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Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study
on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts
on Rural and Urban Bangladesh
Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman*, Md. Hasan Masrur, Riffat Mahmood, Muhammad
Abdur Rahaman & Mizanur Rahman Bijoy
Session: “Health and Migration”
8-11 January 2018
Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka.
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2
Background
Riverbank erosion is a widespread natural disaster in rural Bangladesh
which results in rapid growth in a forced internal migration of people.
These internally displaced people (IDPs) migrate to the urban slum areas
after losing their residents for a better work opportunity and essential
services.
However, such situation arises in permanent migration to urban areas
and growth in informal urban settlements and creating more challenges
for the urban population.
This study focuses on people’s migration pattern in Bangladesh
particularly in the context of riverbank erosion and explores the impact
of riverbank erosion rural and urban Bangladesh.
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Study Area
Rural Dimension
Char Monpura, Char Fasson, and
Char Tajimuddin of Bhola District
Urban Dimension
‘Bhola Slum’ of Dhaka City
Bhola District Dhaka City
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Methodology
Final manuscript & Peer-reviewed publication
GIS & Remote sensing
analysis
•Assessing the erosion and
accretion rate of river bank
•Assessing spatial growth of
urban informal settlements
Quantitative
Household Survey
(Structured close-end
Questionnaire Survey)
Qualitative
FGD, KII
(Focus group discussion &
Key Informant Interview)
In-depth review
and analysis of the
existing documents
related to the study
Primary Information Collection
Training for the enumerators
Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion
and Its Potential Impacts on Rural and Urban Bangladesh
Study Area selection
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Erosion & Accretion rate
2006 2010 2016
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Erosion & Accretion in Area
Erosion Area (Sq. Km)
2000
-
2006
2006-
2010
2010-2016
Char
Monpura
6 3 4
Char Fasson
8 2 3
Char
Tajimuddin
15 3 4
Total 29 8 11
Accretion Area (Sq. Km)
2000-
2006
2006-
2010
2010-2016
Char
Monpura
0 0 0
Char Fasson
2 4 3
Char
Tajimuddin
1 0 1
Total 3 4 4
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Spatial growth of Bhola Slum
83
94
72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2006 2010 2016
Area (In Acre)
Spatial Growth (Source: M. Mahbubur et al., 2017)
Growth in Area
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People’s Migration Pattern in
Bangladesh
In-migration rates
per 1000
population from
2002-2016
(Source: BBS,
2016)
Out- migration
rates per 1000
population from
1984-2016
(Source: BBS,
2016)
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Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on
Rural Area
Riverbank
Erosion
Loss of
Homestead
Loss of
Agricultural
Land
Income
Erosion
Forced
Migration
Low
Expenditure in
Food
Consumption
Marginal
Expenditure in
Education
Livelihood Status
Becomes more
Vulnerable
Poor
Expenditure
in Health
Care
Loss of
Production
Conceptual
Framework of
the Impact
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Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on
Urban Area
Riverbank
Erosion
Forced
Displacement
Growth of urban
population
Lack of
access to
basic
services
Social
Insecurity
Growth of urban informal
settlements
Encroach
ment of
water
bodies &
agriculture
land
Pollution
from solid
& liquid
wastes
Contamination
of water sources
Conceptual
Framework of the
Impact
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Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on
Urban Area (Contd.)
5
0
2
0
6
0
5
23
0
4
0
22
0
7
2
0
24
0
2
0
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INCOME EDUCATION OCC UPATION HEA LTH AND SANITATION
Present Socio-economic Condition of the
IDPs (In Percentage)
Proposed Local Solution
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Studied Area
Problem
Solution
Rural (Bhola
District)
Char Monpura
Riverbank Erosion
•
Short term and long term planning
Char Fasson
Riverbank Erosion
•
Improving rural livelihood
Char
Tajimuddin
Riverbank Erosion
•
Ensuring sustainable rural
development
Urban (Dhaka
City)
Bhola Slum
Rapid Population
Growth
•Create alternative livelihood options
at origin
Growth of Urban
Informal
Settlement
•
Introduction of an improved
housing policy framework
•Introduction of resettlement policy
and approach for urban slum areas
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How the solution would
address the problem?
Problems
Implementation
of the proposed
Solutions
Mitigation
of the
Problems
•Riverbank erosion
•Rapid growth in
urban population
•Growth in urban
informal
settlements
•Short term & long
term planning
•Improving rural
livelihood
•Ensuring sustainable
rural development
•Resettlement policy
for slum dwellers
•Improved housing
policy framework
How the Implementing
Agency Reach Out the
Beneficiaries
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Proposed
Solutions
Implementing
Agencies
Beneficiaries
Short term & long-
term
planning
Improving rural
livelihood
Ensuring
sustainable
rural development
Policymakers
Government and
Non-
Government Agencies
Relevant Ministries
Relevant Stakeholders
Rural and
Urban
People
Final Words
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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do
not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Riverbank erosion is resulting in significant negative impacts both in
urban and rural Bangladesh which needs to be addressed properly.