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The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels

January 2018
Human Sport Medicine 17(4):58-63

DOI:10.14529/hsm170407

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

Vedat Cinar

Fırat University

Laurentiu-Gabriel Talaghir

"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati

Taner Akbulut

Fırat University

Mine Turgut

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The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation applied with weight trainings on the testosterone levels in sedentary individuals and athletes. Materials and Methods. As methods of work it was selected 40 male, 20 sedentary male and 20 male who do physical exercises regularly, participated in the study. The participants are divided equally into 4 groups. The groups are constituted in that way: 1st Group: Control Group (S), 2nd Group: Sedentary Group which is supplied with Zinc (Z), 3rd Group: Training Group which is supplied with Zinc (ZT) and 4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the weight training (T). The total testosterone and free testosterone values of the participants were measured from the blood samples which were drawn from the participants at the beginning and at the end of the 6-week training period. Results. Like results, has been asserted that the total and free testosterone values of the groups which are supplied with Zinc and perform weight training have increased depending on training and supplementation. Conclusion. In conclusion consequently it has been determined that 6-week zinc supplementation and weight training increase the testosterone levels. Accordingly, it may be said that this implementation contributes to the performance

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Human. Sport. Medicine

2017, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 58–63

Introduction. Zinc is one of the significant

and fundamental minerals for organisms. Zinc is

the second most common trace element in human

body after iron. It does not accumulate exces-

sively in tissues though it is consistently taken

through nutriment [12]. Although zinc is found in

small quantities in human body, it takes on tasks

with protein in every organ. Zinc has importance

particularly in growth and development, repro-

duction and immune system [3].

Total zinc content in body is approximately

1,5 gram in women while it is 2,5 gram in men

[18]. Zinc moves in and out of the cells through

transport proteins. These transport proteins takes

zinc and protects cells from zinc toxicity and

enables sufficient amount of zinc to be obtained.

Common zinc transporting proteins are ZIP pro-

teins, ZnT4 proteins and metallothionein [19].

While testosterone is produced by main testis

in male, its primary source is the adrenal gland

and ovaries in female. In male, approximately

7 mg testosterone is produced daily under the

control of hormonal feedback [23]. Although tes-

tosterone is swung regularly in young men, it has

been asserted the testosterone levels decrease

with increasing age in male [17].

Testosterone is a steroid-type hormone pro-

duced out of cholesterol. Steroid hormones that

can be produced in adrenal glands, gonads and

placenta play a significant role in the growth,

development and maturation of the brain [5, 20].

In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that

testosterone has regulatory effects in sexuality,

aggression, sleeping control, cognitive functions,

visual spatial skills, endurance and mood in male

[14, 17]. It is known that androgens which have

growth and virilization stimulating effect are

widely used illegally in order to increase the

muscle structure and accordingly the perfor-

mance of the athletes because of their anabolic

effects occurring when its primary therapeutics

usage forms the therapy of hormone replacement

[2]. However, its dosage used in order to develop

muscles and improve performance of the athletes

may be higher than required dosage [10].

Testosterone is a hormone that has effects on

DOI: 10.14529/hsm170407

THE EFFECTS OF THE ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION

AND WEIGHT TRAININGS ON THE TESTOSTERONE LEVELS

V. Çınar1, cinarvedat@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-4883-3995,

L.G. Talaghir2, gtalaghir@ugal.ro, ORCID: 0000-0002-3133-9192,

T. Akbulut1, akbuluttaner23@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-2500-1117,

M. Turgut3, minetrgt@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-8556-3114,

M. Sarıkaya4, mucahit.sarikaya@hotmail.com

1Firat University, Elazig, Turkey,

2Dunărea de Jos University, Galati, Romania,

3Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey,

4Van Yuzunciyıl University, Van, Turkey

Aim. The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of zinc supplemen-

tation applied with weight trainings on the testosterone levels in sedentary individuals and ath-

letes. Materials and Methods. As methods of work it was selected 40 male, 20 sedentary male

and 20 male who do physical exercises regularly, participated in the study. The participants are

divided equally into 4 groups. The groups are constituted in that way: 1st Group: Control Group (S),

2nd Group: Sedentary Group which is supplied with Zinc (Z), 3rd Group: Training Group which is

supplied with Zinc (ZT) and 4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the weight training (T).

The total testosterone and free testosterone values of the participants were measured fro

the blood samples which were drawn from the participants at the beginning and at the end of the

6-week training period. Results. Like results, has been asserted that the total and free testoste-

rone values of the groups which are supplied with Zinc and perform weight training have

increased depending on training and supplementation. Conclusion. In conclusion consequently i

has been determined that 6-week zinc supplementation and weight training increase the testoste-

rone levels. Accordingly, it may be said that this implementation contributes to the performance.

Keywords: exercise, zinc supplementation, testosterone.

Чунар В., Талагир Л.Г., Акбулут Т., Влияние потребления цинка

Тургут М., Сарукайя М. и силовых тренировок на уровень тестостерона

Человек. Спорт. Медицина

2017. Т. 17, № 4. С. 58–63

the skeletal muscle. The most prominent effect of

testosterone is the increase in muscle mass and

glycogens concentration. In a study conducted on

that issue, it has been set forth that short term

high-intensity tiring training enables increase in

total testosterone levels of the athletes and this

increase is observed to continue more distinctively

and significantly in cyclists than the football

players. That demonstrates that cyclists may be

affected by the maximal resistance exercises [1].

Similarly, in the study of [22], the male and

female subjects perform 6 sets squat exercises for

10 times in order to identify the muscle andro-

genous and glucocorticoide receptors of the acute

resistance exercises. While free testosterone

levels increase significantly in both genders

through exercises, total testosterone levels in-

crease in only male subjects. The [8] subjects

624 voluntary male ranging in age from 25 to 85

to a short term highly heavy exercises in cycle

ergometer and state that the serum testosterone

levels of the participants are not affected.

In parallel with this information, in this

study it has been aimed to examine the effects of

6-week zinc supplementation applied with weight

trainings on the free and total testosterone levels.

The paper is equal contribution of all authors.

Materials and Methods. The Subjects: 40

healthy male subjects ranging in age from 18 to

22 participate in the study. The subjects are

equally divided into 4 groups. The pre-test and

post-test model is used. The population of the

study comprises of the students of Adıyaman

University who do physical exercises actively in

different branches and the ones who do not do

sports. All of the subjects stay in the dormitory of

Adıyaman University and are liable to the same

diet.

1st Group: Control Group (S)

2nd Group: Sedentary Gorup which is only

supplied with Zinc (Z)

3rd Group: Training Group which is supplied

with Zinc (ZT)

4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the

weight training (T)

The 2nd and 3rd group are supplied with zinc

(2,5–3 mg /kg /day) in addition to the normal diet

for 6 weeks. In addition, the 3rd and 4th group per-

form weight training for 90–120 minutes throu-

ghout 6 weeks and the 1st group, the control

group, are not given zinc supplementation and

do not perform weight trainings.

Examination of the Testosterone. The blood

samples are centrifuged at 3000 rpm³ for 10 mi-

nutes and the blood plasma fractionation is done.

The measurement of the plasma parameters is

carried out at the Biochemistry laboratory of Özel

Işıl Kardiyoloji Dalı Merkezi (Private Işıl Cardio-

logy Center) which operates in Diyarbakır.

The analysis of Testosterone level is done through

the Enzymatic Colometric method by using

the scientific brand BT3000 biochemistry auto

analyzer.

The Statistical Analyses. Variance analysis

is used to identify the differences between

the values of the groups obtained through mea-

surements; and the Duncan’s Multiple Range

Test is used to determine in which groups diffe-

rentiations are observed. The comparison of

the groups is done through t-test in order to iden-

tify the differentiations between the values of

the groups obtained through measurements the

statistical analyses are conducted via SPSS 22.0.

Results. When the bodyweight values given

at (Table 1) is examined, it has not been found

any differences between the pre-test and post-test

values of the 1st group (p > 0.05). It is identified

statistically significant differences between the

pre-test and post-test values of the 2nd, 3rd and

4th groups. It has been determined that zinc sup-

plementation and weight training enables indi-

viduals to lose weight (p < 0.05). It is observed

differences between the groups when the weight

loss of the groups is compared with the control

group and other groups (p < 0.05).

The total and free testosterone values of

the groups are given at (Table 2). As the total

testosterone values are considered, it is deter-

mined that values of both training and supple-

mentation groups increase after the implementa-

tion (p < 0.05). When the pre-test and post-test

values are examined, it has been identified statisti-

cally significant differences in zinc supplementa-

tion, exercise, and zinc supplementation + exercise

groups (p < 0.05). Considering the free testoste-

rone values, it has been observed differences be-

tween the pre-test and post-test values and also

the values increase at the end of the implementa-

tion (p < 0.05).

Discussion. In this study which aims to

examine the effects of 6-week zinc supplementa-

tion applied with weight trainings 4 times a week

on the free and total testosterone levels in seden-

tary and athletes, the total testosterone and free

testosterone values of the participants were

measured from the blood samples which were

drawn from the participants at the beginning and

at the end of the 6-week training period. When

Спортивная тренировка

Human. Sport. Medicine

2017, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 58–63

these measurements are compared, it is identified

that zinc supplementation applied with weight

trainings create positive changes in both free and

total testosterone levels. It is confirmed that these

changes are seen in both groups supplied with

zinc and training and zinc supplementation +

training groups.

In a study conducted on a similar issue,

it is asserted that ZMA (a synthesis of zinc, mag-

nesium and B6 vitamin) which is thought to in-

crease the testosterone levels and given to the

individuals doing regular exercises for 8 weeks

have not created any differences in serum free

and total testosterone values of the participants

[9]. It is thought different findings may result

from implementing different training programs

and usage of a combination of supplementation.

In another study in which it has been obtained

findings parallel to ours, [15] examine the effect

of 4-week zinc and selenium supplementation on

the post exhaustion exercise testosterone and

plasma lactate levels in cyclists. In conclusion,

it is determined that total testosterone is higher in

the group supplied with zinc than the values of

the groups supplied with selenium; and free tes-

tosterone levels are higher in the zinc group than

the values of the other groups. They argue that

zinc and selenium supplementation do not create

any change in rested values at the end of 4 weeks.

The [6] has examined the effect of 4-week zinc

supplementation on the thyroid and testosterone

levels in wrestlers. At the end of the study, it has

been determined 4-week zinc supplementation

(3 mg/kg/day) generates significant increases in

rested total and free testosterone levels. In another

study in which similar findings have been ob-

tained, [7] has examined the changes zinc sup-

plementation applied with tiring cycling ergo-

meter exercise create in the thyroid and testoste-

rone levels of the sedentary individuals. At the end

of 4 weeks, it has been found out the zinc sul-

phate supplementation (3 mg/kg/day) increases

the thyroid hormone and free and total testoste-

rone levels in sedentaries after exercises.

In the study which examines the effect of

doing exercises on the testosterone, [16] have

asserted that high-intensity endurance exercises

done in cycling ergometer create significant in-

creases in the levels of testosterone. In another

study which has set forth doing exercises do not

affect the testosterone levels, [5] have examined

the physical, muscular and endocrine responses

arisen 24 hours after the acute weight and ma-

ximal speed exercises. Consequently, it has not

been determined any changes in creatine kinase,

testosterone, cortisol and muscle injury consi-

dering the blood samples drawn from the partici-

pants 24 hours after the acute and high-intensity

exercises done. It is thought that these findings

confronting with our results may arise from

implementing acute exercises. In a study con-

ducted on subject animals, [24] have examined

Table 1

The Age, Height, Weight and Fat Values of the Research Groups

Values Measurement 1st Group (Cont) 2nd Group (Zn) 3rd Group (Tra + Zn) 4th Group Training

Age (year) I. Measurement 20.04 ± 2.20x 21.02 ± 3.10x 20.89 ± 2.06x 20.44 ± 3.02x

Height (cm) II. Measurement 174.52 ± 7.56x 175.40 ± 8.25x 175.08 ± 7.15x 176.02 ± 7.20x

Weight (kg) I. Pre test

II. Posttest

76.60 ± 5.42ax

75.32 ± 6.90ay

75.22 ± 5.70ax

77.71 ± 5.57bx

75.84 ± 5.92ax

78.22 ± 6.12bx

74.63 ± 5.86ax

77.42 ± 6.08bx

Note: a, b; the differences in measurements that carry different letters at the same column are important

(p < 0.05); x, y, z; the differences between the groups that carry different letters at the same line are important

(p < 0.05). I. Measurement: Pre-Supplementation (Pre Test). II. Measurement: Post-Supplementation (Post Test).

Table 2

Total and Free Testosterone Values of the Research Groups

Values Measurements 1st Group (Cont) 2nd Group (Zn) 3rd Group (Tra + Zn) 4th Group Training

Total

Testosterone

(uIU/mL)

I. Pretest

II. Post test

596,20 ± 52ax

605,40 ± 0.88ax 604,30 ± 0.87ax

638,60 ± 0.74by

612,60 ± 0.96ax

654,20 ± 0.92by

616,50 ± 0.90ax

658,30 ± 0.92by

Free

Testosterone

I. Pre test

II. Post test

14,8 ± 3.76ax

14,6 ± 3.70ax

15,7 ± 3.50ax

18,8 ± 4.18by 16,8 ± 4.48ax

22,5 ± 4.36by

16,6 ± 3.44ax

21,3 ± 3.88by

Note: a, b; the differences in measurements that carry different letters at the same column are important

(p < 0.05); x, y, z; the differences between the groups that carry different letters at the same line are important

(p < 0.05). I. Measurement: Pre-Supplementation (Pre Test). II. Measurement: Post-Supplementation (Post Test).

Чунар В., Талагир Л.Г., Акбулут Т., Влияние потребления цинка

Тургут М., Сарукайя М. и силовых тренировок на уровень тестостерона

Человек. Спорт. Медицина

2017. Т. 17, № 4. С. 58–63

the effects of regular exercises on the blood glu-

cose and testosterone in diabetic rats. They have

determined that moderate exercises implemented

for 9 weeks decrease the blood glucose and en-

hance the testosterone levels. In a study con-

ducted on human subjects, [21] have studied the

serum anabolic and catabolic effects of the acute

exercises performed close to the anaerobic thre-

shold in antrene and sedentary young males.

In conclusion, the cortisol levels of both sedenta-

ry and athlete groups decrease below the basal

level in 24 hours following the exercise. Addi-

tionally, anabolic hormones (testosterone, growth

hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1) have

increased significantly in both groups but particu-

larly in the antrene group. In a similar study,

it has been determined that short-term high-

intensity tiring exercise enables total testosterone

levels of the athletes to increase considerably [1].

Similarly, [13] has examined the serum adipo-

nectin and testosterone concentration of 12-week

endurance training in young obese males. 21 obese

male participants are divided into two groups as

control group and experimental group. At the end

of the study, it has been confirmed that endurance

training implemented 3 times a week for 12 weeks

has increased the serum adiponectin and testoste-

rone concentration. The [11] studied the effect of

increased exercises and decreased caloric intake

on the testosterone levels. They have ascertained

that 12-week aerobic exercise and caloric intake

restriction have increased significantly the serum

testosterone levels.

Conclusions. As a consequence, 6-week

zinc supplementation applied with weight trai-

nings 4 times a week in sedentaries and athletes

has increased the free and total testosterone levels

significantly. Therefore, it may be said the in-

crement of zinc supplementation in human organ-

ism increases the testosterone levels and consti-

tutes positive effects on the physical perfor-

mance.

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Received 17 November 201

_________________________________________________________________

УДК 796.015 + 613.2:669.5 DOI: 10.14529/hsm170407

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ЦИНКА И СИЛОВЫХ ТРЕНИРОВОК

НА УРОВЕНЬ ТЕСТОСТЕРОНА

В. Чунар1, Л.Г. Талагир2, Т. Акбулут1, М. Тургут3, М. Сарукайя4

1Фиратский университет, г. Элязыг, Турция;

2Нижнедунайский университет, г. Галац, Румыния;

3Бартынский университет, г. Бартын, Турция;

4Университет Ван Юзунджул, г. Ван, Турция

Цель. Целью настоящего исследования являлось изучение того, как потребление цин-

ка в сочетании с силовыми тренировками влияет на уровень тестостерона у людей, веду-

щих малоподвижный образ жизни, и у спортсменов. Материалы и методы. В исследова-

нии приняли участие 40 мужчин, 20 из которых вели малоподвижный образ жизни и

20 регулярно занимались физической активностью. Участники были поделены на 4 равные

группы, а именно: группа 1 – контрольная группа (S); группа 2 – участники, ведущие ма-

лоподвижный образ жизни и получающие добавку с содержанием цинка (Z); группа 3

–

группа спортсменов, занимающихся силовыми тренировками и получающих добавку с со-

держанием цинка (ZT); группа 4 – группа спортсменов, занимающихся силовыми трени-

Чунар В., Талагир Л.Г., Акбулут Т., Влияние потребления цинка

Тургут М., Сарукайя М. и силовых тренировок на уровень тестостерона

Человек. Спорт. Медицина

2017. Т. 17, № 4. С. 58–63

ровками (T). Уровень общего тестостерона и несвязанного тестостерона измерялся в об-

разцах крови, взятых у участников в начале исследования и шесть недель спустя. Резуль-

таты. Было установлено, что уровень общего и несвязанного тестостерона возрос в груп-

пах, которые получали добавку с содержанием цинка и занимались силовыми тренировками,

в зависимости от потребления цинка и особенностей тренировки. Выводы. Потребление

добавки с содержанием цинка и силовые тренировки на протяжении шести недель ведут к

повышению уровня тестостерона, что, соответственно, оказывает положительный эффект

на результативность.

Ключевые слова: упражнения, потребление цинка, тестостерон.

Чунар Ведат, профессор, доктор наук, факультет спортивной науки, кафедра физической

культуры и спорта, Фиратский университет, г. Элязыг, Турция. E-mail: cinarvedat@hotmail.com.

Талагир Лаурентиу-Габриэль, профессор, доктор наук, факультет физической культуры и

спорта, кафедра одиночных видов спорта и кинезитерапии, Нижнедунайский университет, г. Галац,

Румыния. E-mail: gtalaghir@ugal.ro.

Акбулут Танер, младший научный сотрудник, факультет спортивной науки, кафедра физи-

ческой культуры и спорта, Фиратский университет, г. Элязыг, Турция. E-mail: akbuluttaner23@

gmail.com.

Тургут Мине, младший научный сотрудник, Школа физической культуры и спорта, кафедра

физической культуры и спорта, Бартынский университет, г. Бартын, Турция. E-mail: minetrgt@

gmail.com.

Сарукайя Мюджахит, младший научный сотрудник, Школа физической культуры и спорта,

кафедра физической культуры и спорта, Университет Ван Юзунджул, г. Ван, Турция. E-mail:

mucahit.sarikaya@hotmail.com.

Поступила в редакцию 17 ноября 2017 г.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ FOR CITATION

The Effects of the Zinc Supplementation and Weight

Trainings on the Testosterone Levels / V. Çınar, L.G. Ta-

laghir, T. Akbulut et al. // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. –

2017. – Т. 17, № 4. – С. 58–63. DOI: 10.14529/hsm170407

Çınar V., Talaghir L.G., Akbulut T., Turgut M.,

Sarıkaya M. The Effects of the Zinc Supplementation and

Weight Trainings on the Testosterone Levels. Human.

Sport. Medicine, 2017, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 58–63. DOI:

10.14529/hsm170407

Anadara granosa shell powder improves the metabolism, testosterone level, and sound frequency of Pelung chickens

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021
Vet. World

Background and Aim: Pelung chickens make unique, pleasant, and rhythmic sounds in addition to having strong muscle mass. Performance is controlled by testosterone. A natural aromatase blocker is an agent capable of blocking the aromatase enzyme, which consequently prevents testosterone from being changed into estradiol. Such a condition results in consistently high testosterone levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the administration of the shell powder of Anadara granosa on the testosterone level, frequency and quality of sounds, and metabolism of Pelung chickens within set parameters of thyroid hormone levels, the triiodothyronine (T3)/thyroxine (T4) ratio, and weight gain. Materials and Methods: This study used four Pelung chickens aged 14 months. Control data consisted of data before treatment (day 0). Shell powder of A. granosa was administered for 56 days. Body weight (BW) was measured, and blood samples were drawn. In addition, the sounds from Pelung chickens were recorded once every 2 weeks on days 14, 28, 42, and 56. The blood samples were analyzed using the enzyme immunoassay method to determine testosterone, T3, and T4 levels. The sounds of Pelung chickens were recorded using the Hagemon touch method and analyzed using the Audacity application. Results: The results showed a significant difference (p

Title Changes in the Mineral Composition of Rat Femoral Bones Induced by Implantation of LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells and Dietary Supplementation

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer in men and the fifth most common cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 378,553 deaths in 2020. Prostate cancer shows a strong tendency to form metastatic foci in the bones. A number of interactions between cancer cells attacking bones and cells of the bone matrix lead to destruction of the bone and growth of the tumour. The last few decades have seen increased interest in the precise role of minerals in human health and disease. Tumour cells accumulate various minerals that promote their intensive growth. Bone, as a storehouse of elements, can be a valuable source of them for the growing tumour. There are also reports suggesting that the presence of some tumours, e.g., of the breast, can adversely affect bone structure even in the absence of metastasis to this organ. This paper presents the effect of chronic dietary intake of calcium, iron and zinc, administered in doses corresponding maximally to twice their level in a standard diet, on homeostasis of selected elements (Ca, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Sr, Ni, Co, Mn and Mo) in the femoral bones of healthy rats and rats with implanted cancer cells of the LNCaP line. The experiment was conducted over 90 days. After the adaptation period, the animals were randomly divided into four dietary groups: standard diet and supplementation with Zn, Fe and Ca. Every dietary group was divided into experimental group (with implanted cancer cells) and control group (without implanted cancer cells). The cancer cells (LnCaP) were implanted intraperitoneally in the amount 1 × 106 to the rats at day 90 of their lifetime. Bone tissue was dried and treated with microwave-assisted mineral digestation. Total elemental content was quantified by ICP-MS. Student’s t-test and Anova or Kruskal–Wallis tests were applied in order to compare treatment and dietary groups. In the case of most of the diets, especially the standard diet, the femoral bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells showed a clear downward trend in the content of the elements tested, which may be indicative of slow osteolysis taking place in the bone tissue. In the group of rats receiving the standard diet, there were significant reductions in the content of Mo (by 83%), Ca (25%), Co (22%), Mn (13%), K (13%) and Sr (9%) in the bone tissue of rats with implanted LNCaP cells in comparison with the control group receiving the same diet but without LNCaP implantation. Supplementation of the rat diet with calcium, zinc and iron decreased the frequency of these changes relative to the standard diet, which may indicate that the diet had an inhibitory effect on bone resorption in conditions of LNCaP implantation. The principal component analysis (PCA) score plot confirms the pronounced effect of implanted LNCaP cells and the standard diet on bone composition. At the same time, supplementation with calcium, zinc and iron seems to improve bone composition. The microelements that most often underwent quantitative changes in the experimental conditions were cobalt, manganese and molybdenum.

Application of Natural Aromatase Blocker Towards the Level of Testosterone in Rooster Layer [Gallus gallus gallus (Linn., 1758)]

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Aromatase blockers are agents that can inhibit the action of the aromatase enzyme so that testosterone will not be converted to estradiol. Thus, the level of testosterone in the blood is maintained high. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural aromatase blocker (NAB) on the level of testosterone in serum and evaluate the effectiveness of chemical testosterone. This study used 100 days old chick (DOC) of Layer chicken that divided randomly into 4 treatment groups namely P0 (control), P1 (zinc sulfate 0.018 mg / 40 g BW), P2 (blood clamshell powder ( Anadara granosa ) 0.036 mg / 40 g BW as NAB), and P3 (testosterone 0.1 mL). Before doing the experiments, comb measurements were done, blood sampling was carried out through the brachial vein to analyze testosterone levels, and testicular weight was done after necropsy. The study design used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS software version 15. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) on the variable testosterone level, testicular weight, and the length and height of comb. It can conclude that NAB's administration during the initial growth period can increase testosterone levels, and the provision of chemical testosterone continuously can increase testosterone levels but significantly reduce the testicular weight.

Zinc and Shell Flour as Innovative Natural Aromatase Blocker to Increase Testosterone Concentration

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The hormone testosterone is essential in various biological processes, including reproductive function so its presence in the body must remain stable. Low concentrations of testosterone can affect secondary traits and libido in male animals. Testosterone concentrations are usually increased through hormonal induction, but this will harm long-term administration. The alternative offered in this problem is to give aromatase blockers both in the form of commercial drug injection (letrozole) and natural ingredients (shell powder). Aromatase blockers can inhibit the synthesis of estrogen from testosterone at certain doses that are usually different for each animal, administering aromatase blockers has been shown to increase testosterone concentration, in birds and chickens the administration of aromatase blockers did not have any significant side effects.

Biological Markers of Training Level among Qualified Greco-Roman Wrestlers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

BACKGROUND: The article presents the dynamics of biochemical indicators showing the tension of body functional systems in qualified Greco-Roman wrestlers at the pre-competition stage. Biochemical indicators can be regarded as the markers of training level, as a reflection of adaptive changes during performing training loads. AIM: The study aims to examine the adaptive reactions of body internal systems in wrestlers to the load performed at the stage of pre-competition training. METHODS: The methodological basis of the study is the examination of the reaction of body functional systems in wrestlers (n = 24) in response to the load performed at the stage of pre-competition training. The basis of the studied indicators of wrestlers’ organisms is the dynamics of the enzymatic activity (ALT and AST), the activity of creatine phosphokinase, and the balance of anabolic and catabolic processes in the course of a 2-week macrocycle of the pre-competition training. RESULTS: A high level of enzymatic activity (ALT and AST) was noted as the response to shock training load in the first and the second training macrocycles against the background of a negative trend during the entire sports event, which indicates a directed decrease in the heart’s tension muscle, being an indicator of adaptive changes occurring in wrestlers’ body energy. The high variability of AST indicators on the first day and creatine phosphokinase throughout the entire pre-competition training pointed out an individual level of adaptive reactions of the athletes’ bodies in response to the training load taken. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study have shown notable dynamics in the indicators of the enzymatic activity of AST, creatine phosphokinase, and the hormone cortisol in a series of shock training loads, as the response to adaptive changes in body energy systems, the value of which should be considered during the pre-competition training.

CROSSFIT TRAININGS AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO PREVENT THE PERFORMANCE LOSS DURING THE REST OF THE END OF SEASON IN ELITE WRESTLERS

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Aim. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Crossfit training in order to minimize performance loss of elite wrestlers during 30-day rest period. Materials and Methods. Total 23 elite male wrestlers who competed at the last national championship participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups as Crossfit and control group. The Crossfit group performed 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises consecutively (Crossfit-Cindy) for total 20-min, during the 30-day period, 6 days per week. The Control group did not perform any exercise programs during this period. Before and after the 30-day period, athletes were applied anthropometric measurements as well as VO2max (aerobic capacity), bench press and squat (maximal dynamic strength), leg and handgrip strength (isometric strength), pull-up and push-up (strength endurance) tests. Results. After the 30-day period in the control group, body weight and body fat percentage (BF %) increased significantly, whereas all performance variables decreased significantly. Maximal dynamic strength and aerobic capacity values decreased significantly in the Crossfit group, while body weight, body fat percentage, isometric strength and strength endurance values were maintained. Moreover, the decrease in VO2max and bench press tests was higher in the control group than in the Crossfit group. Conclusion: Consequently, the present study showed that 20-min Crossfit training was highly effective in maintaining the form of elite wrestlers during a 30-day rest period

The Effect of Natural Aromatase Blocker on the Growth Comb and Body Weight of Layer Chicken

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of Anadara granosa shell powder as a natural aromatase blocker (NAB) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the growth of the length comb, width comb, and body weight (BW) of layer chicken. This study used 45 DOC of layer’s chickens with 3 treatments and 15 replications, those are; control (T0), clamshell powder Anadara granosa as NAB 0.036 mg/40 g BW (T1), and ZnSO 4 0.018 mg / 40 g BW (T2). This treatment was given for 35 days. The data on the growth of length comb, width comb, and BW are measured weekly. The data collected was analyzed using one-way ANOVA at the 95% confidence level with the assistance of SPSS. The results of statistical analysis of the length and width of the comb in the same column showed that T0 was not significantly different (p>0.05) from other treatments. The statistical analysis shows that the length and width of the layer’s chicken comb in the same row at T0, T1 and T2 were significantly different (p<0.05). The results of statistical analysis of the BW in the same column showed that T1 was significantly different (p<0.05) from other treatments. It can be concluded that additional NAB 0.036 mg/40 g BW can increase the body weight of male layer chicken after treatment of 35 days. The administration of NAB and ZnSO 4 could not increase the growth of the length and width of layer chicken combs. The growth in length and width of layer chicken combs is very fast in the starter phase.

The Potency of Anadara nodifera Shell as Natural Testosterone Booster for Male Canary (Seriunus canaria)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Anadara clam shell contains high Zinc. This microelement is recognised as acting natural aromatase blocker (NAB) that capable of boosting testosterone level. The aim of this study was to evaluates the testosterone level of Canaries following Anadara nodifera administration. Adult male Canaries (n = 27) were group into 3 with 9 repetition of each i.e T0 [control, was given by Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (Na-CMC)], T1 (Zinc Sulphate 0.013 mg/30 g BW), and T2 (NAB 0.3 mg/30 g BW). The T2 treatment was NAB or shell powder of Anadara nodifera which was diluted 1:1 in Na-CMC. The birds were treated orally for 21 days. The complete blood cell count was performed in a haemo analyser except the erythrocyte was calculated manually in the Improved Neubauer counting chamber. Testosterone level was measured in ELISA. Subsequently gen CYP19 aromatase in syrinx, brain and testis were identified employing IHC and descriptively analysed. The result indicated significant elevated level of testosterone (p<0.05). The expression of CYP19 aromatase receptor was depressed in syrinx, brain and testis. However there was no significant changes on the blood profile (p>0.05). To conclude, Anadara nodifera at 0.3 mg/30 g BW was capable of acting as NAB to promote testosterone level. This was confirmed by the reduction of CYP19 aromatase gene receptors in syrinx, brain and testis. However NAB treatment was not significantly affecting routine blood profile.

Moringa protein drink increases testosterone and anabolic status of men with hyperlipidemia: A randomized controlled study

Article

Mar 2021

Ciara Angeli JUAN

Testosterone is important in health, sexual function, body composition, and athletic performance. However, hormonal levels decrease with metabolic syndrome. Moringa oleifera, traditionally used as an aphrodisiac, has been shown to improve testosterone levels in metabolic syndrome. However, there is a dearth of studies on humans, and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. This randomized, repeated measures study aims to determine if four-week supplementation of Moringa leaf powder in the form of a protein drink can improve resting levels of testosterone and related hormones, and whether any improvement translates to improved anabolic status during hypertrophy weight training. Relationships between hormonal levels and lipid profile were also explored. Three young men (28.33 ± 2.08) with hypercholesterolemia but normal testosterone levels were blood tested for hormonal levels and lipid profile at three time points: baseline, after Moringa supplementation, and after placebo supplementation. Pre-exercise and post-exercise testosterone and cortisol levels were measured on each testing day. Significant differences were found between Moringa and placebo in resting testosterone, anabolic status, and acute exercise-induced anabolic response. No significant difference was observed in any of the markers of lipid profile. Four-week supplementation of Moringa leaf powder in the form of a protein drink significantly increased resting testosterone and anabolic status in men with hyperlipidemia but with normal testosterone levels. Men with hyperlipidemia showed blunted anabolic response to a hypertrophy weight training protocol, which was attenuated by Moringa supplementation. Mechanisms may be independent of improvements in lipid profile.

Effect of Calisthenics Exercise Program on Some Liver Enzyme Values and Blood Lipids

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

The purpose of this study is to research the effect of the eight week calisthenics exercise, applied to sedentary males, on some liver enzymes. 20 volunteer males, the age average of whom is 29,40 ±3, 47 years and height average of whom is 177,45±4, 89 cm, participated in the research. The body weight, fat percentage and fasting blood sample were taken by the expert persons in the suitable laboratory environment in the healthcare institutions, determined, before and after the application of the exercise program. SPSS 22. 0 package program was used for analyzing the data obtained and independent groups test (Wilcoxon Test) was applied for comparing the descriptive statistics and the values before and after the exercise. As a result of the findings we obtained, it was found out that there is a significant difference between the blood lipids, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol levels before and after the calisthenics exercise program applied (p > 0. 05). Similarly, it was determined that there is also a significant change between the pre-test-post-test liver enzyme values (AST, ALT) (p > 0. 05). In conclusion, it is understood that the calisthenics exercise program, we applied, provides a significant and efficient change on sedentary males physiologically from the results of the study. Starting from these findings, not needing upper level materials for applying the calisthenics exercises suggests that it is efficient to guide the sedentary males to exercise. At the same time, this exercise program being easily applicable home is important because it is thought that obtaining a healthy body mass index can also protect from cardiovascular diseases, caused by sedentary life style and the risk factors causing these diseases.

The effect of session order on the physiological, neuromuscular, and endocrine responses to maximal speed and weight training sessions over a 24-hour period

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016

Objectives: Athletes are often required to undertake multiple training sessions on the same day with these sessions needing to be sequenced correctly to allow the athlete to maximize the responses of each session. We examined the acute effect of strength and speed training sequence on neuromuscular, endocrine, and physiological responses over 24h. Design: 15 academy rugby union players completed this randomized crossover study. Methods: Players performed a weight training session followed 2h later by a speed training session (weights speed) and on a separate day reversed the order (speed weights). Countermovement jumps, perceived muscle soreness, and blood samples were collected immediately prior, immediately post, and 24h post-sessions one and two respectively. Jumps were analyzed for power, jump height, rate of force development, and velocity. Blood was analyzed for testosterone, cortisol, lactate and creatine kinase. Results: There were no differences between countermovement jump variables at any of the post-training time points (p>0.05). Likewise, creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, and muscle soreness were unaffected by session order (p>0.05). However, 10m sprint time was significantly faster (mean±standard deviation; speed weights 1.80±0.11s versus weights speed 1.76±0.08s; p>0.05) when speed was sequenced second. Lactate levels were significantly higher immediately post-speed sessions versus weight training sessions at both time points (p<0.05). Conclusions: The sequencing of strength and speed training does not affect the neuromuscular, endocrine, and physiological recovery over 24h. However, speed may be enhanced when performed as the second session.

Changes of Serum Adiponectin and Testosterone Concentrations Following Twelve Weeks Resistance Training in Obese Young Men

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2015

Fatah Moradi

Background: Circulating levels of adiponectin and testosterone decrease in obese men and this increases risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to survey changes of serum adiponectin and testosterone concentrations following twelve weeks resistance training in obese young men. Patients and methods: In a semi-experimental study, twenty one obese young men were randomly placed in two groups: resistance training (26.5 ± 2.8 years) and control (27.4 ± 2.9 years). General characteristics of subjects and serum levels of adiponectin and testosterone were assessed before and after training. Resistance training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 exercises, 3 sets of 8 - 12 repetitions in each exercise, intensity 60% - 80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 minute and between exercises 2 minutes, duration of main training 20 - 40 minutes per each session). Results: Resistance training had no significant effect on body weight and body mass index (P > 0.05), whereas it decreased body fat percent (P = 0.017). Also, serum adiponectin (8.1 ± 1.8 vs. 10.5 ± 2.3 μg/mL) and testosterone concentrations (6.9 ± 2.4 vs. 8.2 ± 1.7 ng/mL) were increased after resistance training (P = 0.033, P = 0.018 respectively), while there were no significant changes in serum levels of these hormones in control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Twelve weeks of resistance training increased serum concentrations of adiponectin and testosterone in obese young men. With respect to inverse associations between changes of adiponectin and testosterone with BFP and insulin level variations after resistance training, it is recommended that obese young men do resistance training to benefit useful decreasing/preventive effects of this type of training against the risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2007

To investigate whether the administration of the zinc-containing nutritional supplement ZMA causes an increase of serum testosterone levels, which is an often claimed effect in advertising for such products; to monitor the urinary excretion of testosterone and selected steroid hormone metabolites to detect potential changes in the excretion patterns of ZMA users. Fourteen healthy, regularly exercising men aged 22-33 years with a baseline zinc intake between 11.9 and 23.2 mg day(-1) prior to the study. Supplementation of ZMA significantly increased serum zinc (P=0.031) and urinary zinc excretion (P=0.035). Urinary pH (P=0.011) and urine flow (P=0.045) were also elevated in the subjects using ZMA. No significant changes in serum total and serum free testosterone were observed in response to ZMA use. Also, the urinary excretion pattern of testosterone metabolites was not significantly altered in ZMA users. The present data suggest that the use of ZMA has no significant effects regarding serum testosterone levels and the metabolism of testosterone in subjects who consume a zinc-sufficient diet.

Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology

Book

Jan 2007

Richard D Semba

The Handbook of Nutrition in Ophthalmology is the first general text on nutrition and eye health created for physicians, nutritionists, and researchers. Dr. Richard D. Semba provides important links between the epidemic of obesity and implications it has for eye disease and blindness. The volume addresses three broad themes throughout. The first is that a healthy diet as a major lifelong habit will likely have an impact on reducing a substantial portion of visual impairment and blindness. The second is that a historical perspective is essential to understanding current challenges in ophthalmology, medicine, and public health. The third theme is that many nutrients play a role in oxidative stress and inflammation, and this theory has emerged as a major underlying hypothesis in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. The volume also includes chapters addressing nutritional aspects of preventing eye disease in diabetes mellitus and other optical neuropathies, making the Handbook of Nutrition in Ophthalmology a unique book for a broad spectrum of physicians and practitioners.

Increased physical activity has a greater effect than reduced energy intake on lifestyle modification-induced increases in testosterone

Article

Jan 2016

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Obesity results in reduced serum testosterone levels, which causes many disorders in men. Lifestyle modifications (increased physical activity and calorie restriction) can increase serum testosterone levels. However, it is unknown whether increased physical activity or calorie restriction during lifestyle modifications has a greater effects on serum testosterone levels. Forty-one overweight and obese men completed a 12-week lifestyle modification program (aerobic exercise training and calorie restriction). We measured serum testosterone levels, the number of steps, and the total energy intake. We divided participants into two groups based on the median change in the number of steps (high or low physical activities) or that in calorie restriction (high or low calorie restrictions). After the program, serum testosterone levels were significantly increased. Serum testosterone levels in the high physical activity group were significantly higher than those in the low activity group. This effect was not observed between the groups based on calorie restriction levels. We found a significant positive correlation between the changes in serum testosterone levels and the number of steps. Our results suggested that an increase in physical activity greatly affected the increased serum testosterone levels in overweight and obese men during lifestyle modification.

Association Between Serum Testosterone and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Exercise Capacity in Men: Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)

Article

Mar 2011
J ANDROL

Testosterone exerts a widespread pattern of effects on metabolism and body composition, and interest is gaining in its correlation with physical fitness. The main focus of our study was to investigate the association of total serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels on exercise capacity and maximal power output in men using a cross-sectional, population-based adult cohort. From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), 624 men age 25 to 85 years who underwent a standardized progressive incremental exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer were included in the analyses. Exercise capacity was characterized by oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V'O(2) at L) and peak exercise (V'O(2 peak)) as well as maximal power output at peak exertion. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking were performed. Further, linear regression analyses with cubic splines and sensitivity analyses were undertaken. At peak exercise performance, testosterone and SHBG levels showed no associations with V'O(2 peak), V'O(2) at L as well as maximal power output, even after controlling for confounding factors including age, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking. An adverse association between the free testosterone index and V'O(2) at L was found. Linear regression analyses with cubic splines did not change the main results. In conclusion, this is the first study focusing on the association of total serum testosterone and SHBG on exercise capacity and physical performance in healthy volunteers based on a large-scale population-based study. After adjustment for relevant influencing factors, neither total serum testosterone nor SHBG levels had any interference with peak exercise capacity, aerobic exercise capacity, or maximal power output in men.

Anabolic Steroids

Article

Feb 2002
Recent Progr Horm Res

Cynthia M. Kuhn

The term "anabolic steroids" refers to testosterone derivatives that are used either clinically or by athletes for their anabolic properties. However, scientists have questioned the anabolic effects of testosterone and its derivatives in normal men for decades. Most scientists concluded that anabolic steroids do not increase muscle size or strength in people with normal gonadal function and have discounted positive results as unduly influenced by positive expectations of athletes, inferior experimental design, or poor data analysis. There has been a tremendous disconnect between the conviction of athletes that these drugs are effective and the conviction of scientists that they aren't. In part, this disconnect results from the completely different dose regimens used by scientists to document the correction of deficiency states and by athletes striving to optimize athletic performance. Recently, careful scientific study of suprapharmacologic doses in clinical settings - including aging, human immunodeficiency virus, and other disease states - supports the efficacy of these regimens. However, the mechanism by which these doses act remains unclear. "Anabolism" is defined as any state in which nitrogen is differentially retained in lean body mass, either through stimulation of protein synthesis and/or decreased breakdown of protein anywhere in the body. Testosterone, the main gonadal steroid in males, has marked anabolic effects in addition to its effects on reproduction that are easily observed in developing boys and when hypogonadal men receive testosterone as replacement therapy. However, its efficacy in normal men, as during its use in athletes or in clinical situations in which men are eugonadal, has been debated. A growing literature suggests that use of suprapharmacologic doses can, indeed, be anabolic in certain situations; however, the clear identification of these situations and the mechanism by which anabolic effects occur are unclear. Furthermore, the pharmacology of "anabolism" is in its infancy: no drugs currently available are "purely" anabolic but all possess androgenic properties as well. The present review briefly recapitulates the historic literature about the androgenic/anabolic steroids and describes literature supporting the anabolic activity of these drugs in normal people, focusing on the use of suprapharmacologic doses by athletes and clinicians to achieve anabolic effects in normal humans. We will present the emerging literature that is beginning to explore more specific mechanisms that might mediate the effects of suprapharmacologic regimens. The terms anabolic/androgenic steroids will be used throughout to reflect the combined actions of all drugs that are currently available.

Testosterone Deficiency and Mood in Aging Men: Pathogenic and Therapeutic Interactions

Article

Feb 2003

Stuart N Seidman

In contrast to women, men do not experience a sudden cessation of gonadal function comparable to menopause. However, there is a progressive reduction in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) function in aging men: testosterone (T) levels decline through both central (pituitary) and peripheral (testicular) mechanisms and there is a loss of the circadian rhythm of T secretion. In cohorts of men 75 years of age, mean plasma T levels are 35% lower than comparable young men, and more than 25% of men over 75 appear to be T-deficient. Such age-associated T deficiency, which has been termed 'andropause', is thought to be responsible for a variety of symptoms experienced by elderly men, such as weakness, fatigue, reduced muscle and bone mass, impaired haematopoiesis, oligospermia, sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, irritability, insomnia and memory impairment. However, it has been difficult to establish correlations between these symptoms and plasma T levels. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that T replacement leads to symptom relief, particularly with respect to muscle strength, bone mineral density, and haematopoiesis. Studies to date on the specific association between psychiatric symptoms, such as depressed mood, and T levels have been methodologically flawed. Overall, data suggest that although hypogonadism is not central to major depressive disorder (MDD), HPG hypofunction may have aetiological importance in mild depressive conditions, such as dysthymia.

Increased abundance of labile intracellular zinc during cell proliferation was due to increased retention of extracellular zinc in 3T3 cells

Article

Sep 2006
J NUTR BIOCHEM

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-, epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-stimulated cell proliferation in 3T3 cells was accompanied by increased abundance of labile intracellular pool of zinc (LIPZ). However, the origin and regulation of this cell proliferation-associated increase in the abundance of LIPZ are unknown. Cellular zinc homeostasis involves zinc transporters and metallothionein. The objectives of this study were to determine whether cell proliferation-associated increase in the abundance of LIPZ was a result of an increased zinc uptake and to assess the involvement of zinc transporters and metallothionein in this cell proliferation-associated increase in the abundance of LIPZ in 3T3 fibroblasts. Zinc transporters assessed included both zinc importer (Zip1) and zinc exporters (ZnT1, ZnT2 and ZnT4). Growth factors increased the abundance of LIPZ while total cellular zinc concentration remained unaffected, demonstrating that LIPZ was responsive to the increased needs for zinc during growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation. Growth factors also increased net zinc retention as indicated by higher 65zinc radioactivity and elevated mRNA levels of Zip1, ZnT1 and ZnT4. Although zinc is essential to cell proliferation, excessive cellular zinc accumulation causes cytotoxicity. Collectively, these observations suggest that increase in the abundance of LIPZ during growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation was due to increased net retention of extracellular zinc, which was apparently achieved through a coordinated up-regulation of the expression of transporters involved in both zinc influx and efflux to ensure adequate supply of zinc to sustain cell proliferation, yet to prevent potential zinc cytotoxicity in 3T3 cells.

The effect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid hormones and testosterone levels of elite athletes receiving oral zinc

Article

Feb 2006
NEUROENDOCRINOL LETT

The present study aims to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects thyroid hormones and testosterone levels in elite athletes who are supplemented with oral zinc sulfate for 4 weeks. The study included 10 male wrestlers, who had been licensed wrestlers for at least 6 years. Mean age of the wrestlers who volunteered in the study was 18.70 +/- 2.4 years. All subjects were supplemented with oral zinc sulfate (3 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks in addition to their normal diet. Thyroid hormone and testosterone levels of all subjects were determined as resting and exhaustion before and after zinc supplementation. Resting TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and TSH levels of subjects were higher than the parameters measured after exhaustion exercise before zinc supplementation (p<0.05). Both resting and exhaustion TT3, TT4 and FT3 values after 4-week zinc supplementation were found significantly higher than both of the parameters (resting and exhaustion) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05). Resting total testosterone and free testosterone levels before zinc supplementation were significantly higher than exhaustion levels before zinc supplementation (p<0.05). Both resting and exhaustion total and free testosterone levels following 4-week zinc supplementation were found significantly higher than the levels (both resting and exhaustion) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05). Findings of our study demonstrate that exhaustion exercise led to a significant inhibition of both thyroid hormones and testosterone concentrations, but that 4-week zinc supplementation prevented this inhibition in wrestlers. In conclusion, physiological doses of zinc administration may benefit performance.

The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels

Abstract

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