The utilization of arenga pinnata ethanol in preparing one phase-aqueous gasohol

Abstract

The arengapinnata tree, which grows abundantly in North Sulawesi Indonesia, produces a simple sugar (Brix 14 percent) at a rate 20-35 litre per day that is fermented directly into ethanol without adding an enzyme. Generally, a high purity ethanol (99.5 percent) is blended with gasoline to be gasohol in one phase as an alternative energy for a heat machine fuel. To prepare the dehydrated ethanol, however, is very difficult and costly. This study was aimed to analyse the possibility of mixing the gasoline and impure ethanol becoming one phase substance, or aqueous gasohol, in which ethanol concentration was below 99.5 percent. Firstly, the ethanol was prepared through a natural yeasting of arengapinnata juice and then was separated from water using reflux distillation filled by packing materials. It was found that ethanol purities obtained were 90-96 percent depending on column temperatures. The range of 78.00-78.50 o C was the best condition whereby the product purities obtained were of 95-96 percent. By applying molecule sieves, ethanol purity could be improved to 99 percent. This work discovered that an aqueous gasohol (gasoline+ethanol+water) in one phase could be formed from various purities of ethanol from 80 until 99 percent. A gasohol E90 meant that fractions of gasoline and ethanol were 0.1 and 0.9 of gasohol, respectively. To blend E90, the ethanol purity at least was 83 percent whose water concentration was 15.30 percent of a gasohol. Meanwhile, an E23 was a 23 part of ethanol and 77 part gasoline of gasohol whereby ethanol purity should be above 96 percent. An E28 could be blended into gasoline and ethanol whose purity was 95 percent and water content was 1 percent. It was discovered if a content of ethanol of gasohol was reduced, the components directly were separated. Since the dehydrated ethanol was very expensive, this study recommended that the aqueous gasohol blended from gasoline and ethanol, which purity was below 96 percent, should be considered for a modified heat machine fuel.

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VOL. 12, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2017 ISSN 1819-6608
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THE UTILIZATION OF ARENGA PINNATA ETHANOL IN PREPARING
ONE PHASE-AQUEOUS GASOHOL
Hanny F. Sangian, Gerald H. Tamuntuan, Handy I. R. Mosey, Verna Suoth and Beni H. Manialup
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Jalan Kampus Bahu Unsrat
Manado, Indonesia
E-Mail: hannysangian@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
The arengapinnata tree, which grows abundantly in North Sulawesi Indonesia, produces a simple sugar (Brix 14
percent) at a rate 20-35 litre per day that is fermented directly into ethanol without adding an enzyme. Generally, a high
purity ethanol (99.5 percent) is blended with gasoline to be gasohol in one phase as an alternative energy for a heat
machine fuel. To prepare the dehydrated ethanol, however, is very difficult and costly. This study was aimed to analyse
the possibility of mixing the gasoline and impure ethanol becoming one phase substance, or aqueous gasohol, in which
ethanol concentration was below 99.5 percent. Firstly, the ethanol was prepared through a natural yeasting of
arengapinnata juice and then was separated from water using reflux distillation filled by packing materials. It was found
that ethanol purities obtained were 90-96 percent depending on column temperatures. The range of 78.00-78.50oC was the
best condition whereby the product purities obtained were of 95 - 96 percent. By applying molecule sieves, ethanol purity
could be improved to 99 percent. This work discovered that an aqueous gasohol (gasoline+ethanol+water) in one phase
could be formed from various purities of ethanol from 80 until 99 percent. A gasohol E90 meant that fractions of gasoli ne
and ethanol were 0.1 and 0.9 of gasohol, respectively. To blend E90, the ethanol purity at least was 83 percent whose water
concentration was 15.30 percent of a gasohol. Meanwhile, an E23 was a 23 part of ethanol and 77 part gasoline of gasohol
whereby ethanol purity should be above 96 percent. An E28 could be blended into gasoline and ethanol whose purity was
95 percent and water content was 1 percent. It was discovered if a content of ethanol of gasohol was reduced, the
components directly were separated. Since the dehydrated ethanol was very expensive, this study recommended that the
aqueous gasohol blended from gasoline and ethanol, which purity was below 96 percent, should be considered for a
modified heat machine fuel.
Keywords: aqueous ethanol, distillation, gasohol, gasoline, reflux, yeasting.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, many reports revealed that the
scientists are giving an attention on renewable resources
[1-2]. The biomass as a renewable material is an important
substance and has been developed into sugars, ethanol and
bio hydrogen as alternative energy for coming years to
substitute fossil based fuels [3-5]. Tropical countries are
the biggest producer of biomass, or lignocellulose in
which many investigators have been successfully
converting them to be more valuable materials, such as
composites, sugar, and bio fuel [6-7].
The biomass is generally found in many types of
trees whose their compositions consist of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin that can be hydrolyzed into sugar
and then fermented becoming ethanol [9-11]. To obtain
ethanol from biomass, however, should follow many steps,
such as milling, drying, pretreating, washing, hydrolyzing
and fermenting. Prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, the
substrate was treated firstly using chemical and physical
techniques [12]. After pretreatment, treated biomass was
converted into simple sugars using cellulase [13]. The
reducing sugars were yeasted into beer and then it was
distilled becoming bioethanol [14-15]. To obtain ethanol
from lignocellulosic materials is a long path, complicated
and very expensive.
The biomass of Arengapinnata, a renewable
resource, is the most important palm tree in the South East
Countries, Indonesia, Philipina, Malaysia and Thailand
[16]. Unlike other trees which only produce cellulose, the
arengapinnata produces a simple sugar directly after
special treatments and also produces many products, such
as, starch, wood, fruit, fibre and ethanol [17]. After
tapping process, palm juice starts fermenting naturally
without adding a synthetic enzyme that it was an important
characteristic of sugar produced by arenga palm [18].
Prior to defining the present work, it would be
explained briefly the blended fuels. The story producing
the blended fuel including gasohol, whereby ethanol was
derived from starch and lignocelluloses, has been
conducted for years. Pure ethanol has been blended with
diesel and then the mixed fuel was applied on a heat
machine [19-20]. Even though, the gasoline (non-polar)
and ethanol (polar substance), investigators have
succeeded blending them to one phase substances in some
combinations, E5, E10, E15, E20 and so forth [21]. One of
many investigations had been reported about how to
prepare gasohol [22]. Authors [23] prepared an ethanol
that was produced from corn and used it for biofuels. The
cassava has been successfully converted into ethanol and
then it was blended with gasoline becoming gasohol [24].
To prepare the gasohol for engine fuel, ethanol should be
purified until 99.5 percent and according to US Patent
report that to blend gasohol in one phase, ethanol should
be purified approaching dried ethanol [25-26].
However, the preparation of pure ethanol is very
difficult and the production cost is expensive if compared
with that of petroleum [27]. The question is what gasohol
can be prepared from gasoline and ethanol becoming one

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phase in which purity of ethanol is below 99.5 percent?
This work tried to study the possibility of mixing of
gasoline and ethanol to be one phase whereby the ethanol
was not pure. The procedures are as follows: the natural
yeasting of palm juice, a distillation of ethanol, molecular
sieve and gasohol preparation. The ethanol was prepared
from palm juice (tapped from arengapinnata tree) and was
distilled using a home constructed reflux apparatus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Many works have been reported how to prepare
sugar and ethanol from biomass treated by many
techniques [28-29]. The technology used was complicated
and followed many steps [30-31]. However, there is a
blessed tree, which grows abundantly in Indonesia
whereby it can produce a simple sugar (palm juice) after
treatment. The sugar whose Brix is a 14 percent can
produce a 20-30 litre per day and can be yeasted naturally
without adding enzymes.
This study, the palm juice locally called saguer,
was obtained from a farmer in the South Minahasa
Regency, North Sulawesi Indonesia. One hundred litres of
juice was put in the plastic fermenter and kept for 4-5
days. After yeasting was finished, beer was poured into the
boiler which was connected to reflux distillation as shown
in Figure. 1 that was adapted from previous work [32].
The temperature of the boiler was increased until
beer’s boiling point that it depended on ethanol
concentration of beer. For example, if the ethanol was 5
percent, beer would boil at 95 oC. The vapour flowed into
a reflux column filled by thousands of packing materials
where stripping of ethanol was occurred thousand times
until on the top of the column. The vapour which was rich
of ethanol was directed to condenser equipped by a cooler
as shown in the figure. The water was circulated by a
pump powered by electrical energy. Finally, ethanol
reached the collector container after transforming its phase
from vapour into liquid. By applying this reflux
distillation, ethanol obtained can reach purity 96 percent
and depends on the column temperatures.
To increase the product purity above 96 percent,
the ethanol was mixed with particles which could absorb
water [33-34]. The weight ratio of ethanol and particle was
set from 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and so on. Prior to purification,
particles were activated thermally using furnace (Oven
Moloney) for an hour. When mass was constant, particles
were removed from the oven and then mixed with ethanol
under stirring for hours. The ethanol and particle were
separated with using simple distillation and ethanol
concentration obtained was a range of 97 until 99 percent.
The final step was to blend the gasoline and ethanol in
many ratios without using a complicated technology. In
this step, the ethanol was just mixed with gasoline inside
flask in which their volumes were measured correctly.
Finally, the aqueous in which ethanol concentrations were
altered from 80 until 99 percents.
Figure-1.The reflux distillation design used in this study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Natural yeasting
Until now, local investigators are conducting
experiments to find why palm sugar directly is fermented
into ethanol even though without adding synthetic
enzymes. It may have natural microorganisms producing
proteins functioning as an enzyme. Figure-2 shows the
decreasing of sugar (in Brixpercent) toward yeasting time
(h). The average percentage of sugar inside palm juice
before the yeasting process was around 12-14 percent
[35]; it means that 140 grams pure sugar can be obtained
in one-kilogram palm juice. An arengapinnata tree can
produce 20-25 kilograms palm juice per 24 hours. When
juice was tapped from the tree, it was directly fermented
into beer (liquor), whereby the initial conversion rate in
the range 0-6 hours, was very low. According to
observation, the high conversion rate was occurred in 6

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7041
hours and stopped at 105 hours. In some experiments, the
final sugar content (in percent) was around 3- 4 percent
that yeasting was stopping working. In this stage
microorganisms gradually died and enzymes were not
produced anymore [36].
Figure-2.The sugar content (%) with respect to yeasting time (h) in room temperature.
Distillation/separation
The ten litres beer was removed and poured into
the boiler for separation using reflux distillation. The
liquor was boiled by using the gas stove equipped with
regulator. It was found that the ethanol concentration
obtained was very sensitive to column temperature [37].
Table-1 shows the ethanol purity as a function of column
temperature conducted in triplicate. The temperature was
measured on the summit of a column by being inserted the
sensor inside the pipe.
Table-1.Relation of the purity of ethanol with respect to
column temperature.
Column temperature
(oC)
Ethanol purity (percent)
78.40
96.00
78.50
95.00
78.90
93.00
79.00
93.00
80.00
92.00
81.00
91.50
83.00
89.00
87.70
80.00
95.00
60.00
97.00
50.00
98.00
55.00
98.70
35.00
99.90
30.00
99.40
25.00
00.00
00.00
The quality of product depended on heat supplied
to the boiler, column temperature, packing materials and
room temperature. To obtain 96 percent ethanol, the
system must be adjusted until it attained a balance
condition and column temperature was 78.4 oC. While the
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
020 40 60 80 100 120 140
Sugar Content (%)
Yeasting Time (h)

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purity was at 95 percent, the column temperature increased
slightly to 78.50 oC that was comparable with previous
work [38]. When ethanol content in beer went down, the
amount of water vapour increased entering column and
reached condenser. The purity of ethanol started
decreasing as column temperature inclined which was
indicative that beer is going to mostly water. The purity of
ethanol that was measured in range temperature from 78 to
100 oC was obtained around 87-90 percent.
Particles Activation
The work was continued with dehydration of
ethanol using particles (molecule sieve) adapted from
other work [39]. Prior to dehydration, particles were
activated thermally using the furnace for hours as previous
work [40]. Table-2 shows the amount of water (in gram)
that vaporized from particles towards activation times and
initial mass of particles was 103.80 grams. The particles
were removed periodically from furnace to measure their
mass. To find the mass of water vaporized was that the
initial mass was subtracted by the mass at the time.
The mass of water vaporized was 5.80 grams
when the heating took 30 minutes and increased to be 8.40
grams at 120 minutes. When heating time was 240 minute,
the total mass of water vaporized was 11.50 grams or
11.08 percent of the initial mass of particles. This process
was costly since it used very much electrical energy to
power the furnace. The gasohol, which was not feasible
for fuel was caused by activation of particles used to
dehydrate ethanol. This process consumed time and
electrical energy and ethanol so it was very expensive.
Table-2. The amount of water that vaporized during particles activating (furnace temperature was of 700 oC).
No
Time (minute)
Mass of particles (gr)
MH2O (gr)
% of H2O
1
30
98.00
5.80
5.59
2
60
96.40
7.40
7.13
3
90
96.10
7.70
7.42
4
120
95.40
8.40
8.09
5
150
94.80
9.00
8.67
6
180
94.20
9.60
9.25
7
210
93.40
10.40
10.02
8
240
92.30
11.50
11.08
Preparation of Ethanol above 96 percent
After particles activation finished, the work was
continued with dehydration of ethanol using molecule
sieve to catch water, which was still remained and bonded
electrically between O and H atoms on both H2O and
C2H5OH. Table-3 presents the ethanol purity obtained
after dehydration process. Ethanol has been obtained
successfully with purities above 96 percent, such as 97, 98
and 99 percent. The initial volume and ethanol purity were
300 mL and 95 percent that were obtained from distillation
as previously presented. The data show that the ethanol
purity depends on activation time of particles and heating
temperature, and added with two variables, reaction time
and mass of activated particles, which has been published
by authors [41]. When 30 grams particles were added to
95 percent ethanol and were stirred for one day, ethanol
purity improved to 97 percent.
Table-3.Improvement of ethanol purity toward reaction time and mass of activated particles.
Volume of
ethanol (mL)
Purity of ethanol
(%)
Mass of ethanol
(gr)
Decrease
Duration of
reaction time
(h)
Mass of
activated
particles
(gr)
(%)
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Vol.
Mass
300
215
95
97
231.6
208.6
28.3
9.9
24
30
300
180
95
98.2
231.6
172.9
40.0
25.3
48
37.5
300
160
95
99
231.6
160.2
46.7
30.8
72
45
The purity inclined to 98.2 percent when ethanol
was added with 37.5 grams of activated particles and
reaction time increased to 48 hours. But the decrease
percentages of the product increased to 40 (volume) and
25.3 percent (mass). Meanwhile, The purity inclined to 99
percent but the decreases were 46.7 and 30.8 percent for
the mass of particles 45 grams and duration of reaction 72
hours. The disadvantage of this method was that the mass
or volume of product was reduced significantly as shown
in the table and this finding was comparable with a
previous study [40]. The data in the first row presents that
the percentages of product reduction in volume and mass
are 28.3 and 9.9 percent, respectively. Even though the

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purity improved as reaction time and mass of particles
increased, the mass and volume of product decreased.
Aqueous gasohol blending
The final process was to blend gasohol (in one
phase) in which gasoline and arengapinnata ethanol that
has many purities, were mixed until they become one
phase. The term of gasohol uses Ex, it means ethanol with
x part, while gasoline part is (100-x) of gasohol. An E25
gasohol is a mixture between 25 unit of ethanol and 75
unit of gasoline and in this study used unit in volume.
Many investigations have been conducted to
prepare gasohol for heat machine fuel and most
publications reported that ethanol purity should be
approaching 99.9 percent [42-43]. Ethanol is a polar
molecule, while gasoline is a nonpolar substance in which
they are separated into two phases if mixed. However,
according to many studies, gasoline and ethanol, which
has relatively high purity, could be blended becoming one
phase [44].
Ethanol purity should be increased to be higher
than 95/96 percent if we blended gasohol E5-E15. In this
stage, despite gasohol E5-E15 used a small part of ethanol,
to make pure alcohol was very complicated and expensive
[45]. It was seen that gasohol E5-E15 was not feasible to
produce in industrial scale since it used huge electrical
energy for activating of particles and the amount of
ethanol was reduced significantly after mixing as
previously described. However, lower purity ethanol
(<95/96%) could be blended becoming one phase gasohol.
The problem is that all heat machines operating around the
world are not suitable with aqueous gasohol and a higher
part of ethanol [46].
Table-4. The volume data of gasoline and ethanol until one phase aqueous gasohol formed.
Ethanol Con.
Vol. Gasoline
(ml)
Ethanol
added (ml)
Part of Ethanol in
Gasohol
Vol. of water in
Ethanol(ml)
% H2O
in Gasohol
80%
15
175
175/190= 0.92E92
35
18.42%
81%
10
110
110/120=0.916
E91.6
20.9
17.42%
82%
10
100
100/110 =0.909
E90.9
18
16.36%
83%
10
90
90/100 = 0.90E90
15.3
15.30%
84%
10
85
85/95 = 0.89E89
13.6
14.32%
85%
10
80
80/90 = 0.85E85
12
13.33%
90%
10
30
30/40 = 0.75E75
3
7.50%
91%
10
28
28/38 = 0.37E73
2.52
6.63%
92%
10
21
21/31 = 0.67E67
1.68
5.42%
93%
10
12
12/22 = 0.54E54
0.84
3.82%
94%
10
9
9/19 = 0.47E47
0.54
3%
95%
10
4
4/14 = 0.28E28
0.20
1%
96%
20
6
6/26 = 0.23E23
0.24
1%
Table-4 displays about gasohol, Ex, which was
blended with gasoline and ethanol with different purity.
The gasohol E23 and E28, ethanol purities were at least 96
and 95 percent, respectively whereby water concentration
was close to 1 percent. If ethanol concentration was below
95, or 96 percent, the gasoline and ethanol were separated
directly. When concentration decreased at 94.5 percent, a
part of ethanol dissolved with gasoline was 0.37 assigned
by gasohol E37. The ten ml gasoline was added into 9ml
of 94 percent ethanol, E47 was mixed completely whose
water content was 3 percent. The gasohol E85 needed
ethanol that its purity was bigger than 85 percent and
water was 13.33 percent (12ml). When ethanol
concentration was at 90 percent (30ml), gasoline added to
form gasohol E75 was 10ml and water concentration was
7.50 percent. Gasohol E90, which was formed in one
phase, needed ethanol purity only at least 83 percent.
As described previously that gasohol E23 could
be blended with gasoline and ethanol which has the purity
minimum at 96 percent. It meant that if a part of ethanol in
gasohol decreased, components would be separated, while
if increased, the one phase gasohol existed. Thus, ethanol
which its concentration was 95 percent could be forming
gasohol E28-E99. The minimum ethanol concentration
that was still formed one phase gasohol was 80 percent in
which water content 18.42 percent. This measurement was
conducted duplicate and at room temperature.
If part of ethanol decreased to 10 unit or E10, the
ethanol concentration should be increased to around 98.0-
99.0 percent. According to author’s findings, the gasohol
E5-E10 was very expensive because the activating of
molecule sieve used very much energy. This work
recommended that it is time to produce heat machine
which could be consuming aqueous gasohol and could be

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7044
occurred perfect combustion with little amount of water
and higher part of ethanol.
CONCLUSIONS
It has known for years that ethanol and gasoline
can be blended becoming one phase gasohol if ethanol
purity is at least 99.5 percent. This work found that
gasohol in one phase could be blended whose ethanol
purity was lower than 96 percent which the preparation
was very simple and cheap if compared to that of an
absolute ethanol. The problem is that all heat machines
working now were not suitable with aqueous gasohol
whose water contents were 1-20 percent. The aqueous
gasohol is promising to develop as a fuel for a heat
machine in the coming years because of cheap preparation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the
Higher Education Department of Indonesia Government
for financial assistance and the Rector of Sam Ratulangi
University, Prof. Ellen Joan Kumaat and Dean of School
of Mathematics and Sciences, Prof. Benny Pinontoan for
encouragement and support on the work.
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