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Potential of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruit Peels Extract in Lowering the Blood Glucose Level of Streptozotocin Induced Albino Rats (Rattus albus)
... Dalam kajian yang lepas, hasil ekstrak daripada kulit buah mangga berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan tambah dalam makanan kerana mengandungi sumber serat dietari (Berardini et al., 2005). Malah kulit mangga yang digunakan terdapat antioksida iaitu kandungan phenolic acid dan flavonoid serta serat yang tinggi (Serna-Cock, García-Gonzales, & Torres-León, 2016;Zainudin N.A.N. et al., 2019) manakala kulit limau kasturi mampu merendahkan tahap glukosa dalam darah (Morte & Acero, 2017). Nilai kebolehpasaran produk tinggi kerana keperluan pengguna memilih produk yang memberi kebaikan terhadap kesihatan. ...
Produk Magnifera Calamansi Flakes merupakan produk kombinasi kulit mangga dan kulit limau kasturi berbentuk kepingan (flakes) yang dibangunkan untuk diaplikasikan dalam produk makanan. Produk yang dihasilkan daripada bahan yang jarang digunakan ini dapat mengadaptasi kulit mangga dan limau kasturi kepada produk yang bermanfaat sekaligus membantu menyelesaikan masalah alam sekitar. Produk ini juga menjadi keperluan pengguna dalam aspek kesihatan, sebagai bahan tambah makanan, menjimatkan masa pengguna dan produk yang mampu tahan lama. Kaedah penghasilan produk ini adalah melibatkan proses penceluran serta pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar pengering. Kaedah kajian adalah berdasarkan kepada kaedah pemerhatian dan ujian rasa bagi mengenalpasti ciri fizikal dan organoleptik produk ini. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan ciri organoleptik produk ini adalah bau yang beraroma dan mempunyai rasa sedikit masam. Manakala ciri fizikal pula menunjukkan warna keperangan, rupa bentuk yang menarik serta berkepingan (flakes) dan tekstur yang kasar serta kering. Secara keseluruhan, penghasilan produk ini dapat memberi pelbagai impak yang positif bukan sahaja terhadap pengguna, malah industri makanan, ekonomi negara dan alam sekitar. Kata kunci: kulit mangga, kulit limau kasturi, pengeringan Pengenalan Produk Magnifera Calamansi Flakes merupakan produk kombinasi kulit mangga dan kulit limau kasturi berbentuk kepingan (flakes) yang dibangunkan bertujuan untuk diaplikasikan dalam produk makanan. Produk inovasi makanan ini mengadaptasi bahan buangan yang berasaskan kulit mangga dan limau kasturi kepada produk yang bermanfaat. Kumpulan sasaran terhadap produk ini adalah para pengusaha makanan yang dapat menghasilkan pelbagai variasi makanan serta pengguna yang mempunyai tambahan pilihan makanan. Produk ini memberi pelbagai kebaikan termasuklah memudahkan dan menjimatkan masa pengguna. Penerangan Produk/Projek Inovasi Produk inovasi ini telah dilaksanakan bermula daripada tercetusnya idea daripada permasalahan yang wujud hasil daripada lebihan kulit buah daripada kursus Pemprosesan Hasil Buah-buahan dan Sayur-sayuran. Selari dengan laporan yang dikeluarkan Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal, daripada 15,000 tan sisa makanan setiap hari, 40% sisa tersebut merupakan sisa yang tidak dapat dielakkan termasuklah kulit buah. Malah, kulit mewakili 15-20% daripada buah mangga. Kulit buah mangga atau turut dikenali dengan dengan nama saintifik Magnifera indica dan kulit limau kasturi atau turut dikenali Calamansi digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam penghasilan produk. Dua kulit buah ini dipilih sebagai kombinasi dalam memastikan produk yang dihasilkan mempunyai rasa yang seimbang.
... These byproducts can be beneficial and help reduce environmental pollution when used as herbal medicine. The juice, peel, pulp, and seeds of calamondin have been found to exhibit various biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diabetic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-tumor properties, particularly in the peel [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] (as shown in Table 4). ...
Citation: Venkatachalam, K.; Charoenphun, N.; Srean, P.; Yuvanatemiya, V.; Pipatpanukul, C.; Pakeechai, K.; Parametthanuwat, T.; Wongsa, J. Phytochemicals, Bioactive Properties and Commercial Potential of Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruits: A Review. Molecules 2023, 28, 3401. https:// Abstract: The calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is a hybrid citrus fruit resulting from the crossing of a mandarin orange with a kumquat. It is a small, round-shaped fruit with thin, smooth skin ranging from orange to dark red. The aroma of the fruit is distinctive and unique. Calamondin is an excellent source of Vitamin C, D-Limonene, and essential oils, providing benefits to the immune system, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer properties, and it exhibits various therapeutic effects. It also contains a good amount of dietary fiber from pectin. Its distinctive flavor and high juice content make calamondin juice a popular ingredient in many international cuisines. The juice also contains bioactive compounds, such as phenolics and flavonoids, which are a potential source of antioxidant properties. All parts of the calamondin fruit, including the juice, pulp, seeds, and peel, can be used in various applications, from food products like juices, powders, and candies to non-food uses in herbal medicine and cosmetics, showcasing their versatility and unique properties. This review will examine various bioactive components of calamondin and their related medicinal effects, and provide guidelines for their utilization, processing, and value addition on a commercial scale.
... Recently, different researches have been dedicated to the development of low-cost activated carbon adsorbents from cheaper materials [14]. Various sources ranging from agricultural wastes [15], clay minerals [16], and food wastes [17] are employed in the elimination of heavy metals. ...
The introduction of heavy metal wastes in the environment has posed health risks to both human and animals due to their toxicity. Since then, different studies have been explored for the possibility of utilizing new, low–cost, and sustainable adsorbent materials to get rid of heavy metals in the wastewater streams and aqueous solutions. This present study aimed to investigate and compare the adsorption ability of powdered calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit peels (PCFP) for the elimination of both Al(III) and Cu(II) ions in single (non–competitive) and binary (competitive) aqueous systems by batch adsorption techniques. Scanning electron microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the surface morphologies for the biosorbent and quantify the removal rates of heavy metal, respectively. Models were then used to describe in detail about the adsorption kinetics and isotherms for both single and binary metal systems. The influence and dependency of different experimental conditions on adsorption performance were also analyzed. The PCFP derived biosorbent was successful in removal of both Al(III) and Cu(II) ions in single (non–competitive) and binary (competitive) aqueous systems with 99, 70 and 91% adsorption rates, respectively. The biosorption process follows the Ho’s pseudo–second order kinetics. Furthermore, the Langmuir isotherm model was found helpful in explaining the adsorption mechanism. The dominating electrostatic interaction between adsorbents and adsorbates demonstrates monolayer adsorption at the binding sites on the surface of the peeling. Finally, the findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the adsorption process, as well as future system design applications in the treatment of heavy metal containing waste effluents.
... Kumquat, musky lime Rutaceae Hair growth and itching, mosquito bites, anti-bacterial, faecal softener, hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic (Morte, 2017) 138 Dimocarpus longan Lour. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Enhancement of cholinergic functions in the brain via acetylcholinesterase inhibition is one of the main therapeutic strategies to improve symptoms associated with Alzheimer's or related cognitive deficits. There is a pathophysiological correlation between Alzheimer's and Diabetes Mellitus, as well as inflammation and oxidative stress that may cause cognitive decline.
Aim of the study:
The present study was intended to evaluate anti-cholinesterase potential of 177 Malaysian plant extracts from 148 species known to have related ethnomedicinal uses such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, epilepsy, headache, memory enhancement and anti-aging.
Materials and methods:
Anti-cholinesterase screening against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes was performed on the basis of in-vitro colorimetric 96-well microplate-based assay method. Potent active plant extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base fractionation for further analysis.
Results:
Fifty-seven plant extracts exhibited potent anti-cholinesterase activities (50-100% inhibition) at 200 μg/ml. Majority of the active plants originated from Fabaceae family. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. stem extract manifested the lowest IC50 of 3.78 μg/ml for AChE and 5.94 μg/ml for BChE. A few native species including Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr., Cyrtostachys renda Blume and Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. showed cholinesterase inhibition despite limited local medical applications. Further anti-AChE evaluation (50 μg/ml) of 18 potent plant extracts harbored active polar components in butanol and water fractions, except Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (leaves and stems), Acacia auriculiformis Benth. (leaves), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg (leaves), and Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg. (leaves) that showed inhibitory activity in less polar fractions. The acidic extraction of these four plant species improved their inhibition level against AChE.
Conclusion:
This study rendered a preliminary overview of anti-cholinesterase activity from diverse Malaysian botanical families in which provided the medical relevance toward these native plant species, especially ones with limited ethnobotanical record or practice.
... When the peel is already crispy it was grounded in a mechanical grinder [7] (Fig. 1b). Ground jackfruit peel was macerated to solvent (70% Ethanol), following the ratio of 1:4 w/v [8]. Maceration was done for 3 days with constant agitation (Fig. 2). ...
Orange is a member of the Rutaceae family which is known as one of the horticultural crops that is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of southern Asia. Citrus plants such as fruit peels are used as a source of essential oil-producing ingredients that have antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine the potential of kaffir lime, lime, and calamansi orange peel essential oils as antioxidants and antibacterials. Scoping review uses the PEOS framework and several databases such as the electronic database Atlantis Press, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Google Scholar search engine. Search results that meet the criteria are then analyzed using PRISMA Flowchart, Data Extraction, and Theme Mapping. The results of the scoping review study of 74 articles related to titles and abstracts, 8 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Essential oils from kaffir lime peel (Citrus hystrix), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and calamansi orange (Citrus microcarpa Bunge.) have antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The higher the concentration of essential oils from the peel of the fruit, the greater the antioxidant and antibacterial activity produced. Fresh orange peel essential oil has the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activity compared to orange twig and leaf oil.
This policy brief is based on a study that determined the profile, status, and prospects of calamansi enterprises in Oriental Mindoro that serve as the basis for the intervention of stakeholder agencies. It focuses on the status of calamansi enterprises in terms of farm practices, post-harvest practices, the volume of production, and distribution channel; the extent of prospects of calamansi enterprises in terms of expansion, processing, and enterprise development; and policy recommendations to address the gaps in marketing management and postharvest handling.
Citrofortunella microcarpa locally known as pkalamansiq belongs to the family Rutaceae is one of the most important marketable fruit crops grown in the Philippines. Aside from being a fruit crop, the plant also houses various endophytic microorganisms which exhibit various symbiotic relationships. Thus, this study isolated fungal endophytes from C. microcarpa stem and leaves and were identified culturally and morphologically. The identities of the fungal species were confirmed using ITS1 and ITS4 sequences. The identified fungal endophytes were tested for their ability to produce fungal enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, laccase and protease. Totally 11 fungal endophytes were isolated from stem and leaves of C. microcarpa namely, Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletorichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum siamense, Fusarium oxysporum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Nigrospora oryzae, Nigrospora rubi, Nodulisporium indicum, Phomopsis azadirachtae, Phyllosticta capitalensis, and an unidentified species under the Order Pleosporales. All the identified endophytic fungal species showed production of amylase. For the cellulose assay, four species namely L. theobromae, N. oryzae, C. gloeosporioides, and the unidentified species had potential for cellulose degradation. Fusarium oxysporum and P. azadirachtae were found to be producers of laccase. Meanwhile, only the unidentified species showed extracellular protease activity.
The oranges were purchased from the local market of Bela. The orange peel and pulp were subjected to successive extraction with solvents in increasing order of their polarity viz. Acetone, hexane, methanol and distilled water. Orange peel and pulp powder was extracted separately by aqueous extraction. The phenolic content of these samples were studied according to the method described by Folin Ciocalteu. In vitro antioxidant activity of orange peel and pulp were assessed using three different methods (Reducing power, Gallic acid method and DPPH scavenging activity). The in-vitro antioxidant activities on these two samples were evaluated. The antioxidant activity by Gallic acid in the orange peel higher in the distilled water (210mg/g) and low in the hexane (79mg/g) and in orange pulp higher in the acetone (522mg/g) and lower in the hexane (210mg/g) and by the DPPH method the higher in distilled water and hexane of orange peel and pulp.
This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacities (AC) and antidiabetic properties of phenolic extracts (free and bound) from white Tambun pomelo peels, kaffir lime peels, lime peels and calamansi peels. AC, total phenolic content (TPC) and antidiabetic properties of selected citrus peels extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay, respectively. This study found that the methanolic extract of kaffir lime showed the best AC with the lowest IC50 value of DPPH radical (7.51 ± 0.50 mg/ml) and highest FRAP value [369.48 ± 20.15 mM Fe (II) E/g DW]. TPC of free phenolic extracts of all citrus peels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to the bound phenolic extracts with extract of calamansi showed the highest TPC. Free- and bound phenolic extract of calamansi also had the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (61.79 ± 4.13%; 45.30 ± 5.35%) respectively. The highest inhibitory effect in α-glucosidase inhibition assay of free- and bound phenolic extracts were white Tambun pomelo (41.06 ± 10.94%) and calamansi (43.99 ± 22.03%) respectively. Hence, the citrus peels could be furthered study for their potential in management and/or prevention of diabetes.
The objective of this study is to induce experimental diabetes mellitus by Streptozotocin in normal adult Wistar rats via comparison of changes in body weight, consumption of food and water, volume of urine and levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide in serum, between normal and diabetic rats. Intra-venous injection of 60mg/kg dose of Streptozotocin in adult wistar rats, makes pancreas swell and at last causes degeneration in Langerhans islet beta cells and induces experimental diabetes mellitus in the 2-4 days. Induction of experimental diabetes mellitus is indeed the first step in the plan of purification of pancreatic Langerhans islet cells of normal rats for transplanting under the testis subcutaneous of experimentally induced diabetic rats. Streptozotocin induces one type of diabetes which is similar to diabetes mellitus with non-ketosis hyperglycemia in some animal species. For induction of experimental diabetes in male adult rats weighted 250-300 grams (75-90 days), 60mg/kg of Streptozotocin was injected intravenously. Three days after degeneration of beta cells, diabetes was induced in all animals. The diabetic and normal animals were kept in the metabolic cages separately and their body weight, consumption of food and water, urine volume, the levels of serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide quantities in all animals were measured and then these quantities were compared. For a microscopic study of degeneration of Langerhans islet beta cells of diabetic rats, sampling from pancreas tissue of diabetic and normal rats, staining and comparison between them, were done. Induction of diabetes with Streptozotocin decreases Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in pancreas islet beta cells and causes histopathological effects in beta cells which probably intermediates induction of diabetes. In this study, we used Streptozotocin for our experiments in induction of experimental diabetes mellitus. After Induction of diabetes, consumption of food and water, volume of urine and glucose increased in the diabetic animals in comparison with normal animals, but the weight of body and the volume of insulin and C-peptide decreased in the diabetic animals. Sampling and staining of pancreas tissue of diabetic and normal rats showed that the Langerhans islet beta cells of diabetic rats have been clearly degenerated. In three days, Streptozotocin makes pancreas swell and at last causes degeneration in Langerhans islet beta cells and induces experimental diabetes. It also changes normal metabolism in diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats. Consumption of water and food, volume of urine, serum glucose increases in diabetic animals in comparison with normal rats but the levels of serum insulin, C-peptide and body weight decreases.
The present paper aims to evaluate antihyperglycemic activity of methanol extract of Citrus limetta fruit peel (MECL) in
streptozotocin-induced (STZ; 65mg/kg b.w.) diabetic rats. Three days after STZ induction, diabetic rats received MECL orally
at 200 and 400 mg kg−1 body weight daily for 15 days. Glibenclamide (0.5mg kg−1 p. o.) was used as reference drug. Blood glucose
levels were measured on 0th, 4th, 8th, and 15th days of study. Serum biochemical parameters namely, SGOT, SGPT and ALP
were estimated. The TBARS and GSH levels of pancreas, kidney, and liver were determined. MECL significantly (P < 0.001) and
dose dependently normalized blood glucose levels and serumbiochemical parameters, decreased lipid peroxidation, and recovered
GSH as compared to those of STZ control. The present paper infers that in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats, C. limetta fruit peel
demonstrated a potential antihyperglycemic effect which may be attributed to its antioxidant property.
Dietary antioxidant compounds such as bioflavonoids may offer some protection against the early stage of diabetes mellitus and the development of complications. We investigated the effect of citrus bioflavonoids on blood glucose level, hepatic glucose-regulating enzymes activities, hepatic glycogen concentration, and plasma insulin levels, and assessed the relations between plasma leptin and body weight, blood glucose, and plasma insulin. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice (db/db mice, 5 wk old), an animal model for type 2 diabetes, were fed a nonpurified diet for 2 wk and then were fed an AIN-76 control diet or the control diet supplemented with hesperidin (0.2 g/kg diet) or naringin (0.2 g/kg diet). Hesperidin and naringin supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose compared with the control group. Hepatic glucokinase activity and glycogen concentration were both significantly elevated in the hesperidin- and the naringin-supplemented groups compared with the control group. Naringin also markedly lowered the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase compared with the control group. Plasma insulin, C-peptide, and leptin levels in the db/db mice from the 2 bioflavonoid-supplemented groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, plasma leptin was positively correlated with plasma insulin level (r = 0.578, P < 0.01) and body weight (r = 0.541, P < 0.05), and was inversely correlated with the blood glucose level (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). The current results suggest that hesperidin and naringin both play important roles in preventing the progression of hyperglycemia, partly by increasing hepatic glycolysis and glycogen concentration and/or by lowering hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Aqueous extract of leaves of 3 herbs ( Murraya koenigii , MK; Psidium guajava , PG and Catharanthus roseus , CR) were used to test their antidiabetic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic albino rats. MK, PG and CR are given to the STZ induced diabetic rats at the concentration of 500 mg/kg body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic rats each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide (GBC) is also given to another group to support the results at the concentration of 3 mg/kg body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Diabetic control received vehicle. Body weight showed significant increase (MK and PG: p<0.05, CR and GBC: p<0.001) after 15 days of treatment with herbal extract when compared with the control. Blood glucose level on 15th day of treatment become significantly low (p<0.001). At the termination of the experiment (on 15th day) the urine glucose and ketone were absent in herbal treated group which was present in the diabetic control. Histological study of the pancreas also assesses the results of body weight and blood glucose level. Islets of diabetic control group were damaged, shrunken in size and infiltration of lymphocytes was observed. While islets of herbal extracts treated rats were comparable to normal rats. Many rounds and elongated islets were evenly distributed through out the cytoplasm. No significant histological alteration was found in glomeruli or any other segment of kidney tubule in STZ induced diabetic rats. In herbal extract treated group no difference was found in kidney tubules when compare with their respective diabetic control. Findings of the present study suggest that the aqueous extract of leaves of MK, PG and CR at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight brings about significant beneficial effects in various physiological/ histological parameters altered during diabetic manifestations and these effects are quite comparable with glibenclamide (a standard drug used to treat diabetes mellitus).
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A member of Kapisanang Agham ng San Beda (Science Organization of San Beda College, Manila Philippines), class officer, a consistent Dean's Lister since her freshman year in San Beda College and was once included in the Annual Honor Roll for Academic Year
- Maria Ysabel
Maria Ysabel T. Morte is an undergraduate BS
Human Biology student from San Beda College,
Manila, Philippines. A member of Kapisanang
Agham ng San Beda (Science Organization of San
Beda College, Manila Philippines), class officer, a
consistent Dean's Lister since her freshman year in
San Beda College and was once included in the
Annual Honor Roll for Academic Year 2015-2016.
She graduated high school in St. Mary's College of