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Oil Pipeline Vandalism Detection and Surveillance System for Niger Delta Region
Abstract and Figures
Oil pipeline vandalism is on the increase in the oil rich Nigeria Niger Delta region with over 400,000 barrels of
crude oil lost to crude oil bunkerers as a result of rampant rupturing and vandalisation of pipelines transporting crude oil and refined products from one point to another in the region. In this paper automated electronic pipeline vandalism detection and surveillance system with the capacity to detect intrusion into pipeline system before vandalisation takes place and send SMS and email alerts to plant operators. The system is also integrated with a surveillance camera so as to capture the video footage needed in tracking and prosecuting the criminals in court of law.
Keywords - Pipeline monitoring, surveillance, video camera, SMS, Waspmote, 3G/GPS, SCADA, security, FTP Server, cloud storage,HSPDA
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... The concept of oil pipeline vandalism and oil sabotage are vital to discourse in this piece of work and as such to highlight details of their meaning for proper understanding. First, oil pipelines are the medium through which crude oil, natural gas, and industrial chemicals are transported (Chibuzor, Chukwujekwu, & Ekene, 2014). Oil pipelines are vital and sensible facilities that could cause unconceivable catastrophes during operation, transportation of petroleum product or maintenance without a deliberate act of vandals or saboteur. ...
... Oil pipelines are vital and sensible facilities that could cause unconceivable catastrophes during operation, transportation of petroleum product or maintenance without a deliberate act of vandals or saboteur. The concept of vandalism according to Chibuzor et al. (2014), is an illegal or unauthorised activity carried out jointly with different entities in the destruction of gas, petroleum, and chemical pipelines. Umar and Othman (2017) describe vandalism as a thoughtful antagonistic behaviour of unsatisfied and corrupt individuals aimed directly to an environmental object with a destructive motive of damaging properties and causing harm. ...
... The effects of sabotage and vandalism activities affects but not limited to the soil; which is used for daily agricultural purposes in a country such as Nigeria, the air, water as significant sources of living for both animals, plants, fish production, human existence (Mogaji, Sotolu, Wilfred-Ekprikpo, & Green, 2018;Ndeh, Okafor, Akpan, & Olutoye, 2017;Olujobi et al., 2018), and other subsystems associated with the entire global system and our ecosystem. According to Chibuzor et al. (2014), 40% of the world's oil flows through pipelines which run thousands and or millions of kilometres across unstable areas of the globe. Hence, that influence the access to facilities and trait of damages (Aishatu et al., 2016). ...
Abstract
Chotto Bighai Union of Patuakhali District is one of the most disaster prone areas in coastal Bangladesh. The study is conducted to assess major climatic hazards at Chotto Bighai. This study focuses on the assessment of community resilience to disasters. A number of hazards including cyclones, river bank erosion, tidal floods, thunderstorms, heavy rainfall, waterlogging and salinity intrusion were predominant in the study area. The study is designed mainly considering responses and perceptions of respondents. Both primary (Sixty Household Questionnaire Survey, Four Focus Group Discussions, Ten Key Informants Interviews) and secondary data was collected for the research, correlated and interpreted. Interaction between hazards, physical, environmental, social and economic vulnerability is discussed. It reveals that cyclones, river erosion, tidal floods and thunderstorms are major natural hazards in the locality and the risk of cyclone (2.91) is prioritized compared to others existing risks related to the hazards experienced in this area. The community has achieved maximum 39 resilience in heavy rainfall (0.56). Resilience status of this community for waterlogging is (0.76), tidal flood (0.88) and salinity intrusion (0.83) which means that the community has below-average exposure, below-average damage, and average or slightly above-average recovery. The community is susceptible to cyclones (0.97), river bank erosion (0.96) and thunderstorms (1.04). They have achieved minimum levels of resilience in thunderstorms because there is no risk reduction practices available. People have achieved minimum resilience to cyclones due to its high frequency and intensity. The community has managed to reduce risks through indigenous practices and by social bonding. However, to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience to disasters, proper action should be taken and strengthened in the near future.
... However, the environment remains a tangible and aggregate of all external aspects that impact both living and non-living entities, drawing attention to any negative consequences (Olujobi, Oyewunmi, & Oyewunmi, 2018). The effects of sabotage and vandalism activities affect, but are not limited to, the soil, which is used for daily agricultural purposes in a country like Nigeria, the air, water as a significant source of living for both animals, plants, fish production, and human existence (Mogaji, Sotolu, Wilfred-Ekprikpo, & Green, 2018;Ndeh, Okafor, Akpan, & Olutoye, 2017; Olujobi According to Chibuzor et al. (2014), 40 percent of the world's oil runs via pipelines that span hundreds or millions of kilometers through dangerous terrain. As a result, it influences access to facilities and the severity of losses (Aishatu et al., 2016). ...
... ).Chibuzor et al. (2014) advocate for extreme action by noncorrupt governmental regulatory authorities and international oil corporations (IOCs) to offer a preventative mechanism for future instances of the crime, considering that there were 497 vandalism incidents for oil bunkering reasons in 1999 alone(Okoli & Orinya, 2013).Furthermore, the Nigerian National Petroleum Commission recorded 2,787 pipeline breaches between 2010 and 2012. (NNPC). ...
Despite the fact that the Niger Delta area contributes significantly to the country's GDP, its rural villages are poorly undeveloped, and its residents are among the poorest in the country. Nigeria is Africa's second-largest petro-state after South Africa, with an official oil production number of 2.4 million barrels per day; it earns billions of dollars in petroleum income. Scholars have highlighted one evidence that the country may be producing more than the official total, while the remainder is lost due to the illicit operations and manipulations of criminal cartels engaged in oil theft. Using the queer ladder theory as a theoretical framework, the research identified the elements that have contributed to the region's increasing prevalence of oil bunkering. Based on the findings, the research made recommendations, including that the government clean up the environment as soon as possible so that those who rely on it for survival can have a means of livelihood while also contributing to the nation's economy, as the region's development crisis has been linked to the production of crude oil...
... Visual bolt joint monitoring is usually undertaken during preventive maintenance or after identifying pressure or mass-flow deviations in the pipeline network [7,8]. Also, Chibuzor et al., [70] designed and developed an oil pipeline vandalism detection and surveillance system incorporating a video camera sensor board, motion and nightlight sensors and GPS module for vandalism detection and communicated the information via Wifi and GPRS. ...
Pipelines are widely used globally, particularly in Nigeria, to transport raw and processed hydrocarbon fluids, including crude oil, from the point of production to the shore for export, processing facilities and distribution of refined products to depots for sales and consumption. Although pipelines are designed to withstand environmental and physical shocks, intermittently, pipelines are exposed to natural or human-induced conditions that damage pipelines and disrupt their functionality. These disruptions could result from operational defects or vandalism, causing an economic loss of up to US$ 658.5 million as observed in the Niger Delta from 1990 to 2022. Furthermore, product loss of about 705,100 barrels observed over the same period has caused environmental and social impacts, damaging the natural environment, destroying livelihoods supported by the ecosystem, and deteriorating the health of residents as documented in several literatures. To mitigate these issues and ensure the safe and reliable conveyance of crude oil in pipelines, measures must be taken to timely detect spillages and intervene during oil spillages to minimize damage and loss. Such detection methods include external, visual/ biological and internal/computation-based approaches. This paper uses a mixed-method approach to review the literature on the causes and impact of crude oil pipeline leakage in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and highlights some methods that could be applied to detect pipeline leakage, as well as their strengths and inefficiencies. This paper further assesses the joint investigation visit mechanisms for oil spill response used in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and identified that between 2006 to 2021, it took an average of 4 days to report oil spill occurrence, and 21 days to respond. Also, for 18 percent of the spill occurrences in that period, there were no JIV. This study suggests that the gap in the JIV mechanism can be addressed by integrating technology to enhance detectability and minimize the cost of monitoring. The paper also guides the way forward to develop and improve the reliability of pipeline leak detection systems.
... The requirement of GTNs to be installed along the length of the pipeline makes this technique not to be easily implemented to provide protective coverage for Nigeria's existing oil and gas pipelines. Chibuzor et al. (2014) used a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect early intrusion of vandals into the pipeline system in order to communicate to the pipeline operators via SMS and email alerts so that a proactive action such as shutting down the pipeline valves or calling in the security patrol team can be initiated to mitigate loss. While this system attempts to detect vandalization attempts, the major drawback is a high false alarm rate as not every motion detected by the PIR sensor would be due to vandals or even humans. ...
Oil pipeline vandalism is the act of drilling into the pipelines with the intent to steal the products. Between 2010 and 2012, 2,787 line breaks were reported on pipelines belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), resulting in a loss of 157.81 metric tonnes of petroleum products worth about N12.53 billion. The automated oil and gas pipeline protector works by detecting the earth vibration signals unique to ground digging and pipeline breakage using custom designed sensing units (SUs). The SUs are buried underneath the ground, above the buried pipeline, and are spaced 200 m apart. Acquired seismic signals are processed by the arduino mega controller board using a customized algorithm that quantifies the activities going on at the surface of the earth into threatening (digging and drilling) and non-threatening (walking and running) activities. After detecting a threatening activity, the SU sends an alert message to the mobile phones of the patrol officers in patrol cars spaced 20 km apart on the pipeline route, and to dedicated control centres through the wifi module. Testing of the automated oil and gas pipeline protector has been conducted in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. The system demonstrated the ability to detect a vandal digging within 20 seconds of the activity's commencement. The system also demonstrated the ability to alert the appropriate authorities via text mailing containing the date, time, type of activity detected, alarm confidence rate, GPS location and driving directions to the vandalization site. Integration of a line of sight drone to assist local authorities in navigating and mobilizing to the vandalization site is recommended for future studies.
... The requirement of GTNs to be installed along the length of the pipeline makes this technique not to be easily implemented to provide protective coverage for Nigeria's existing oil and gas pipelines. Chibuzor et al. (2014) used a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect early intrusion of vandals into the pipeline system in order to communicate to the pipeline operators via SMS and email alerts so that a proactive action such as shutting down the pipeline valves or calling in the security patrol team can be initiated to mitigate loss. While this system attempts to detect vandalization attempts, the major drawback is a high false alarm rate as not every motion detected by the PIR sensor would be due to vandals or even humans. ...
... These applications require remotely monitoring to reduce the effort and costs; However, one of the most important goals of surveillance systems is to get information about the behavior and location of the foreign objects within certain sensing environment, as well as monitoring the performance of a particular system [2]. Video surveillance can be used in general surveillance systems, oil and gas industry, fire emergency, motorway monitoring and smart home [3] [4]. These networks are found everywhere in multiple applications of the real world such as remote monitoring, environmental monitoring and surveillance systems [1]. ...
Development and growth in all spheres of life has led to increased demand for modern technology such as video surveillance system. In this paper an oil pipeline surveillance system based on Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) as one of the means used to limit these risks is designed, implemented and evaluated. The MANET is infrastructure less (self-organized) wireless network, where each node can work as host (camera) and router at the same time. The topology design of oil pipeline imposes several constraints on the amount of video can be transmitted through the network depending on the size and the rate of the packets generated by each camera. Two types of routing protocols are examined for the proposed surveillance MANET, reactive (AODV) and proactive (OLSR). The results of comparison under different network loads and packets rate show that the AODV gives better performance over OLSR in terms of throughput, Packet lost, PTR and overhead. Therefore AODV protocol can be considered as strong candidate to be used in MANET wireless networks for oil and gas surveillance system.
... A pipeline condition monitoring system is required to ensure the pipeline network's continuous and safe operation, which can continuously monitor the various pipeline content parameters, such as flowing fluid temperature, pressure, flow speed, mass flow rate, and volume flow rate. Several techniques are developed for condition monitoring, which consists of a fiber optic cable-based system (Glisic and Yao, 2012;Holnicki-Szulc et al., 2005; Jacobsz and Jahnke, 2020; Lee et al., 2012;Ren et al., 2018), visual inspection through helicopter (Fiedler, 2014;Fix et al., 2004) sensor hose based system (Fiedler, 2014), intelligent pigging system (Kishawy and Gabbar, 2010), system based on acoustic signal (Ho et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2007) video monitoring system (Chibuzor et al., 2014), using Soap bubble screening method (Murvay and Silea, 2012), and system based on pressure measurement (Mandal, 2014). However, WSN technology for pipeline condition monitoring is preferred nowadays because it can continuously monitor the pipeline condition and send the required information in real time to the control unit and globally anywhere for detailed analysis. ...
An energy harvester that employs both electromagnetic and piezoelectric effects to convert fluid flow energy in the pipeline into electrical energy for powering wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) of the pipeline condition monitoring system has been developed. The devised hybrid energy harvester comprised a unimorph circular piezoelectric plate fixed in a T-joint, three stacked magnets attached at the middle of the piezoelectric plate, and an adjustable coil holder holding a wound coil. Experimental results of the developed prototype depict that it can produce a maximum load RMS voltage of 3.36 V with the piezoelectric part at 27 kΩ of optimal load resistance and 286 mV from the electromagnetic part at 335 Ω of optimum load resistance. Moreover, at 2.9 kPa flow pressure amplitude and 11.08 l/s flow rate, a maximum load power of 418 µW from the piezoelectric portion and 244 µW with the electromagnetic portion is produced. Upon integrating the harvester with a rectifier circuit, an open circuit DC voltage of 9.4 and 3.32 V are generated with piezoelectric and electromagnetic parts, respectively. Furthermore, under the same fluid flow condition, the piezoelectric part produces 404 µW DC power at 92 kΩ of optimum load resistance, while the electromagnetic portion produces 163 µW DC power at 10 kΩ of optimum load resistance. The developed harvester is also utilized to recharge a 4.8 V power bank from 1.11 to 4.2 V in 210 min. Moreover, it is also integrated with a pipeline condition monitoring system to power a WSN, a controller, and relevant circuitry.
... An automated electronic system was applied to detect pipeline Vandalism using video camera and surveillance system. It was also used to detect intrusion into pipeline to send short message service and e-mail to alert plant operators [13]. ...
Vandalism is an illegal act of cannibalism or change of face to a private or public property by human beings for re-sale of parts or to punish the property owner. Initial research findings on transformer Vandalism detection have fallen short of human image recognition of the vandal in real-time but only does detection of activities after the damage is done or as it occurs. Automated real-time systems using sensor feed to a trained deep learning model is a new transformer vandalism detection approach with capabilities of three-dimensional image learning, extracting important image features automatically and temporal output prediction. This paper aims at distinguishing the human object entering a zoned transformer area without permission to take away or modify the established infrastructure, so that the Vandal can be arrested before causing any damage to the transformer. The researchers identified a multiplicative hybrid model combining convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory for application to vandalism problem to detect the image of a vandal as it enters a restricted transformer installation site. The image recognition accuracy can be improved by tuning the model hyper-parameters and the specific hyper-parameters considered in this research work are number of model layers and epochs. The human object is distinguishing by applying the image features taken with Image sensor to a trained deep learning model. The hybrid deep learning method increases the output prediction accuracy from the input data and lowers computational processing complications due to a reduced data volume through pooling. The system is trained and validated using ImageNet dataset. Results achieved by five layers and sixty epochs is 99% recognition accuracy. The performance of the system with an increased number of layers and epochs to five and sixty respectively was the best result as compared with lower layers and epochs. Further increase of these parameters resulted to system overfitting.
... It is a negative activity aimed at getting Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [2] products for personal use or for sale in the black market especially in developing countries of the world where they are rampant, [1]. ...
In recent times, petroleum pipeline vandalism resulting into spillage has become a significant challenge in Nigeria. Citizens are regularly inundated with reported cases of vandalism which often lead to spillage and a drastic reduction in government’s revenue as is currently the case in Nigeria. This paper focuses on the design of petroleum pipeline spillage detection system. The design consists of the power supply unit, the comparator unit, the microcontroller unit, the switching unit, the transceiver unit and the base station. Simulation of the various units was done individually using the procedural programming application Proteus 8. Most of the components used were according to design specifications from data book with alternatives used in cases where they are unavailable. Wiring sensors which provided continuous electrical paths to break the signal path and trigger an alarm at the base station were used The design was done in units and were tested individually and the whole system was tested to perform the required task of detecting petroleum spillage and alerting the control room for action. It is found that the designed system had the advantage of responding to intrusion and vandalism better than existing systems.
In this paper, a parametric study has been carried out to predict the exit velocity of air through the leakage in the pipe with the help of CFD software ANSYS Fluent. The effect of air pressure in the pipe and the shape of leakage have been studied. Further experiments were also carried out to determine the exit velocity for the defined shape of leakage by varying the air pressure in the pipe. Experimentally, the velocity at a distance of 8 cm from the
location of a leak in the horizontal plane was obtained with the help of differential pressure transducers. Using the experimental results, the computational results were validated. The results of the parametric simulation study showed that even for a pressure of 2 bars the velocity profile at the leak location indicates the supersonic state where the Mach number is greater than 1. The study is useful because it may be used as a foundation for risk
assessment and safety management in the case of flammable gas leaks through gas pipes.
Automated crack and vandalism detection alert for pipeline with remote monitoring and location specification is implemented in this study. The design circuit consists of transceiver (GSM module), microcontroller, power supply and alarm nits. Simulation of the various units was done individually using visual modeling application Proteus. Most of the components used in the research were available on the software and alternatives with similar specifications were used for components that were not available on the Proteus for simulation purposes only. A continuous electrical path was provided by resistant sensor and any break in the signal path causes cessation of signal and provides detectable change in the state of the system. The system was tested on performance of the task of detecting breakage on pipelines and the exact location of such problems.
Oil-spillage disaster is a phenomenon that has thrived and come to stay especially in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria where crude oil is produced both on-shored and off-shored resulting in the loss of billions of crude oils and corresponding loss of income every year. Such disasters can occur at any point within the entire oil-pipeline topology, which is geographically dispersed across the country spanning from the extreme south-south through south-east and south-west to the north central. A major cause of oil spillage disaster is oil-pipeline vandalism, which has recently become one of the primary means of defrauding the Nation by oil bunkers and even angry youths of the host communities. Currently in Nigeria oil spillage disaster is monitored manually under the auspices of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and involves huge human labor as gathering of useful data has proven to be difficult and untimely using traditional data collection methods given the peculiarity of the operational terrain. An automated data collection design (ADCD) for real-time data collection on oil spillages in the on-shore, mangrove, thick forest and off-shore areas of the Nation offers the much needed solution. This paper examined some current procedures for data collection and highlighted inherent pitfalls. It further presented a robust architecture and model for real-time detection of oil-spillage and discussed incorporated contemporary technological requirements. The major advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system were also discussed.
This paper is concerned with the evaluation and tabulation of certain integrals of the type I(mu , nu ; lambda ) = int0∞ Jmu(at) Jnu(bt) e-ct tlambdadt. In part I of this paper, a formula is derived for the integrals in terms of an integral of a hypergeometric function. This new integral is evaluated in the particular cases which are of most frequent use in mathematical physics. By means of these results, approximate expansions are obtained for cases in which the ratio b/a is small or in which b ~= a and c/a is small. In part II, recurrence relations are developed between integrals with integral values of the parameters mu , nu and lambda . Tables are given by means of which I(0, 0; 1), I(0, 1; 1), I(1, 0; 1), I(1, 1; 1), I(0, 0; 0), I(1, 0; 0), I(0, 1; 0), I(1, 1; 0), I(0, 1; -1), I(1, 0; -1) and I(1, 1; -1) may be evaluated for 0
A nation in search of pipeline safety
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