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7 8 Trends in Biosciences 7 (2), 2014
Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced
by Different Nutrient Combinations Under Integrated Farming System
S.R., RAJESH, B.K. DESAI AND S.N. VINODAKUMAR
Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka- 584 104, India
email: vin3234@rediffmail.com , vin3234@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2011
at Integrated Farming System (IFS) unit, E and F Block of
MARS farm, Raichur, Karnataka (India) to study the response
of different nutrient combinations on growth, yield and yield
components of irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.). The resul ts
revealed t hat among differen t nutrient combination s, IFS
manure (5 t/ha ) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF recorded
significantly higher grain yield (79.13 q ha-1), stover yield (110
q ha-1), grain weight per cob (279.36 g), number of grains cob-1
(668.99), number of grains per row (37.67), grain rows cob-1
(17.77) and cob length (23.63 cm). With respect to growth
parameters, IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF
recorded significantly higher higher dry matter production
(389.98 g plant-1 ), plant height (236.60 cm), leaf area per plant
(8599 cm2) and leaf area index (LAI) (4.7) over recommended
dose of fertilizers (150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1), IFS manure @ 5 t/
ha, Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 2.5 t/ha and Poultry manure (P.M.)
@ 1 t/ha.
Key words IFS, nutrient combinations, RDF and organics.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important cereal crops
next only to wheat and rice in the world. In India, it ranks
fourth after rice, wheat and sorghum. Maize is being consumed
both as food and fodder and also required by the various
industries. Maize has high genetic yield potential than other
cereal crops. Hence it is called as ‘miracle crop’ and also as
‘queen of cereals’. Being a C4 plant, it is very efficient in
converting solar energy in to dry matter. As heavy feeder of
nutrients, maize productivity is largely dependent on nutrient
management.
Integrated farming system approach is not only a reliable
way of obtaining fairly high productivity with substantial
fertilizer economy but also concept of ecological soundness
leading to sustainable agriculture (Swaminathan, 1987) and
also deriving maximum compatibility and replenishment of
organic matter by way of proper recycling of organic residues/
wastes obtained through integration of enterprise like fishery,
poultry, goat, milch animal, mushroom and sericultural
activities. Hence, the integrated farming systems, which are
economi cally viable and ecologically compatible,
encompassed with higher productivity to meet the present
and future needs without jeopardizing the potential, are to be
optimized for specific agricultural domain. As heavy feeder of
nutrients, maize productivity is largely dependent on nutrient
management. Therefore, it needs fertile soil to express its yield
potential. Ideal soils are rarely found in nature. Hence, soils
have to be improved to suit the crop not only by adding
nutrients, but also by other soil amendments, like organic
matter for maintaining the activity of ‘Soil life’. Organic
manures, particularly FYM, vermicompost, poultry and IFS
manures, not only supply macronutrients but also meet the
requirements of micronutrients, besides improving soil health.
Boosting yield, reducing production cost and improving soil
health are three inter-linked components of the sustainable
triangle. Therefore suitable combination of chemical fertilizer
and organic manures cultures need to be developed for
particular cropping system and soil. In the light of above facts,
an experiment was planned and executed on maize crop to
study the appropriate nutrient combination to achieve highest
possible yields besides improving the resource base of the
farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season
of 2011 at IFS unit, E and F Block of MARS, Agricultural
College Farm, Raichur situated in North Eastern Dry Zone
(Zone-2) of Karnataka at 16o 12' N latitude and 77o 20' E
longitude with an altitude of 389 meters above the mean sea
level. The experimental was conducted on deep black soil
with clayey texture (51.55 % clay) having pH of 8.10, Electrical
conductivity of 0.30 ds m-1 and organic matter content of 0.70
%. Whereas, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
(243.00, 34.00 and 292.00 kg ha-1, respectively). The experiment
was laid out in RCBD with 14 different nutrient combinations
comprising of organics and inorganics. Among organics
vermicompost (V.C), poultry manure (P.M), IFS manure
(combination of different animal manures of goat, poultry,
milching cows, and bullocks) and among RDF (75, 100 and
125 %) are taken for study. The nutrient content on dry weight
basis of different manures is presented in Table 1. The poultry
manure contained higher per cent of N and P nutrients than
FYM. The K content of vermicompost was much higher than
poultry manure and FYM. RDF was applied i.e., half of the
nitrogen dose, entire dose of phosphorus and potassium in
the form of urea, diammmonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate
of potash (MOP) was applied as basal dose and remaining
half of the nitrogen in the form of urea was top dressed at 30
days after sowing. The hybrid maize Hero-555, with attractive
grain colour, bold seeds, medium tolerance to diseases and
Trends in Biosciences 7(2): 78-82, 2014
RAJESH et al., Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) 7 9
pest and high yielding ability with duration of 110 days was
used for the investigation. The crop was sown on 05th July
2011 with a plot size of 5.4 m x 3.3 m and gap filling was done
after eight days after sowing. Thinning was done fifteen days
after sowing by maintaining one healthy and vigorous
seedling per hill. Hand weeding was done at 20, 45 and 60
days after sowing. Earthing up was done at 60 DAS. All the
growth and yield parameters and grain yield were recorded
and statistically analyzed.
The treatment details:
T1: *IFS manure @ 5 t/ha; T2: Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 2.5
t/ha;T3: Poultry manure (P.M.) @ 1 t/ha; T4: IFS manure (2.5
t/ha) + V.C. (1.25 t/ha) + 75 % RDF ; T5: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) +
P.M. (0.5 t/ha) + 75 % RDF ; T6: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + V.C.
(1.875 t/ha) + 100 % RDF ; T7: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + P.M.
(0.75 t/ha) + 100 % RDF ; T8: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C. (2.5 t/
ha) + 125 % RDF ; T9: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M. (1 t/ha) + 125
% RDF ; T10: IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) + V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M.
(0.33 t/ha) + 75 % RDF ; T11: IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) + V.C. (0.83
t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 100 % RDF ; T12: IFS manure (1.66 t/
ha) + V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 125 % RDF ; T13: RDF
150:75:40kgNPKha-1; T14: RDF + FYM (10 t ha-1)
*IFS manure (combination of different animal manures
of goat, poultry, milching cows, and bullocks), RDF
(Recommended Dose of Fertilizers 150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1).
Table 1. Nutrients content of manures selected for study
by Ibragimov (1990), Jovan ovic, e t a l. , 1993 and
Krishnamurthy, 1995. Similarly, significant increase in grain
an d stover yield of maize due to integrated use of
vermicompost and nitrogenous fertilizers was reported by
Venkatesh, 1999. Application of poultry manure @ 1 t ha-1
alone recorded significantly lower grain and stover yield
compared to combined application of organic and inorganics
(36.80 and 58.67 q/ha). This significant reduction in grain and
stover yield of maize in treatment with poultry manure alone
might be attributed to the significant reduction in yield
components as observed in the present investigation.
The grain yield of maize is a function of many yield
attributing characters like number of cobs per plant, cob length
and number of grains per cob. In the present investigation, all
these yield attributing characters followed the same trend as
that of grain yield (Table. 2, 3 and Fig. 2, 3). The significant
increase in all the yield attributing characters might have
contributed for increased yield in the treatments which
received IFS Manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF and
IFS Manure (5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF compared to
the application of RDF (150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1) + FYM @ 10 t
ha-1. Similar increase in grain yield of maize due to increase in
yield components like grain weight per cob, number of grains
per cob , number of grains per row, grain rows per cob and Cob
length was reported by Sharma, 1983, Chandrashekar, et al.,
2000, Sahoo and Mahapatra, 2004. Significantly higher number
of grains per cob was recorded with application of IFS manure
(5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF (668.99) and IFS manure
(5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF (650.77) over RDF + FYM
(533.49). Number of grains per cob depends on number of
grain rows per cob and number of grains per cob. These results
are in agreement with the results of Chandrashekar, et al.,
2000 and Mahesh, et al., 2010. It was mainly attributed to
better availability of nutrients, which led to the increased leaf
area per plant and maintenance of physiologically active leaf
area for longer duration and ultimately resulted in availability
of photosynthates in sufficient amount to fulfill the demand
of all the rows (Balyan, et al., 2006).
Availability of nutrients especially nitrogen was an
important factor to decide the number of grains per row, grain
weight per cob. Maize grown with IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C
(2.5 t/ha) + 125% RDF and IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) +
125% RDF plots showed significantly higher number of grains
per row and grain weight per cob. Chandrashekar, et al., 2000
mainly attributed this to higher nutrients availability. Better
availability of major nutrients in these treatment resulted in
better leaf and stalk strength to support higher metabolic
activity, rapid emergence of flowering parts, higher pollination
and fertilization. The nutrient deficiency might cause poor
pollination and reduced the number of ovule that would be
fertilized in treatment with poultry manure alone.
The last few days before pollen shedding and silking
were a time when the plant spent most of its energy to produce
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The grain and stover yield of maize were significantly
influenced by the nutrient management practices through IFS
(Table. 2 and Fig. 1). Significantly higher grain and stover
yield was obtained with application of IFS manure (5 t/ha) +
V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF (79.13 & 110 q ha-1 respectively)
and was at par with IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125%
RDF (76.47 and 103.67 q ha-1, respectively) and both the
treatments were significantly superior to RDF + FYM (68.10 &
95 q ha-1). Application of IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) + V.C (0.83 t/
ha) + P.M (0.33 t/ha) + 125 % RDF was found to be the next
best treatment which recorded 72.93 and 98 q ha-1 of grain and
stover yield, respectively. The increase in grain yield of maize
due to application of IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125
% RDF and IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF
was to an extent of 16 and 12 per cent, respectively over RDF
+ FYM. These results are in agreement with the result obtained
Particulars
Nutrient (%)
N P K
IFS manure 0.75 0.61 0.87
Farm yard manure 0.53 0.48 0.62
Poultry manure 2.96 1.70 1.43
Vermicompost 1.85 1.16 1.53
8 0 Trends in Biosciences 7 (2), 2014
Treatments
Grain yield
(q ha-1)
Stover yield
(q ha-1)
Number of
grains cob-1
Grain weight
cob-1 (g)
T
1
: IFS manure @ 5 t/ha
40.27
57.13
278.95
124.87
T2: Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 2.5 t/ha 44.16 61.77 344.75 128.14
T
3
: Poultry manure (P.M.) @ 1 t/ha 36.80 58.67 240.01 117.52
T4: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + V.C. (1.25 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 58.47 82.23 458.97 148.73
T
5
: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + P.M. (0.5 t/ha) + 75 % RDF
54.27
77.20
449.31
144.64
T6: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + V.C. (1.875 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 68.63 96.33 501.97 165.29
T
7
: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + P.M. (0.75 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 66.10 94.13 510.19 162.00
T8: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C. (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 79.13 110.00 668.99 279.36
T9: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M. (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 76.47 103.67 650.77 251.32
T10:
IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 53.37 68.87 465.78 141.49
T11:IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 62.57 86.97 501.31 155.14
T12: IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 72.93 98.00 605.46 217.16
T13: RDF 150:75:40 kg NPK/ ha 58.33 75.07 433.98 150.42
T14: RDF + FYM (10 t/ ha) 68.10 95.00 533.49 165.80
S.Em. ± 1.55 2.97 30.73 11.79
C.D. at 5 % 4.50 8.63 89.33 34.28
IFS manure (combination of different animal manures of goat, poultry, milching cows and bullocks) RDF–150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1
Table 2. Grain yield (q ha-1), Stover yield (q ha-1), Number of grains cob-1 and Grain weight cob-1 (g) of maize as influenced by
nutrient management through Integrated Farming System (IFS)
IFS manure (combination of different animal manures of goat, poultry, milching cows and bullocks) RDF - 150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1
NS: Non Significant
Table 3. Cob length, Test weight, Number of rows cob-1 and Number of grains row-1 of maize as influenced by nutrient
management through Integrated Farming System (IFS)
Treatments
Cob length
(cm)
Test weight
(g)
Number of
rows cob-1
Number of
grains row-1
T
1
: IFS manure @ 5 t/ha
9.00
28.84
10.80
25.62
T2: Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 2.5 t/ha 9.73 30.37 11.39 30.45
T
3
: Poultry manure (P.M.) @ 1 t/ha 8.61 28.66 9 .72 24.77
T4: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + V.C. (1.25 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 11.50 30.63 14.17 32.41
T
5
: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + P.M. (0.5 t/ha) + 75 % RDF
11.17
30.74
13.83
32.42
T6: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + V.C. (1.875 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 18.02 31.36 14.75 34.00
T
7
: IFS
manure (3.75 t/ha) + P.M. (0.75 t/ha) + 100 % RDF
13.80
31.00
14.80
34.43
T8: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C. (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 23.63 31.55 17.77 37.67
T9: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M. (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 22.55 31.51 17.88 36.33
T10:
IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 11.38 30.51 13.70 33.84
T11:IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 12.40 3 0.84 14.40 34.65
T12: IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 20.83 31.03 16.64 36.42
T13: RDF 150:75:40 kg NPK/ ha 11.17 30.22 13.34 32.56
T14: RDF + FYM (10 t/ ha) 16.67 31.03 14.98 35.56
S.Em. ± 0.81 1.08 0 .61 1.53
C.D. at 5 % 2.36 NS 1.76 4.45
matured pollen to form cob and ear structures. Length of the
cob differed significantly due to application of combinations
of organic and inorganic nutrient sources. Maize plant grown
under IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125% RDF and IFS
manure (5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125% RDF had significantly
higher cob length compared to RDF + FYM, inorganic nutrient
sources alone and organic sources alone. Healthy plants were
produced due to higher availability of nutrients with maximum
number of cob rows and ovule and filled enough with starch
after fertilization. The continuous filling of kernels with
sufficient photosynthates led to increase in length and size of
the cob. This finding was also in accordance with Roy and
Singh, 1986, Chandrashekar, et al., 2000) and Balyan, et al.,
2006. The potential weight of individual grain is determined
by the number of endosperm cells, which is formed with in the
first 2-3 weeks after pollination (Jones, et al., 1989).
Due to increased number of grains per cob, the grain
yield of individual maize plant was improved with integration
of IFS manure, VC and RDF over all other source of nutrients
(Iman, et al., 2002).
The differences in the grain yield and yield components
could be traced back to the growth components of maize viz.,
plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index (LAI)
RAJESH et al., Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) 8 1
Table 4. Plant height (cm), Leaf area (cm2), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Dry matter production (g plant-1) of maize as influenced
by nutrient management through Integrated Farming System (IFS)
Treatments
Plant
height (cm)
Leaf
area
(cm2)
LAI
Dry matter production
(g plant-1)
T1: IFS manure @ 5 t/ha 157.2 2170 1.2 222.4
T
2
: Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 2.5 t/ha 159.7 2207 1.2 233.5
T3: Poultry manure (P.M.) @ 1 t/ha 153.7 1958 1.0 219.6
T
4
: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + V.C. (1.25 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 176.6 3624 2.0 284.6
T5: IFS manure (2.5 t/ha) + P.M. (0.5 t/ha) + 75 % RDF 170.8 3752 2.0 280.0
T
6
: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + V.C. (1.875 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 206.7 5513 3.0 339.6
T7: IFS manure (3.75 t/ha) + P.M. (0.75 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 185.3 5824 3.2 310.9
T
8
: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C. (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 236.6 8599 4.7 389.9
T9: IFS manure (5 t/ha) + P.M. (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF 232.9 8285 4.6 376.4
T
10
:
IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M.
(0.33 t/ha) + 75 % RDF
169.4
3268
1.8
269.3
T11:IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 100 % RDF 178.1 6316 3.5 298.3
T
12
: IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) +
V.C. (0.83 t/ha) + P.M. (0.33 t/ha) + 125 % RDF
222.3
7374
4.1
357.0
T13: RDF 150:75:40 kg NPK/ ha 160.4 4767 2.6 263.7
T14: RDF + FYM (10 t/ ha) 193.6 5736 3.1 333.2
S.Em. ± 4.8 317.7 0.1 3.6
C.D. at 5 % 13.9 923.6 0.5 10.7
IFS manure (combination of different animal manures of goat, poultry, milching cows and bullocks) RDF – 150:75:40 kg NPK ha-1
and dry matter accumulation in different parts. All these
parameters have an indirect positive impact on yield
components and yield of maize. The dry matter production
per plant differed significantly due to combined application
of organics and inorganics (Table. 4). At harvest, application
of IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF recorded
significantly higher dry matter (389.98 g plant-1) compared to
RDF + FYM (333.29 g plant-1) and RDF alone (263.78 g plant-
1). Significantly lower dry matter was recorded with application
of P.M @ 1 t/ha (219.66 g plant-1). This might be attributed to
the fact that combined application of fertilizers increased
growth and development, which in turn reflected in higher
number of leaves, leaf area, LAI resulting higher dry matter
production. Similar results were also obtained by Prasad and
Sharma, 1981, Sharma, 1983, Ibragimov, 1990, and Mahesh, et
al., 2010.
Regarding differences among treatments, maize grown
with IFS manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF treated
plots maintained significantly higher plant height at all growth
stages. The increase in the plant height may be attributed to
increased level of nitrogen supply and improvement in soil
properties. Similar views were expressed by Sharma, 1983,
Channabasavanna, et al., 2002 and Grazia, et al., 2003 who
noticed taller plants in treatments which received higher
nitrogen.
Fig. 1. Grain yield (q/ha) and Stover yield (q/ha) of maize as
influenced by nutrient management through Integrated
Farming System (IFS)
Fig. 2. Number of grains per cob and Grain weight per cob of
maize as influenced by nutrient management through
Integrated Farming System (IFS)
8 2 Trends in Biosciences 7 (2), 2014
The leaf area and LAI plays an important role in
determining the total biomass production and quality of
photosynthates available for grain production. Integrated
nutrient management practices recorded significantly higher
leaf area and LAI at all stages of crop growth over application
of organic manures and inorganic manures alone. Leaf area
and LAI recorded significantly higher with application of IFS
manure (5 t/ha) + V.C (2.5 t/ha) + 125 % RDF (8599 cm2 and 4.7,
respectively) was on par with treatment receiving IFS manure
(5 t/ha) + P.M (1 t/ha) + 125 % RDF (8285 cm2 and 4.6,
respectively) over RDF alone (4767cm2 and 2.6, respectively)
and RDF+FYM (5736 cm2 and 3.1, respectively). This increased
leaf area may be attributed to higher number leaves per plant.
These results are in agreement with the findings of Prasad, et
al., 1985, Selvaraju and Iruthayaraj, 1994 and Grazia, et al.,
2003.
Application of organics was found beneficial in
improving the soil fertility when compared to application of
RDF alone to obtain higher yield. From this study it can be
concluded that to get higher grain yields it is advocated to
follow IFS manure (5 t/ha) + Poultry manure (1 t/ha) + 125%
RDF, or IFS manure (1.66 t/ha) + Vermicompost (0.83 t/ha) +
P.M. (0.33) + 125% recommended dose of fertilizers.
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Recieved on 22- 09- 201 3 Accept ed on 1 5-10-20 13