Insecta : HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC BUGS). In:

Full text

357
Chapter 23
INSECTA : HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC BUGS)
1
ICAR-NBAIR, H.A. Farm post, Bellary road, Bangalore-560024
2
Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Santhome High Road, Chennai-600028
SRIMOYEE BASU1 AND K.A. SUBRAMANIAN2
ABSTRACT
India is represented by 325 species under 84 genera and 18 families of freshwater
hemipterans. The Western Ghats and Central India are well explored, whereas,
the Eastern Himalayan States and Western Himalayan regions of India are still
unexplored. Systematic identication of these aquatic bugs through morphological
studies has progressed rapidly. But, molecular identication involving DNA
barcoding is still lacking in India. An intensive eld survey is urgently required
to update the baseline databases of freshwater hemipterans from India and to
understand their regional diversity and distribution pattern in inland freshwater
ecosystems.
Keywords: Hemiptera, Freshwater, India, Diversity, Distribution, Systematics
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater Hemipterans, commonly known as ‘aquatic bugs’, are secondarily
adapted to aquatic ecosystems. However, their nymphal and adult stages are
fully aquatic. The aquatic bugs, belonging to the suborder Heteroptera (true bugs)
are encompassed under three Infraorders such as, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha
and Leptopodomorpha based on their niche and habitat preferences. They are an
integral component of freshwater ecosystems and play a major role in the food web
of the ecosystem as being predators, scavengers or collectors. The evolutionary
history shows that all families were present in the Mesozoic and probably date back
into the Triassic (Popov, 1971). The Nepomorphan has an extensive fossil record,
while the Gerromorphan have less fossil record in comparison to Nepomorpha.
Gerromorpha is a sister group to the Panheteroptera including Nepomorpha and
Leptopodomorpha (Schuh and Slater, 1995) and all members of the aquatic bugs
are predicted to be at least of the same age.
Nepomorphans are the true aquatic bugs, living underwater. Gerromorphans
are semi-aquatic bugs, living on the surface water, whereas Leptopodomorphans
are the shore dwellers, inhabiting the littoral zones or intertidal zones. They are
hemimetabolous insects and both nymphs and adults of these bugs play a major
role in sustainable management of aquatic habitat. These aquatic bugs are found
in both lotic and lentic freshwater habitats ranging from mountainous lake,
forested pools, ponds, hill streams, rivers, waterfalls, water splashed rocks, hot
springs, cascades etc. Because of their habitat specicity and sensitivity, they are

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
358
indicators of the changes in the freshwater ecosystem’s health and ideal candidates
for biomonitoring. Their size vary from 1 mm to about 100mm. They possess a
specialized beak-like structure, rostrum, which helps in piercing and sucking.
Besides, the poor dispersal capabilities of these insects also serve as
zoogeographical indicators (Jordon, 1951; Hungerford and Matsuda, 1958a, b;
Thirumalai, 1999) and they are important indicators of long-term environmental
changes. Knowledge on the diversity and distribution of this group helps in
understanding the functional aspects of community structure and provides the
baseline data required for developing a strategy for the effective conservation
and management of the freshwater ecosystem. They have tackled the constraints
of living in aquatic environments by possessing several morphological and
physiological adaptations. Some of them (Corixidae, Nepidae, Geridae etc.) are
efcient bio-control agents of harmful vector like mosquito larvae. Nepomorpha,
Gerromorpha and Leptopodomorpha colonize new habitats as they are migratory
in nature and many species are attracted to light (Fernando, 1961). However, they
are encountered mostly in apterous forms. But, population living in temporary
pools consists of macropterous forms.
Fossil History
The evolutionary history of aquatic Hemiptera dates back into the Mesozoic
and Triassicera. However, the oldest fossil of Gerromorphan bug is Karanabis
kiritschenkoi Bekker-Migdisova, 1962 from the Upper Jurassic which belongs
to Mesoveliidae (Popov and Bechly, 2007). However, the rich fossil record of
Nepomorpha in the Mesozoic creates a mystery on the habitat preferences of
Gerromorpha due to the scarcity of Mesozoic Gerromorphan fossil (Grimaldi and
Engel, 2005).
Historical Resume
The Heteroptera or true bugs are the largest and most diverse groups of insects.
The most comprehensive work on this group, until now, is ‘The Biology of
Heteroptera’ by Miller (1956, 1971). The taxonomic studies on aquatic Hemiptera
was undertaken by Linnaeus (1758) in his 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which
included 12 species from Neotropical, Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions. The
earliest volume dealing with this group was Fabricius’s Systema Rhyngotorum
(1775). This was followed by Amyot and Serville (1843) in Histoire naturelle des
insectes hemipteres. Stal (1868-1869) and (1870-1875) described 66 species of
aquatic Hemiptera. Schuh and Slater (1995) discussed the systematic of these
bugs. Reuter (1912) discussed and analyzed about their synonymy.
The Gerromorpha or semi-aquatic bugs are dened by the members having the
ability to traverse the water surface lm accompanied by four long and segmented
antennae. Earlier, they were treated under the group Amphibicorisae (Dufour,
1833; Leston et al., 1954). But, recent treatment by Schuh and Slater (1995);
Andersen (1982); Polhemus and Polhemus (2007, 2008); Henry (2009) showed that
it consists of eight families placed among four super families. Among the 8 families,
Hermatobatidae, Macroveliidae and Paraphrynoveliidae are not reported from

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
359
GERROMORPHA
Gerridae
Mesoveliidae
Hebridae
Hydrometridae
Veliidae

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
360
NEPOMORPHA
Aphelocheiridae
Helotrephidae
Nepidae
Belostomatidae
Notonectidae
Micronectidae
Corixidae
Naucoridae
Pleidae

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
361
NEPOMORPHA
LEPTOPODOMORPHA
Ochteridae
Saldidae
Gelastocoridae
Leptopodidae
India. Most of the information on morphology, classication, phylogeny and bio-
geography is derived from the monographic work of Andersen (1982); Spence and
Andersen (1994). Faunistic knowledge on Gerromorpha is limited to the taxonomic
studies by Distant (1903, 1910a and b), Annandale (1919), Bergroth (1915), Paiva
(1919a and b), Dover (1928), Haz and Mathai (1938), Haz and Riberio (1939),
Haz and Pradhan (1947), Pradhan (1950a, b and 1975), Gupta (1981), Roy et al.
(1988), Ghosh et al. (1989), Polhemus and Starmuhlner (1990), Bal and Basu (1994,
1997, 2000), Chen and Zettel (1999), Thirumalai (1986, 1989, 1992, 1994a and b,
1996, 1999, 2000, 2002), Chandra et al., (2012), Jehamalar and Chandra (2013a, b).
The revisionary work of Andersen (1975, 1980, 1990 and 1993), Den Boer (1965),

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
362
Hennig (1981), Polhemus and Andersen (1984), Hungerford and Matsuda (1958a
and b, 1960, 1962, 1965), Polhemus (1994), Polhemus and Polhemus (1994, 1995),
Chen and Nieser (1993a and b), Chandra and Jehamalar (2012a), Jehamalar and
Chandra (2013c, d), Basu et al., (2014, 2016) on few genera of Gerridae; Andersen
(1981a, 1983, 1989), Polhemus (1990a), Lundblad (1936), Jehamalar (2015)
on Veliidae; Andersen and Polhemus (1980) on Mesoveliidae; Hungerford and
Evans (1934), Polhemus and Polhemus (1995), Jehamalr and Chandra (2014b) on
Hydrometridae; Andersen (1981b) and Zettel (1998) on Hebridae of the World are
important to understand the present scenario of Indian Gerromorpha.
The true water bugs or Nepomorpha occur all over the world except
Antarctica, with about 2000 species altogether, was rst recognized as a group by
Latreille (1810) under the name Hydrocorisae. The taxa historically were placed
in the Hydrocorisae (Dufour, 1833; Leston et al., 1954) and are characterized by
short antennae that are concealed in part or entirely by the eyes. Taxonomy,
nomenclature, higher classication and phylogeny of Nepomorpha were reviewed
by many workers and important contributions have been made by Popov (1971),
Stys and Kerzhner (1975), Rieger (1976), Stys and Jansson (1988), Mahner (1993),
Andersen (1995), Polhemus et al. (1995) and Hebsgaard et al. (2004). Thirumalai
(2007) published a checklist on the Indian Nepomorpha, which enlisted 153 species
under 34 genera of aquatic bugs found in India. However, the number increased
to 157 species with the discovery of more new species under different families in
recent years in India. The earlier knowledge on Indian aquatic bugs is mainly
limited to taxonomic contributions by Distant (1903, 1906, 1910a and b), Annandale
(1919), Paiva (1919a, b), Dover (1928), Hutchinson (1933, 1940), Haz and Mathai
(1938), Haz and Riberio (1939), Haz and Pradhan (1947) and Pradhan (1950a).
The revisionary work of Lundblad (1933), Chen (1960) and Wroblewski (1960,
1962, 1972) on the genus Micronecta (Micronectidae), Todd (1955) on the genus
Nerthra (Gelastocoridae), Esaki and China (1928), Polhemus (1990b) and Papacek
and Zettel (2003 and 2004) on the family Helotrephidae. Polhemus and Polhemus
(1988), Sites et al., (2011), Basu et al. (2013) on Aphelocheiridae, La Rivers (1971a
and b, 1974) on Naucoridae, Lansbury (1972 and 1973) on the genera Ranatra,
Montonepa and Cercotmetus (Nepidae), Hungerford (1933), Brooks (1951) and
Lansbury (1968) on the genera Notonecta, Anisops, Enithares (Notonectidae)
and Jaczewski (1934), Kormilev (1971), Chandra and Jehamalar (2012b) on the
family Ochteridae of the world are noteworthy to understand the nepomorphan
fauna of India. Consolidated information on the occurrence as well as the present
status of aquatic bugs in India pertains to the works of Bal and Basu (1994, 1997,
2000, 2002, 2003, 2004), Ghosh et al. (1989), Nahar (2004), Papacek and Zettel
(2004), Polhemus and Starmuhlner (1990). Ravishankar and Venkatesan (1988),
Thirumalai (1983, 1986, 1989, 1994a, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2007),
Thirumalai and Raghunathan (1988), Thirumalai and Kumar (2005), Thirumalai
et al. (2004, 2006), Venkatesan and Rao (1980) and Zettel (1997a, b, 1998, 2000
and 2001), Chandra et al., (2012), Jehamalar and Chandra (2013a, b).
The major taxonomic work on the infraorder Leptopodomorpha has been
carried out by Reuter (1912), Drake and Chapman (1952), Schuh et al. (1987),
Cobben (1959, 1980, 1985), Polhemus and Polhemus (2007, 2012), Zettel et al.,
(2013).

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
363
Diversity
Polhemus and Polhemus (2008) and Alder and Foottit (2009) mentioned that
approximately 4656 species of aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs belonging to three
infraorders, 20 families and 326 genera inhabit freshwater globally. In addition,
more than 1100 species remain undescribed (Polhemus and Polhemus, 2007). Of
these, 1103 species occur in the Oriental region. Whereas, the species richness
is higher in Neotropical region and it is represented by 1289 species. India is
represented by 318 species under 82 genera and 18 families (Thirumalai, 1999,
2002, 2007). Among these, the families like Veliidae, Gerridae, Corixidae,
Micronectidae, Hebridae, Helotrephidae and Naucoridae are high species rich
families. However the current number of species is 4940 globally. Global freshwater
aquatic Heteroptera diversity is provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Global diversity of freshwater aquatic Heteroptera
(Polhemus and Polhemus, 2008).
Infraorder Family Species
Gerromorpha Gerridae 777
Veliidae 1011
Hebridae 230
Hydrometridae 128
Mesoveliidae 47
Hermatobatidae 12
Macroveliidae 3
Paraphrynoveliidae 2
Nepomorpha Belostomatidae 160
Nepidae 271
Notonectidae 406
Corixidae and Micronectidae 613
Pleidae 38
Aphelocheiridae 84
Naucoridae 404
Ochteridae 69
Gelastocoridae 111
Helotrephidae 181
Potamocoridae 10
Leptopodomorpha Leptopodidae 41
Saldidae 335
Omaniidae 6
Aepophilidae 1
Total 4940

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
364
Classication of Aquatic bugs of Indian Subregion
Infraorder Gerromorpha
Superfamily Gerroidea
Family GERRIDAE
Subfamily Rhagadotarsinae
Subfamily Trepobatinae
Subfamily Gerrinae
Subfamily Eotrechinae
Subfamily Cylindrostethinae
Subfamily Ptilomerinae
Subfamily Halobatinae
Family VELIIDAE
Subfamily Microveliinae
Subfamily Rhagveliinae
Subfamily Haloveliinae
Subfamily Veliinae
Subfamily Perittopinae
Superfamily Mesovelioidea
Family MESOVELIIDAE
Subfamily Mesoveliinae
Superfamily Hydrometroidea
Family HYDROMETRIDAE
Subfamily Hydrometrinae
Superfamily Hebroidea
Family HEBRIDAE
Subfamily Hebrinae
Subfamily Hyrcaninae
Infraorder Nepomorpha
Superfamily Nepoidea
Family NEPIDAE
Subfamily Nepinae
Subfamily Ranatrinae
Family BELOSTOMATIDAE
Subfamily Belostomatinae
Subfamily Lethocerinae
Superfamily Ochteroidea
Family GELASTOCORIDAE
Subfamily Nerthrinae
Family OCHTERIDAE
Superfamily Corixoidea
Family CORIXIDAE
Subfamily Corixinae
Subfamily Cymatinae
Family MICRONECTIDAE
Subfamily Micronectinae
Superfamily Naucoroidea
Family APHELOCHEIRIDAE
Subfamily Aphelocheirinae
Family NAUCORIDAE
Subfamily Cheirochelinae
Subfamily Laccocorinae
Subfamily Naucorinae
Superfamily Notonectoidea
Family NOTONECTIDAE
Subfamily Anisopinae
Subfamily Notonectinae
Superfamily Pleoidea
Family PLEIDAE
Family HELOTREPHIDAE
Subfamily Fischerotrephinae
Subfamily Helotrephinae
Infraorder Leptopodomorpha
Family LEPTOPODIDAE
Family SALDIDAE

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
365
Family wise diversity is summarized Table 2.
Table 2. Aquatic bugs diversity across family, genera and species
in the Indian subregion
Sl. No. Infraorder Family No. Genera No. Species
I Gerromorpha
1 Gerridae 26 93
2 Veliidae 13 33
3 Hydrometridae 1 5
4 Hebridae 4 22
5 Mesoveliidae 1 3
II Nepomorpha
6 Aphelocheiridae 1 8
7Nepidae 3 24
8 Naucoridae 720
9Notonectidae 4 32
10 Corixidae 720
11 Micronectidae 2 27
12 Pleidae 1 4
13 Helotrephidae 6 13
14 Ochteridae 1 2
15 Gelastocoridae 1 5
16 Belostomatidae 2 5
III Leptopodomorpha
17 Leptopodidae 2 2
18 Saldidae 2 7
Total 84 325
Distribution
Aquatic and semi-aquatic hemipterans are distributed in a wide range of freshwater
habitats ranging from pond, lake, forested small temporary pool, rivers, hill
streams, canal within agricultural eld, waterfalls, cascades, mountainous lake
or stream etc. They occur on all continents except Antarctica and more diverse
in tropical areas. High diversity of water bugs is found in the pristine habitats
of Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghats. However, many families especially of
the Infraorder Leptopodomorpha are yet to be completely documented. They are
also found in the high altitudinal regions and show variance in diversity across
altitudinal gradients and land use pattern. Hence, they are the ideal candidates
for zoogeographical, ecological and biomonitoring studies. Nevertheless, the
documentation of the updated list of species is still incomplete and many more
species are yet to be described.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
366
Endemism
A high percentage of tropical endemic species are found. Although several species
are cold adapted and associated with stream or waterfalls with high structural
complexity (Polhemus et al., 1992) Due to poor dispersal capabilities, they serve
as zoogeographical indicators (Thirumalai, 1999). Some species has wide habitat
distribution and few are restricted to either lentic or lotic habitats. The Oriental
realm especially the Indian subregion supports a wide variety of aquatic bugs due
to its complex biogeographic past. Though an intensive study is presently focused
on this area, resulting in a good number of new taxa, which are mostly endemics.
Biology
Aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs mainly inhabit inland freshwater habitats, though
several species are associated with intertidal brackish water and marine habitats.
They are predaceous or scavengers except family Corixidae (detritivore), feeding
on other aquatic insects. Few species of the family Belostomatidae, Aphlocheiridae,
Naucoridae, Nepidae and Gerridae are known to predate on other aquatic insects
of their own size, and even tadpoles, sh, molluscs, frogs etc. by immobilizing
preys. They have sexual dimorphism and males are often smaller than females.
All members of the aquatic bugs migrate to new habitats and some of them are
attracted to light. They mostly encountered in apterous forms. However, the
temporary pools are mainly dominated by macropterous population. Species
diversity is affected with the land use pattern altitude, habitat and microhabitat.
Life cycle
The aquatic Hemipterans are hemimetabolous insects i.e., they undergo incomplete
metamorphosis. The life cycle stages consist of egg, nymph and adult. They produce
one or two or sometimes several generations per year. In general, the overwintered
adults lay eggs in springs, develop in summer and further replicate their cycle.
Though, several studies have been undertaken on life histories of these bugs in
laboratory conditions. Usually, eggs are laid and glued on the rocks and plants
or sometimes on the back of the males (Belostomatidae). The eggs are relatively
tough, hexagonal, oval or spindle shaped with button-like or peg like micropylar
processes. There are ve nymphal instars and the nymphs are morphologically
alike to adults, but without reproductive development. The entire life cycle of
these bugs may take 2 to 3 months (Leong, 1962). In some species life cycle starts
from mid May to July and new generations appear in late August to October and
overwinter until March to April (Ohba and Goodwyn, 2010). However, their life
cycle depends on the temperature and availability of food resources. They usually
found to mate throughout the year, but mating increased during February. They
stridulate to attract their mates. Most of them have well-developed forelegs with
tooth or spines for grasping females. Although, surface ripples also attract mates
(Wilcox, 1969), in a few species of water striders, mating occur on the surface water
and the pair copulate for several hours or even days (Birch et al., 1979). In true
aquatic bugs (Nepomorpha), they complete their entire life cycle including mating
underwater.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
367
Longevity
The life span of adult usually lasts for one to six months. However, it varies
according to species and depends on temperature of the aquatic habitat.
Threats
The major threat is the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on inland freshwater
ecosystems. Habitat destruction, deforestation, rapid urbanization, changes in
the land use pattern such as dam construction, encroachment, siltation, weed
infestation, industrial or pesticidal pollution, over exploitation and electroshing
to catch shes in streams or rivers, which also affects other aquatic insects are
the real threats to these bugs inhabiting in such ecosystems. On the other hand,
introduction of exotic insect species to control weeds causes loss of native insect
population. Climate change and global warming are immediate threats to this
freshwater ecosystem, especially in Tropics.
Conservation and Signicance
The rst and principal actions necessary for conservation of these bugs, are the
restoration and management of inland freshwater habitats through protection and
preservation of bio-resources of the habitats. The effective conservation of species
requires understanding of how and where population occurs in a landscape and
what are the factors affecting this population. One of the major attempts to protect
the aquatic fauna is to set priorities among the several deserving candidates of
aquatic habitats and to nd out the factor responsible for their decline. The major
approaches to conserve should be a combination of ecological, biotechnological and
socio-cultural and legal. The ecological and biotechnological approach involves
rapid identication through taxonomic studies and DNA Barcoding of them and
their different life stages. The awareness creation among local communities and to
involve them in management of freshwater habitats is also required.
Gaps in research
Several species especially of the family Leptopodidae, Saldidae, Helotrephidae,
Micronectidae, Veliidae are still unknown from India. Many freshwater
ecosystems of India are under surveyed and unexplored, mainly the Eastern
Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots and the Western Himalaya. However, major
work on wetlands of Western Ghats has already been undertaken by Thirumalai
(1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 2004) and Thirumalai and Kumar (2005). However, the
molecular studies involving DNA barcoding technique is still lacking and initiative
is required. Though, few species were barcoded recently and published at NCBI
databases by Basu and Venkatesan (2016).
Future dimensions
An intensive survey in the unexplored areas of India is required to update the
baseline information and to understand their pattern of distribution.
Combined approaches of both morphological and molecular systematic studies
and phylogenetic analysis are needed.
Studies on impact of several ecological and environmental factors and the

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
368
impact of anthropogenic disturbances on species of freshwater Hemipterans should
be one of the priorities.
Studies on cryptic species population and to resolve the problem through
molecular study is also obligatory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their deep felt gratitude and thanks to Dr. Kailash
Chandra, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities to
complete this work.
REFERENCES
Alder, P.H. and Fottit, R.G. 2009. Introduction. In: Insect Biodiversity Science and
Society, Fottit, R.G. and P.H. Alder (Eds.). A John Weileys & Sons, Ltd.,
Publications. p. 3.
Amyot, E. and Serville, A. 1843. Histoire naturelle des insects, Hemipteres,
Libraire Encyclopedique de Report, Paris. XXVI: 675.
Andersen, N.M. and Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Four new genera of Mesoveliidae
(Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) and the Phylogeny of Classication of the
family. Entomologica scandinavica, 11: 369-392.
Andersen, N.M. 1975. The Limnogonus and Neogerris of the Old World with
character analysis and a reclassication of the Gerrinae (Hemiptera:
Gerridae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements, 7: 1-96.
Andersen, N.M. 1980. Hygropetric water striders of the genus Onychotrechus
Kirkaldy with description of a related genus (Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerridae).
Steenstrupia, 6(10): 113-146.
Andersen, N.M. 1981a. A new genus of Veliidae and descriptions of new oriental
species of the subfamily (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Entomologica scandinavica,
12: 339-356.
Andersen, N.M. 1981b. Semi-aquatic bugs: phylogeny and classication of Hebridae
(Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) with a revision of Timasius, Neotimasius and
Hyrcanus. Systematic Entomology, 6: 377-412.
Andersen, N.M. 1982. The semi-aquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha):
Phylogeny, adaptations, biogeography and classication. Entomonograph,
3: pp. 455.
Andersen, N.M. 1983. The Old World Microveliinae (Hemiptera: Veliidae) I. The
status of Pseudovelia Hoberlandt and Perivelia Poisson, with a review of
Oriental species. Entomologica scandinavica, 14: 253-268.
Andersen, N.M. 1989. The Old World Microveliinae (Hemiptera: Veliidae) II. Three
new species of Baptista Distant and a new genus from the Oriental region.
Entomologica scandinavica, 19: 363-380.
Andersen, N.M.1990. Phylogeny and taxonomy of water striders, genus Aquarius
Schellenberg (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae) with a new species from
Australia. Steenstrupia, 16(4): 37-81.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
369
Andersen, N.M. 1993. Classication, phylogeny and zoogeography of the pond
skaters Genus Gerris Fabricius (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Canadian Journal
of Zoology, 71(12): 2473-2508.
Andersen, N.M. 1995. Phylogeny and classication of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera,
Nepomorpha). An essay review of Mahner’s ‘Systema Cryptoceratum
Phylogeneticum’. Entomologica scandinavica, 26: 159-166.
Annandale, N. 1919. The fauna of certain small streams in the Bombay Presidency.
Records of the Indian Museum, 16(1): 109-161.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 1994. Insecta: Hemiptera: Mesoveliidae, Hydrometridae:
Veliidae and Gerridae; Belostomatidae; Nepidae: Notonectidae and Pleidae.
Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of West Bengal, State
Fauna Serie, 3(5): 535-558.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 1997. Hemiptera – Water Bugs. Records of the Zoological
Survey of India, Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6: 261-276.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 2000. Insecta: Hemiptera: Water Bugs. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Tripura, StateFauna Series, 7(2): 427-
443.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 2002. Insecta: Hemiptera:Water Bugs. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Kabar Lake, Wetland Ecosystem
Series, 4: 77-87.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 2003. Insecta: Hemiptera: Water Bugs. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(2): 541-
557.
Bal, A. and Basu, R.C. 2004. Insecta: Hemiptera: Water Bugs. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Manipur, State Fauna Series, 10: 293-
310.
Basu, S., Subramanian, K.A. and Saha, G.K. 2013. Overview of the species of
Aphelocheirus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae) of India, with
description of a new species from West Bengal. Zootaxa, 3700(2): 293-299.
Basu, S., Subramanian, K.A. and Polhemus, D.A. 2014. Two new species of
Amemboa Esaki (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from West Bengal, India. Zootaxa,
3774(6): 567-577.
Basu, S., Polhemus, D.A., Subramanian, K.A., Saha, G. K., Venkatesan, T. 2016.
Metrocoris Mayr (Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerridae) of India with descriptions
of ve new species. Zootaxa, 4178(2): 257-277.
Bergroth, E. 1915. Hemiptera from the Bombay Presidency. Journal of the Bombay
Natural Histrory Society, 24: 170-179.
Brooks, G.T. 1951. A revision of the Genus Anisops (Notonectidae, Hemiptera).
University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 34(8): 301-519.
Birch, M.C., Cheng, L. and Treherne, J.E. 1979. Distribution and environmental
synchronization of the marine insect Halobates robustus in the Galapagos
Islands. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 206: 33-52.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
370
Chandra, K., Jehamalar, E.E. and Raghunathan, C. 2012. Aquatic and semiaquatic
Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Insecta) of Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve,
Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112(2): 79-89.
Chandra, K. and Jehamalar, E.E. 2012a. Lathriobates manohardasi sp. nov.
(Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Gerridae) from Tamilnadu, India, with a key to
the species. Zootaxa, 3186: 64-68.
Chandra, K. and Jehamalar, E.E. 2012b. Morphological differences in three species
of the genus Diplonychus (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) known from India.
Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112(2) : 91-99.
Chen, L.C. 1960. A study of the genus Micronectaof India, Japan, Taiwan and
adjacent regions. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 33(3): 99-
118.
Chen, P.P. and Nieser, N. 1993a. A taxonomic revision of the Oriental water strider
genus Metrocoris Mayr (Hemiptera, Gerridae) I. Steenstrupia, 19(1):1-43.
Chen, P.P. and Nieser, N. 1993b. A taxonomic revision of the Oriental water strider
genus Metrocoris Mayr (Hemiptera, Gerridae) II. Steenstrupia, 19(2): 45-
82.
Chen, P.P. and Zettel, H. 1999. Five new species of the Halobatinae genus
Metrocoris Mayr, 1865 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerridae) from the Continental
Asia. Annalen des (k.k.) naturhistorischen (Hof) Museums in Wien, Vienna,
101B: 13-32.
Cobben, R.H. 1959. Notes on the classication Saldidae with the description of a
new species from Spain. Zool. Medded., Leiden, 36: 303-316.
Cobben, R.H. 1980. The Saldidae of the Hawaiian archipelago (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera). Pacic Insects, 22(1-2): 1-34.
Cobben, R.H. 1985. Additions to the Eurasan Saldid fauna with a description of
fourteen new species (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,
128: 215-270.
Den Boer, M.H. 1965.Revisionary notes on the Genus Metrocoris Mayr (Heteroptera:
Gerridae) with descriptions of four new species. Zoologische Verhandelingen
Leiden, 74: 1-38.
Distant, W.L. 1903. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma.
Rhynchota, 2: 167-191.
Distant, W.L. 1906. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma.
Rhynchota, 3: 13-51.
Distant, W.L. 1909. Oriental Rhynchota, Heteroptera. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 5(8): 491-507.
Distant, W.L. 1910a. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma.
Appendix, 5: 137-166 & 310-353.
Distant, W.L. 1910b. Some undescribed Gerrinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, 5(8): 140-153.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
371
Dover, C. 1928. Notes on a collection of aquatic Rhynchota from the Buitenzorg
Museum. Treubia, Bogor, 10: 65-72.
Drake, C.J. and Chapman, H.C. 1952. A new species of Micracanthia from Florida
(Hemiptera: Saldidae). Florida Entomologist, 35(4): 147-150.
Dufour, L. 1833. Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Hemipteres.
Memories des Savants Etrangersde l’Academy of Science Paris, 4: 129-462.
Esaki, T. and China, W.E. 1928. Amonograph of the Helotrephidae, subfamily
Helotrephinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). EOS-Revista Espanola de
Entomologia, 4: 129-172.
Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines,
genera, species, adiectis synonimis, locis, descriptioibus, observatioibus.
Ofcina Libraria Kortii, Flensurgi et Lipsiae (Flensburg ad Leipzig,
Germany), pp. xxxii+832pp.
Fernando, C.H. 1961. Aquatic insects taken at light in Ceylon, with a discussion
and bibliography of references to aquatic insects at light. Ceylon Journal of
Science (Biological Sciences), 4: 46-54.
Ghosh L.K., Biswas, B., Chakraborty, S.P. and Sen, G.C. 1989. Insecta: Hemiptera.
In: Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series 1. (Ed.) Jairajpuri, M. SH. Zoological
Survey of India, Calcutta, 1(Part 3): 181-224.
Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University
Press: New York.
Gupta, Y.C. 1981. A new species of Ventidius Distant (Hemiptera: Gerridae) from
India. Oriental Insects, 15(1): 97-102.
Haz, H.A. and Mathai, G. 1938. On a collection of aquatic Rhynchota from the
Rajmahal Hills, Santal Parganas, Bihar. Records of the Indian Museum,
40(2): 207-210.
Haz, H.A. and Riberio, K.S. 1939. On a further collection of aquatic Rhynchota
from the Raaajmahal Hills, Santal Parganas, Bihar, with a description of
Micronecta santala sp. nov. Records of the Indian Museum, 41(4): 423-436.
Haz, H.A. and Pradhan, K.S. 1947. Notes on a collection of aquatic Rhynchota
from the Patna State, Orissa, with descriptions of two new species. Records
of the Indian Museum, 45(4): 347-376.
Hebsgaard, M.B., Andersen, M. and Damgaard, J. 2004. Phylogeny of the true
water bugs (Nepomorpha: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on 16S and 28S
rDNA and morphology. Systematic Entomology, 29: 488-508.
Hennig, W. 1981. Insect phylogeny. (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA.
pp. 514.
Henry, T.J. 2009. Bioiversity of Heteroptera. In: Insect Biodiversity. (Eds.)Foottit,
R.G. and Adler, P.H. Science and Society, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Hungerford, H.B. 1933. The Genus Notonecta of the World. University of Kansas
Science Bulletin, 21: 5-195.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
372
Hungerford, H.B. and Evans, N.E. 1934. Te Hydrometridae of the Hungarian
National Museum and other studies in the family (Hemiptera). Annales
Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 28: 31-112.
Hungerford, H.B. and Matsuda, R.1958a. The Tenagogonus-Limnometra. Complex
of the gerrinae. Kansas University Science Bulletin, 39(9): 371-457.
Hungerford, H.B. and Matsuda, R. 1958b. A new primitive Ptilomera from the
Himalaya and other notes (Gerridae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn
Entomological Society, 53(5): 117-123.
Hungerford, H.B. and Matsuda, R. 1960. Concerning the Genus Ventidius and ve
new species (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Kansas University Science Bulletin,
40(1): 323-343.
Hungerford, H.B. and Matsuda, R. 1962. The Genus Cylindrostethus Fieber from
the Eastern Hemisphere. Kansas University Science Bulletin, 63(3): 83-111.
Hungerford, H.B. and Matsuda, R. 1965. The Genus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville
(Gerridae: Hemiptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 45(5): 397-515.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1933. A revision of the Distantian and Paivian types of
Notonectidae and Corixidae in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian
Museum, 35(4): 393-408.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1940. A revision of the Corixidae or India and Adjacent Regions.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 33: 339-476.
Jaczewski, T. 1934. Notes on the Old World Species of Ochteridae. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, 13(10): 597-613.
Jehamalar, E.E. and Chandra, K. 2013a. On a collection of aquatic and semi-
aquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Chhattisgarh, India. Rec. zool.
Surv. India, 113(1): 183-195.
Jehamalar, E.E. and Chandra, K. 2013b. On the genus Anisops (Heteroptera :
Nepomorpha : Notonectidae) from Andaman and Nicobar islands, with a
new record to India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 113(2): 55-59.
Jehamalar, E.E. and Chandra, K. 2013c. On the genus Tenagogonus Stål
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from India with a description of a new
species. Zootaxa, 3616(4): 378-386.
Jehamalar, E.E. and Chandra, K. 2013d. Two new species of Metrocoris Mayr
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from India. Zootaxa, 3734 (1): 063-071.
Jehamalar, E.E. 2015. Strongylovelia lillyae sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha:
Veliidae) from Tamil Nadu, India: the rst species of the genus described
from the Indian subcontinent. Zootaxa, 4033(2): 287-292.
Jehamalar, E.E. and Chandra, K. 2014b. On the genus Hydrometra Latreille
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Hydrometridae) from India with description of
two new species. Zootaxa, 3779: 501-17.
Jordon, K.H.C. 1951. Zoogeographisce Betrachtungen uber das ostiliche Sachsen
dargestelitandentschen Neuf under von Heteropteren. Zoologischer
Anzeiger, 147: 79-84.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
373
Kormilev, N.A. 1971. Ochteridae from the Oriental and Australian regions. Pacic
Insects, 13: 429-444.
La Rivers, I. 1971a. Descriptions and notes concerning some Oriental Aphelocheirus
(Hemiptera: Aphelocheiridae).Bulletin of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences, 70: 69-72.
La Rivers, I. 1971b. Studies of Naucoridae (Hemiptera). Biological Society of
Nevada Memoirs, 2: 1-120.
La Rivers, I. 1974. Catalogue of taxa Described in the family Naucoridae
(Hemiptera). Supplement No 1: Corrrections, Emendations and Additions
with descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers-Biological Society
of Nevada, 38: 1-17.
Lansbury, I. 1968. The Enithares (Hemiptera - Heteroptera: Notonectidae). Pacic
Insects, 10(2): 353-442.
Lansbury, I. 1972. A review of the Oriental species of RanatraFabricius (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera: Nepidae). Transactions of the RoyalEntomological Society of
London, 124(3): 287-341.
Lansbury, I. 1973. A review of the genus Cercotmetus Amyot & Servile, 1843
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 116(5):
83-106.
Latreille, P.A. 1810. Considérations générales sur l’ordre naturel des animaux
composant les classes des crustacés, des arachnides, et des insectes; avec
un tableau méthodique de leurs genres, disposés en familles. (Ed.) Schoell,
F. Paris, France. pp. 444.
Leong, C.Y. 1962. The life history of Anisops breddini Kirk. (Hemiptera:
Notonectidae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 5), 13: 377-383.
Leston, D., Pendergrast, J.G. and Southwood, T.R.E. 1954. Classication of the
terrestrial Heteroptera (Geocorisae). Nature, 174: 91.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes,
ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differntiis, synonymis, locis.
Tomus I. Ed. Decimal reformata.-Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae.v+824pp.
[Facsimile, British Museum (Natural History), London, 1956].
Lundblad, O. 1933. Eine new Micronecta Art aus Vov derindien. Entomologisk
Tidskrift, Stockholm, 3-4: 217-219.
Lundblad, O.1936. Die attweltlichen Artender Veludengatungen Rhagovelia and
Tetraripis. Arkiv for zoologi, 28(21): 1-63.
Mahner, M. 1993. Systema Cryptoceratorum Phylogeneticum (Insecta,
Heteroptera). Zoologica, 48: 1-302.
Miller, N.C.E. 1956. The Biology of Heteroptera. Leonard Hill Books, London, 162
pp.
Miller, N.C.E. 1971. The Biology of Heteroptera. 2nd ed., rev. Hampton, Classey.
Xiii+206 pp.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
374
Nahar, S.C. 2004. Aquatic insects. Fauna of Bihar (including Jharkhand). Zool.
Surv. India, State Fauna Series, 11(part 1): 195-213.
Ohba, S.Y. and Goodwyn, P.J. 2010. Life cycle of the water scorpion Laccotrephes
japonensis, in Japanese rice elds and a pond. J. Insect. Sci., 10: 1-10.
Paiva, C.A. 1919 a. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Rhynchota from the Satara and
Poona Districts. Records of the Indian Museum, 16(1): 152-156.
Paiva, C.A. 1919 b. Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam. Records of the Indian
Museum, 16(3): 349-377.
Papacek, K. and Zettel, H. 2003. On the species taxonomy of the Limnotrephinae
genera Limnotrephes, Mixotrephes and Tiphotrephes (Hemiptera:
Helotrephidae). Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, 146: 219-234.
Papacek, K. and Zettel, H. 2004. Helotrephidae of the World (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera: Nepomorpha): Checklist and bibliography. Acta Societatis
Zoologicae Bohemicae, 68: 99-108.
Polhemus. J.T. 1990a. Miscellaneous studies on the genus Rhagovelia Mayr
(Heteroptera: Veliidae) in Southeast Asia and the Seychelles Islands,
with keys and description of new species. Bulletin of the Rafes Museum
(Zoology), 38(1): 65-75.
Polhemus. J.T. 1990b. A new tribe, a new genus and three new species of
Helotrephidae (Heteropter) from Southeast Asia, and a world checklist.
Acta Entomologica Bohemeslovaca, 87: 45-63.
Polhemus, J.T. and Andersen, N. M. 1984. A revision of Amemboa Esaki with notes
on the Phylogeny and ecological evolution of Eotrechinae water striders
(Insecta:Hemiptera: Gerridae). Steenstrupia, 10(3): 65-111.
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 1988. The Aphelocheirinae of Tropical Asia
(Heteroptera: Naucoridae). The Rafes Bulletin of Zoology, 36(2): 167-300.
Polhemus, J.T. and Starmuhlner, F. 1990. Results of the Austrian-Indian
Hydrobiological Mission 1976 to the Andaman Islands Part: X. List of
Aquatic Hemiptera in the inland waters of the Andaman Islands. Annalen
des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 91(B): 43-51.
Polhemus, D.A., Maciolek, J. and Ford, J. 1992. An ecosystem classication of
inland waters for the tropical Pacic. Micronesica, 25: 155-173.
Polhemus, D.A. 1994. Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Genus
Cylindrostethus Fieber in the Paleotropical Region (Heteroptera: Gerridae).
Bishop Museum Occassional Papers, 38: 1-34.
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 1994. The Trepobatinae (Heteroptera:
Gerridae) of New Guinea and surrounding regions, with a review of the
word fauna. Part 2. Tribe Naboandelini. Entomologica Scandinavica, 25(3):
333-359.
Polhemus, J.T., Jansson, A. and Kanyukova, E. 1995. Infraorder Nepomorpha-
Water bugs. In: Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palearctic Region.(Eds.)
Aukema, B. and Rieger, C.1: 13-76.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
375
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 1995. Revision of the Genus Hydrometra
Latreille in Indochina and the Western Malaya Archipelago (Heteroptera:
Hydrometridae). Bishop Museum Occasional Paper, 43: 10-72.
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 2007. Global trends in the description of
aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera species, 1758-2004. Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie, 150: 271-288.
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 2008. Global diversity of true bugs (Heteroptera:
Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 379-391.
Polhemus, J.T. and Polhemus, D.A. 2012. Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of
Singapore and Peninsular Malaysiya. VIII. Leptopodomorpha, Familes
Saldidae, Leptopodidae and Omaniidae. Rafes Bulletin of Zoology, 60: 329-
341.
Popov, Y.A. 1971. Historical development of the hemipterous infraorder
Nepomorpha. Trudy Paleontological Institute Academy of Science, Nauk,
USSR, 28: 1-228. (In Russian).
Popov, Y.A. and Bechly, G. 2007. Heteroptera: bugs. - pp. 317-328. In: Martill,
D.M., Bechly, G. and Loveridge, R.F. (eds): The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil:
Window into an Ancient World. xvi + 625 pp. - Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK.
Pradhan, K.S. 1950a. On a collection of Aquatic Rhynchota from the Rihand Dam
Site, Mirzapur District (U.P.) with the description of a new water strider.
(Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerridae). Records of the Indian Museum, 48(2): 101-
105.
Pradhan, K.S. 1950b. On the Distribution of the Genus Amemboa Esaki (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera) with the description of a new species. Records of the Indian
Museum, 48(3&4): 11-16.
Pradhan, K.S. 1975. On Ptilomera (Proptilomera) himalayensis Hungerford and
Matsuda (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Ptilomerinae). ZSI, Calcutta Newsletter,
1(4): 57-59.
Ravishankar, S. and Venkatesan, P. 1988. Redescription of two Oriental species of
genus Laccotrephes Stal (Heteroptera: Nepidae) with a key to south Indian
species. Entomon, 13(3&4): 227-234.
Rieger, C. 1976. Skelett und Muskulatur des Kopfes und Prothorax von Ochterus
marginatus Latreille. Zoomorphologie, 83: 109-191.
Reuter, O.M. 1912. Zur generischen Teilung der Palaarktischen un Nearktischen
Acanthiaden. Ofver. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh., 54, (Afd. A, 12): 1-24.
Roy, S.P., Pathak, H.S. and Kumar, V. 1988. Faunistic composition of aquatic
insects of Eastern Bihar with notes on their some aspects of ecology. Records
of the Zoological Survey of India, 54(1): 49-57.
Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. and Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and Bibliography of
Leptopodomorpha (Hetreoptera). Bulletin of American Museum of Natural
History, 185: 243-406.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
376
Schuh, R.T. and Slater, J.A. 1995. True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera):
classication and natural history. Comell University Press.
Sites, R.W., Arunachalam, M. and Sundar, S. 2011. A new species of Aphelocheirus
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae) from southern India. Zootaxa,
2916: 35-40.
Spence, J.R. and Andersen, N.M. 1994. Biology of water striders: interactions
between systematic and ecology. Annual Review of Entomology, 39: 101-
128.
Stal, C. 1868-69. Hemiptera Fabriciana L. Kongliga Svenska vetenskaps-
akademiens handlingar, 7(11): 1-148; 8(1): 1-130.
Stal, C. 1870-1875. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla
hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemtes systematica meddelanden. -P.A.Norstedt
& Soner, Stockholm, 5 parts. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar,
Part 1, 9(1): 1-232, 1870; Part 2, 10(4): 1-159, 1872; Part 3, 11(2): 1-163,
1873; Part 4, 12(1): 1-186, 1874; Part 5, 14(4): 1-162, 1875.
Stys, P. and Kerzhner, I.M. 1975. The rank and nomenclature of higher taxa in
recent Heteroptera. Acta Entomologica Boheonslov, 72: 65-69.
Stys, P. and Jansson, A. 1988. Check-list of recent family group and genus group
names of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) of the World. Acta Entomologica
Fennica, 50: 1-44.
Thirumalai, G. 1983. New record of two species of the genus Anisops Spinola
(Hemiptera: Insecta) from the lower Western Ghats, Kerala. Bulletin of the
Zoological Survey of India, 5(1): 123-124.
Thirumalai, G. 1986. On Gerridae and Notonectidae (Heteroptera: Hemiptera:
Insecta) from Silent Valley, Kerala. Records of the Zoological Survey of
India, 84 (1-4): 9-33.
Thirumalai, G. 1989. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta) from Javadi
Hills, Tamilnadu. Miscellaneous Occassonal Papers of Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, 118: 1-63.
Thirumalai, G. and Raghunathan, M.B. 1988. Population uctuations of three
families of aquatic Heteroptera in a perennial pond. Records of the Zoological
Survey of India, 85(3): 381-389.
Thirumalai, G. 1992. A new record of Pleciobates tuberculatus Esaki from India
with a key to the known species of Pleciobates Esaki (Gerridae: Heteroptera:
Insecta). Hexapoda, 4(2): 170-174.
Thirumalai, G. 1994a. Aquatic and semi-Aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta) of Tamilnadu.
I. Dharmapuri and Pudukkottai Districts. Miscellaneous Occassonal Papers
of Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 165: 1-45.
Thirumalai, G.1994b. On the Genus Rhagovelia Mayr from India with a new record
and description of a new species (Rhagoveliinae: Veliidae: Heteroptera).
Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 94(2-4): 381-394.

Insecta : Hemiptera (Aquatic bugs)
377
Thirumalai, G. 1996. A new record of the subgenus Ventidiodes Hungerford and
Matsuda of the genus Ventidius Distant from India (Halobatinae: Gerridae:
Heteroptera). Arunachal Forest News, 14(2): 14-16.
Thirumalai, G. 1998. The Genus Nerthra (Say) from India with a description of a
new species from Arunachal Pradesh, North Eastern India. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India, 96(1-4): 189-193.
Thirumalai, G. 1999. Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera (Insecta) of India.
Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists (IAAB) Publication No, 7: 1-74.
Thirumalai, G. 2000. Diversity of the semi-aquatic bugs Heteroptera: Hemiptera:
Insecta) in Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Aquatic Biology, 15(1): 35-39.
Thirumalai, G. 2001. Insecta-Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera. Zoological
Survey of India, Fauna of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Fauna of conservation
AreaSeries, 11: 111-127.
Thirumalai, G. 2002. A checklist of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera) from India. Records
of the Zoological Survey of India, 100(Part 1-2): 55-97.
Thirumalai, G. 2004. A checklist of aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta)
of Karnataka. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 102(1-2): 57-72.
Thirumalai, G., Kumar, R.S. and Sharma, R.M. 2004. Aquatic and semi-aquatic
Hemiptera (Insecta). Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Pench National
Park, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 20: 233-250.
Thirumalai, G. and Kumar, R.S. 2005. Aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemptera
(Heteroptera) of Karaikal and Pondicherry. Records of the Zoological Survey
of India, 105(1-2): 5-24.
Thirumalai, G., Sharma, R.M. and Namboodiri, M.P.S. 2006. Aquatic and semi-
aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta). Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Tadoba
Andhari Tiger Reserve, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 25: 251-272.
Thirumalai, G. 2007. A synoptic list of Nepomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper No.,
273: 1-84.
Todd, E.L. 1955. A Taxonomic Revision of the Family Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera).
Kansas of University Science Bulletin, 36(1): 277-475.
Venkatesan, P. and Ragunatha Rao, T.K. 1980. Description of a new species and
a key to Indian species of Belostomatidae. Journal of Bombay Natural
History Society, 77: 299-303.
Wilcox, R.S. 1969. Acoustical behavior, sound-producing structures and biology of
Buenoa. PhD. Thesis. Dept. Zool., Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Wróblewski, A.1960. Notes on some Asiatic species of the genus MicronectaKirkaldy
(Heteroptera, Corixidae). Annales Zoologici, Polon, Warszawa, 18(17): 301-
331.
Wróblewski, A.1962. Notes on some Asiatic species of the genus MicronectaKirkaldy
(Heteroptera, Corixidae) II. Bulletin de l Academie Polonaise des Sciences
Sc II, Warszawa, 10(1): 29-37.

BASU and SUBRAMANIAN
378
Wróblewski, A.1972. Further notes on Micronectinae from Ceylon (Heteroptera,
Corixidae). Bulletin of Entomology, Pologne, 42(1): 3-52.
Zettel, H.1997a. Limnotrephes minutissimus sp. n (Heteroptera: Helotrephidae)
aus Indien. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 29(2): 683-687.
Zettel, H. 1997b. One new genus and two new species of Helotrephidae (Insecta:
Heteroptera) from India, with notes on the phylogeny of the family. Annalen
des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 99B: 83-95.
Zettel, H. 1998. Eine taxonomische Revision der Gattung Hyrcanus Distant, 1910
(Heteroptera: Hebridae) mit Neubeschreibungen von vier Arten aus Indien,
Thailand, Laos und China. Stapa, 55: 585-606.
Zettel, H. 2000. Aphelocheirus boukali sp. n. (Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae)
aus Sudindien. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer
Entomologen, 52: 11-14.
Zettel, H. 2001. Die Indische Zwergschwimmwanze Nanonaucoris gen. n. eine
neue gattung der Naucorini (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) aus Sudindien.
Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 33(2): 1085-1095.
Zettel, H., Panganitihon, C.V. and Freitag, H. 2013. A new intertidal shore
bug (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Philippines. Zeitschrift der
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 65: 81-86.