and mechanical properties of RHA, strength and pozzolanic
behavior of RHA found from previous research were also
reviewed and compared with the present study.
Literature review
Production ofRHA
RHA can be produced by the burning of rice husk either
in open field or under any special incineration conditions
with controlled temperature. Open burning production of
RHA has high-carbon content which adversely affected the
properties of concrete and also caused highly crystalline
form in structures [24]. Various incineration processes have
been used by researchers [7, 25–27]. Quality of RHA is con-
trolled by incineration process to form amorphous which
is essential for structural concrete [28]. From the previous
study [28–33], it was found that the highest amorphous silica
could be obtained by burning the rice husk at the tempera-
ture ranges of 500–700°C and the specific surface area up
to 150m2/g will be maximum at that temperature.
Properties ofRHA
The typical chemical composition and physical properties of
RHA according to previous research [9, 15, 23, 30, 34–36]
are given in Tables1 and 2, respectively. RHA contains
around 85–90% amorphous silica and it showed eco-friendly
behavior with cement as a supplementary cementing mate-
rial in concrete [37]. Pozzolanic property is very important
for any supplementary cementious material. Previous study
[5, 7, 38] showed that RHA possesses high pozzolanic
activities because of the presence of amorphous silica, its
fineness characteristics and high specific surface area. The
previous study showed that RHA particle having particle
size below 45μm in size can actively possess pozzolanic
reaction [29]. To achieve full pozzolanic activity, particle
size should be less than 8μm [28].
The strength of RHA-used concrete increased due to the
hydration of more calcium silicate than OPC concrete [1].
There are several characterization techniques used in previ-
ous research about RHA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results
showed that, RHA contains quartz, crystobalite and anor-
thite [39] these make RHA amorphous in nature [40]. Pres-
ence of some hardest substances inside RHA may be helpful
in composites for wear-resistant applications [41]. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) test shows that, RHA particles
are highly porous and fibrous with honeycombed microstruc-
ture and high specific surface area [10, 39]. 29Si NMR test
shows that the RHA possessed largest drop in conductiv-
ity, giving an indication of its reactivity towards lime when
added with saturated lime [42].
The concrete with partially replaced cement by RHA pos-
sesses higher density than plain concrete and this density
will reduce as the percent replacement increases [28, 43] and
found within the range of 2200–2550kg/m3. The results of
the investigation conducted by Marthong [44] showed that
both initial and final setting times increase with increase in
RHA.
Uses ofRHA inconcrete
Workability of concrete decreases with the increasing
percentage of replacement of cement by RHA unless any
suitable admixtures are used [10, 11, 23, 25]. Researchers
suggests low water–cement ratio with admixtures for use of
RHA concrete. Researches showed that RHA contains high
silica, which is helpful for increasing durability of concrete
Table 1 Chemical properties
of RHA Chemical properties
Constitutes (weight, %)
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaO MgO SO3Na2O K2O Loss in ignition
78–86 0.1–2.0 0.16–1.85 0.55–4.81 0.35–4.5 0.24–1.18 1–1.14 2.54–3.68 4–8.55
Table 2 Physical properties of RHA
Physical properties
Specific grav-
ity (gm/cm3)
Fineness:
passing 45μm
(%)
Setting time (min-
utes)
Compressive
strength (N/
mm2)
Initial Final 7days 28days
2–2.3 70–99 190–200 260–265 12–18 25–28
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if used in proper proportion with cement. RHA concrete
possesses lower expansion than normal OPC concrete (con-
trol concrete) when exposed to magnesium sulphate solution
[10]. They found 2% lower strength reduction in RHA con-
crete than OPC concrete when exposed to magnesium sul-
phate solution. Moreover, RHA used in concrete increased
the resistance to chemical attack [45]. Incorporating RHA
with cement found helpful to lowering the chloride ion pen-
etration and water absorption [46]. The increase in RHA
replacement level increases the chloride penetration resist-
ance [11]. Therefore, the uses of RHA in concrete reduce the
risk of deterioration of concrete due to chloride penetration
in coastal areas [28].
Furthermore, RHA replacement by 10–30% of cement
in concrete gives long-term strength than OPC concrete
[23, 47]. Mahmud etal. [48] stated the concrete having
15% RHA and 85% OPC of total binding material achieved
maximum strength. In the study of Zhang etal. [15], 10%
cement replaced by RHA exhibits upper strength than con-
trol concrete at all ages. Ganesan etal. [49] observed that
the compressive strength of concrete containing up to 30%
RHA with cement was higher than that of OPC concrete.
Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flex-
ural strength of self-compacting concrete increase with
increase in RHA content up to 15% [50]. Alex etal. [1]
found that the percentage gain in tensile strength for 10,
15 and 20% of replacement of cement by RHA is 57.2,
56.02 and 55.04, respectively. They have observed that the
split tensile strength and compressive strength for all sam-
ples increase simultaneously. From their results, mechani-
cal strength increased with decreasing RHA size and 20%
RHA replacement is optimum for 15 and 60min grinded
sample. The compressive, flexural tensile and splitting ten-
sile strength of low-carbon RHA replacement cement block
slightly better than those of high-carbon RHA. However,
for both RHA replacements, strength was found better from
plain concrete by Selvaraja etal. [51]. Moreover, the use of
RHA may reduce the cost of supplementary cementitious
material by about 40% [47]. Consequently, the present study
is a preliminary attempt to investigate the workability, com-
pressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength
of RHA-used concrete as partial replacement of cement.
Experimental process
A preliminary experimental study on optimization of cement
in concretes with different water–cement ratios and RHA
contents was performed. RHA was collected from naturally
burnt conditions and used after grinding about 10 minutes
by means of mechanical grinder. The mechanical properties
of concrete with RHA as partial replacement of cement were
observed and compared with control concrete.
Materials selection andspecimen preparation
Specimens were prepared with ordinary Portland cement,
coarse sand and crushed stone using three different
water–cement ratios (0.40, 0.50 and 0.60). Specific gravity
of sand was 2.6 and fineness modulus was 2.70. Properly
graded crushed stone of 20mm maximum size has been
used as coarse aggregate whose specific gravity was 2.64.
Naturally completely burnt rice husk ash as shown in Fig.1
without further processing was grinded in a mechanical
grinder and used for specimen preparation. The specific
gravity of RHA was 2.01 and bulk density was 106kg/m3.
The used cement fulfills the requirements as per IS: 1489-
1991 [52].
To analyze the strength variation of concrete using RHA
as partial replacement of cement specimens with 10 and
15%, RHA of the total cement content by weight was used.
All constitutes and their quantity per m3 volume of concrete
are listed in Table3.
Methodology
Slump test
Slump test was done to evaluate workability as per IS: 1199-
1959 [53] on plain cement concrete and RHA-used concrete.
Water absorption test
The water absorption tests were carried out for concrete
specimen (cylindrical) with 0, 10 and 15% RHA replace-
ment according to [54]. The specimens were dried in oven
for 24h at 100±5°C and taken weight (Wd). Then, the
specimens were submerged in water at room temperature for
24h. After 24h, the specimens were withdrawn from water
and their surfaces were wiped by cloth to create saturated
Fig. 1 RHA specimen
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surface dry condition and weight taken (Wssd) and calculate
water absorption capacity using the following equation:
Compressive strength test
Specimens for compressive strength test were casted using
cylindrical moulds of 100mm diameter and 200mm height.
Tests were done according to IS: 516-1959 [55] after 7, 14
and 28days curing. The test setup is shown in Fig.2.
Flexural strength test
Beam specimens of size 150mm×150mm×700mm were
prepared for testing the flexural strength of plain cement
concrete and RHA-used concrete beams according to
IS:516-1959 [55].
Water absorption
(%)=
W
ssd
−W
d
W
d
×
100
Split tensile strength test
Cylindrical specimens of 150mm diameter and 300mm
length were casted for tensile strength test. The specimens
were hardened for 24h after casting and cured in water for
28days and then tested under compression testing machine
as per IS:5816-1999 [56]. Test setup is shown in Fig.3.
Results anddiscussion
Slump value
Adding RHA to the concrete increases the cohesiveness of
the mixture and increases its stiffness because of the high
fineness of RHA. Slump test result in Table4 shows the
lower slump in concrete mixtures containing rice husk ash.
To maintain the workability, it is recommended to use water
reducing admixtures in RHA concrete mixtures. It is clear
that slump decreased with the increase in RHA content.
Table 3 Constitutes and their quantity in per m3 of concrete specimen
% Cement replaced
by RHA
Specimen ID w/c ratio Cement, kg RHA, kg Water, kg Sand, kg Crushed gravel, kg
0% RHA W4A00.40 461.25 0 184.5 582 1204
W5A00.50 369.00 0 184.5 608.13 1253.45
W6A00.60 307.5 0 184.5 623.79 1287.9
10% RHA W4A10 0.40 415.12 46.13 184.5 582 1204
W5A10 0.50 332.10 36.9 184.5 608.13 1253.45
W6A10 0.60 276.7 30.8 184.5 623.79 1287.9
15% RHA W4A15 0.40 392.06 69.19 184.5 582 1204
W5A15 0.50 313.75 55.35 184.5 608.13 1253.45
W6A15 0.60 261.37 46.13 184.5 623.79 1287.9
Fig. 2 Compressive strength test Fig. 3 Split tensile strength test
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Water absorption capacity
Water absorption capacity of concrete varies with
water–cement ratio if other contents were same. RHA-used
concrete possesses more water absorption from control
concrete. This variation was found about 10–28% which
is shown in Fig.4. This phenomenon occurs due to RHA-
used concrete is more porous than control concrete. When
water–cement ratio increases, concrete porosity also
increases.
Variation incompressive strength
The results obtained from compressive strength test of
concrete cylinder are listed in Table5. Results showed that
the increasing percent of RHA as replacement of cement
caused decreased in compressive strength. From Fig.5, it
is confirmed that the increase in water content in concrete
causes decrease in strength. Plain cement concrete (0%
RHA) possesses maximum compressive strength than any
small replacement of cement by RHA. Replacement of 10%
cement by RHA is optimum and considerable with respect
to compressive strength of concrete. Table5 shows that the
replacement of cement by RHA up to 15% caused decrease
in compressive strength 10–12% in average. The main reason
for decreasing concrete strength with percent replacement of
cement by RHA is mainly caused due to the coarse charac-
teristics of RHA. Addition of RHA in concrete as replace-
ment of cement causes to decrease in density and increase in
porosity of concrete, which results to decrease in strength of
concrete. RHA-replaced concrete with higher water–cement
ratio also contains high porosity, which results in lowering
the strength.
At 28days age, the variation in compressive strength of
10% RHA-used specimen from plain cement concrete speci-
men is 1–2.5%. Therefore, replacement of cement by RHA is
sustainable considering the point of strength and workabil-
ity. From Figs.6, 7 and 8, it is confirmed that the strength
gaining trend with curing period of RHA-used concrete and
plain cement concrete has nearly same proportion.
A maximum bulk density was found for specimen W4A0
2.51g/cm3 and a minimum bulk density was found for
Table 4 Slump value of
concrete Specimen ID Slump
value,
mm
W4A040
W5A062
W6A095
W4A10 31
W5A10 52
W6A10 85
W4A15 25
W5A15 40
W6A15 72
0
2
4
6
0510 15
Water Absorption (%)
% RHA
w/c = 0.40 w/c = 0.50
w/c = 0.60
Fig. 4 Variation of water absorption of concrete specimens with %
RHA content
Table 5 Compressive strength
of specimens Specimen ID Compressive strength after curing, N/mm2% Variation in compressive strength
from 0% RHA concrete after 28days
curing
7days 14days 28days
W4A023.8 28.6 35.6 0
W5A021.3 26.3 31.7 0
W6A019.38 23 29.4 0
W4A10 23.2 27.4 35 1.6
W5A10 20.9 25.7 30.9 2.5
W6A10 18.9 22.4 28.8 2.04
W4A15 21 26 31 12.9
W5A15 17.5 23 28.6 9.78
W6A15 16.3 20.2 26 11.56
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sample W6A15 2.34g/cm3. Therefore, when water–cement
ratio and RHA content increase, the bulk density decreases
and simultaneously strength of the concrete decreases. To
increase the bulk density of RHA-used concrete, it is needed
to have smaller particle size of RHA, which leads to higher
specific surface area. From the previous study [1], it was
found that to gain higher bulk density, particle size of RHA
is to be decreased by increasing grinding time, which caused
less porosity in concrete. Therefore, increase in bulk den-
sity and specific surface area caused increase in concrete
strength.
Variation inexural strength
Flexural strength test results is listed in Table6. Figure9
shows that 20–30% flexural strength gained in 7days age
of curing and 50% strength gained at 14days of curing.
Strength gained at 28days curing age is highest for 0%
RHA-used concrete and decrease in strength found using
10% RHA replacing cement was about 10% in average.
Lower variation in flexural strength was found for lower
water–cement ratio specimens. For 15% replacement of
cement, flexural strength decreased by 25% in average.
Therefore, using lower water–cement ratio 10% replace-
ment of cement by RHA is optimum in considering flexural
strength. These results showed that the variation in strength
of RHA-used concrete at early age that is up to 14days
is very low from the concrete with 100% cement content
(Fig.10).
Variation intensile strength
Results obtained from tensile test of concrete specimens
with and without RHA as partially replacement of cement
are listed in Table7. Results show that (Fig.11), the tensile
strength of concrete decreases with water–cement ratio for
both plain and RHA-used concrete. The decrease in ten-
sile strength obtained for 10% cement replaced by RHA
20 25 30 35 40
0510 15
w/c = 0.40 w/c = 0.50 w/c = 0.60
Compressive Strength, MPa
% RHA
After28Days Curing
Fig. 5 Variation of compressive strength of concrete cylinder with %
RHA content
15 25 35
0714 21 28
0% RHA10 % RHA15 % RHA
Compressive St rength, MPa
w/c = 0.40
Age, Days
Fig. 6 Variation of compressive strength of concrete specimens with
curing age and % RHA (w/c=0.40)
0714 21 28
10% RHA15% RHA
Compressive St rength, MPa
Age, Days
w/c = 0.50
0% RHA
15 25 35
Fig. 7 Variation of compressive strength of concrete specimens with
curing age and % RHA (w/c=0.50)
10 20 30
0714 21 28
0% RHA10 % RHA15 % RHA
w/c = 0.60
Compressive Strength, MPa
Age, Days
Fig. 8 Variation of compressive strength of concrete specimens with
curing age and % RHA (w/c=0.60)
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varies from 7 to 10% from plain concrete. The more the
water–cement ratio, the more the strength reduction noticed
for RHA-used concrete. For increased in replacement of
cement by RHA content from 10% to 15% in concrete caused
Table 6 Flexural strength of
specimens Specimen ID Flexural strength after curing, N/mm2% Variation in flexural strength from
0% RHA
7days 14days 28days 7days 14days 28days
W4A01.26 2.50 5.21 0 0 0
W5A01.15 2.22 5.13 0 0 0
W6A01.08 2.03 4.95 0 0 0
W4A10 1.25 2.40 4.85 0.79 4.00 6.91
W5A10 1.13 2.18 4.69 1.7 1.80 8.58
W6A10 1.06 1.97 4.13 1.85 2.96 16.56
W4A15 1.21 2.33 3.96 3.97 6.8 23.99
W5A15 1.12 2.16 3.87 2.61 2.7 24.56
W6A15 1.05 1.95 3.58 2.78 3.94 27.68
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0510 15
7 Days Ag e14 Days Age
28 Days Age
w/c = 0.40
% RHA
Flexural Strength, MPa
Fig. 9 Variation of flexural strength of concrete specimen with %
RHA content (w/c=0.40)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0714 21 28
0% RHA10% RHA
15% RHA
w/c = 0.40
Age, Days
Flexur al St rength, MPa
Fig. 10 Variation of flexural strength of concrete specimens with cur-
ing age and % RHA (w/c=0.40)
Table 7 Tensile strength of specimens
Specimen ID Tensile strength after
28days curing, N/mm2
% Variation in tensile
strength from 0%
RHA
W4A04.80 0
W5A04.65 0
W6A04.41 0
W4A10 4.46 7.08
W5A10 4.23 9.03
W6A10 3.98 9.75
W4A15 4.16 13.33
W5A15 3.91 15.91
W6A15 3.51 20.41
33.5 44.5 5
0510 15
Tensile St rength, MPa
% of RHA
w/c = 0.40 w/c = 0.50
w/c = 0.60
Fig. 11 Variation of tensile strength of concrete specimens with %
RHA
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decreased in tensile strength of concrete is about 6-10%.
Therefore, lower water cement ratio and 10% replacement
of cement by RHA in concrete is suitable according to the
previous researches and the present study.
Conclusion
To achieve desired strength with economy the uses of RHA
as partial replacement of cement in concrete up to a cer-
tain level are satisfactory and useful in accordance with
the present study and previous research based on the flex-
ural strength, compressive strength and tensile strength
of concrete. The general conclusion from this study is the
following:
1. Rice husk ash is suitable as additional cementious mate-
rial, which can be obtained by controlled or natural
incineration and used with or without further processing.
2. Reduction of environmental pollutants and economy in
concrete construction was possible using RHA as partial
replacement of cement.
3. The concrete contains rice husk ash having density
within the range for normal weight concrete and, thus,
can be used for general purpose application.
4. Slump decreases and the water demand increases with
increase in cement replacement with RHA.
5. The compressive strength, flexural strength and ten-
sile strength of concrete specimens with 10% cement
replacement with RHA are comparable to the control
specimens.
6. Uses of RHA in concrete lower the reduction in strength
due to some chemical attack.
Acknowledgements The experimental work was carried out in
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh. The
authors are grateful to the Management, Secretary, Head of the Depart-
ment and Faculty Members of Civil Engineering for the facilities pro-
vided and co-operation rendered.
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