![A 12-year old skeletally immature girl from New Zealand with a single thoracic curve of 43° and an overcorrection in the GBW (model 2012) to-8° [42].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicos-Tournavitis/publication/322207076/figure/fig4/AS:578336679055360@1514897617559/Fig-4-A-12-year-old-skeletally-immature-girl-from-New-Zealand-with-a-single-thoracic_Q320.jpg)
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1558 The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, 11, (Suppl-9, M8) 1558-1567
1874-3250/17 2017 Bentham Open
The Open Orthopaedics Journal
Content list available at: www.benthamopen.com/TOORTHJ/
DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711011558
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A Prospective Cohort Study of AIS Patients with 40° and More
Treated with a Gensingen Brace (GBW): Preliminary Results
Hans-Rudolf Weiss1,*, Nicos Tournavitis2, Sarah Seibel1 and Alexander Kleban3
1Gesundheitsforum Nahetal, Alzeyer Str. 23, D-55457 Gensingen, Germany
2Scoliosis Best Practice Rehab Services, Aristotelous 5, GR 54624, Thessaloniki, Greece
3Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russia
Received: July 30, 2017 Revised: September 06, 2017 Accepted: September 11, 2017
Abstract:
Introduction:
There is a growing resistance from patients and their families to spinal fusion surgery for scoliosis. Due to inconclusive evidence that
surgery has a long-term effect on scoliosis and/or improves the quality of life for patients with scoliosis, there is a need to extend the
conservative perspective of treatment to patients with curvatures greater than 40 degrees. For that reason, a prospective cohort study
was initiated to determine the effectiveness of the Gensingen brace (a Cheneau-style TLSO) in preventing progression in skeletally
immature patients.
Materials and Methods:
Since 2011, fifty-five patients have been enrolled in this prospective cohort study. This report includes the mid-term results of
twenty-five of these patients, who have a minimum follow-up of 18 months and an average follow-up of 30.4 months (SD 9.2). The
twenty-five patients had the following characteristics at the start of treatment: Cobb angle: 49° (SD 8.4; 40º-71º); 12.4 years old (SD
0.82); Risser: 0.84 (SD 0.94; 0-2). A z-test was used to compare the success rate in this cohort to the success rate in the prospective
braced cohort from BrAIST.
Results:
After follow-up, the average Cobb angle was 44.2° (SD 12.9). Two patients progressed, 12 patients were able to achieve halted
progression, and eleven patients improved. Angle of trunk rotation (ATR) decreased from 12.2 to 10.1 degrees in the thoracic spine
(p = 0.11) while the ATR decreased from 4.7 to 3.6 degrees in the lumbar spine (p = 0.0074). When comparing the success rate of the
BrAIST cohort with the success rate of patients in this cohort, the difference was statistically significant (z = -3.041; p = 0.01).
Conclusion:
Conservative brace treatment using the Gensingen brace was successful in 92% of cases of patients with AIS of 40 degrees and
higher. This is a significant improvement compared to the results attained in the BrAIST study (72%). Reduction of the ATR shows
that postural improvement is also possible.
Keywords: Scoliosis, Brace treatment, BrAIST, Cheneau brace, Gensingen brace, Lumbar spine.
1. INTRODUCTION
Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and trunk, which may deteriorate quickly during phases of
rapid growth [1, 2]. The Cobb angle [3] determines the degree of lateral curvature on an x-ray while the angle of trunk
* Address correspondence to this author at the Gesundheitsforum Nahetal, Alzeyer Str. 23, D-55457 Gensingen, Germany; E-mail:
hr.weiss@skoliose-dr-weiss.com
A Prospective Cohort Study of AIS Patients with 40° and More The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 1559
rotation (ATR), as measured by Scoliometer TM allows for clinical evaluation and follow-up for patients with scoliosis
[4].
Scoliosis has various etiologies (congenital, neuromuscular, mesenchymal disorders and others) [5]. However,
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) [1, 2, 6], the most prevalent form, has an undetermined etiology and affects 80 –
90% of the patient population. Recently, MRI studies show signs of a functional tethering of the spinal cord [7], which
may, in some cases, explain the thoracic flatback deformity, and ventral overgrowth [8] of the spinal column in this
condition.
Treatment indications for scoliosis continue to be under debate [9, 10]. Conservative treatment of scoliosis, both
rehabilitative exercise and bracing, are recognized in literature reviews [11 - 14], Cochrane reviews [15, 16] and
randomized controlled studies [17 - 19]. Often, when a scoliosis reaches 45- 50º, surgery is the typical mode of
treatment despite the absence of high-quality evidence [9, 14, 20 - 25]. Comprehensive reviews [11, 14, 20, 21, 23] and
two Cochrane reviews [23, 24] failed to establish evidence supporting the position that surgery is superior to
conservative treatment and/or to natural history [1, 2]. Recent comprehensive reviews show that the long-term risks of
spinal fusion surgery are significant [14, 20, 26, 27].
While AIS can be a progressive condition and requires monitoring and management, it is a relatively benign
disorder, which rarely leads to severe health consequences [28, 29]. Recently Ward et al. [30, 31] have demonstrated
that spinal fusion surgery does not significantly improve Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). They concluded,
“This data in conjunction with an absence of long-term evidence of serious medical consequences with non-surgical
management of curves ≥ 40° should encourage surgeons to reevaluate the benefits of routine surgical care [31].”
In consideration of these recent findings and the growing number of reviews supporting conservative treatments, the
current indications for bracing should be re-evaluated and possibly expanded, when appropriate. Thus, it is important to
research the efficacy of bracing for adolescent patients with scoliosis over 40°. With respect to bracing, it has been
shown that the percentage of in-brace correction and brace-wearing time can have an effect on the eventual outcome of
brace treatment [32]. That being said, each type of brace should be evaluated independently due to disparate results for
different types of braces [33 - 45]. Independent studies do not show evidence in support of soft braces [33 - 35],
however, strong evidence exists in support of rigid bracing [32, 33, 36, 37]. In Europe, a prospective study using a cast-
based asymmetric Chêneau brace had a success rate of 80% [33]. Recent retrospective studies, also on the Chêneau
brace, demonstrate success rates of more than 90% [38, 39].
The purpose of this study is to evaluate a sample of patients with Cobb angles of ≥40 degrees treated with the
Gensingen Brace (a Cheneau-style TLSO) (Fig. 1), and to determine whether brace treatment in curvatures of ≥40
degrees can be successful. The cohort of this prospective study complies with all the SRS inclusion criteria for bracing
[46] with the one exception. The degree of Cobb angle is larger in this population, but includes immature patients at
high risk of progression, so that our results can be compared to the results of BrAIST [37]. For patients who decline
surgery, studies such as ours will help establish the benefits and/or disadvantages of bracing severe scoliosis and help
patients make informed decisions about how to proceed with treatment options.
Ethical considerations: There is no high-level evidence indicating that spinal fusion surgery is superior to natural
history [9, 14, 20 - 25]. Therefore, per the recent suggestions made by Ward and colleagues [30, 31], other treatment
options for patients with curvatures ≥40° should be investigated.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Patient Population
Twenty-five female patients (Risser 0-2) were included in this report. With the exception of having a ≥40° Cobb
angle, all patients satisfied the SRS inclusion criteria. Patients were fit with the Gensingen brace (GBW) at a bracing
facility affiliated with the first author’s clinic. All patients were followed prospectively for a minimum of 18 months,
with an average follow-up time of 30.4 months (SD 9.2) and with an average x-ray follow-up of 20 months (SD 9.4).
The average curvature at the start of treatment was 49 degrees (SD 8.4; 40 – 71º) (12 double and 13 single patterns of
curvature). The average age was 12.4 years (SD 0.82), average Risser was 0.84 (SD 0.94), and fourteen out of the
twenty-five females were pre-menarcheal.
1560 The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 Weiss et al.
2.2. Brace Development Process
The Gensingen brace is the result of the recent advancements of Chêneau principles [42] and was first described in
2010 [41]. Each orthosis is made via computer-aided-design (CAD) (Fig. 2). Each GBW is based on the augmented
Lehnert-Schroth (ALS) classification system [4, 42] and is pattern-specific based on a patient’s 3D scan, x-ray,
scoliometer measurements, and postural assessment. There are seven basic brace models corresponding to the ALS
classification pattern and two additional models for larger curves [42]. The additional brace models for single thoracic
curves exceeding 60° have been developed (Fig. 3) because of an increasing number of patients with higher Cobb
angles who are seeking conservative treatment.
Fig. (1). In-brace correction of a double curve pattern. More than 60% correction can be achieved in the Gensingen brace (GBW)
when the curve is still flexible.
Fig. (2). CAD modeling of a GBW for a single thoracic curve. Mirroring of the deformity (patient’s scan on the right) in the brace
model (left) is clearly visible.
A Prospective Cohort Study of AIS Patients with 40° and More The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 1561
Fig. (3). In-brace correction of a single thoracic curve pattern exceeding 70° in the GBW. The follow-up (right) shows the curve is
rebalanced and that postural improvement has been achieved, despite the severity of the initial Cobb angle and noticeable
asymmetries.
2.3. X-rays and Follow-Up
X-rays were done prior to the start of treatment, in the brace, before and after each subsequent brace and at skeletal
maturity (after brace weaning). If there were clinical signs of deterioration, additional x-rays were taken as well. For
local patients, in-brace x-rays were taken 6 weeks after the start of brace-wear. For patients visiting from a distance, in-
brace x-rays were taken the following day after fitting. The average in-brace Cobb angle measured 28.5° (SD 14.7; 42%
correction). It was recommended that patients wear their brace for 20 hours per day or more; however, the braces did
not include any sensors to monitor wear-time. It should be noted that there is a potential for bias as all Cobb angle
measurements were done by the senior author.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
A z-test to compare cohorts of different sizes, as proposed by Goldberg [43], was performed to compare the success
rate of this cohort to the success rate of patients from the BrAIST cohort, a study which predominately used the Boston-
type brace (68% of braced patients) [37]. In the BrAIST study, 146 patients were braced and followed through skeletal
maturity, while in our sample 25 patients have been treated and followed prospectively for a minimum of 18 months. In
our study, halted progression and curve improvement (decrease of 6 degrees or more) were considered treatment
success, while curve progression was considered treatment failure (increase of 6 degrees or more). The first author also
measured each patient’s thoracic and lumbar Angle of Trunk Rotation (ATR) before treatment and at last follow-up. A
paired sample t-test was then performed to determine if the differences were statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
The average Cobb angle after follow-up was 44.2 degrees (SD 12.9). Two of the twenty-five patients progressed
(curve increased 6 degrees or more) while eleven patients improved (curve decreased 6 degrees or more) and twelve
patients were able to halt progression (curve remained within 5 degree margin of error). When comparing the BrAIST
cohort to this GBW cohort, the differences in the success rate (72% and 92%, respectively) were statistically significant
in the z-test (z = -3.041; p = 0.01). Additionally, in the thoracic spine, average ATR decreased from 12.2 to 10.1
degrees (p = 0.11) and in the lumbar spine, average ATR decreased from 4.7 to 3.6 degrees (p = 0.0074).
The average clinical follow-up time was 30.4 months (SD 9.2) and the average radiological follow-up was 20
1562 The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 Weiss et al.
months (SD 9.5). Patients in the cohort reported an average brace-wearing time of 21 hours per day, before the
weaning-off phase when they were instructed to reduce their wearing hours. By the end of the current study, six patients
had completely weaned off the brace, with four of the six having shown improvements of ≥6°, and the other two being
stable (+/-5 degrees).
One of the four patients who experienced curve improvement was a girl from New Zealand. She initially began
treatment at age 12, with a 43° Cobb angle (Risser 0, Tanner II, premenarcheal). At skeletal maturity (Risser 5, age 16),
her Cobb angle measured 20°. During the course of treatment she regularly followed up at the office of the first author,
in Germany, and after three years of treatment, she was successfully weaned off her second Gensingen brace in summer
2014 (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). The patient plans to have a new x-ray taken when she completes high school, however this >2-
year post-weaning x-ray is not yet available.
Fig. (4). A 12-year old skeletally immature girl from New Zealand with a single thoracic curve of 43° and an overcorrection in the
GBW (model 2012) to -8° [42].
Fig. (5). Intermediate result of the girl from Fig. (4) after 6 months of full-time treatment. At that time, she had outgrown her first
brace and a second brace was made. As shown in the x-ray on the right, she achieved overcorrection in her second brace as well.
A Prospective Cohort Study of AIS Patients with 40° and More The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 1563
Fig. (6). The patient weaned off the brace in the summer of 2014. At skeletal maturity, her Cobb angle measured 20° and she had a
more compensated posture in comparison to her initial posture (left).
One patient dropped out and was not included in this cohort. This patient presented with a double major curve
pattern of >50°. Over the course of 2 years, she was fit with two Gensingen braces at the facility of the first author and
her curves were stable. When the patient needed a third brace, her mother decided to try an orthotist closer to their home
for an alternative Chêneau-style brace. The patient’s curves eventually progressed to more than 75° and she returned to
the first author for another Gensingen brace, since she had declined surgery. At that point, we were unable to improve
her curve, but cosmetically the deformity was not very obvious.
4. DISCUSSION
Different brace types lead to different outcomes. It has been determined that symmetric braces (with asymmetric
pads only) are effective in 70-72% of the cases when the SRS inclusion criteria are respected [36, 37]. Asymmetric
scoliosis braces differ in several ways and have demonstrated an even higher rate of success [32, 33, 38 - 40].
Although the success rate of asymmetric braces can vary significantly, this is likely attributable to how the brace is
designed, manufactured and fitted. When manufactured by hand, on the basis of a plaster cast, success rates are between
48% [44] and 80% [33] among comparable groups. This large discrepancy suggests that the success of scoliosis bracing
is at least partially influenced by the experience and skills of the brace technician.
The Gensingen brace used in this study was produced with CAD/CAM technology, which allows for
standardization [42]. For any given curve pattern, the basic brace model is the same, which reduces the risk for human
error. While the brace can be created with measurements of the patient’s trunk at certain anatomical landmarks, most
Gensingen braces currently made worldwide are designed from a patient’s 3D scan. Using the scan, the virtual brace
model is further individualized with the addition of correction forces in all three planes. A final STL-file is then sent for
manufacturing.
Additionally, while many brace models work by pushing against the prominences and convexities of the
curvature(s), the objective of the Gensingen brace is to implement a corrective movement as well [42]. In order to avoid
compression of the trunk, voids are implemented opposite the pressure zones so that curve improvement is only limited
by the stiffness of the patient’s spine. These distinctions are integral to the design of the Gensingen brace and for that
reason the results of this study cannot be extrapolated to other braces.
When comparing the results from this study (92% success rate) to the results achieved with the Boston brace (72%
success rate), it is important to note that the two studies had a different definition of treatment success and failure. In the
study by Weinstein and colleagues, patients started with a Cobb angle of 25°-40° and treatment was considered
successful when the curve did not exceed 49° [37]. This means that their scoliosis could progress significantly, but still
1564 The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 Weiss et al.
be labeled a success as long as it did not reach 50°. In our study, patients whose Cobb angle progressed 6° or more were
labeled as treatment failure, regardless of their initial Cobb angle. All things being equal, if the BrAIST study had used
these stricter parameters, it is likely that their reported success rate would have been adversely affected.
Our initial results are encouraging, especially when considering the fact that the patients included in our sample
were at high risk for progression with respect to maturity and severity of scoliosis [47]. According to Lonstein and
Carlson [47], the average progression factor for this cohort was 4 – meaning that the risk of progression for the average
patient was 100%. At the start of the study, the average patient age was 12.4 years – an age during which an adolescent
typically starts to enter the descendent phase of the pubertal growth spurt (Fig. 7). Though some patients were still
wearing or weaning off the brace at the end of the study, after the average 30.4 month-long follow-up period their
growth spurt was nearly complete, corresponding to a lower risk of progression (Fig. 7).
Fig. (7). The average starting age for patients in the study was 12.4 years. After an average follow-up time of 30.4 months (see red
frame), the patients are more mature, their growth rate is decreased and the risk of further progression is significantly reduced.
While the results presented in this paper can only be regarded as preliminary, as our cohort continues to mature, the
risk for progression is far less than at the start of the observation period. We will continue to monitor the results of the
study participants until all twenty-five have completed treatment and have discontinued brace-wear. Additional studies
are needed to validate the use of highly corrective asymmetric braces as a viable non-surgical alternative for skeletally
immature patients who are willing to comply with conservative treatment.
CONCLUSION
Conservative brace treatment using the Gensingen brace was successful in 92% of cases of patients with AIS of 40
degrees and higher. This is a significant improvement compared to the results attained in the BrAIST study (72%).
Reduction of the ATR shows that postural improvement is also possible.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
Not applicable.
97
90
75
50
P1
cm Year cm
jahr
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0321 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718
Years
Growthrate (body length) as estimated for girls
Curve progression is dependent on growth rate and growth dynamics
P3 P5
A Prospective Cohort Study of AIS Patients with 40° and More The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2017, Volume 11 1565
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
No Animals/Humans were used for studies that are base of this research.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Written informed consent for publication of the patient's information (x-rays, photos, records, etc.) has been
obtained from the patient and her parent as well.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
HRW is receiving financial support for attending symposia and receives royalties from Koob GmbH & Co KG. The
company is held by the spouse of HR Weiss.
NT Is applying the Gensingen brace in his offices in Greece and Cyprus.
None of the other authors report any competing interest or potential conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
HRW provided the first draft and made the literature review. NT contributed to the improvement of the first draft
and provided some pictures. SS is responsible for the database and provided the XLS sheet in preparation of the
statistical tests. AK (PhD in Mathematics) was in charge of statistical testing.
Parts of this study have already been presented at the 10th. Hellenic Spine Congress, Thessaloniki, October 26th. –
29th. Thessaloniki, Greece, 2016.
The authors would like to thank Maja Fadzan and Kathryn Moramarco for copyediting this paper.
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