... With regard to theoretical frameworks, existing literature is intertwined with several leadership frameworks. Some of these frameworks are based on trait-based leadership theory (Wolff et al., 2002), socio emotional theory (Druskat & Pescosolido, 2006), theory of collective action (Ziek & Smulowitz, 2014), theories of self-organization and group evolution (Li et al., 2012), LMX theory (Li et al., 2012), social network theory (DeRue et al., 2015), behavioral complexity theory (Lynn Shollen & Cryss Brunner, 2016), evolutionary signaling theory (Spark et al., 2018), relational schema and network theory (Carnabuci et al., 2018), expectation states theory (McClean et al., 2018), social role theory (Briker et al., 2021), implicit leadership theory (Kalish & Luria, 2021), uncertainty reduction theory (Pilkienė, Alonderienė, Chmieliauskas, Š imkonis, & Müller, 2018), adaptive leadership theory and conservation of resources theory (Chiu, Nahrgang, Bartram, Wang, & Tesluk, 2021), gender role theory and expectancy violation theory (Lanaj & Hollenbeck, 2015), and actuality trait theory (Truninger et al., 2021). ...