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Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 49 (1): 53-66 , 2018
Atatürk Univ., J. of the Agricultural Faculty, 49 (1): 53-66 , 2018
ISSN : 1300-9036 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The
Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey*
Aslıhan TIRNAKÇI1* Serkan ÖZER2
1Nevşehir Hacı BektasVeli University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape
Architecture, Nevşehir/TURKEY
2Ataturk University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture,
Erzurum/TURKEY
(*Corresponding author email: aslihanerdogan@nevsehir.edu.tr)
This study is produced from a ph.D dissertation of Aslıhan TIRNAKÇI
Geliş Tarihi :24.07.2017 Kabul Tarihi :20.09.2017
ABSTRACT : In this study, the landscape character assessment (LCA) methodology was tested at the district scale in Savsat,
which is located in the Turkish Eastern Black Sea Region. In addition, the role of the LCA at a district scale in the determination
of the tourism and protection potential of the landscape character areas, the development of the regional policies, and integrating
them into current land use policies are also discussed in the study.We usedthe LCA methods in this study. The natural and cultural
datawere collected in thestudy areas. The determination of thelandscape character areas and ecological analyses were evaluated in
GIS; moreover, thelandscape character areas were identified with ―Area Survey Forms‖. As a result of theanalyses, 854 different
landscape character types and 13 landscape character areas were determined. We also prepared identity cards to determinethe
landscape character areas.As a result, the importance of LCA Method in protecting biodiversity, rural development, and tourism
strategies were emphasized in the study.
Key Words: Landscape, Landscape Character Analysis (LCA), Artvin-Savsat/Turkey
İlçe Ölçeğinde Peyzaj Karakter Alanları ve Tiplerinin Belirlenmesi: Artvin-Şavşat Örneği, Türkiye
ÖZET : Bu çalışmada, ―Peyzaj Karakter Analiz‖ yöntemi, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde ilçe ölçeğindepeyzaj karakter alanları ve
tiplerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Peyzaj karakter alanlarının turizm ve korunma potansiyelinin belirlenmesinde,
bölgesel politikaların geliştirilmesinde ve mevcut arazi kullanım politikalarına entegrasyonunda yerel düzeyde peyzaj karakter
analizi yönteminin rolü tartışılmıştır. Çalışma alanının doğal ve kültürel verileri toplanmış, sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Peyzaj
karakter tiplerinin tanımlanması ve ekolojik analizler Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) kullanılarak değerlendirilirken, peyzaj
karakter alanları yerinde gözlem ile ―Arazi Sörvey Formu‖ndan yararlanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucu 854
peyzaj karakter tipi, 13 peyzaj karakter alanı tespit edilmiştir. Her bir peyzaj karakter alanı için alanı tanımlayıcı kartlar
hazırlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması, kırsal kalkınma ve turizm stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde PKA
yönteminin önemi vurgulanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Peyzaj, Peyzaj Karakter Analizi (PKA), Artvin-Şavşat/Türkiye
INTRODUCTION
Landscape is the existence of a design formed
by definable landscape elements with different
characters in a continuous manner (Swanwick
2004).Landscape character area analysis is the
definition of landscape character areas and types as a
result of systematic analysis of natural and cultural
landscape characteristics. The purpose of landscape
character evaluation is to develop spatial planning
strategies that are specific to landscape character
areas and types. In addition, this analysis is a tool
used in a rational manner to perform sustainable rural
development targets (Kim and Pauleit 2007).
Landscape character analysis is an informative
tool for decision-makers on national, regional and
local scale. Landscape Character Analysis‖ (LCA)
was used as a term in the scope of ―European
Landscape Character Assessment Initiative‖
(ELCAI).European Landscape Character Analysis
study was applied with the participation of 14
different countries in Europe, and there are 51
specific examples in this field. Many of these
examples are in national scale like UK, Ireland, the
Netherlands, Hungary, (Heritage Council
2006;Wrbkaet al. 1999; Van Eetvelde and Antrop
2007; Swanwick 2002; Turner 2005),or in regional
scale like Lower Normandy (France),
Belgium(Gulincket al. 2001, Gomez-Sal et al. 2003,
Kim and Pauleit 2007).In order to ensure a unity that
is acceptable at international level by using a
common language on the definition, protection,
management and planning of landscapes, the
European Landscape Convention (ELC) was opened
for signature in 2000, and became effective in 2004.
The countries that are members or candidates, which
accepted the agreement, and among which Turkey
also existed, are responsible for defining their
landscapes, determining the character types of their
landscapes, and follow-up of the changes and the
transformations of the landscapes (Van Eetvelde and
Antrop 2007). Therefore, scientific studies in Turkey
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
54
in this direction are carried out at different scales
(Uzun et al. 2011, Eroğlu 2012, Guneroglu et al.
2015, Erdoğan 2014, Atik et al. 2015; 2016).
Savsat has a complex structure with different
landscapes created by unique natural and cultural
landscape values. This study is a local-scale
application in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey,
which has a rich natural, cultural and touristic
potential and a wide variety of landscape types, and
was conducted in a parallel manner to previous
studies conducted by Gulinck et al. (2001), James
and Gittins (2007), Vogiatzakis et al. (2006) and in
accordance with the Landscape Character Analysis in
European Countries.The changes in agriculture,
forestry and energy resources put great pressure on
the natural and cultural structure of the region.
Therefore, defining landscape areas is extremely
important in terms of forming future landscape area
plans that have alternatives. The region is an
important example that can be useful in similar areas
due to nature conservation issues and strategies being
implemented.In this context,it is aimed to determine
the landscape character areas and types in order to
ensure the sustainability and the destruction of
natural and cultural landscapes. The data that will be
obtained as a result of the works will provide
opportunities for region such as solution of the
problems that emerge as a result of misuse of the
land, developing the areas with high landscape value,
forming regional landscape policies and integrating
these policies with the existing laws and regulations.
STUDY AREA
The County of Savsat is one of the 8 district of
the province of Artvin, which is located in the
Eastern Black Sea Region part of Turkey (Figure 1).
It surrounded by Ardahan from eastern side, Artvin
center and Borcka from western side, Ardanuc from
southern and southern west side and Georgia from
northern side. Savsat district has approximately
2100km² surface area which is covered by high
mountains. General topographical elevation in the
area varies between 600 m and 3171 m. This
situation causes that the area presents a topographical
structure that has an increasing heightin short
distances. Savsat is situated on the transition area
between Black Sea humid climate and East Anatolia
continental climate. Topografic factors are a
significant element on climate. The main area usage
covers forests, meadows, agricultural and settlement
areas. The excessive and unconscious use of the
resources in the area where tourism potential is high
causes a pressure on the natural and cultural
landscapes.
Figure 1.Geographical Location of the Study Area, Savsat
The Eastern Black Sea Region has a rich flora
and fauna variety because of its location on the
passageway of the Eastern Anatolian Continental
Climate. The study area contains 3 different
vegetation types which are; forest vegetation, Alpine
vegetation and Aquatic vegetation; and also has
different geological and geomorphological
formations. The Alpine vegetation, which exists in
Continental Ecosystem, covers the second biggest
area after the forest vegetation in the study area.
Picea orientalis L., Fagus orientalis Lipsky., Abies
nordmanniana subsp., Pinus sylvestris L., Alnus
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
55
glutinosa subsp. barbata, Castanea sativa, Quercus
spp.,Carpinus betulus, Acer spp., Populus
tremulaL., Tilia spp. And Sorbus spp. are the tree
types that cover the forest areas. Savsat is located on
the border of 3 different cultures which are the Black
Sea, Eastern Anatolia and Georgia, in the
Northeastern Part of the Eastern Black Sea,and hosts
many historical works that have the traces of these
cultures (traditional Savsat houses, mountain houses,
historical heritage, etc.). Savsat has been an
important residential area since IX. Century. It is
possible to observe the traces of Urartus,
Cimmerians, Saka Turks, Romans, Sassanids,
Byzantines, Arabs, Georgians, Ottomans and the
Republican Period starting from the prehistoric
periods in the area (Anonymous 2008). There are
registered historical works and traditional civil
architecture examples such as Kocabey mosque,
Curch of Tibet, Castle of Eskikale settlement,
historical stone bridge and rooms etc. belonging to
these different periods within the borders of study
area. The study area has rich cultural landscape
values with its active and changing topography, rich
flora, historical pattern, and with the rural
settlements, which are the outcome of cultural and
traditional area usage. This wealth has created a
great specificity in the cultural landscape.
METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted at district scale and
the LCA Method. There are many studies in literature
that differs in number and kind of input parameters.
These variables are mostly physical characteristics of
the region of interest (Wascher 2005). Therefore,
there is no limitation on the number and types of data
layers to be used for LCA. The studies conducted by
Swanwick (2002), Mücheret al. (2005), Wascheret al.
(2005), Atik et al. (2015), Uzun et al. (2010) were
examined, and the Landscape Character Areas (LCA)
in these studies were taken as the bases, and were
revised according to the characteristic properties of
the study area. The Parametric Method (Wascher
2005), which is based on the evaluation of different
physical layers that constitute the landscape, and the
Interpretive Approach (Swanwick 2002), which is
based on on-site observation and analysis on the
aesthetic values was used to define the Landscape
Character Areas. The study was conducted in 3 basic
stages: (1) Determination of the variables and
selection of the databases, (2) field survey, (3)
classification of the landscape character types and
field (Figure 2).
Figure2.The Flow Diagram of the Study Methodology
Cultural
*Transportation
network
*Architectural style
*Settlement type
*Settlement form
*Historical heritage
*Pressure on natural
resources
Classification of
Landscape
Character Areas
Identify Key
Characteristics
of LCA
Field Survey
Selection of required data sources
&
Interpretation of data in GIS system
Physical landscape elements
Overlay
Classification & Description of Landscape
Character Types
Topography
Soil
Vegetation
Parent Material
Climate
Physical
*Topograhphy
* Dominant Vegetation
Type
*Hydrology
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
56
Determining the Variables and Selection of the
Databases
Main natural factors that shape the landscapes
are; the climate, geology and geomorphology,
topography, hydrology, the soil and the vegetation.
Natural factors change due to a series of cultural
factors as a result of human interaction. Main cultural
factors are; agriculture, forestry, settlement pattern,
industry and transportation network (Wascher et
al.2005). In this context, firstly, the databases of the
geology, soil, topographical structure, vegetation,
settlement pattern etc. and natural and cultural
components that constitute the landscape in the study
area were defined:
1. 1/25.000 scale topographical map (T.R.
Ministry of National Defense, General
Command of Mapping),
2. 1/25.000 scale geology map (General
Directorate of Mineral Research and
Exploration, Geology Studies Department),
3. 1/25.000 scale Soil structure, erosion status,
the soil maps that include the field skill
classes map T.R. Ministry of Agriculture
and Village Affairs, Village Services
General Management),
4. Climate Data (General Management of
Meteorology), vegetation (ArtvinForestry
Regional Directorate),
5. Savsat Karagöl- Sahara National Park Long-
term Development Plan (Obtained from T.R.
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs,
Protection of the Nature and National Parks,
General Management).
Field Survey
Firstly, the study of Swanwick (2002) was taken
as the basis, and it was revised by adding the cultural
landscape factors in Savsatarea after the pre-analyses
in the field, and the ―landscape character analysis
field survey form‖ was organized. The following 4
routes were determined to cover the whole of the
study area(Figure 3).
Figure 3. Field observation routes
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
57
The natural and cultural landscape properties
were examined with on-site observations by using the
―Landscape Character Areas Survey Form‖, which
was created with the field works along the 4 routes in
the study area, and the landscape character areas
were identified in line with the data obtained through
the field surveys. The survey form include the
following parameters; topographical properties of the
study area, the dominant vegetation, uniqueness and
historicity, cultural properties such as architectural
style, local substances that affect the formation of the
architecture, settlement form and settlement type, and
the pressures that cause changes in the landscape.
Also photographs were taken from points that were
overlooking the study area.
The Classification of the Landscape
Character Areas and Types
All the databases needed for the classification of
Savsat Area landscape types like the topographical
structure, climate, soil, geology, vegetation and
current use were analyzed with the Geographical
Information Systems (GIS). The digital maps were
overlapped in a hierarchical system and the
Landscape Character Areas and types were obtained.
According to the data obtained in the basic database
used in the study, the landscape encoding system that
was developed by Swanwick (2002), Mücher (2005),
Wascher (2005), Van Eetvelde and Antrop (2009)
andUzun et al.(2010), which comes to the forefront
with the definition of landscape character types, was
adapted for Savsat by making it include the climate,
topography, soil groups, vegetation and geology data.
In this context, spatial datas were stored, processed
and interpreted using Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) at the classification stage. The
Landscape Character Types Map was obtained by
using the data that coincided for the purpose of
separating the elements that constituted the landscape
that showed homogenous distribution in the study
area. In this context, the climate data of the study
were classified according to the Erinç Method. Then
the geology map of the study area was examined and
each geological formation was encoded with a
number to adapt to the methodology. In order to
reveal the topographical structure of the study area
and to adapt it to the methodology, the slope and
elevation groups were evaluated together. The great
soil groups in the study area were classified in 5
groups in the landscape classification and they were
encoded with the symbols used in national soil
classification. In order to reach the vegetation map of
the study area, the Forest Stand Inventory was used.
The obtained Stand Map was classified again
according to the dominant vegetation, and the
Vegetation Map was formed. There is no
management plan for the Karagol-Sahara National
Park, which is located in the study area. For this
reason, the vegetation classification was not made in
this area, and the National Park (NP) code was given
in the classification. The vegetation codes that were
used in the management plans were used in the
Landscape Classification of the data of vegetation
obtained as a result of the analyses. In encoding the
Landscape character types of the Savsat Area, each
landscape character type was encoded with a
denotation system that consisted of 4 letters and 1
number by placing a line between the vegetation
data, climate, topography, great soil groups, and
parent materials. Codings to be formed for landscape
classification at local level were explained in Figure
4.
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
58
SOURCE OF INFORMATİON
CLIMATE
TOPOGRAPHY
SOIL GROUPS
PARENT MATERIAL
VEGETATION
1.Semi-arid
(Sa)
2.Semi-
humid (Sh)
3.Humid
(H)
4.Perhumid
(Ph)
1.Valley bottom (Vb)
2.Moderately slope
hillside (Msh)
3. Moderately slope
mountainside (Msm)
4. Moderately slope
plateau (Msp)
5.Steep slope hillside
(Ssh)
6. Steep slope
mountainside (Ssm)
7. Steep slope high
mountainside (Sshm)
1.Alluvial (A)
2.Brown mountain
(M)
3.Red-yellow
podzolic (P)
4.High mountain-
grassland soil (Y)
5.Undefined (x)
1.Lake/river (1)
2.Sabuline (2)
3.Andesite (3)
4.Basalt (4)
5.Metabasic rock (5)
6.Ebonite rock (6)
7.Pebble Stone (7)
8.Limestone (8)
9.Agglomerate-andasite (9)
10.Basalt-tuff-agglomerate
(10)
11.Sandstone-mudstone
(11)
12.Alluvion (12)
13.Slope wash (13)
14.Sandstone-mudstone-
limestone (14)
1.Abies (A)
2.Picea (P)
3.Mixed (Mx)
4.Meadow (Me)
5.Pinus sylvestris
(Ps)
6.Degraded
forest (Df)
7.Grassland (G)
8.Non-forest area
(Nf)
9.National park
(Np)
Landscape Type
Sa-Msh-M_8-P
Climate + Topography + Soil Groups + Parent Material + Vegetation
―Picea Area Cover with limestone rocky shape that has brown forest soil with moderately slope hillside in semi-arid
climate‖
Figure 4. The Codes Taken as Bases and the Classification Key that was used in the Determination of the
Savsat Landscape Character Types
RESULTS
In this study, 13 landscape character areas and
854 landscape character types were determined in
Savsat district (Figure 5). The study area was defined
under the title of the ―Black Sea high mountainous
rocks and forest landscape character type‖ on a
regional scale; and under the title of ―Savsat Area
landscape character area‖ on a local scale. When
determining the borders of the Landscape Character
Areas, the rural settlement areas and central
settlement areas, which have similar characteristic
properties, were evaluated together based on the
similar characteristics (land forms, vegetation,
settlement pattern, etc.) in the areas stated in the field
survey forms that were filled for each rural
settlement area. Then, each landscape character area
was defined with special names according to their
specific and distinctive dominant characteristic
properties (mountain, valley, settlement area,
etc.).The definitive characteristic properties of the 13
landscape character areas were revealed by
considering their geographical, natural and cultural
properties (Table 1).
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
59
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
60
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
61
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
62
Each landscape character areas are naturally,
ecologically and culturally unique, and each
represents a particular landscape. Assessment of
landscape character types in Savsat revealed that the
study area can be represented by 854 distinct
characters. When the landscape character types
analyzed based on locations, different landscape
character type is dominant in each location, and the
number of area (hectares) for each landscape
character type is given in Table 2.
When data which taken into consideration are
examined there are four different climate types in the
transition zone. In the same way there is also a
diversity in terms of location and topography. When
all these data are evaluated, it is seen that the region
has an important landscape diversity.
Table 2. Total area for each LCT
Location No
Landscape Character Area
Dominant Landscape Character
Type
Area (ha)
1
Arsiyan Mountains
Ph-Msp-Y-_3-Me
528
2
Papart Valley
Ph-Ssm-M_6-A
602
3
Sahara Mountains
Ph-Msp-Y_3-Me
10359
4
Karagol Area
Ph-Msm-M_6-Nf
474
5
Karcal Mountains
Ph-Sshm-x_6-G
1340
6
Duzenli Rural Settlement Area
Ph-Ssm-M_6-P
540
7
Cevizli Rural Settlement Area
Sh-Ssh-M_6-Df
842
8
Kocabey Rural Settlement Area
Ph-Msm-M_6-Nf
321
9
Savsat Stream
Sh-Ssh-M_9-Df
774
10
Sarı cayır Mountains
Ph-Sshm-Y_6-G
2685
11
Meydancık Stream
Sh-Ssh-M_9-Df
1755
12
Yamaclı Rural Settlement Area
Sh-Ssh-M_6-Df
1045
13
Demirkapı Rural Settlement
Area
Ph-Ssm-M_6-A
1488
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
63
Determining Landscape Character Areas and Types in District Scale: The Sample of Artvin-Savsat-Turkey
64
DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION
Landscape Character Analysis, which is the
process of determining and explaining the properties
that distinguish local and regional landscape from the
surrounding areas, (James and Gittins 2007) reveals
the differences of the physical and cultural
environment (Chuman and Romportl 2010). Previous
examples of LCA application showed that basic data
sets vary according to spatial scale and that,
therefore, either one or a combination of multiple
factors and different sources of information were
required to integrate studies from one level to
another. It was applied at regional and local level in
European countries like France and Belgium, and at
national level in some countries like England,
Norway, Austria and Germany (Luginbühl 2002).
And this study was applied on a local scale like other
studies (Uzun et al.2011, Atik et al. 2015) in our
country.
Swanwick (2002and 2006) defined the
landscape character according to the character
properties that constituted the landscape, while Jessel
(2006),on the other hand, made his definitions by
using the element-character properties and the
character trilogy that constituted the landscape in his
study. In the scope of the study, the landscape
character areas and the landscape character types that
constituted these areas were defined according to the
character properties that constituted the landscape.
Different databases may be used in landscape
character analysis studies. Brabyan (2005), Van
Eetvelde and Antrop (2009), Wascher (2005) and
Müncheret al. (2006, 2010) cared for climate,
geology, land type, vegetation, soil properties in their
studies, while Swanwick (2002 and2006) used the
variables like geology, geomorphology, climate,
hydrology, soil, vegetation, area use, history, and
culture in his studies. In this context, when the
landscape is considered as an area that is formed as a
result of the interaction and activity of human and/or
natural factors, the landscape character evaluation
has some missing points. In the study, the landscape
classification was made mostly depending on natural
landscape properties. Cultural landscape properties
were not used as distinguishing variable, but were
evaluated as definitive landscape elements.
The analyses techniques vary according to the
databases and personal skills. In landscape character
analysis studies, GIS analysis and techniques have
been used successfully in different areas of the world
(Swanvick 2002; Wascher2005;Jessel 2006; Uzun et
al.2011).Uzun et al. (2010) conducted a study and did
not define clearly which data to be used in landscape
classification works to be conducted on a local scale.
The reason for this is the fact that some data on the
study area may come to the forefront. Swanwick
(2002, 2006) emphasized in his studies that
landscape classifications showed variations
according to the country, region and area in which
they were performed. Therefore, this may change
according to the region where the study area is
located. According to the source value of the area,
sometimes topography comes to the forefront, and
sometimes vegetation comes to the forefront. When
landscape character types were defined in the study
area, the topographical structure and vegetation came
to the forefront in our study. The active topography
of the study area has caused that it presented a
variety that had important sources in biological,
hydrological and cultural aspects. This situation
emphasizes the importance of the study area.
Many classifications still lack cultural,
historical, archaeological and architectural properties
due to a fact, that these data are fragmented, very
much local and have no consistent coverage of the
entire country in sufficient details (Anonymous
2008). The reason for this is the fact that there are no
data on current historical, cultural and architectural
variables. In this context, the study area constitutes
the intersection point of 3 different cultures because
of having borders to Georgia, Artvin and
Ardahan.The lack of the historical and cultural
dimensions in LCA resulted in development of new
approaches such as Historical and Cultural
Characterisation (HCL, CLC) (Fairclough et al.
2002a,b; Fairclough and Macinnes 2003; Van
Eetvelde and Antrop 2009).In this context, more
information is needed to characterise the historical
and cultural dimensions of a landscape such as
historic landmarks, cultural and heritage buildings.
Throughout the long human history of Savsat,
landscapes have developed by mutual interaction of
natural and human forces that resulted in landscapes
with distinctive patterns of settlements and
agricultural land uses. Landscape characters which
clearly differ in terms of their natural and human
features could be distinguished in the region of
Turkey. But these unique landscapes are facing
strong pressures, in particular from urbanization,
dams and hydroelectric power plants and wrong land
use decisions. Studies in the Europe, UK and
elsewhere have shown how landscape character
assessment can inform landscape planning and
design to address these challenges (Swanwick
2004). Results from these researches suggest that the
approach can be equally applied in the Savsat.
In this study, the aim was to define the
Landscape Character types that constitute the
Landscape Character areas and the landscape
character types that form these areas by using the
―Landscape Character Analysis Method‖, which is
applied by many countries that are the parties of
European Landscape Agreement. ―European
Landscape Character Analysis Landscape Types
A. Tırnakçı, S. Özer
65
Encoding System‖ was revised according to the study
are, and the Landscape Character Types for Savsat
were defined by using climate, topography, soil,
vegetation and geology bases. In addition, the
Landscape Character areas were analyzed with on-
site analyses by using the ―Landscape Character
Analysis Field Observation Form‖. The applicability
of the Landscape Character Analysis Method was
tested at a local scale in a rural landscape area.
We identified unique landscape character areas
in the Turkish Eastern Black Sea Region. According
to the evaluations, it was determined that the study
area had important natural sources in terms of
biological, topographical and hydrological terms. For
this reason, the Landscape Character areas of Savsat
consist mainly of natural landscape characteristics.
With the Landscape Character Analysis, the smallest
homogenous landscape types were determined in the
study area. By doing so, accurate decisions may be
made during the physical planning process for the
purpose of using the natural sources. In addition,
outputs of this study can fit into broader decisions
tools such as Environmental Conservation Plans,
strategies such as woodland, ecological networks
(Therivel and Paridario 1996, Kim and Pauleit 2007).
It can be used to assess the specific capacity for land
use change, including urbanization, in the landscape
character units and types (Martin 2004).
The landscape character assessment may
therefore help to convert potential land use and
conservation problems into the development of
valued future landscapes. LCA can make a valuable
contribution to the solution of sustainable land use
planning policies, to the enhancement and
conservation of landscape character and to
biodiversity conservation in Savsat.
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