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From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism
Abstract and Figures
This article treats the diversity of object marking or ‘disposal’ constructions in Sinitic languages. These constructions are used to highlight an affected referential object, typically corresponding to accusatively case-marked nouns in inflectional languages. The discussion begins with a brief description of early Spanish grammars of Chinese languages, based on a Greco-Latin model and progresses from the problems of Eurocentrism to those of Sinocentrism, based on the new model of the prestige language, standard Mandarin. The main analysis concentrates on the historical sources and range of syntactic configurations for disposal constructions in seven main Sinitic languages, particularly with respect to an emerging typology. Paradoxically, Standard Mandarin turns out not to be an ideal choice as typologically representative of Sinitic.
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This volume presents the first English edition of a Hakka Grammar and Lexicon, originally compiled by Basel missionaries who lived and worked in Guangdong province, China, during the second half of the 19th century. The Kleine Hakka–Grammatik (1909) is in fact the earliest known grammar of a Hakka dialect, while the Kleines Deutsch–Hakka Wörterbuch für Anfänger (1909) is an abridged version of a larger dictionary manuscript in circulation, acknowledged by Donald MacIver to be the basis for his classic 1926 Hakka-English dictionary. Both works reflect the Sin-on 新安variety of Hakka spoken some one hundred years ago in the Hong Kong area. Dialect identification and history of the Basel Mission in China are discussed in the first part of the book, firmly situating the two German texts in their proper context. This volume thus provides first-hand data to facilitate diachronic and typological comparisons with other Sinitic languages, including Meixian Hakka 梅縣, spoken in northeastern Guangdong province and considered to be the prestige variety.
Cet ouvrage présente la première édition en anglais d’une grammaire et d’un lexique hakka produits par les Missionnaires de Bâle, qui étaient installés dans la province chinoise du Guangdong pendant la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle. La Kleine Hakka-Grammatik (1909) est en fait la première grammaire connue d’un dialecte hakka. Quant au Kleines Deutsch-Hakka Wörterbuch für Anfänger (1909), c’est une version abrégée d’un dictionnaire qui a circulé sous forme manuscrite et qui servit de base au dictionnaire hakka-anglais que Donald MacIver publia en 1926. Aussi bien la grammaire que le lexique en question témoignent de la variété Si-on 新安 de hakka parlée il y a environ un siècle dans la région de Hong Kong. Afin de bien situer les deux textes allemands dans leur contexte propre, l’identification du dialecte et l’histoire de la Mission de Bâle sont présentées dans les chapitres introductifs. Ce volume offre des matériaux de première main pour mener à bien des comparaisons diachroniques et typologiques avec d’autres langues sinitiques, y compris le hakka de Meixian 梅縣, parlé dans le nord-est du Guangdong et considéré comme la variété de référence.
The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"--metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them.
In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language.
In Mandarin, die disposal marker is pa3 and the passive marker is M Pei4. These markers do not derive from the same lexical source. In some localities of Hunan, however, these two types of markers may derive from the same lexical source. Moreover, there are aberrant disposal markers which do not derive from tE Pa3 and passive markers which do not derive from M Pei4 . According to my investigations in 107 localities in Hunan, twenty forms can be employed as disposal markers and thirty five can be employed as passive markers. In this paper, the distribution of disposal and passive markers across dialects in Hunan will be presented. The path of grammaticalization of these two types of markers will be revealed by the analysis of their etymology in the Hunan dialects. There are clear cut distinctions between the two types of markets in the Hunan dialects geographically. In the Mandarin-speaking area, the main pattern is that the disposal ' to give' contrasts with passive ' to suffer' ; in die Xiang-speaking area, the main usage is that the disposal and the passive markers derive from a pair of synonyms meaning ' to give'; in the Gan and Kejia speaking area, the main pattern is that the disposal marker 4 to take' contrasts with the passive marker ' to give' ; and in the southern area, where both a Mandarin dialect and unclassified local dialects co-exist, the main usage is that the disposal and the Passive markers derive from the same form ' to give' . I propose that not only are the lexical sources of the passive/ disposal markers in the Hunan dialects different from Mandarin, but also that the path of grammaticalization is also different. The first step of grammaticalization of disposal/passive markers meaning ' to give occurred with a re-analysis that changed the verb ' to give ' into a preposition indicating relationship between a subject and an object in a double-object construction.
This reference grammar provides, for the first time, a description of the grammar of "Mandarin Chinese", the official spoken language of China and Taiwan, in functional terms, focusing on the role and meanings of word-level and sentence-level structures in actual conversations.
WORLD LEXICON OF GRAMMATICALIZATION. Bernd Heine and Tonia Kuteva. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii + 387. 28.00 paper.
The aim of this work is to provide the reader with access to the great variety of data that has emerged in the area of grammaticalization over the past 30 years. It presents data from diverse language families, providing examples of 400 processes from 500 languages. In their introduction, the authors lay out a classical definition of grammaticalization and discuss inherent problems and conventions chosen to best present the data. The second section provides a list of grammatical terms adopted with definitions and clarifies differences of usage.