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Development of a 0.6-MV Ultracompact Magnetic Core Pulsed Transformer for High-Power Applications

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The generation of high-power electromagnetic waves is one of the major applications in the field of high-intensity pulsed power. The conventional structure of a pulsed power generator contains a primary energy source and a load separated by a power-amplification system. The latter performs time compression of the slow input energy pulse and delivers a high-intensity power output to the load. Usually, either a Marx generator or a Tesla transformer is used as a power amplifier. In the present case, a system termed "module oscillant utilisant une nouvelle architecture" (MOUNA) uses an innovative and very compact resonant pulsed transformer to drive a dipole antenna. This paper describes the ultracompact multiprimary winding pulsed transformer developed in common by the Université de Pau and Hi Pulse Company that can generate voltage pulses of up to 0.6 MV, with a rise time of less than 270 ns. The transformer design has four primary windings, with two secondary windings in parallel, and a Metglas 2605SA1 amorphous iron magnetic core with an innovative biconic geometry used to optimize the leakage inductance. The overall unit has a weight of 6 kg and a volume of only 3.4 L, and this paper presents in detail its design procedure, with each of the main characteristics being separately analyzed. In particular, simple but accurate analytical calculations of both the leakage inductance and the stray capacitance between the primary and secondary windings are presented and successfully compared with CST-based results. Phenomena such as the core losses and saturation induction are also analyzed. The resonant power-amplifier output characteristics are experimentally studied when attached to a compact capacitive load, coupled to a capacitive voltage probe developed jointly with Loughborough University. Finally, an LTspice-based model of the power amplifier is introduced and its predictions are compared with results obtained from a thorough experimental study.
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156 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Development of a 0.6-MV Ultracompact
Magnetic Core Pulsed Transformer for
High-Power Applications
Laurent Pécastaing ,Senior Member, IEEE, Marc Rivaletto, Antoine Silvestre de Ferron,
Romain Pecquois, and Bucur M. Novac ,Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract The generation of high-power electromagnetic
waves is one of the major applications in the field of high-
intensity pulsed power. The conventional structure of a pulsed
power generator contains a primary energy source and a load
separated by a power-amplification system. The latter performs
time compression of the slow input energy pulse and delivers a
high-intensity power output to the load. Usually, either a Marx
generator or a Tesla transformer is used as a power amplifier.
In the present case, a system termed “module oscillant utilisant
une nouvelle architecture” (MOUNA) uses an innovative and very
compact resonant pulsed transformer to drive a dipole antenna.
This paper describes the ultracompact multiprimary winding
pulsed transformer developed in common by the Université de
Pau and Hi Pulse Company that can generate voltage pulses of up
to 0.6 MV, with a rise time of less than 270 ns. The transformer
design has four primary windings, with two secondary windings
in parallel, and a Metglas 2605SA1 amorphous iron magnetic core
with an innovative biconic geometry used to optimize the leakage
inductance. The overall unit has a weight of 6 kg and a volume of
only 3.4 L, and this paper presents in detail its design procedure,
with each of the main characteristics being separately analyzed.
In particular, simple but accurate analytical calculations of both
the leakage inductance and the stray capacitance between the
primary and secondary windings are presented and successfully
compared with CST-based results. Phenomena such as the core
losses and saturation induction are also analyzed. The resonant
power-amplifier output characteristics are experimentally studied
when attached to a compact capacitive load, coupled to a
capacitive voltage probe developed jointly with Loughborough
University. Finally, an LTspice-based model of the power ampli-
fier is introduced and its predictions are compared with results
obtained from a thorough experimental study.
Index Terms—High voltage techniques, pulse power systems,
transformers.
I. INTRODUCTION
FOR the last few years, the intentional electromagnetic
interference (IEMI) has been developed as a new threat
Manuscript received March 10, 2017; revised October 16, 2017; accepted
November 19, 2017. Date of publication December 22, 2017; date of
current version January 8, 2018. This work was supported by Direction
Générale de l’Armement, the French Ministry for Defense, under Contract
N07.34.027. The review of this paper was arranged by Senior Editor
W. Jiang. (Corresponding author: Laurent Pécastaing.)
L. Pécastaing, M. Rivaletto, A. S. de Ferron, and R. Pecquois are with the
Laboratoire SIAME, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 64000 Pau,
France (e-mail: laurent.pecastaing@univ-pau.fr).
B. M. Novac is with the Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Man-
ufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU,
U.K. (e-mail: b.m.novac@lboro.ac.uk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2017.2781620
to electronic systems. The aim of the novel directed energy
weapons based on high-power microwave technology [1]–[5]
is to try to interact with today’s modern increasingly complex
combination of software and hardware electronics. Basically,
there are two types of IEMI threats having either narrowband
or wideband waveforms. Whereas the narrowband waveform
threats (in the domain of a few and up to tens of gigahertz)
use vacuum technology sources, the wideband and ultra-
wideband waveform threats (in the domain of a few hundreds
of megahertz and up to a few gigahertz) are based on high-
power fast switching technologies [6], [7]. Related to the
wideband threats, simple short duration oscillating power
systems [8] are very useful tools to investigate the suscepti-
bility of electronic systems using unprotected wiring (ethernet
cables and/or power cords). The conventional design of such
a type of directed energy weapon consists of a primary energy
source and an antenna, separated by a power-amplification
system that forward the conditioned energy impulse from
the source to the antenna, such as a Marx generator [9] or
an air-core Tesla transformer [10]. The present arrangement,
however, (described in [11]), uses an innovative ultracompact
0.6-MV resonant magnetic core transformer which allows an
important volume saving when compared with similar pulsed
power generator topologies previously described in the open
literature. The aim of this paper is to present in detail the
development of the resonant magnetic core pulsed transformer.
The design procedure, the calculations of leakage inductance
and stray capacitances, and an LTspice-based study [12] will
all be discussed. Finally, experimental results are compared
with software predictions.
II. MOUNA ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE AND THE
REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED ON THE
PULSED TRANSFORMER
The study of the novel ultracompact 0.6-MV resonant
magnetic core transformer described in the following was part
of a much larger project related to the design, manufacturing,
and testing of an autonomous and compact electromagnetic
pulse source termed module oscillant utilisant une nouvelle
architecture (MOUNA) [11].
Fig. 1 presents a schematic of the overall MOUNA system
housed inside a dipole antenna having a length of about 1 m,
a diameter of about 22 cm, and corresponding to a volume
of about 38 L. The MOUNA energy source is based on
0093-3813 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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PÉCASTAING et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A 0.6-MV ULTRACOMPACT MAGNETIC CORE PULSED TRANSFORMER 157
Fig. 1. MOUNA electromagnetic source. Arrangement of main components
inside the dipole antenna (top). Overall view of the metallic dipole antenna
in which all components are integrated, with the dark volume on the far right
side being an oil reservoir (bottom).
Fig. 2. MOUNA simplified circuit highlighting the principle of resonant
energy transfer.
a magnetic core pulsed transformer powered by a battery-
charged HV dc/dc converter charging a capacitor Cpto an
initial voltage Vp. The capacitor is mounted in the pri-
mary winding circuit discharged using a triggered closing
switch Sw. Fig. 2 presents the equivalent electrical scheme of
the MOUNA circuit, highlighting the resonant energy transfer
principle. When the switch closes, the energy stored in the
capacitor is transferred to an oil-filled output transmission
line (having a capacitance included in the overall load equiv-
alent capacitance Csof Fig. 2) via the high-voltage pulsed
transformer, having a winding ratio nand a total primary
winding circuit self-inductance Lp, which includes a leakage
self-inductance Lσ. The output transmission line has a peaking
switch operated under oil and mounted at its input and a dipole
antenna connected at its output. When the transmission line
is crowbarred by the peaking switch, the remaining circuit
is equivalent to a damped oscillator; the energy of which is
radiated by the dipole antenna.
For a resonant transformer, the transfer is optimal
when [13]
Cp=n2Cs(1)
with the corresponding maximum output voltage Vs
given by
Vs=nVp.(2)
The transformer load capacitance Csincludes the capacitance
of the transmission line Cline, the capacitance between primary
and secondary windings Cps, the capacitance between the
secondary winding and the magnetic core Csc, and other stray
capacitances that will be detailed later.
As the antenna includes all components, its size is fixed
by the overall volume constraints of the MOUNA project.
In such conditions CST Microwave Studio [14] simulations
were used to obtain the optimum value of the transmission line
capacitance Cline as 80 pF [13] for which, at a 600-kV charg-
ing voltage, the maximum amount of energy is transferred
(coupled) to the dipole antenna. This essential result is actually
imposing both limits and requirements to the design of the
entire transformer-based pulsed power generator. The pulsed
transformer is required therefore to amplify the initial voltage
of 10–600 kV and be capable to charge an 80-pF capacitive
load. At the same time, the transformer has to minimize its
volume, but still preserve its electrical integrity under very
high electric field stress.
The same type of CST simulations [11] showed that the
closure time of the peaking switch has an influence on the
antenna radiation gain and it was found that this time can be
reduced if the time to peak, also termed transfer time, of the
output voltage signal generated by the transformer is made
shorter.
Taking into account all the results obtained during the
preliminary study of the MOUNA source, it was decided
that the main electrical performance required from the pulsed
transformer is the generation on Csof a voltage impulse
of 0.6 MV with a transfer time less than 500 ns. As an
immediate consequence and according to (2), because the
charging voltage Vpof the primary capacitance Cpis limited
by the dc/dc converter to 10 kV, the transformer winding ratio
nmust be 60. If the primary winding is chosen to be a single-
turn coil (i.e., Np=1), the secondary winding will have a
number of turns Ns=n.
III. PULSED TRANSFORMER DESIGN PROCEDURE,
ITS GEOMETRY,AND THE MAGNETIC
CORE CHARACTERISTICS
The procedure to design of the transformer is detailed in
the following. The starting point is to fulfill the required
electrical parameters Vp,Vs,Cline,andtpeak (defined in the
following). The need for a certain magnetic core saturation
characteristic Bsat and a particular magnetic core geometry
are both clearly explained in the following. The required
dimensions of the magnetic core, i.e., its inner core radius
(Rin_core), cross section (S), and height (h), are roughly esti-
mated. These values were used to help in choosing a particular
magnetic core from the manufacturer’s catalog. Once the
precise geometry of the core is thus established, including
its square-shaped core section, the next steps are to calculate
the transformer stray elements: its leakage inductance (Lσ)
and both transformer capacitances: primary to secondary (Cps)
and secondary to core (Csc). First, simple techniques are
established to estimate analytically these essential parameters,
followed by their benchmarking against very precise, but
time consuming, calculations using a state-of-the-art software
package (CST). Finally, an optimization process is described
that helps to improve the transformer characteristics that are
158 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
z
r
r
z
Secondary winding
Primary winding
Conical winding
Fig. 3. Winding strategies for the secondary winding.
Primary winding
Secondary
windings
Magnetic circuit
Fig. 4. Sectional view of the transformer geometry.
then used with a circuit solver (LTSpice) to simulate the final
electrical performance of the pulsed transformer.
The transfer time (or time to peak, 0%–100%) of the
transformer output voltage can be expressed as
tpeak =πLpCpn2Cs
Cp+n2Cs.(3)
As easily noticed the transfer time depends on Lpwhich
includes, apart from the leakage self-inductance Lσ,other
parasitic self-inductances related to wires, capacitors, switches,
connections, etc. The leakage self-inductance depends mainly
on the volume between the primary and the secondary wind-
ings [16] and therefore this volume must be kept as low as pos-
sible. A conical form for the secondary winding (see Fig. 3),
in contrast to the standard cylindrical winding, maintains the
electric field (approximated as the ratio of voltage by radius)
at a relatively constant value along the z-axis and therefore can
better accommodate the high-voltage insulation requirements.
As a consequence, the volume is reduced and interestingly,
as demonstrated later, the leakage inductance value is also
lowered.
Fig. 4 shows the transformer magnetic circuit consisting
of two separate D-shaped circuits designed to fit inside the
200-mm-diameter cylindrical volume required by MOUNA.
In the transformer center the magnetic core, which is made
from the two D pieces touching, has an overall square cross
section S. Due to mechanical requirements for inserting the
windings and the biconical electrical insulation, each circuit
is broken into two parts and the assembly is compressed
by a conductive clam collar. The secondary consists of two
conical windings, connected in parallel for halving the leakage
inductance and although this feature results in an increased
parasitic capacitance, it will be later proved that this design
reduces the transfer time.
As both the transformer and the crowbar peaking switch
operate under oil, tests were performed to experimentally
determine the oil pulsed electrical field breakdown for con-
ditions close to the present application. The oil chosen is a
high-quality transformer oil-type Mobilect 39 [17], produced
by the Mobil Company, and the tests consisted of applying
voltage impulses with a time to peak of 500 ns to the oil-
filled peaking switch. For obtaining the required performance
at 0.6 MV, a gap distance of about 4 mm was found to be
necessary.
For conditions inside the transformer, the electric field
FBD (in kV/cm) for which there is a 50% probability of
electric breakdown, depends on the area under electric stress A
(in cm2) and the effective stress time teff (in microsecond) by
the expression [18]
FBD =480t1
3
eff A0.073 (4)
valid for uniform field configurations. For the specific working
conditions the FBD is estimated around 1000 kV/cm, a value
very close to 1100 kV/cm determined experimentally [19].
The magnetic circuit is made of Metglas 2605SA1 [20].
The advantages of using this material are: low losses, a good
behavior at high frequency, and a large value for the saturation
induction Bsat of 1.56 T. This material, with characteristics
provided in [15], is commonly used in power transformers and
coils operated at high frequency. The magnetic circuit must
be designed with a cross section large enough not to allow
saturation during the energy transfer. In the case of resonant
transfer, the variation of the magnetic induction B=Bsat
during tpeak =T/2 is related to the integral of the output
voltage by the following equation:
T
2
0
VS(t)dt =NS·B·S(5)
where Tis the period and f=1/Tis the corresponding
frequency of the output voltage impulse. The cross section
can be straightforwardly estimated from
T
2
0
VSmax
21cos 2π
Ttdt =VSmaxT
4.(6)
For VSmax =600 kV, T/2 =500 ns, NS=60, and
B=1.56 T, the cross section Sis obtained as
S=VSmaxT
4NSB1600 mm2.(7)
As a consequence, as the central magnetic material has a
square cross section, the side of the square is c=40 mm,
and therefore each D-shaped piece in Fig. 4 has a
thickness c/2.
The circular single-turn primary winding, made from a
0.5-mm-thick copper foil, has to be mounted as close as
PÉCASTAING et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A 0.6-MV ULTRACOMPACT MAGNETIC CORE PULSED TRANSFORMER 159
Fig. 5. Definition of the main transformer dimensions.
possible to the magnetic circuit. The minimum inner diameter
Din_prim of the primary winding can be calculated as
Din_prim =c2+2e(8)
where eis the thickness of the cylindrical primary winding
dielectric mandrel. The dielectric material used to mechani-
cally hold the winding and provide insulation to the magnetic
core is made of polyoxymethylene (POM). The dc dielectric
strength of POM is in excess of 20 kV/mm and therefore a
1-mm-thickness is sufficient but, to ensure sufficient mechan-
ical strength, its thickness has been chosen 2 mm. In these
conditions and using (8) Din_prim is about 60.5 mm.
Each secondary winding is wound on a conical-shaped
mandrel. The dielectric strength of the oil is close to the
dielectric strength of the material used to manufacture the
mandrel and the electric field can be considered as homoge-
neous. In such a case, the best solution is to position the last
turn of the secondary winding (which is raised at the highest
voltage) at an equal distance from both the magnetic circuit
and the primary winding.
To meet this requirement and in reference to Fig. 5, for
Rin_core =80 mm and Rout_prim =31 mm, it is necessary that
Rout_sec =Rin_core +Rout_prim
255.5mm.(9)
The height hin Fig. 5, valid for both the primary and the
secondary windings, can be estimated as
hR2
int_core R2
out_prim 74 mm.(10)
Once the conical mandrel is defined, in order to wind the
60 turns for each of the two parallel-mounted secondary
windings, it is necessary the pitch pto be less than a value
estimated as
p=h2+(Rout_sec Rout_prim)2
n1.3mm.(11)
The selected wire is a single strand of copper with an insu-
lating sheath made of Teflon. Its outer diameter is 1.25 mm
and the diameter of the conductor of 0.65 mm (AWG 22). The
main advantages of a Teflon sheath are very good dielectric
properties but even more importantly its good resistance to
Fig. 6. 3-D drawing of the two, parallel-mounted, secondary windings.
mineral oil attack. As the transformer is operated at a fre-
quency f of about 1 MHz, the skin effect plays a significant
role, but these losses are negligible when compared with the
magnetic core losses and therefore the use of Litz wires would
not bring an improvement. The resultant secondary winding
design is presented in Fig. 6.
The average magnetic path LC of the two D-shaped circuits
can be calculated as
Lc=2Rout_core c
4tan1
Rout_core c
42c
42
c/4
+2Rout_core c
42c
42.(12)
In (12), Rout_core =100 mm is the outer radius of the
magnetic core and the resultant Lcis estimated as 442 mm.
The magnetic core mass MCcan also be estimated as
Mc=Lc·S·ρ(13)
and, for the magnetic material density ρ=7.18 g/cm3,
the results are MC5.1 kg.
To have an idea of the energy efficiency of the magnetic core
transformer, we use the Steinmetz empirical law [21] for an
accurate estimation of the magnetic core power density losses
Pwat a sinusoidal resonant frequency f (defined above) as
Pw=kfαˆ
Bβ(14)
where ˆ
B=Bsat. Using the values for the coefficients as
provided in [22]: k=6, α=1.51, and β=1.74, the result
is obtained as Pw445 kW/kg. During a pulse, the energy
Ejlost in the magnetic core can be calculated as
Ej=Pw·tpeak ·Mc(15)
with the result, Ej1 J, representing only 2.5% of the total
initial stored energy in the primary winding capacitance.
IV. LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE CALCULATION
As already indicated, the transformer total leakage induc-
tance Lσis one of the parameters which influences the
rise time of the transformer and therefore it is essential to
minimize its value. For convenience, an analytical calculation
of leakage inductance gives in most cases an acceptable
160 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Fig. 7. CST EM Studio simulation of transformer magnetic field intensity.
estimate to be used in the design of transformers. For one
of the two identical and parallel-mounted secondary windings
of the transformer, the leakage inductance Lσis related to the
total energy Wmagnetic stored by an imperfect flux coupling
in the nonmagnetic regions between primary and secondary
windings. This energy can be estimated as [23]
Wmagnetic =1
2lσI2
p(16)
where Ipis the primary current. For the present design, both
the primary and the secondary windings represent only thin
layers, occupying small volumes compared with the volume
between primary and secondary windings [24]. In such condi-
tions, it is reasonable to consider a constant magnetic field H
generated in the space between the two windings [16]. With
this assumption, the total energy stored is calculated as
Wmagnetic =μ0|H|2
2Vol =μ0NpIp
h2
2Vol (17)
for which the corresponding leakage self-inductance can be
estimated as
lσ=μ0N2
p
h2Vol (18)
where Vol is the dielectric volume between the coils, measured
as 290 cm3. For the dimensions calculated previously and
Np=1, the estimated leakage self-inductance is about 67 nH,
in good agreement with measurements performed with a
HIOKI IM3536 LCR bridge at 1 MHz providing values
between 64 and 66 nH. We note that the leakage inductance
value for a cylindrical winding strategy for this transformer
(Fig. 3) is about 113 nH making obvious that the conical
winding strategy is advantageous, allowing a 41% reduction
of this unwanted parameter. As the transformer has two
secondary windings mounted in parallel, its total leakage self-
inductance was approximated as Lσ33 nH. Estimates were
also obtained for the self-inductance of the primary capacitor
as about 67 nH and for all electrical connections including
the closing switch as about 50 nH, allowing the total self-
inductance of the primary winding circuit Lpto be estimated
as 150 nH.
A study made using CST EM Studio [25] confirmed all
these simple estimates. The results in Fig. 7 show that, apart
from a slight field enhancement just visible near the primary
windings, the intensity of the magnetic field is indeed constant
in the material between the primary and secondary windings,
as assumed above (with a value around 160 kA/m). In addition,
CST EM Studio evaluates the total magnetic energy stored in
this space at about 9 J, a value that validates the above estimate
of the total leakage inductance Lσ.
V. CAPACITANCES CALCULATION
In high-frequency transformers, there are four different
types of capacitance [26]: capacitance between the turns in a
winding, capacitance between the layers of a winding, capac-
itance between windings, and stray capacitance between the
windings and the magnetic core. In the present case, the first
two can be neglected with respect to the last two. In what
follows the most important capacitance, that one between the
primary and secondary windings will be evaluated, followed
by an estimate of the stray capacitance of the secondary
winding to core.
In analogy with the technique used to estimate the leakage
inductance, the primary–secondary capacitance Cps will be
calculated using the electric energy Welectric stored between
the two windings
Welectric =1
2Cpsn2V2
p=1
2ε0εrVol
E2dv(19)
where ε0is the permittivity of free space, εr=3.7 the relative
permittivity of the POM, and
Eis the electric field vector
generated between windings.
The primary coil is mounted very close to the beginning
of the secondary coil, so that Rout_prim Rin_sec.The
distance Dps between the two coils and the electrical potential
between them, they both vary linearly with axial distance z
Dps(z)=Rout_sec Rout_prim
hz(20)
Vps(z)=n
hVpz.(21)
As a consequence the electric field is practically constant
Eps(z)=nVp
Rout_sec Rout_prim =Emax.(22)
In these conditions, the calculation is straightforward
1
2n2V2
pCps =1
2ε0εrRout_sec
Rout_prim
rdr 2π
0
dθh
0
E2
ps(z)dz (23)
Cps =πε0εrh(Rout_sec +Rout_prim)
Rout_sec Rout_prim 30 pF.(24)
This value corresponds to only one of the two identical sec-
ondary windings. As the two secondary windings are mounted
in parallel, the transformer primary to secondary capacitance
is double.
A CST EM Studio simulation of the transformer provided
for one winding an admittance of 195 μSat1MHz,which
corresponds to 31 pF, in excellent agreement with the simple
analytical estimate of (24).
The stray capacitance Csc between the secondary winding
and the external core can also be analytically estimated.
PÉCASTAING et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A 0.6-MV ULTRACOMPACT MAGNETIC CORE PULSED TRANSFORMER 161
Fig. 8. Top view of one-half of the transformer. The gray area represents
the magnetic core, while the semicircle represents the secondary winding. For
simplicity of calculus, to obtain a rough estimate of the capacitance between
the secondary winding and the magnetic core (C), the surface area of the
capacitor “plates” is approximated by a segment of the semicircle having an
angle απ/2.
In order to simplify the calculus of capacitance in cylindrical
coordinates, the two surfaces of the capacitor Csc are chosen
somehow arbitrary as being segments of a semicircle of angle
α90° (as in Fig. 8). Therefore, the distance Dsc and the
voltage between the secondary winding and the core Vsc are
calculated as
Dsc(z)R2
in_core(zh)2Rout_secRout_prim
hzRout_prim
(25)
Vsc(z)=n
hVpz.(26)
Using (25) and (26), it is easy to determine the axial variation
of the electric field:
Esc(z)
n
hVpz
R2
in_core(zh)2Rout_secRout_prim
hzRout_prim
.
(27)
In these conditions, Csc is obtained by numerically solving the
equation
αCsc =ε0εr1Rin_core
Rout_sec rdr 0dθh
0E2
sc(z)dz
n2V2
p6pF.(28)
Note that in (28) εr1=2.25 is the relative permittivity of the
oil in which the transformer is immersed. As above, because
the transformer is composed of two secondary windings in
parallel, the total secondary-core capacitance is multiplied by
two. The same CST Microwave Studio simulation provided a
value of 6.5 pF, again in excellent agreement with the simple
estimate.
The above calculations highlight the fact that the stray
capacitances cannot be neglected with respect to Cline,and
this obviously affects the energy transfer efficiency. There are
also other stray capacitances between the following:
1) the secondary winding and the structure in which the
transformer is enclosed (the antenna strand);
2) the secondary winding and the spark gaps of the primary
winding;
3) the secondary winding and the output spark gap;
4) the two secondary windings.
Fig. 9. Variation of the time to peak and of the rise time with the number
of primary windings.
But unfortunately these cannot be estimated by simple analyt-
ical calculations. Using CST modeling, however, these were
evaluated at a total of about 50 pF.
All the above analysis shows that the total capacitive output
load of the transformer has a value of
Cs=Cline +2Cps +2Csc +50 pF 200 pF.
VI. DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND
PRACTICAL REALIZATION
Based on the calculated value for Csand the requirement
for an optimal resonant transfer (1), the value for the corre-
sponding primary capacitance Cp=n2Csis about 720 nF.
This value is too large because it will increase the transformer
transfer time [time to peak, (3)] to about 725 ns, which in turn
will induce core saturation during the rise time of the input
voltage. Two solutions are possible:
1) increase the cross section of the magnetic circuit;
2) decrease the self-inductance of the primary circuit so
that the transfer time remains less than 500 ns.
Increasing the magnetic circuit will result in an increase of
transformer’s mass and a decrease in the volume available
for the windings, while the isolation constraints and the stray
capacitances will also increase. The solution therefore consists
in reducing the transfer time by decreasing the primary self-
inductance using several windings mounted in parallel. In case
of a number Xof parallel-mounted primary circuits, the time
to peak and the rise time are
tpeak(X)=πLpLσ
X+Lσ·Cpn2Cs
Cp+n2Cs(29)
trise(X)=0.295 ×2πLpLσ
X+Lσ·Cpn2Cs
Cp+n2Cs
(30)
and Fig. 9 presents the dependence of these time character-
istics on the number of parallel-mounted primary windings.
This solution brings as a bonus the advantage of reducing the
current switched by each synchronized primary spark gap [15],
thus enabling a higher pulse repetition frequency (PRF) oper-
ation to be envisaged. The total current flowing in the primary
162 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Fig. 10. Variation with the number of primary windings of the (a) total
primary current and (b) current in each winding.
Fig. 11. 3-D CAD views of (a) four single-turn primary windings and
(b) their POM mandrel.
circuit can be determined from
Imax(X)=
Cpn2Cs
Cp+n2Cs
LpLσ
X+LσVp.(31)
The only drawback of operating Xparallel circuits is the need
for synchronization between the Xspark gaps. A compromise
has to be found between the difficulty of mechanical realiza-
tion, the current switched by each spark gap and the time to
peak of the transformer output voltage. A reasonable choice is
to have four parallel primary circuits that allows reducing the
overall self-inductance of the primary circuit (Lp)to62nH
and, as required, brings the theoretical time to peak to 469 ns,
i.e., less than the required 500 ns. A small-size Marx generator
is used to synchronize the four switches [15]. At the same
time, this design limits the current switched by each primary
spark gap to only 6.2 kA and thus reduces the erosion of the
electrodes of the spark gaps, allowing a higher PRF operation
of the overall MOUNA system.
Unfortunately, for practical reasons related to component
availability, only capacitors having a capacitance of 200 nF,
a stray self-inductance of 64 nH and capable of delivering
a current of about 10 kA were available to be used as
power sources in each winding circuit. Because of this the
total primary capacitance is raised to 800 nF, i.e., larger
than the 720 nF requested by (1), and such conditions
the efficiency of the energy transfer is slightly reduced but
the higher capacitance allows the generation of a larger
output voltage. The time to peak and the rise time are
482 and 285 ns, respectively, while the maximum primary
current is 25 kA.
The single-turn primary windings loops are each made from
a 0.5-mm-thick, 20-mm-wide copper sheet [Fig. 11(a)]. For
optimizing the magnetic coupling, it immediately follows that
the dimensions of the single-turn should be as close to the
magnetic core as allowed by the required insulating properties
Fig. 12. Final 3-D CAD design. (a) Transformer exploded. (b) Overall view.
Fig. 13. Photograph of the completed resonant magnetic core pulsed
transformer.
Fig. 14. LTspice pulse generator simulation scheme.
of the mandrel. A POM support is used both as a mandrel and
as a primary winding-magnetic circuit insulator [Fig. 11(b)]
and transformer Nomex paper is used to insulate the individual
windings.
To conclude, the theoretical analysis of the resonant trans-
former and the optimization procedure provides the following
final design characteristics:
1) four single-turn, parallel-mounted primary windings;
2) two parallel-mounted secondary windings each having
sixty turns;
3) total primary capacitance: 800 nF (four parallel-mounted
primary capacitors each of 200 nF);
4) total secondary capacitance: 200 pF;
5) output voltage rise time: 285 ns;
6) output voltage time to peak: 482 ns (less than 500 ns
required to avoid saturation);
7) total primary current: 25 kA;
8) total secondary current: 417 A.
Fig. 12 shows the final 3-D CAD drawings, and Fig. 13
presents a photograph of the assembled magnetic core pulsed
transformer.
VII. LTSPICE MODELING
The numerical simulation of the resonant pulsed transformer
was carried out using the LTspice free software (Fig. 14),
PÉCASTAING et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A 0.6-MV ULTRACOMPACT MAGNETIC CORE PULSED TRANSFORMER 163
Fig. 15. Hysteresis cycle for Metglas 2605SA1.
Fig. 16. LTSpice results. (a) Transformer output voltage. (b) Magnetic flux
density inside magnetic core.
having as load a capacitor simulating the antenna, with a
specially developed voltage probe [27] mounted in parallel.
The resistance of one secondary winding is about 0.85
for a dc current, but raises to 2.33 for a pulsed current
injected at the transformer’s resonant frequency. This last
value, divided by 2 to take into account the parallel coupling
of the two secondary windings, was used in numerical simula-
tions. The results show the resistance lowers the peak voltage
value by only 0.05%. It is therefore reasonable to be neglected
from the electrical equivalent circuit.
The model for the hysteresis cycle of the transformer core
magnetic material is adopted from [28]. The magnetic model is
defining the hysteresis cycle of the material using only three
parameters, Hc,Br,andBsat, which, respectively, represent
the coercive magnetic field, the remanent, and the saturation
magnetic flux density. For the Metglas 2605SA1 the values
are: Hc=4A/m,Br=1.2T,andBsat =1.56 T, and
the theoretical hysteresis cycle thus obtained is very close
to the real curve obtained from the manufacturer (Fig. 15).
Fig. 16 presents theoretical predictions: the transformer output
peak is predicted to be 0.6 MV with a rise time of 268 ns
with the core magnetic induction reaching the saturation value
just before the end of the resonant transfer. Therefore, this
unwanted phenomenon has a small influence on the amplitude
of the output voltage.
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The transformer was tested having the same ultracompact
arrangement as when mounted inside the dipole antenna, with
a polymer skeleton holding the various elements together
(Fig. 17). The term “ultracompact arrangement” is for the fact
that components are coupled with the shortest possible con-
nections. The pulsed transformer-based generator was tested
in a steel tank filled with oil (Mobilect 39) and degassed
Fig. 17. Ultracompact arrangement of the pulsed transformer-based generator.
Fig. 18. (a) Electrical scheme of the test. (b) Photograph of the real
experimental arrangement without oil.
under vacuum. The antenna is simulated by a capacitive load
of 80 pF, and the measurement of the output voltage is carried
out using a homemade fast 0.6-MV voltage probe described
in [27]. The electrical circuit and the overall experimental
arrangement are both shown in Fig. 18.
One of the challenges of the MOUNA project is the genera-
tion of signals of short duration (500 ns) and very high voltage
(0.6 MV) in a very limited volume (less than 4 L). As the
tests described here are carried out without the output peaking
spark gap switch, the very high voltage output signal has a
duration approaching 5 μs, with multiple voltage inversions
making the electrical stress conditions much more demanding
than those encountered during operation with the transformer-
based generator placed inside the MOUNA assembly. This
issue required a very careful monitoring of the degassed oil.
A. Results Obtained in Single-Shot Mode
Fig. 19 presents the measured time history of the output
voltage for input voltages with a constant rise time around
265 ns in the range between 5 and 10 kV. At 0.6 MV, the trans-
former still operated normally but unfortunately an electrical
breakdown was noticed inside the 80-pF capacitor simulating
the Cline capacitance. As shown in Fig. 20, the output voltage
increases linearly as a function of the input voltage up to
0.5 MV. For higher voltages, as predicted by the LTSpice
model, the magnetic core begins to saturate before the end
of the energy transfer. It is possible, at least theoretically,
to overcome this saturation by premagnetizing the magnetic
circuit with a dc voltage of opposite polarity to the input
voltage, in order to cover the entire amplitude of the hysteresis
cycle of the magnetic material. To date this solution has not
164 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Fig. 19. Time variation of transformer output voltage for input voltages in
the range of 5–10 kV.
Fig. 20. Variation of the transformer output peak voltages for an input voltage
in the range of 4.5–10 kV.
Fig. 21. Record of a burst of 100 voltage impulses at a PRF of 20 Hz
(vertical sensitivity 50 kV/div and time interval 160 ns/div).
been tested, because it would at best increase the peak voltage
by a few percentages, while adding a demanding complexity
to the compact system.
B. Results Obtained in Repetitive Mode
It is well known that the high-intensity electric stress
issue becomes much more demanding in a high PRF mode
and therefore it was necessary to limit the time duration
the dielectrics are stressed by performing the tests under
conditions closer to those of the MOUNA prototype. In order
to do this, a pressurized gas spark gap was installed to crowbar
the output voltage impulse on a 50-resistor, when the
output voltage impulse reached a value close to its peak. It is
important to note that the crowbar also eliminates the dan-
gerous polarity reversal. Fig. 21 presents data obtained from
a burst of 100 pulses at a PRF of 20 Hz. After crowbarring,
the measurement is unfortunately not very accurate, because
Fig. 22. Typical pulsed transformer output voltages, for 9-kV input, measured
and simulated.
the frequency of the resulting oscillations is higher than the
50-MHz bandwidth limit of the 0.6-MV probe.
The reproducibility of the output pulses generated by the
transformer is very good, showing no sign of magnetic core
saturation. The PRF was limited by the power of the capacitor
chargers, but the tests nevertheless allowed assessing the
reliability of the oil degassing, an important issue related to
maintenance operation of the overall MOUNA prototype.
IX. COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL DATA
AND THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS
Fig. 22 compares the experimental results for an initial
charging voltage of 9 kV with predictions made using the
LTspice modeling. The small differences noticed after 1 μsare
due to the imperfect modeling of the magnetic core losses, but
this issue is not important for the present project as it happens
after the peak voltage is reached and when most of the energy
is already transferred to the antenna. The peak output voltage
impulse is 560 kV, with a rise time of 265 ns and a time to
peak of 440 ns, well inside the values of parameters required
by the MOUNA project.
X. SUMMARY
This paper presented the study, characterization, and the
practical implementation of a high-voltage, magnetic core,
resonant pulsed transformer. For final testing operations, a
0.6-MV voltage probe and a capacitive load were also nec-
essary to be designed, manufactured, and calibrated which in
itself they were the subject of an extensive supplementary
study. The pulsed transformer, which occupies an overall
volume of less than 3.5 L, generates voltage impulses with
a peak up to 0.6-MV amplitude with a rise time of 265 ns
on a load of 92 pF. (The capacitive load has 80 pF, with a
supplementary 12 pF introduced by the high-voltage probe).
Calculation of the various parasitic inductive and capacitive
elements made possible the development of an LTspice model
for the transformer and therefore to very accurately predict
and control the most important experimental results.
Finally, a very important lesson for the community was
learned: the simple analytical estimates presented in this paper
can be trusted when designing magnetic core pulsed transform-
ers with the consequence that complex numerical studies using
expensive software like CST are not really required!
PÉCASTAING et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A 0.6-MV ULTRACOMPACT MAGNETIC CORE PULSED TRANSFORMER 165
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank L. Caramelle,
J.-M. Duband, S. Roche, and F. Girard from Hi Pulse
Company, Pont de Pany, France, for their dedicated work and
the useful discussions along the research program.
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Laurent Pécastaing (M’13–SM’17) received
the Ph.D. and Research Directorship Habilitation
degrees in electrical engineering from the Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (UPPA), Pau, France,
in 2001 and 2010, respectively.
Since 2016, he has been a Full Professor with the
SIAME Laboratory, UPPA, where he is currently
the Head of the Electrical Engineering Team. He
is also the Director of the Common Laboratory,
CEA, Le Barp, France, and CEA, Gramat, France,
and UPPA. He has authored more 130 refereed
papers and conference contributions. His current research interests include
high-power microwave sources, compact pulsed power devices, and ultrafast
transient probes.
Dr. Pécastaing is the Chairman of the next Euro-Asian Pulsed Power
Conference –BEAMS conference to be held in France in 2020.
Marc Rivaletto received the bachelor’s degree from
the Supelec Electrical Engineering School, Gif-sur-
Yvette, France, in 1984, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Pau University, Pau,
France, in 1997.
He is currently a Lecturer with Pau University
and with the SIAME Laboratory, Université de Pau
et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau. His current research
interests include high-power microwave sources, and
compact pulsed power devices including pulse form-
ing lines, compact Marx generators, or resonant
transformers.
Antoine Silvestre de Ferron received the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from the Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (UPPA), Pau, France,
in 2006.
From 2006 to 2008, he was a Researcher with
the Atomic Energy Comission (CEA), Le Barp,
France—a French-government-funded technological
research organization. He is currently an Engineer
with the Laboratoire SIAME, UPPA. His current
research interests include high pulsed power genera-
tion for military and civil applications and combined
high-voltage transient probes.
166 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Romain Pecquois received the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering from the Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France, in 2009
and 2012, respectively.
From 2012 to 2014, he was a Researcher with
the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Le Barp,
France, with a focus on flash X-ray radiography
machines and solid-state modulators. He is currently
in charge of research and development with I-Cube
Research, Toulouse, France, focusing on civilian
commercial applications of pulsed power.
Bucur M. Novac (M’06–SM’08) received the M.Sc.
and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania, in 1977 and 1989, respectively.
In 1998, he joined the Loughborough Univer-
sity, Loughborough, U.K., where he is currently
a Professor of pulsed power. He is currently a
Chartered Engineer and a fellow of The Institution
of Engineering and Technology, Stevenage, U.K.
He has co-authored two books on explosive pulsed
power and has authored over 200 refereed papers
and conference contributions. His current research
interests include compact and repetitive high-power systems, explosively and
electromagnetically driven magnetic flux compression generators and their
applications, electromagnetic launchers, ultrafast magnetooptic and electroop-
tic sensors, and 2-D modeling of pulsed-power systems.
Prof. Novac is a Voting Member of the Pulsed Power Science and Technol-
ogy Committee in the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Science Society. He is also a
member of the International Steering Committees for both the MEGAGAUSS
Conferences and Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conferences, and the organizing
committee for the IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage
Conference. He is the Co-Chairman of the U.K. Pulsed Power Symposium.
... From a structural viewpoint, the SOS generators usually involve magnetic elements, used in voltage-boosting pulse transformers and magnetic pulse compressors (MPCs) [2], [7], [8], [9], [10]. The robustness, stability, high-frequency operation, and long lifetime of magnetic elements [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], make these items suitable for use in solid-state generators. A noteworthy illustration is their utilization in the injection and extraction systems utilized in state-ofthe-art particle accelerator facilities [21], [22]. ...
... Furthermore, adjustment of the output voltage level is often required in pulsed power applications including X-ray, e-beam, excimer lasers, generation of ozone, and others [12], [23]. In [18] and [23], the output voltage was adjusted by varying the input voltage, while using either an FE-based amorphous or a permalloy magnetic core pulse transformer, respectively. However, the absence of a pre-magnetizing circuit introduces limits on the voltage regulation range and energy efficiency. ...
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This article is devoted to saturable pulse transformers (SPTs), combining the functions of a pulse transformer and a magnetic switch. Two nanocrystalline magnetic cores are investigated in the SPT of an inductive energy storage (IES) pulsed power system based on a semiconductor opening switch (SOS). The first magnetic core has a square hysteresis loop (Br/Bsat >> 90%), while the second core has a flat hysteresis loop (Br/Bsat \sim 4%). A test bench with an initially stored energy of 10 J is developed. The circuit design is discussed, and the magnetic materials are compared. Based on the features of the hysteresis loops, two nanosecond high-voltage (HV) SOS generators are tested, with the output voltage adjusted by tuning the input voltage and controlling the bias magnetic field. The influence of the optimal core saturation on the operation of the SOS diode is studied. An adjustable output voltage impulse of more than 200 kV amplitude with a 16 ns rise time is demonstrated on a 1 kΩ\text{k}\Omega resistive load.
... Another non-negligible advantage of these systems is the low energy content of the electric field emitted with a considerable amount of power; rending this technology possible for applications such as cardiac biomechanics assessment, chest movement assessment, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), soft-tissue biomechanics research, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) monitors, vocal tract studying, non-invasive biochemical study of soft tissues such as brain and infrared spectral imaging [15]. 40 ...
Thesis
Full-text available
The work of this PhD thesis is dedicated to developing a standard measurement system to ensure the SI traceability of high pulsed power in the nanosecond and subnanosecond domain (HPPNS). This traceability is mandatory for the accurate and precise measurements of the voltage waveforms which constitutes the key element of systems based on high pulsed power. A calibration system has been developed for the characterization of high voltage pulses of amplitudes up to 500 kV with rise times as low as few hundreds of picoseconds.The developed HPPNS measurement system is divided into four components: The voltage divider, the termination load, the high-voltage connectors, and the transition cones. The voltage divider is the central component of this measurement system as it permits the analysis of HPPNS waveforms through a calibrated oscilloscope by lowering the voltage amplitudes of the HPPNS waveforms to adequate levels which could be measured through an oscilloscope and without waveform deformation. Some voltage dividers of the scientific literature are discussed and compared. The voltage divider designed through analytical and numerical calculations has a high value of the division ratio which is relatively constant as a function of frequency up to at least 2 GHz, together with a linear phase response. However, its performances in terms of measuring accurately and precisely the incident HPPNS waveforms depend also on the characteristics of the transmission line termination load since the reflections from an inadequately matched line termination load could lead to the misunderstanding of the measured waveform at the output of the divider. A 50 Ω line termination load is developed and characterized. It has high insulation properties for voltage amplitudes up to 500 kV and a maximum reflection coefficient of -27 dB as a function of frequencies up to 2 GHz. The characterization of the complete HPPNS measurement system was carried out in two steps. Firstly, the HPPNS measurement system was characterized at low levels of input power by two different methods, namely, VNA characterization and characterization through a SI traceable high frequency attenuation measurement method. The results obtained from these two methods were compared to the CST modelling results and all of these results were found to be in good agreement with each other. These characterizations demonstrated that the developed HPPNS measurement system possesses a high division ratio of around 85 dB, a bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a linear phase response. Furthermore, a 7 GHz bandwidth commercial attenuator was added at the output of the divider and this whole system was re-characterized by both low power methods. The results obtained are as follows: almost 110 dB of division ratio, a bandwidth of 2 GHz and a linear phase response. In the second characterization step, this system was tested at high power levels through a Max generator. Different high voltage waveforms of voltage peaks as high as 300 kV and rise times as low as 420 picoseconds were successfully measured through this system and an uncertainty budget is drafted. The measurement uncertainties for these high voltage measurements were calculated to be 3.4 % for the voltage peaks and 87 picoseconds for the temporal parameters.
... En se basant sur les essais menés dans le chapitre II partie II, il est possible en utilisant un cône dont l'épaisseur au point le plus critique est de 22 mm de valider théoriquement le bon fonctionnement du transformateur. Une telle épaisseur permet d'obtenir une tenue en tension théorique de 610 kV.Avec une telle topologie, il est possible de recalculer la valeur de l'inductance de fuite et de capacité parasites selon les formules (21) et (23) données dans la publication de dimensionnement du transformateur du projet MOUNA[73]. Le calcul de l'inductance de fuite peut être réalisé à l'aide des équations(21)et (22). í µí°¿ í µí±“í µí±¢í µí±–í µí±¡í µí±’ = í µí¼‡ 0 í µí± í µí± 2 ℎ 2 í µí±‰í µí±œí µí±™ (21) í µí±‰í µí±œí µí±™ = í µí¼‹ℎ 3 (í µí± í µí±’í µí±¥í µí±¡_í µí± í µí±’í µí± 2 − 2í µí± í µí±’í µí±¥í µí±¡_í µí±í µí±Ÿí µí±–í µí±š 2 + √í µí± í µí±’í µí±¥í µí±¡_í µí± í µí±’í µí± 2 í µí± í µí±’í µí±¥í µí±¡_í µí±í µí±Ÿí µí±–í µí±š 2 ) (22) Dans ces relations, Vol est le volume entre le primaire et le secondaire (183 dm 3 ), μ0 est la perméabilité du vide (kg⋅m⋅A -2 ⋅s -2 ), h correspond à la haute de l'enroulement (55,8 mm), Rext_sec et Rext_prim sont respectivement la valeur du rayon extérieur du secondaire (88 mm) et du rayon extérieur du primaire (65,5 mm) et N1 représente le nombre de tours au primaire. ...
Thesis
De nos jours, pour accroître le potentiel applicatif des machines de hautes puissances pulsées, il est nécessaire de développer des modulateurs compacts capables de délivrer des impulsions de l’ordre de plusieurs Mégawatts de durée pouvant atteindre plusieurs centaines de microsecondes. Cette amélioration requiert le développement de structures innovantes dont le but est de produire aussi bien des puissances moyennes que des puissances crêtes importantes. Les modulateurs étudiés dans ce mémoire sont basés sur l’utilisation de divers transformateurs pour la génération d’impulsions de très forte puissance. Le projet AGIR (acronyme de « Architecture pour la Génération d’Impulsions Rectangulaires de forte de puissance ») est réalisé dans le cadre d’un RAPID (Régime d’Appui Pour l’Innovation Duale) financé par la Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA). Le projet est une collaboration avec EFFITECH, une entreprise spécialisée dans les puissances pulsées. L’objectif est de développer deux générateurs pour deux gammes de puissance crête (jusqu’à 10MW pour l’un et 1GW pour l’autre). Le premier modulateur « AGIR1 » repose sur l’association d’un convertisseur AC-DC et de 12 convertisseurs résonants DC-DC qui permettent la génération de plusieurs types d’impulsions (fort courant ou forte tension) en fonction de la configuration choisie. Le second modulateur repose sur le développement d’un transformateur impulsionnel à quatre primaires synchronisés. Chaque primaire est relié à un système de mise en forme de type Blumlein dont le déclenchement est assuré par un éclateur pressurisé à trois électrodes. La synchronisation des quatre éclateurs est assurée par un générateur impulsionnel innovant à faible gigue. La principale difficulté du travail effectué au laboratoire réside dans l’étude des différents transformateurs haute-tension utilisés (résonant ou impulsionnel) et du système de synchronisation des éclateurs. Chaque élément constituant le système est étudié et simulé de manière électrostatique, électromagnétique ou électrique avant d’être réalisé et assemblé. Des essais ponctue l’étude afin de valider le fonctionnement en récurrent avec un système de dissipation thermique adapté.
Article
The electromagnetic parameters of the pulse transformer are determined by its structure and are of great significance to the performance of the pulse source. For the high power and voltage pulse discharge application with repetition frequency, a design of the high-power pulse transformer with a closed cage core structure for high energy efficiency is proposed based on the analysis of the resonant circuit. Through the analytical calculation, the finite element method (FEM) model, and the field-circuit coupled analysis, the key parameters and characteristics of the proposed transformer are obtained and investigated. The prototype is developed according to the design and a high-power repetitive frequency pulse source platform with an energy release circuit is constructed for the performance test. The experimental results indicate that the pulse transformer prototype can meet the requirements of output voltage higher than 500 kV, average power higher than 100 kW, and repetition frequency operation up to 25 Hz.
Chapter
This chapter presents the most common methods of generating high-voltage (nanosecond) pulses for discharge generation. Some are simple in concept and straightforward to realize, while others are more complex.
Article
For pulsed power generation, the energy storage unit is one of the most fundamental components. The common energy storage methods in the current pulse power systems are capacitive energy storage (CES) and inductive energy storage (IES), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we have tested a circuit using both CES and IES, which we refer to as a hybrid energy storage (HES) approach. Compared with a CES or IES system, the output characteristics of an HES system show potential flexibility given by two free parameters ρ\rho , which corresponds to the impedance relation between the source and the load, and σ\sigma , which corresponds to the initial relation between CES and IES. By using a five-module solid-state Marx circuit, an HES-based pulsed power generator has been demonstrated. In each module, power MOSFETs are used as switches for controlling the initial energy ratio between the capacitor and the inductor, before allowing both of them to release their energy to the load simultaneously. The results have characterized HES as the third choice for energy storage of pulsed power systems, after CES and IES.
Article
A compact Tesla transformer has been designed and developed using analytical calculations and simulations. Unlike conventional Tesla transformers, this transformer employs a high-permeability core to enhance the coupling and facilitate the use of semiconductor switches to increase the pulse repetition rate. In order to achieve compactness, the core of the transformer has been designed in such a way to work as a pulse-forming line (PFL) also. The effect of insulating materials like transformer oil and SF6 on the pulse rise time and pulse duration of the PFL has been studied. A fair comparative study between a discrete transformer without the metal enclosure and when encapsulated inside a PFL has also been carried out. A comprehensive study based on simulation is also presented to visualize the nonuniform current density of the primary coil. The designed transformer is capable of delivering a 140-kV voltage pulse of duration (FWHM) 10 ns on a 60- Ω\Omega load for an input voltage of 700 V. The experimental results were compared with the analytical and simulation modeling results and a good agreement has been demonstrated.
Article
Pulsed power has been generated by using either capacitive energy storage (CES) or inductive energy storage (IES). In this article, the combination of CES and IES, which is called hybrid energy storage (HES), is studied. Both the capacitor and the inductor can be charged with initial energy and they can release their stored energy together either in series or in parallel with each other. Circuit equations have been solved and, based on the analytical solutions, the circuit behavior has been investigated. It is found that, compared with CES or IES, HES can largely improve the circuit operation flexibility and the output waveform variation. This conclusion has been confirmed by circuit simulation and experiment.
Article
Full-text available
When the load is an antenna, the High Pulsed Power (HPP) generators allow generating electromagnetic waves in the form of pulses for wideband or ultra wideband applications. In this case, the HPP generator is usually made up of a primary energy source loading a power-amplification system. A Marx generator or a Tesla transformer is classically used as a power- amplifier. Our structure uses an innovating very compact resonant transformer. This power amplification device is connected to a fast switch which forwards the energy from this source to the antenna. The antenna behavior is directly linked to the performances of the main element of this whole device: an oil peaking switch. The whole device is composed of a battery set, a DC/DC 300V- 10kV converter which feeds four primary capacitors with a 1.2A current, four triggered spark gap switches, a resonant transformer with four primaries generating a few hundreds kV pulses, the oil peaking switch and the dipole antenna. The device must transmit waveforms with a wide frequency band. This paper presents first the preliminary studies on an oil switch used in a transmission line setup. Several oils are studied, tested and compared. First experimental tests aimed at determining the electrical breakdown field in oils and the rise-time for conditions close to our application. The switch characteristics (breakdown voltage, breakdown electric field, rise time, etc) are thus studied for various electrodes gap distances. These results and the influence of these previous parameters on the antenna performances (antenna factor, figure-of-merit, radiated field) are predicted by CST Microwave Studio and compared to measurements.
Article
Full-text available
Nowadays, a broad range of modern defense applications requires compact pulsed power generators to produce high-power electromagnetic waves. In a conventional design, such generators consist of a primary energy source and an antenna, separated by a power-amplification system, such as a Marx generator or a Tesla transformer, which forwards the energy from the source to the antenna. The present system, however, uses a novel and very compact high-voltage resonant pulsed transformer to drive a dipole antenna. The complete pulsed power source, termed MOUNA (French acronym for “Module Oscillant Utilisant une Nouvelle Architecture”), is composed of a set of batteries, a dc/dc converter for charging four capacitors, four synchronized spark gap switches, a resonant pulsed transformer that can generate 555 kV/265 ns pulses, an oil peaking switch and, during preliminary testing, a dipole antenna. The paper not only provides design details for each system component, but also presents the mechanical arrangement of the complete pulsed power system and the electrical diagnostics, particularly those related to measurement of the resonant transformer output waveform, the line oscillations, and the radiated electric field.
Article
Full-text available
This paper presents a high voltage pulse source which is able to generate ultra wideband (UWB) pulses during about 1 ns through a 16 antennas array. This UWB source is composed of a 50 kV DC voltage supply, a Tesla transformer to amplify this voltage up to 400 kV, a gaseous pressurized peaking switch and an impedance transformer (50 Ω → 3.125 Ω). This output impedance value corresponds to the input impedance value of a sixteen 50 Ω antennas array. That is why a distributor is needed in order to feed the antenna array. In this paper, the peaking switch and the capacitive line divider used to characterise the generated pulses are particularly described. The peaking switch is based on the principle of a line discharge by means of a high pressure gas switch. It is loaded with a Tesla transformer to obtain a good pulse reproducibility. The main characteristics of the output pulse waveform (amplitude and rise time) are linked to the properties of the gas switch and particularly to the gap distance, the pressure and the nature of the gas used in the switch filling. The aim is to find a good compromise between various parameters as the output pulse amplitude, the rise time and the repetition rate in order to ensure a better efficiency of the UWB source. Classical voltage measurement techniques do not allow us an estimation of the main characteristics of such an output signal. Therefore a voltage probe was designed and realised to measure both the amplitude and the rise time of the pulses delivered by the generator. This device is based on the principle of a capacitive line divider. Calibration tests (transient and frequency tests) were performed and show that the high cut-off frequency, around 2.5 GHz, is consistent with the tran-sient response of the output high voltage waveform. The design, realisation and calibration tests are also presented.
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter presents the results of investigations of a 64-element array developed for radiation of directed ultra-wideband wave beams with multimegavolt effective potential. The array is excited from a 1-ns length bipolar pulse generator with the output impedance of 12.5 Ω. The total output impedance of a feeder system used for pulse distribution by the array elements is 0.78 Ω. The array aperture is 1.41 × 1.41 m. The peak power pattern FWHM in two orthogonal planes is 10º. KeywordsPulse excited antennas-Directive antennas-Planar arrays-Antenna arrays feeds-Electromagnetic beams-Ultra-wideband radiation
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The development of an autonomous RF radiation package for various applications is presented. This work is a coordinated effort to develop a tightly integrated unit, including the batteries, power supply, Marx generator, and plug and play antennas for various applications. ARC technology has designed the Marx generator and its associated high voltage antennas for this effort. Previous work by ARC has demonstrated 75 mm diameter, 700 mm length diameter Marx generators capable of delivering 200 kV pulses into 50 Omega coaxial cable with sub-nanosecond risetimes, enabling it to drive an antenna and generate high power microwaves. This technology has been re-designed into a reduced length geometry and augmented by inductive charging to permit pulse repetition rates. The antenna is incorporated directly onto the Marx output for efficient energy transfer and for compactness. This package has demonstrated peak electric field strengths up to 4700 V/m at 10 m. Texas Tech University has worked closely with ARC in developing a rapid charging power supply to meet stringent package constraints and still permit high pulse repetition rates. This system has already demonstrated the ability to charge a 50 nF capacitance up to 40 kV with a repetition frequency of 100 Hz, delivering an average power of 4 kW. This paper details the present status of the project, which will be completed in July, 2005. The cylindrical geometry of the final package has a diameter of 155 mm, a length of approximately 1500 mm without the antenna, and a mass of approximately 35 kg, depending upon the chosen antenna implementation. Results of preliminary tests are included.
Article
The previous work related to finding improved performance for Tesla transformers is shortly reviewed. The possibilities to reach the optimal working point by modifying the main components are discussed from a practical standpoint. A methodology for maximizing the secondary voltage by regulating the tuning ratio T and the coupling coefficient is examined in particular. It is shown that its results are valid only if primary and secondary inductor values remain unchanged, and the secondary capacitor value is decreased. All in all, the best improvement from the typical condition of T = 1 increases the secondary voltage of only 18% and requires tide coupling. This, in turn, imposes severe engineering problems to avoid dielectric breakdown between the primary and secondary coils, and makes the practical utility of this result someway questionable. In a real Tesla transformer, the most practical mean to perform tuning is to move the tap feeding the primary coil, rather than rewinding the secondary coil or redesigning the secondary top terminal. The resonant circuits are not undamped and it is crucial to reach the maximum voltage at the secondary in the shortest time, to minimize losses. It is shown that, in order to achieve optimal performance, a better strategy is to tune the primary coil to achieve T = 1 and then to increase the coupling coefficient as much as possible, aiming at one of the values selected from a given table.
Chapter
This chapter presents the design and performances of a compact, general-purpose, high-power ultra-wideband (UWB) source named GIMLI. The system was designed for dual use, homeland security and military applications. It is powered by a compact, coaxial 12-stage Marx generator with a rise time lower than 25ns and an operating voltage up to 360kV. A fast monocycle pulse is sharpened using a pulse former (MPF). The shaper stage comprises a switching module including a peaking and a grounding multi-channel spark gap under a N2 pressure of 6MPa. The module is followed by a monopulse-to-monocycle converter based on a coaxial Blumlein pulse forming line. The bipolar signal measured at the output of the MPF has a duration shorter than 2ns with a rise time of 250ps. The peak-to-peak output voltage is 250kV on a 50 Ω resistive load. Repetitive operation of the MPF has been experienced with a 200Hz Tesla transformer developed by the CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique). Electromagnetic energy is focused by a dedicated antenna. The designed antenna is a TEM half-horn with two ridges which improve the low-frequency focusing. High-power radiation tests show that the field measured at a distance of 9 m from the TEM Horn-antenna is higher than 120kV/m. KeywordsUWB-High power-Source-GIMLI
Article
Microseconds range pulse modulators based on solid state technology often utilize a pulse transformer, since it could offer an inherent current balancing for parallel connected switches and with the turns ratio the modulator design could be adapted to the available semiconductor switch technology. In many applications as e.g. radar systems, linear accelerators or klystron/magnetron modulators a rectangular pulse shape with a fast rise time and a as small as possible overshoot is required. In reality, however, parasitic elements of the pulse transformer as leakage inductance and capacitances limit the achievable rise time and result in overshoot. Thus, the design of the pulse transformer is crucial for the modulator performance. In this paper, a step by step design procedure of a pulse transformer for rectangular pulse shape with fast rise time is presented. Different transformer topologies are compared with respect of the parasitic elements, which are then calculated analytically depending on the mechanical dimensions of the transformer. Additionally, the influence of the core material, the limited switching speed of semiconductors and the nonlinear impedance characteristic of a klystron are analyzed.