Sociocultural Influences of Parents on Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents

Abstract

The basic goal of this research was to evaluate sociocultural influence of parents on general body dissatisfaction among their adolescent children. The sample comprised (N = 228) of both male and female adolescents aged between 16-19 years. In this study, two measuring instruments were applied: Body image and body change inventory and the Perceived Sociocultural Influences on Body Image and Body Change Questionnaire. These instruments show internal consistency of high reliability, which makes them applicable to the Serbian population. According to results of the correlational analysis, there is a mild correlation between predictor variables (influence of mother and influence of father) and the criteria general body dissatisfaction. The applied hierarchical regression analysis showed that predictor variables explain 22% of the total variance of general body dissatisfaction. It was also established that variables (female gender, sociocultural influence of parents on body image and change in physical appearance) present significant predictors of overall body dissatisfaction in late adolescence. The majority of the obtained findings is in accordance with results from previous studies, and should provide directions for predicting body image and perceptive sociocultural contributions on body image, as well as designing programs of prevention regarding body dissatisfaction in adolescents of both genders.

Full text

Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
ISSN 2466-5118
www.fiep-serbia.net

|45
OriginalresearcharticleDOI:10.1515/spes‐2016‐0021
SOCIOCULTURALINFLUENCESOFPARENTSON
BODYDISSATISFACTIONINADOLESCENTS
MiroljubIvanović1,SrdjanMilosavljević2andUgljesaIvanović3
1CollegeForEducatorsandBusinessInformatics“Sirmium”,SremskaMitrovica
2FacultyforPhysicalEducationandManagementinSport,SingidunumUniversity,Belgrade
3Facultyofmanagementinsport,AlphaUniversity,Belgrade
MiroljubIvanović,SrdjanMilosavljev ićandUgljesaIvanović
UDK316.7‐053.6:796.01

SUMMARY
Thebasicgoalofthisresearchwastoevaluatesocioculturalinfluenceofparents
ongeneralbodydissatisfactionamongtheiradolescentchildren. The sample
comprised (N = 228) of both male and female adolescents aged between 16‐19
years.Inthisstudy,twomeasuring instruments were applied:  Bodyimageand
bodychange inventory andthe Perceived SocioculturalInfluences onBody Image
and Body Change Questionnaire. These instruments show internal consistency of
highreliability, which makes themapplicabletotheSerbianpopulation.According
toresultsofthecorrelationalanalysis,thereisamildcorrelationbetweenpredictor
variables(influenceofmotherandinfluenceoffather)andthecriteriageneralbody
dissatisfaction.Theapplied hierarchical regressionanalysisshowed that predictor
variablesexplain 22%of the totalvariance of general body dissatisfaction.It was
alsoestablishedthatvariables(femalegender,socioculturalinfluenceofparentson
bodyimageandchangeinphysicalappearance)presentsignificant predictors of
overall body dissatisfaction in late adolescence. The majority of the obtained
findings is in accordance with results from previous studies, and should provide
directionsforpredictingbodyimageandperceptivesocioculturalcontributionson
bodyimage,aswellasdesigningprogramsofpreventionregarding body
dissatisfactioninadolescentsofbothgenders.
Keywords:Adolescence,physicalappearance,bodydissatisfaction,sociocultural
influences

Correspondenceauthor
MiroljubIvanović
miroljub.ivanovic@gmail.com

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Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
ISSN 2466-5118
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
INTRODUCTION
Fromthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturyuptotoday,thereisanincreasing
numberofresearchinpsychologywhichemphasizetheinfluenceofbodyimage,
which presents a subjective perception of one’s own physical appearance and
physicalexperiences,as wellasexpression ofattitudes, thoughtsand feelingsof
theindividualthatrelatetoone’sownbody.1Bodyimageisgeneratedbyinternal
(biological and psychological) and external (cultural and social) factors, and it
develops, changes, or maintains through this complex network ofinteractions
2.
Bodyimageconsistsoftwoessentialelements:perceptiveandsubjective. The
coreofbodydissatisfactionoccursasa resultof discordancebetweenperceptive
and internal or socially conditioned, perfect body image. If this discordance is
greater,bodydissatisfactionisgreater.3Findingsoftheauthors4pointtothefact
thatthenumberoffemaleadolescentswhoaredissatisfiedwiththeirownbodyis
substantially increasing in the last few decades, and that this dissatisfaction is
greaterinfemalethaninmaleadolescents.
During adolescence, physical appearance of young men and women
becomesoneoftheir main preoccupations.Discordancebetweenperceptiveand
perfectphysicalappearanceinadolescentageisbecomingmoreprominent,which
makesthisperiodoflifeparticularlysensitiveforthedevelopment of body
dissatisfaction.
Withinthisperiodoflife,bodydissatisfactionisincorrelationwithagreater
socioculturalpressureonphysicalattractiveness,particularlyforfemalegender.
The perfect body image of women today assumes characteristic thinness, and

1 Nicole Kraus, Julia Lindenberg, Almut Zeeck, Joachim Kosfelder, and Silja Vocks, „Immediate
Effects of Body Checking Behaviour on Negative and Positive Emotions in Women with Eating
Disorders: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach“, European Eating Disorders Review
23–5 (2015): 399.
2 Deschamps Valérie, Salanave Benoît, Chan Chee Christine, Vernay Michel, and Castetbon Katia,
„Body-weight perception and related preoccupations in a large national sample of adolescents“,
Pediatric Obesity 10–1 (2015): 16.
3 Jacinthe Dion, Marie-Eve Blackburn, Julie Auclair, Luc Laberge, Suzanne Veillette, Marco
Gaudreault, Patrick Vachon, Michel Perron and Évelyne Touchette, „Development and aetiology of
body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls“, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth
20–2 (2015): 151.
4 Analisa Arroyo, „Magazine Exposure and Body Dissatisfaction, „The Mediating Roles of Thin Ideal
Internalization and Fat Talk“, Communication Research Reports 32–3 (2015): 247.
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Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
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emphasizingits significancegenerates body dissatisfaction5.Resultsof numerous
researchessignalizeonthesignificantpresenceof preoccupation due to physical
appearance among male and female adolescents.6 On the other hand, failure in
reaching the perfect physical appearance set by the society cancausebody
dissatisfactionregardlessofgender.7
Thesignificanceofbodyimage,aswellasbodydissatisfactionisimportant
in understanding eating disorders and dieting.8
Authors
9 conclude that beside
bodydissatisfaction,thesignificanceofbodyimageisalsoanintensivepredictor
of body transformation among adolescents of both genders. Authors10have
establishedintheirstudythatifapersondoesnotpayattentiontotheirphysical
appearance, there is a small probability that his/her physical appearance will
contributetotheirfeelingofownvaluableness,evenifhe/sheisnotsatisfiedwith
it. Moreover, the emphasis is on the significance of body image, and how it
possesses an indirect function between sociocultural influences of parents and
body dissatisfaction.11Researchfindings
12 turn the attention to the fact that

5 Tanja Legenbauer, Pia Thiemann and Silja Vocks, „Body Image Disturbance in Children and
Adolescents with Eating Disorders“, Zeitschrift für Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie und
Psychotherapie 42 (2014): 51
6 Soledad Cruz-Sáez, Normal-weight and overweight female adolescents with and without
extreme weight-control behaviours: Emotional distress and body image concerns, Journal of Health
Psychology 20 (2015): 730.
7 Kendrin R. Sonneville, Carlos M. Grilo, Tracy K. Richmond, Idia B. Thurston, Maryam Jernigan,
Loren Gianini and Alison E. Field, „Prospective Association Between Overvaluation of Weight and
Binge Eating Among Overweight Adolescent Girls“, Journal of Adolescent Health 56–1 (2015): 25.
8 Carmelo La Mela, Marzio Maglietta, Saverio Caini, Giuliano P. Casu, Stefano Lucarelli, Sara Mori
and Giovanni Maria Ruggiero, „Perfectionism, weight and shape concerns, and low self-esteem:
Testing a model to predict bulimic symptoms“, Eating Behaviors 19 (2015): 155–158. 9. SE
Jackson, F Johnson, H Croker and J Wardle, „Weight perceptions in a population sample of
English adolescents: cause for celebration or concern?“ International Journal of Obesity 39 (2015):
1488.
9 SE Jackson, F Johnson, H Croker and J Wardle, „Weight perceptions in a population sample of
English adolescents: cause for celebration or concern?“ International Journal of Obesity 39 (2015):
1488.
10 Rita Francisco, Paola Espinoza, Marcela L. González, Eva Penelo, Marisol Mora, Rocío Rosés
and Rosa M. Raich, „Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Portuguese and Spanish
adolescents: The role of individual characteristics and internalisation of sociocultural ideals“,
Journal of Adolescence 41 (2015): 7.
11 Rebecca A Spencer, Laurene Rehman and Sara FL Kirk, „Understanding gender norms, nutrition,
and physical activity in adolescent girls: a scoping review“, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition
and Physical Activity 12–6 (2015): 2.
12 Margery J. Holman, Jay Johnson and Mary-Kaye Lucier, „Sticks and stones: the multifarious
effects of body-based harassment on young girls’ healthy lifestyle choices“, Journal of Sport and
Society 18 (2013): 527.
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femaleadolescents,whowereteasedbecauseoftheirphysicalappearance, are
moredissatisfiedwiththeirbodyfromclassmateswhoweren't.Inthestudy13itis
pointed out that frequency of teasing is in significant mutual relation with
devolvingone’sownbody,andoverestimatingitsshape.
Gender, as a significant biological factor in adolescence has particularly
important effect on the development of body dissatisfaction since it is
characterized by various strong changes in physical appearance. It has been
determinedthatboysandgirlswhoareenteringthisagebecomemoreself‐aware,
and physical appearance is one of their main concerns14.Bodychangeswith
femaleadolescentsaremanifestedintheincreaseofbodymassandaccumulation
of fatty tissue on hips and posterior. The study15 shows that girls view these
changes as negative because they distance them from perfect, lean physical
appearance.Ontheotherhand,thechangesinphysicalappearanceofboyscause
theformationofbroadshoulders,flatstomach,slimwaistandincreaseofmuscle
mass.16 Hence, the differences in the perception of perfect physical appearance
withboysandwithgirls,whichgenerateshigherbodydissatisfactionoffemales.
Apart from the biological factor of gender, a significant function in the
creation, development, and maintenance of body dissatisfaction also have
different socioculturalfactors,primarily influence of parents. Negative
contributionofparentsonthedissatisfaction of adolescents can be achieved in
several ways: directly, through teasing in the form of critic regarding physical
appearance, and indirectly, through expression of concern regardingtheirown
physical appearance and, as well asemphasizingthesociocultural influence
towardaperfectbodyappearance.17

13 Deborah Mitchison and Jonathan Mond, „ Epidemiology of eating disorders, eating disordered
behaviour, and body image disturbance in males: a narrative review“, Journal of Eating Disorders
3–20 (2015): 2–9.
14 By Martin-Storey and Crosnoe, Robert, „Trajectories of overweight and their association with
adolescent depressive symptoms“, Health Psychology 34–10 (2015): 1004.
15 Yiting Chang and Linda C. Halgunseth, „Early Adolescents’ Psychosocial Adjustment and
Weight Status Change: The Moderating Roles of Gender, Ethnicity, and Acculturation“, Journal of
Youth and Adolescence 44–4 (2015): 870.
16 Enrique Llorente, David H. Gleaves, Cortney S. Warren, Lourdes Pérez-de-Eulate and Liya
Rakhkovskaya BS, „Translation and validation of a spanish version of the sociocultural attitudes
towards appearance questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4)“, International Journal of Eating Disorders 48–2
(2015): 170.
17 N. Micali, B. De Stavola, G. Ploubidis, E. Simonoff, J. Treasure and A. E. Field, „Adolescent
eating disorder behaviours and cognitions: gender-specific effects of child, maternal and family risk
factors“, The British Journal of Psychiatry Oct, 207–4 (2015): 320.
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Findingsregardinghowthemotherandthefatherinfluencetheformation
and development of body image, as well as the intensity, are not consistent.
Certainstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthesephenomenaemphasizethedifference
incontribution ofthemotherfromthefather.Accordingtothestudy18,influence
of the mother has a greater impact on the development of body image among
adolescents.Findings19turntheattentiontothefactthatparentsevaluatetheir
daughters more critically than their sons in adolescent age, which could be
explainedbygreaterpressureoffemalechildrentoacceptthesocioculturalideal
ofthinnessagainsttheirwill. Also,according toresearch20,mothers and fathers
give infrequent positive feedback about the physical appearanceoftheir
daughters.Moreover,research21establishedthatthemajorityadolescentsofboth
genderswithanincreasedbodymassperceivethattheirmothersencouragethem
tolosebodymass,particularlygirls,andexperiencemorecritics from mothers
withnegativefeedbackregardingtheirphysicalappearance.
A significant difference in evaluation of feedback regarding physical
appearancefromthemotheramongmaleandfemaleadolescentsisnotobserved,
butwhen itcomes to evaluating feedbackfrom thefather, however,differences
are observed. Female adolescents perceive that fathers more strictly evaluate
theirphysicalappearance.22Inaddition,theseauthorsconcludethatamongmale
adolescents, fathers have a more intensive influence on their attitudes toward
their body, while female adolescents are influenced more intensively by their
mothers.Also,itwasestablishedthatmothersandfathershavearelevant
functioninadoptingsocioculturalclaimsabouttheperfectphysicalappearancein
their adolescent children, emphasizing which physical characteristics are

18 Rohde, P., Stice, E., C., and Marti, N. Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk
factors during adolescence: Implications for prevention efforts“, International Journal of Eating
Disorders 48–2 (2015): 187.
19 Kirsten Beyer, Jessica Bizub, Aniko Szabo, Beth Heller, Amy Kistner, Erin Shawgo and Corey
Zetts, „Development and validation of the attitudes toward outdoor play scales for children“, Social
Science & Medicine 133 (2015): 253.
20 Elizabeth A. McLaughlin , Katherine E. Belon, Jane Ellen Smith and Sarah J. Erickson, „Mothers’
and daughters’ beliefs about factors affecting preadolescent girls’ body satisfaction“, Body Image
13 (2015): 9.
21 Melissa Kimber, Jennifer Couturier, Katholiki Georgiades, Olive Wahoush and Susan M. Jack,
„Ethnic Minority Status and Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Scoping Review of the Child and
Adolescent Literature“, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17– 5, 1567.
22 Hannah J. White, Emma Haycraft and Caroline Meyer, „Family mealtimes and eating
psychopathology: The role of anxiety and depression among adolescent girls and boys, Appetite
75–1 (2014): 173.
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recommended, and which are not.23 Research findings turn the attention to the
factthatthefamilyenvironmentinwhichphysicalappearanceisemphasized,as
well as sociocultural patterns of the ideal physical appearance,canleadto
increasedbodydissatisfactioninadolescentswhenestablishingtheir(dis)content
or(dis)approvalonachievingornotachievingthesenorms
24. Furthermore, the
qualityof therelationshipbetween parentsand adolescentscontributesto body
image.Itwasobservedthatreductionof emotional warmthand support, aswell
as troubling relationships with parents stimulates the development of body
dissatisfaction,whilemorepositiverelationshipswithparentsarecorrelatedwith
developingpositiveattitudestowardbodyimage.25
Havinginmindthedisparityinresultsofresearchperformedregarding
thistopic,itisessentialtoconductresearchontheSerbianadolescentpopulation
as well, in order to thoroughly evaluate the influences of sociocultural factors
(parents) on body dissatisfaction among adolescents of both genders. Findings
that will be revealed in this study can provide a better understanding of body
dissatisfaction development during adolescence, and aid in creating steps and
programsforitsprevention.
METHOD
Sampleandprocedure
In this cross‐sectional study, performed in January 2017, 228 Serbian
studentsofbothgendersparticipated.Meanageofadolescentswas17,30years
(SD = 1,38). Our subjects were students of 3rdand4
th grades of Economic and
TechnicalSchoolsinValjevo.Thesamplewasequallydistributedbetweengenders
(Nf=116or51,55%andNm=112or49,77%).
Anonymous questioning was conducted in groups, during regular school
classes.Groupsizevariedfrom20 to 30 subjects. The average time of fulfilling
questionnaireswas45minutes. In accordancewiththeethical codes of research

23 Nichole R. Kelly, Lauren B. Shomaker, Courtney K. Pickworth, Sheila M. Brady, Amber B.
Courville, Shanna Bernstein, Natasha A. Schvey, Andrew P. Demidowich, Ovidiu Galescu, Susan
Z. Yanovski, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, and Jack A. Yanovski, A prospective study of adolescent
eating in the absence of hunger and body mass and fat mass outcomes“, Obesity 23–7 (2015):
1472.
24 Marita P. McCabe, Lucy Busija, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Lina Ricciardelli, David Mellor and
Alexander Mussap, „Sociocultural influences on strategies to lose weight, gain weight, and
increase muscles among ten cultural groups“, Body Image 12 (2015): 108.
25 Emma Halliwell, Future directions for positive body image research“, Body Image 14 (2015): 177.
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in which subjects are under age, school principals and parents gave a formal
consent for participation of students in the research. Before giving out the
questionnaires,whichserved asmeasuringinstruments, subjectswere informed
aboutthescopeofresearch,aswellasthemethodofdataprotection,afterwhich
theysignedaconsentformforvoluntaryparticipationintheresearch.Duringthe
research, students were able to withdraw from the study at any point (three
studentswithdrewfromthestudy).
Afterapplyingmeasuringinstruments,fiveUnivariate(z>+/‐3,34)andfive
multivariateout layers– extreme results of measurements[χ2 (10)> 30,22,p<
.001],wereeliminatedinthepreliminaryoverviewofthesummationscoresofall
variables.
Instruments
Bodyimageandbodychangeinventory(BIBCI;Ricciardelliand
McCabe26,2002)
Inrelationtotheoriginalinventory which contains a total of 69 items
acrosseightscales,theadaptedversionofthisinstrumenttoevaluatebodyimage
andthebody‐image importance amongmaleandfemale adolescents,whichwas
usedinthisresearch,consistsoftwoscales:scalebodyimagesatisfaction(10
items)andscale body‐imageimportance(14 items).Bothscales weretranslated
fromEnglishtoCroatianlanguage.
Firstthreeitemsofthescalebodyimageimportanceareindependentand
are an individual aspect of body dissatisfaction (for ex. “How satisfied are you
withyourbodymass/bodyshape/musclemass?”).Theremainingseven items
comprise dissatisfaction of certain body parts. Subjects answered on each item
through a 5‐degree Likert scale, depending on how they were satisfied with
certainbodyparts,from1(veryunsatisfied)to5(verysatisfied).Thetotalresult
isshapedasasinglelinearcombinationof evaluationson theseitems.Ahigher
score points toward a greater dissatisfaction with body appearance or certain
bodyparts.
The value of the Cronbach‐alphareliability coefficient for the entire
modifiedscalewas(α =.89), which is a satisfying indicator of consistency and
reliability. This finding is in accordance with research conducted by Jugović
(2015)onasampleofadolescentsinCroatia.

26 Lina Ricciardelli and Marita McCabe, „Psychometric evaluation of the Body Change Inventory:
An assessment instrument for adolescent boys and girls“, Eating Behaviors 3–1 (2002): 45.
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Thefirstfiveitemsinthescalebody‐imageimportancemeasureshowmuch
meaning a person gives to certain aspects of body appearance (significance of
bodymass,bodyshape,sizeandstrengthofmuscles,andmuscle tone). The
remainingnineitemsmeasurehowimportantisappearanceofcertainbodyparts
to a person. Depending on how important is appearance of certain body parts,
subjectsansweredtoeachitemthrougha5‐degreeLikertscale:from1(not
important at all) to 5 (very important). The scale enables obtaining individual
resultsregardingthebody‐imageimportance,andthetotalscoreiscalculatedasa
simplelinear combination of evaluation ofsubjects on all items. Thetheoretical
rangeofresultsforbody‐imageimportanceisfrom14to70,whilesignificanceof
certainaspectsofbodyappearancefrom1to5,withanincreasing number of
points pointing to a more pronounced meaning toward body appearance or
aspectsofitbyanindividual.
TheCronbach‐alphareliabilitycoefficientinthisscalewas(α=.93),which
illustrateshighreliabilityofinternalconsistency.

PerceivedSocioculturalInfluencesonBodyImageandBodyChange
Questionnaire(TPSIBIBCQ;McCabeandRicciardelli,272001)
The original questionnaire contains 62 items distributed in five scales.
Havinginmindthegoalofthisresearch,thismeasuringinstrumentwasadapted,
andonlytwoscaleswereused:Scaleinfluenceofthefather(13items)andscale
influenceofthemother(13items).
Items in both scales relate to feedback regarding physical appearance,
feedbacktoincreasebodymass,feedbacktoloseweight,andfeedbacktoincrease
muscles,aswellashowmuchdosubjectsgivemeaningtothefeedbackofboth
parentsregardingtheirphysicalappearance.Bothscaleswere,forthepurposeof
thisresearch,adjustedbyaddingitems(fiveitemsmoreforeachscale)inorderto
evaluateteasing,encouragingtheincreaseinmuscletone,andincreaseinmuscle
size more completely. First three items of each scale measure
negativity/neutrality/positivity of feedback from either mother or the father
regardingthe physical appearance of adolescents,thefourthitemmeasures how
important is feedback from the parents to adolescents regarding their physical
appearance, while the remaining three items measure the frequency of teasing

27 Marita P. McCabe, Lina A. Ricciardelli, „Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and
strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls“,
Adolescence; Roslyn Heights 36 (2001): 225.
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and supporting weight loss, weightgain,aswellasincreaseinbodybulkand
musclestiffness.
Subjectsevaluatedhowmuchtheyagreetotheclaimsregardingcomments
abouttheirphysicalappearancebyansweringthefirstthreeitemsonthesescales
using a 6‐degree Likert scale: 0 – no comment, 1 – strongly disagree,to5–
stronglyagree.Importanceofopinion(fourthitem)wasevaluatedsinga5‐degree
Likertscale:from1–notrelevantatall,to5–extremelyrelevant. For the
frequency of teasing and encouragement for changing physical appearance, the
samescalewasused:from1–never,to5–allthetime.
Thecalculated valueofCronbach‐alphacoefficientforbothscaleswas(α=
.90),whichpointstoarelevantreliabilityofinternalconsistency.
ScaleInfluenceoftheMother
The factorial structure of this scale was examined using the principal
componentanalysis,usingVarimaxrotation,andwasinterpretedusingthegroup
matrix(Table 1). TheGuttman‐Kaiser criterion wasused forisolating factorsof
secondorder.

Table1.ResultsoffactorialanalysisofitemsfromthescaleInfluenceofthe
mother
ContentoftheitemFFFFFh
MymothertellsmethatIshouldstrengthenmy
muscles.
.879     .819
My mother tells me that I should increase my
muscles.
.848     .768
MymothertellsmethatIshouldexercisemore. .651     .565
My mother teases me that my muscles aren't
strongenough.
.596     
Mymotherteasesmethatmymusclesaren'tbig
enough.
.857    .576
MymotherteasesmethatIamoverweight. .837    .598
MymotherteasesmethatIshouldeatless.

.808    .789
MymothertellsmethatIshouldloseweight.   .809   .747
Howdoesyourmothercommentyourphysical
appearanceandyourbody?
  .805   .758
How does your mother comment your eating
habits(what,when,andhowmuchyoueat?)
  .778   .669
Howdoesyourmothercommentyourphysical    .85 .656
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activities(forex.Howmuchdoyouexercise?) 4
Yourmothertriestostrengthenhermuscles.    .84
2
.628
Yourmothertriestoincreasehermuscles.    623 .794
Yourmothertriestogainweight.    .595 .820
Yourmotherisonadietinordertoloseweight.    .724 .358
MymotherteasesmethatIamtoskinny.    .646 .282
MymothertellsmethatIshouldgainweight.    .592 .750
Characteristicroot3.48 2.39 2.08 1.40 1.21 
Percentageofexplainedvariance27.12 15.06 12.32 8.05 7.24 
Note:duringtheprocess of definingoptimal latent structures, variables that did not have
significantsaturation(withthecriterion>.40)wereexcluded.
Results of the factorial analysis in this study have shown thatthescale
Influenceofthemotherconsistsoffiveprincipalcomponents,whichcumulatively
determine67.11%ofvarianceinthematrix.Fromatheoreticalaspect,arelatively
high percentage of explained variance suggests that the appliedmeasuring
instrumentisvalidinfurtheranalysis.
Thefirstlatent dimension (judgmentofothersandinfluenceofthemother
onincreasingbodybulk)iscomposedoffiveitemswhichevaluatetheinfluenceof
themotheronincreasingbody bulk through motivationand judgmentof others.
Three items within the second factor (judgmentofothersandinfluenceofthe
motherforweightloss)determinetheinfluenceofthemotherthroughmotivation
and judgment of others. The third factor (motherfeedbackphysicalappearance,
nutritionandphysicalexercise)consistsofthreeitemswhichprovidesfeedbackof
the mother regarding physical appearance, eating habits, and physical activity.
The fourth factor comprises of four items (Influenceofthemotheron
transformationofphysicalappearancethroughherownmodelofbehavior),while
thefifthfactor iscomposedoftwo items(Judgmentofothersandencouragement
forweightgainbythemother).The obtainedfive‐factorialstructure of thescale
Influenceofthemotherinour research ispracticallyidenticalto the structureof
theinstrumentusedinCroatianresearch,conductedbyJugović(2015).
Reliability (internal consistency) for factor F1 ‐ judgmentofothersand
influenceofthemotheronincreasingbodybulk,was (α =. 79), for factor F2‐
judgmentofothersandinfluenceofthemotherforweightloss(α=.82),forfactor
F3–motherfeedbackregardingphysicalappearance,nutritionandphysicalexercise
(α =. 70), for factor F4‐Influenceofthemotherontransformationofphysical
appearancethroughherownmodelofbehavior,(α =. 67),and forthe factorF5‐
Judgmentofothersandencouragementforweightgainbythemother(α =. 77).
The obtained values of Cronbach‐alpha coefficients suggest thatthescale
InfluenceoftheMotherhashighinternalconsistency.
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ScaleInfluenceoftheFather
Through factorial analysis, using the method of principal component
analysis, with Varimax rotation and Guttman‐Kaiser normalization, five
orthogonalsecond‐orderfactorswereobtained,withcharacteristicrootvaluesλ>
1.Together,theyareresponsiblefor67,83%ofvariance(Table2).
Table2.ResultsoffactorialanalysisofthescaleInfluenceoftheFather
ContentoftheitemFFFFFh
My father tells me that I should strengthen my
muscles.
.880     .828
My father tells me that I should increase my
muscles.
.852     .762
MyfathertellsmethatIshouldexercisemore. .733     .618
My father teases me that my muscles aren't
strongenough.
.638     
Myfatherteasesme that mymusclesaren'tbig
enough.
.869 .629
MyfatherteasesmethatIamoverweight. .852 .580
MyfatherteasesmethatIshouldeatless. .744 .786
MyfathertellsmethatIshouldloseweight.   .818 .742
Howdoesyourfathercommentyourphysical
appearanceandyourbody?
  .810 .681
How does your father comment your eating
habits(what,when,andhowmuchyoueat?)
  .796 .674
How does your father comment your physical
activities(forex.Howmuchdoyouexercise?)
  .888 .655
Yourfathertriestostrengthenhismuscles.   .876 .663
Yourfathertriestoincreasehismuscles.   612 .876
Yourfathertriestogainweight.   .590 .872
Yourfatherisonadietinordertoloseweight.     .717 .875
MyfatherteasesmethatIamtooskinny.     .652 .542
MyfathertellsmethatIshouldgainweight.     .58
5
.665
Characteristicroot2.96 2.42 2.10 1.37 1.18 
Percentageofexplainedvariance27.05 14.45 9.64 9.12 7.56 
Note:duringtheprocess of definingoptimal latent structures, variables that did not have
significantsaturation(withthecriterium>.40)wereexcluded.
Thefirstfactoriscomprisedoffiveitemswhichdeterminetheinfluenceof
the father on the increase of body bulk through motivation and judging others.
Thesecond factoris comprised ofthree itemswhich determinetheinfluenceof
the father on weight loss through motivation and through judging others. The
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56|
thirdfactorconsistsofthreeitemswhichexplainthecriticsofthefatherregarding
physicalappearance,eatinghabits and physicalactivity;fouritemscomprise the
fourthfactor,whichunderminetheinfluenceofthefatheronbodytransformation
throughamodelofhisownbehavior;andthefifthfactor,whichconsists of two
items,presumetheinfluenceofthefatherontheincreaseinbodymass through
motivationandjudgmentofothers.
Byconsideringthecontentoftheitemsineachoftheobtainedlatent
dimensions,factorsareinterpreted in thefollowingway:Judgmentofothersand
motivationtoincreasebodybulkbythefather(F
1); Judgmentofothersand
motivationforweightlossbythefather(F
2); Feedbackofthefatherregarding
physicalappearance,nutrition,andphysicalexercise(F3);Influenceofthefatheron
bodytransformationthroughhisownmodelofbehavior(F
4); and judgmentof
othersandmotivationforweightgainbythefather(F5).
Reliability (internal consistency), expressed using the Cronbach alpha
coefficient,was(α=.84)forF1;ForF2(α=.85);ForF3(α=.78);ForF4(α=.73);
andforF5(α=.80).ThecalculatedvaluesofCronbachalphacoefficientspointthat
reliabilityofthescaleInfluenceoftheFatherissatisfying.
RESULTS
Overalldataobtainedinthis studyshow thatdistributionofcertainitems
within descriptive parameters significantly deviate from normal distribution of
results of variables (Table 3). However, all measuring instruments that were
applied are positively asymmetrical, which makes them eligible for use in
parametric and multivariate statistical methods,according to standard criteria.
Furthermore,theyindicatethat the distributionofresultsisneitherbimodalnor
U‐curveshaped.
Table3.Descriptiveindicatorsofevaluationofbodydissatisfactiononthescales
ofBIBCIandTPSIBIBICQquestionnaires
Measuring
instrument/ite
m
TR AM SD K‐S
Bodyimageand
bodychangeinventory
Body
satisfaction 1‐5 3.58 .69 .03
Significanceof
bodyimage 1‐5 3.56 .80 .07
Weightloss
strategy 1‐5 2.19 .93 .14
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Weightgain
strategy 1‐5 1.82 .95 .19
Muscle
strengthening
strategy
1‐5 2.90 1.02 .09
Increasein
bodybulk 1‐5 2.18 .88 .12
PerceivedSociocultural
InfluencesonBody
ImageandBody
ChangeQuestionnaire
InfluenceoftheMother
Importanceof
opinion 1‐5 3.30 1.27 .18**
Feedbackfor
eatinghabits
andbalance
1‐5 2.88 1.29 .07
Judgmentof
othersand
encouraging
weightloss
1‐5 1.47 .90 .29**
Judgingothers
and
encouraging
weightgain
1‐5 1.73 1.06 .27**
Judgmentof
othersand
encouraging
increaseof
bodybulk
1‐5 1.70 .82. .19**
Modelof
behavior 1‐5 1.48 .59 .19**
InfluenceoftheFather
Importanceof
opinion 1‐5 2.94 1.41 .13
Feedbackfor
eatinghabits
andbalance
1‐5 2.48 1.52 .07
Judgmentof
othersand
encouraging
weightloss
1‐5 1.39 .80 .37**
Judgingothers
and
encouraging
1‐5 1.61 .88 .40**
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58|
weightgain
Judgmentof
othersand
encouraging
increaseof
bodybulk
1‐5 1.67 .79 .18**
Modelof
behavior 1‐5 1,57 .81 .25**
Legend.TR–theoreticalrangeofresults;AM–arithmeticmean;SD–standarddeviation;
K‐S – Kolmogorov – Smirnov test (d); **all values of Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test were
significantatalevelofp≤.01

Inordertoexaminethepartialmoderatinginfluenceofpredictorvariables
of gender, as well as the observed sociocultural influences of bothparentsin
predicting the main criterion– general body dissatisfaction among male and
female adolescents, a hierarchical regression model was used, which enables
monitoringof changesinthepercentof explained varianceafter including anew
groupofpredictorvariables.
Two groups of predictor variables were successively included inthe
regressionanalysis,in two steps,accordingtoa previouslydefinedorder(Table
4).Inthefirststepofhierarchicalregressionanalysis,interactionsof predictors
(gender) and criterion variable (body dissatisfaction) were included. In the
secondstep,predictorswerecontrolvariablesof parental influence: influence of
bothmotherandthefatherthroughthefollowinggroupofvariables(feedbackof
the mother regarding physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise;
judgmentofothersandencouragementofthemotherforweightloss;Comments
of the father about physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise;
judgmentofothersandencouragementofthefatherforweightloss;judgmentof
othersandencouragingweightgainbythefather,andmodelofbehavior).
Withthepreviouslydefinedgenderdifferences,theobtainedfindinginthe
first group of predictors indicate that through partialization of the
sociodemographic variable (gender), a relevant prediction of general body
dissatisfaction can be made. According to the first regression equation, it
significantlyinterpretsthecriterionwithatenthofvariabilityproportion(ΔR²=
.10),atwhichbodydissatisfactionismorepronouncedinfemale adolescents
ratherthanmale.

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
Table4.Hierarchicalregressionanalysisofpredictinggeneralbody
dissatisfaction
Predictors β S ΔR² R²
Step1
Gender
.23 6.21 10





12
10





22
Step2
Influenceofthe
mother
Comments of the
mother about
physical
appearance,
nutrition, and
physicalexercise;

Judgment of
others and
encouragement
ofthemotherfor
weightloss




‐.14*






.18*




.85






.31
Influenceofthe
father
Comments of the
father about
physical
appearance,
nutrition, and
physicalexercise

Judgment of
others and
encouragement
ofthefatherfor
weightloss;

Judgment of
others and
encouraging
weight gain by
thefather

Model of
behavior




‐.16*





.10




07*


.08




6.55





.36




.82


.90
R=.63
Legend.β–Standardregressioncoefficient;S–standarderrorofregression; ΔR²‐change
incoefficientofdeterminationvalue(contributionofasinglegroupofpredictorstothe
expalinedvariance); R2– coefficient ofdetermination (total contributionof predictors to
theexplainedvariance);R–coefficientofmultiplecorrelation;*p<.05
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By successive inclusion of control variables of the observed partial
contribution of parental predictors (influenceofthemotherandthefather)on
body image in the second group of predictors, the value of determination
coefficientsignificantlyrises,atwhichthepercentageofthe proportion of
variance significantly increases by 12% (ΔR² = .12). The second regression
functionobtained,witharelevantprobability,explainsthecriterion,eventhough
only certain predictor variables (feedback of the mother regarding physical
appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise;  judgment of others and
encouragement of the mother for weight loss; feedback of the father regarding
physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise; judgmentofothersand
encouragement of the father to lose weight; judgment of others and father
encouragementforweightgain,andmodelofbehavior)aresignificantpredictors
ofbodydissatisfaction.Subjectswho perceive thatparentgivepositive feedback
regarding their physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercisearemore
satisfiedwiththeirbody.However, subjects whoreceive negativefeedbackfrom
theirparents through judgment ofothersandencouragethemtoloseweightare
less satisfied with their body. In addition, body dissatisfaction is encountered
among those adolescents who report frequent encouragement to increase body
bulkbytheirfathers,andthroughtheirmodel,stimulateweightloss,weightgain
andincreaseofbodybulk.
Intable5,thecorrelationbetweenpredictorvariablesandvariables for
changeinphysicalappearanceamongmaleandfemaleadolescentsisshown.Itis
observed there is a statistically significant and weak positivecorrelationonly
betweenvariablesgeneralbodydissatisfactionandbody‐imageimportance(r=.18,
p≤.05).Theobtainedpositiveandstochasticallysignificantcorrelationpointtoa
tendencyofsamedirection(botheitherlinearlyriseorfall)in the examined
adolescent population. The coefficients of correlation of other variables have
values of zero, whichrepresents the nonexistenceof linearcorrelation between
variabilityofanalyzedphenomena,i.e.thatonthebasisofknowingvaluesofone
variable,noconclusionscanbedrawnofthevaluesoftheother.
Table5.Pearson’scoefficientsofcorrelationbetweenpredictorvariablesand
variablesforthechangeinphysicalappearance
VariablesGenderGeneralbody
dissatisfaction
body‐image
importance
Gender‐ 
Generalbody
dissatisfaction
.18*‐
body‐image
importance
‐.05.03‐
*p≤.05
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DISCUSSION
Results of the conducted hierarchical regression model have shown that
significantpredictors ofgeneral bodydissatisfaction among adolescents of both
genders are represented by the following variables: a) parental feedback
regarding physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise; b) teasing and
stimulation for weight loss by both parents; c) teasing and stimulation for
increasingbodybulkbythefather;andd)behavioralmodelofthefather.Subjects
who experience positive feedback regarding physical appearance, eating habits,
andphysicalactivityfrombothparentsaremoresatisfiedwiththeirbody.Onthe
contrary, adolescents who receive negative feedback from their parents, in the
formofteasing,encouragingthemtoloseweight,areunsatisfiedwiththeirbody.
Thisdissatisfactionisalsoobservedinthoseadolescentswhoreport that their
fathersfrequentlystimulatethemtoincreasemusclemass,andthrough their
modelofbehavior,stimulateweightloss,weightgain,andincreasemuscle mass.
Additionally, it is necessary topointoutthatgenderhasarelevant moderating
contribution to the relations of perceived critics regardingphysical appearance,
nutritionandphysicalexercise,aswellasgeneralbodydissatisfaction,fromthe
mother.Thisisshownbythefactthatinfemaleadolescents,thelevelofgeneral
bodydissatisfactionisreduced if mothersgive positive feedbackregardingtheir
physicalappearance, nutrition, and physical exercise, whilein maleadolescents,
significant changes are not observed. This obtained finding in our research is,
despite belief, the only significant contribution of gender to the relations ofthe
experienced sociocultural impactsandgeneralbodydissatisfaction. It was
expectedthatgenderwoulddeterminetherelationsoftheobservedsociocultural
impactsonbodyimagewithgeneral body dissatisfaction, and thatcorrelation of
the experienced sociocultural influences on body image directedtowardweight
losswithgeneralbodydissatisfactionamongfemaleadolescentswouldbegreater
than in male adolescents. On the other hand, the correlation of the observed
sociocultural influences on body image focused on increasing bodyandmuscle
mass with general body dissatisfaction was expected to be much higher among
maleadolescentsinrelationto female adolescents.However, ourresultssuggest
thatsocioculturalinfluencesonbodyimagethatareperceivedbybothmaleand
femaleadolescentshavenosignificanteffectsontheiramountofbodysatisfaction
whenobservingdifferencesamonggender.Thisobservationillustrates that the
adolescents of both genders experience an identical level of pressureandcritic
regardingtheirphysicalappearance28.

28 Vera Lopez, Rosalie Corona, Raquel Halfond, „Effects of gender, media influences, and
traditional gender role orientation on disordered eating and appearance concerns among Latino
adolescents“, Journal of Adolescence 36 (2013): 727.
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Resultsofthisresearchareconsistentwithstudieswhichdeterminedthat
directfeedbackofbothparentsregardingthebodymassoftheir child is
correlatedwithbodydissatisfaction29.Theauthors30haveestablishedthatfemale
adolescentswith eatingdisorders feel pressuredfrom parentsin comparisonto
adolescentsofsameagewithouteatingdisorders.Also,research31hasshownthat
parentalstimulationfordietaryrestrictionsiscorrelatedwithbodydissatisfaction
oftheirdaughtersintheperiodoflateadolescence.Inaccordancewith previous
findings, we observed that subjects from our sample who more frequently
experience positive feedback from their parents regarding their physical
appearance, nutrition and physical activity, are more satisfied with their body.
Conversely, those subjects who experience teasing and criticismregarding
physicalappearancefrombothparents,andencouragementforincreasingmuscle
massfromfathers,aremuchmoredissatisfiedwiththeirbody.
Althoughthefindings32turn tothefactthat the contributionofparentsis
important to the behavior and experiences that relate to body image and body
mass,findingsregardingtheintensityandthewayinwhichtheparental
contributionisachievedonbodyimagearenotentirelycomplementary. For
example, some studies established that the influence of the mother has more
intense consequences on the developmentofbodyimageamongfemale
adolescents,whileinotherstudies,theinfluenceofthefatherisfoundtobemore
important in development of body image33. Findings in our study are only
partially in accordance with the mentioned results, since they point out that
influenceofthemotherandthefatheronbodyimagehaveequalcontributionson
bodydissatisfactionamongadolescents ofboth genders, i.e.parental influenceis
not different when it comes to gender. The exception is the previously noted
findingregardinghowthecriticismofthemotherregardingphysicalappearance,

29 Jerica M. Berge, Craig Meyer, Richard F. MacLehose, Renee Crichlow and Dianne Neumark-
Sztainer, „All in the family: Correlations between parents' and adolescent siblings' weight and
weight-related behaviors“, Journal of Obesity 23–4 (2015): 833.
30 N. Horesh, E. Sommerfeld, M. Wolf, E. Zubery and G. Zalsman, „Father–daughter relationship
and the severity of eating disorders“, European Psychiatry“ 30–1 (2015): 114.
31 Elizabeth K. Towner, Jennifer Reiter-Purtill, Richard E. Boles and Meg H. Zeller, „Predictors of
caregiver feeding practices differentiating persistently obese from persistently non-overweight
adolescents“, Appetite 84 (2015): 120.
32 Julia Fredrickson, Peter Kremer, Boyd Swinburn , Andrea de Silva and Marita McCabe, „Weight
perception in overweight adolescents: Associations with body change intentions, diet and physical
activity“, Journal of Health Psychology 20–6 (2015): 774.
33 Yael Latzer, Zohar Spivak-Lavi & Ruth Katz, „Disordered eating and media exposure among
adolescent girls: the role of parental involvement and sense of empowerment“, International
Journal of Adolescence and Youth 20:3 (2015): 375.
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nutrition,andphysicalexerciseongeneralbody.Infemaleadolescents, thereis
lessbodydissatisfactionifthereispositivefeedbackofthemotherregardingtheir
physical appearance, nutrition and physical exercise, while in male adolescents,
significantchangesarenotobserved.This findingillustratesagreatersensitivity
offemaleadolescentstocriticismbytheirmothersregardingphysicalappearance,
eatinghabits,andlevelofphysicalactivity,whichsignificantlyimpactsthelevelof
bodysatisfactionincomparisontomaleadolescents,inwhombodydissatisfaction
occursalmostindependentlyfrompositiveornegativefeedbackfromthemother.
Thiscorrelateswiththeresultsinwhichthecontributionofthemotherhasmore
intense consequences on the developmentofbodyimageamongfemale
adolescents34.Thesefindings turn theattention to thefactthatcommentsof the
motherregardingphysicalappearance,nutritionandphysicalexercisecanberisk
factorsforbodydissatisfactionamonggirls.
Inaddition,parents whoemphasizethesignificance oftheirown physical
appearance by having strict diets and expression of discontent ontheirown
physicalappearancecancontributetothedevelopmentofthesamephenomenain
theiradolescentchildrenofbothgenders,,whilefathers,throughamodeloftheir
behavior,canencouragetheirsonstophysicalactivityinordertotransformtheir
body35.Theauthors36concludethatmotherswhotakerigorouscareoftheirbody
mass contribute to development of identical phenomena among adolescents of
bothgenders,whichwasnotconfirmedinourstudy.Findingsinthisresearchare
onlypartiallyinaccordancewiththementionedresults.Regardlessofthefactthat
in our sample, those adolescents who more frequently encounter rigorous
paternalbehaviorintermsofdietaryrestrictionandbodymass(bothweightloss
and gain) are less satisfied with their body, paternalmodel of behavior did not
exhibit as a relevant determinant of body dissatisfaction amongsubjects.This
finding37 concluded that dietary habits of both parents are not important
predictors of body dissatisfaction of their children in the adolescent age. These

34 Katie Loth, Melanie Wall, Chien Wen Choi, Michaela Bucchianeri, Virginia Quick, Nicole Larson
and Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, „Family meals and disordered eating in adolescents: Are the
benefits the same for everyone?“ International Journal of Eating Disorders 48–1 (2015): 100.
35 Kyung E Rhee, Susan Dickstein, Elissa Jelalian, Kerri Boutelle, Ronald Seifer, and Rena Wing,
Development of the General Parenting Observational Scale to assess parenting during fami ly meals “,
International Journal ofBehavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12–49 (2015): 2.
36 Dorus W. M. Gevers, Patricia van Assema, Ester F. C. Sleddens, Nanne K. de Vries and Stef P.
J. Kremers, „Associations between general parenting, restrictive snacking rules, and adolescent's
snack intake. The roles of fathers and mothers and interparental congruence“, Appetite 87 (2015):
184.
37 KJ Sawka, GR McCormack, A Nettel-Aguirre, and K Swanson, „Associations between aspects of
friendship networks and dietary behavior in youth: Findings from a systematized review“, Eating
Behaviors 18 (2015): 7.
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findings can be explained by insufficient consideration of parents during
adolescence. Simultaneously, the authors38 have identified that parental
stimulationondietaryrestrictionsareindirectrelationwithbodydissatisfaction
in their female children, but despite these findings, they did not establish
interactions between dietary restrictions of parents and adolescent daughters,
whichispartiallyinaccordancewithfindingsofourresearch.
CONCLUSION
Bysummingtheresultsobtainedinthistransverseresearch,thefollowing
conclusionscanbedrawn:
1.Theappliedmeasuringinstrumentsonoursample(BodyImageand
Body Change Inventory, and Perceived Sociocultural Influences on Body Image
andBodyChangeQuestionnaire)havehighreliabilityofinternalconsistency.
2.Female adolescents givemuch morecredit to opinionof theirmothers
regarding their physical appearance than male adolescents. Teasing and
stimulationformusclemassincreasefrombothparentshasagreater effect on
maleadolescentsratherthanfemale.
3. Male and female adolescents, who experience positive feedback from
theirparents regarding physicalappearance, nutrition, andphysical activity, are
moresatisfiedwiththeir body,whilethosewhoreceivenegativefeedback, those
who are encouraged to lose weight, and those who are frequentlymotivatedto
increasetheirmusclemassbytheirfathers,arelesssatisfied with their physical
appearance.Additionally,modelofbehaviorexpressedbythefather,inwhichthe
exampleofweightlossandincreaseinmusclemassisexpressed,isalsoafactorin
bodydissatisfactionamongadolescentsofbothgenders.
4. Gender is a significant indirect determinant of the relation between
general body dissatisfaction and feedback of the mother regarding physical
appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise. In female adolescents, the level of
general body dissatisfaction decreases proportionally to the amount of positive
feedback of the mother regarding physical appearance, nutritionandphysical
exercise, while in male adolescents, this moderating effect remains at an
approximatelysamelevel.

38 Michelle Nichols, Susan Newman, Lynne S. „Nemeth and Gayenell Magwood,The Influence of
Parental Participation on Obesity Interventions in African American Adolescent Females: An
Integrative Review“, Journal of Pediatric Nursing 30–3 (2015): 485.
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Theoretical implications of our paper comprise evaluation of analready
existing theoretical model of prediction of gender and sociocultural impacts of
parentsonthegeneralbodydissatisfactioninSerbianadolescents. Thepractical
contributionof this study is thatit can potentially aid indefining directionsfor
designing preventive and interventional educational school programs which
wouldencompassinfluenceofparentsasrelevantfactors(bothrisk and
protective) of body dissatisfaction during adolescence, in order to provide help
and prevent numerous adversities which can occur due to characteristic
preoccupationsofphysicalappearanceandbodydissatisfaction.
Themainmethodologicallimitationofthisstudyisitscorrelationaloutline
which does not enable us to draw conclusions of the cause‐and‐effect
relationships between variables. Additionally, there is a possibility that
socioculturalimpactshave afar greaterinfluenceon thoseadolescents who are
unsatisfied with their body, in comparison to those who do not feel this way.
Moreover,itis possiblethatdifferent sociocultural contributionscause,develop,
andmaintainbodydissatisfactionintheperiodofadolescence.Finally,limitations
of this study include the use of only one item, for ex. Evaluation of body
satisfactionandthesignificanceofbodyimagewhichadolescentsformbasedon
theopinionofboththemotherandthefatherregardingtheirphysicalappearance.
These limitation factors reduce the ability to generalize the obtained results
significantly,andshouldbe,therefore,interpretedwithcaution.
Considering the fact that only perceived sociocultural influences on body
image experienced by adolescents were evaluated, future longitudinal research
should turn the attention to a more detailed investigation of experiences of
parents regarding their individual contribution to the body image of their
children. Also, beside the influence of parents, it is necessary to evaluate the
correlationofotherfactors(classmates,media,aswellastheinfluenceofsiblings)
which can have an intense influence on body (dis)satisfaction in adolescents of
bothgenders.Finally,inordertoobtainamorecompleteviewintothefeaturesof
body dissatisfaction in late adolescence, as well as negative influences on body
image,itisnecessaryto use qualitativemethodology,forex. Conductionoffocus
groupsorsemi‐structuredinterviewswithasmallernumberofsubjects.
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(2015):320–327.
18. Rohde,P.,Stice,E.,C.,andMarti,N.Developmentandpredictiveeffectsofeating
disorderriskfactorsduringadolescence:Implicationsforpreventionefforts“,
InternationalJournalofEatingDisorders48–2(2015):187–198.
19. KirstenBeyer,JessicaBizub,AnikoSzabo,BethHeller,AmyKistner,Erin
ShawgoandCoreyZetts,„Developmentandvalidationoftheattitudestoward
outdoorplayscalesforchildren“,SocialScience&Medicine133(2015):253–
260.
20. ElizabethA.McLaughlin,KatherineE.Belon,JaneEllenSmithandSarahJ.
Erickson,„Mothers’anddaughters’beliefsaboutfactorsaffectingpreadolescent
girls’bodysatisfaction“,BodyImage13(2015):9–17.
21. MelissaKimber,JenniferCouturier,KatholikiGeorgiades,OliveWahoushand
SusanM.Jack,„EthnicMinorityStatusandBodyImageDissatisfaction:A
ScopingReviewoftheChildandAdolescentLiterature“,JournalofImmigrant
andMinorityHealth17–5,1567–1579.
22. HannahJ.White,EmmaHaycraftandCarolineMeyer,„Familymealtimesand
eatingpsychopathology:Theroleofanxietyanddepressionamongadolescent
girlsandboys,Appetite75–1(2014):173–179.
23. NicholeR.Kelly,LaurenB.Shomaker,CourtneyK.Pickworth,SheilaM.Brady,
AmberB.Courville,ShannaBernstein,NatashaA.Schvey,AndrewP.
Demidowich,OvidiuGalescu,SusanZ.Yanovski,MarianTanofsky‐Kraff,and
JackA.Yanovski,Aprospectivestudyofadolescenteatingintheabsenceof
hungerandbodymassandfatmassoutcomes“,Obesity23–7(2015):1472–
1478.
24. MaritaP.McCabe,LucyBusija,MatthewFuller‐Tyszkiewicz,LinaRicciardelli,
DavidMellorandAlexanderMussap,„Socioculturalinfluencesonstrategiesto
loseweight,gainweight,andincreasemusclesamongtenculturalgroups“,Body
Image12(2015):108–114.
25. EmmaHalliwell,Futuredirectionsforpositivebodyimageresearch“,Body
Image14(2015):177–189.
26. 26.LinaRicciardelliandMaritaMcCabe,„PsychometricevaluationoftheBody
ChangeInventory:Anassessmentinstrumentforadolescentboysandgirls“,
EatingBehaviors3–1(2002):45–59.
Unauthenticated
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Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
ISSN 2466-5118
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27. MaritaP.McCabe,LinaA.Ricciardelli,„Parent,peer,andmediainfluenceson
bodyimageandstrategiestobothincreaseanddecreasebodysizeamong
adolescentboysandgirls“,Adolescence;RoslynHeights 36 (2001):225–40.
28. VeraLopez,RosalieCorona,RaquelHalfond,„Effectsofgender,media
influences,andtraditionalgenderroleorientationondisorderedeatingand
appearanceconcernsamongLatinoadolescents“,JournalofAdolescence36
(2013):727–36.
29. JericaM.Berge,CraigMeyer,RichardF.MacLehose,ReneeCrichlowandDianne
Neumark‐Sztainer,„Allinthefamily:Correlationsbetweenparents'and
adolescentsiblings'weightandweight‐relatedbehaviors“,JournalofObesity
23–4(2015):833–839.
30. N.Horesh,E.Sommerfeld,M.Wolf,E.ZuberyandG.Zalsman,„Father–daughter
relationshipandtheseverityofeatingdisorders“,EuropeanPsychiatry30–1
(2015):114–120.
31. ElizabethK.Towner,JenniferReiter‐Purtill,RichardE.BolesAndMegH.Zeller,
„PredictorsOfCaregiverFeedingPracticesDifferentiatingPersistentlyObese
FromPersistentlyNon‐OverweightAdolescents“,Appetite84(2015):120–127.
32. JuliaFredrickson„Weightperceptioninoverweightadolescents:Associations
withbodychangeintentions,dietandphysicalactivity“,JournalofHealth
Psychology20–6(2015):774–784.
33. YaelLatzer,ZoharSpivak‐LaviandRuthKatz,„Disorderedeatingandmedia
exposureamongadolescentgirls:theroleofparentalinvolvementandsenseof
empowerment“,InternationalJournalofAdolescenceandYouth20:3(2015):
375–391.
34. KatieLoth,MelanieWall,ChienWenChoi,MichaelaBucchianeri,VirginiaQuick,
NicoleLarsonandDianneNeumark‐Sztainer,„Familymealsanddisordered
eatinginadolescents:Arethebenefitsthesameforeveryone?“International
JournalofEatingDisorders48–1(2015):100–110.
35. KyungERhee,SusanDickstein,ElissaJelalian,KerriBoutelle,„RonaldSeifer,
andRenaWing,DevelopmentoftheGeneralParentingObservationalScaletoassess
parentingduringfamilymeals“,InternationalJournalofBehavioralNutritionand
PhysicalActivity,12–49(2015):

2–15.
36. DorusW.M.Gevers,PatriciavanAssema,EsterF.C.Sleddens,NanneK.deVries,
StefP.J.Kremers,„Associationsbetweengeneralparenting,restrictivesnacking
rules,andadolescent'ssnackintake.Therolesoffathersandmothersand
interparentalcongruence“,Appetite87(2015):184–191.
37. KJSawka,GRMcCormack,ANettel‐Aguirre,andKSwanson,„Associations
betweenaspectsoffriendshipnetworksanddietarybehaviorinyouth:Findings
fromasystematizedreview“,EatingBehaviors18(2015):7–15.
38. MichelleNichols,SusanNewman,LynneS.„NemethandGayenellMagwood,The
InfluenceofParentalParticipationonObesityInterventionsinAfricanAmerican
AdolescentFemales:AnIntegrativeReview“,JournalofPediatricNursing30–3
(2015):485–493.

Unauthenticated
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Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
ISSN 2466-5118
www.fiep-serbia.net

|69
СОЦИОКУЛТУРНИУТИЦАЈИРОДИТЕЉАНА
НЕЗАДОВОЉСТВАТЕЛОМКОДАДОЛЕСЦЕНАТА

САЖЕТАК
Основнициљовогистраживањабиоједасеиспитапредиктивност
социокултурнихутицајародитељанаопштенезадовољствотеломкодњихове
деце у адолесценцији. Узорак је чинило (N = 228) ученика/‐ца изСрбије,
узраста16–19година [17.30 ±1.38година]. У овојстудији примењена судва
мерна инструмента:Инвентар слике тела и промене физичког изгледаи
Упитник перципираних социокултурних утицаја на слику тела и промену
физичког изгледа. Израчунате вредности Кронбах алфа коефицијента
(Cronbach'sAlphaCoefficient)указују на задовољавајућу интерну
конзистентност и валидност мерних инструмената, што је адекватно
налазимадокојихсудошлиидругиаутори,каоињиховуприменљвостина
српскојпопулацији.Уобрадиподатакапримењенesuметодедескриптивнe,
Пирсоновкоефицијент корелације (r),и хијерархијскарегресиона анализа за
ниво вероватноће(p‐вредност ≤ .01или ≤ .05). Према резултатима
корелационе анализе, постоји статистички значајна и слаба позитивна
повезаност између предикторских варијабли опште незадовољство телом и
важностсликетелом(r=.18,p≤.05),докповезаностизмеђуосталхваријабли
није сигнификантна. Примењени линеарни мултиваријантни регресиони
модел показао је на нивоу значајности (p≤.05), да предикторске варијабле
статистичкизначајнообјашњавајуукупно22%варијансекритеријумаопште
незадовољствотелом.Утврђеноједаваријабле(женскипол,каоипарцијални
опаженисоциокултурниутицајиродитељанасликутелаипроменуфизичког
изгледа) представљају сигнификантне предикторе општег незадовољства
телом у касној адолесценцији. Добијени налази у овом истраживању
углавномсуускладусарезултатимауранијимстудијама.Ураду,
расправљано је о теоријским и практичним импликацијама добијених
емпиријскихрезултата.Уциљудефинисањапредиктивностисоциокултурних
факторародитељанаопштенезадовољствотеломкодњиховедеце,нужнасу
даљалонгитудиналнаистраживањауадолесцентскојпопулацији.
Кључнеречи:адолесценција,физичкиизглед,незадовољствотелом,
социокултурниутицаји
СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЕВЛИЯНИЕРОДИТЕЛЕЙНА
НЕУДОВЛЕТВОРЕННОСТЬПОДРОСТКОВСВОИМТЕЛОМ

АННОТАЦИЯ
Основнаяцельданногоисследованиязаключаласьвоценке
социокультурного влияния родителей на общее недовольство своим телом
средиихдетей‐подростков.Выборкусоставили(n=228)подросткимужского
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/11/18 1:37 AM

Physical education and sport through the centuries
2017, 4(1), 45-70
ISSN 2466-5118
www.fiep-serbia.net

70|
иженскогополаввозрасте16‐19лет.Вданномисследованиибыли
рассмотрены:образтелаиизменениятела,атакжеоценкасоциокультурных
влиянийнаобразтелаиизменениятела.Данныефакторыпоказывают
высокую надежность их внутренней согласованности, что делает их
применимыми для сербского населения. Согласно результатам
корреляционного анализа, существует слабая корреляция между
предикторной переменной (влияние матери и влияние отца) и критерием
общейнеудовлетворенностителом.
Применение регрессионного анализа показало, что предикторная
переменнаяопределяет22%общейдисперсиипообщей
неудовлетворенности телом. Было также установлено, что переменные
(женскийпол,социокультурноевлияниеродителейнаобразтелаи
изменения внешности) являются значимыми предикторами общей
неудовлетворенностителомвстаршемподростковомвозрасте.
Большинство полученных выводов в соответствии с результатами
предшествующих исследований дают возможность наметить пути для
прогнозированияотношенияксвоейвнешностиивлияниясоциокультурных
факторов на восприятие своего тела, а также разработать программы
профилактикив отношении неудовлетворенностителом у подростковобеих
полов.
Ключевыеслова:подростковыйвозраст,внешность,недовольствотелом,
социокультурноевлияние


 Reccivedon28.3..2017.
 Acceptedon16.5.2017.




Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/11/18 1:37 AM