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Tectonic deformation and subsurface active fault trends of El-Faiyum province, Egypt as deduced by seismicity and potential field data
Abstract
We utilized the seismicity and the potential field data to study the tectonic deformation and to delineate the seismically active subsurface tectonic trends of El-Faiyum area. To accomplish these goals, we analyzed and interpreted the seismicity data, the reduced to pole total magnetic intensity, and the Bouguer anomaly maps. We also used the spatial distribution of the recent seismic events and the focal mechanism to outline the local seismic zones that control the seismicity of the study area and to determine the sense of the motion along the subsurface active faults. The focal mechanism of the recent seismic events and the interpreted subsurface tectonic faults from the potential field data reflect strike-slip movements with normal components along the subsurface active faults. The gravity and magnetic maps show a NE-SW regional trend with low gravity and magnetic values. The NE-SW regional trend extends across the whole area and could be related to the Pelusium Megashear fault. A NE-SW trend with high gravity and magnetic exists at the northern part and coincides with the Kattania Uplift and the basaltic flows in Gabal Qatrani area. The gravity and magnetic maps also reveal several local anomalies with different polarities, amplitudes, and extensions, which reflect anticlinal and synclinal structures on the basement surface. The seismotectonic map, generated by linking the basement structure map and the spatial distribution of the recent earthquake foci, reveals the dominant tectonic trends and the subsurface active faults.
... The regional tectonostratigraphy, structural setting and tectonic evolution of many of these prolific sedimentary basins was identified through the deep drilling processes associated with oil and gas exploration, as well as the gravity, magnetic and seismic data analyses (e.g. El Awady et al., 1985;Hanter, 1990;Hermina, 1990;Sestini, 1995;Abd El-Aziz et al., 1998;Dolson et al., 2001Dolson et al., , 2002Moustafa, 2008;Aboud et al., 2008;Fairhead et al., 2013;El Awady et al., 2016;Alrefaee and Abd El-Aal, 2017;Sarhan, 2017a,b;Sarhan et al., 2017a,b. Sarhan andCollier, 2018). ...
Detailed subsurface mapping and structural analysis of El-Gindi basin indicate the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Cretaceous reservoirs. El-Gindi basin is a Late Cretaceous-Eocene basin located at El-Fayium district, northeastern Western Desert of Egypt. The overwhelming impact of the Late Cretaceous wrench tectonics was evident during the inversion of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rift-related basins along the North Western Desert of Egypt and subsequent deposition of a thick succession of Eocene sediments (~6000 ft Apollonia Formation) within El-Gindi Basin. These tectonic events were developing the oil maturity and trapping through the Late Cretaceous reservoir sequences, Upper Bahariya Formation (Cenomanian) and the Abu Roash “G” Member (Turonian). The Gindi Fault, however, is a NW-trending basement feature breaching El-Gindi basin and bounding several deeper half grabens in the western half of El-Fayium district. It has been reactivated during the Cretaceous, Eocene and probably Oligocene-Early Miocene times, where extended northwestward to the Qarun Field at the footslopes of the Kattaniya inverted basin forming several oil traps along its strike. The Late Cretaceous dextral wrenching developed a regional system of ENE-oriented structural ridges such as Kattaniya and Silah (bounded El-Gindi basin to the north and south, respectively), associated with a series of NE-to ENE- oriented right-lateral strike-slip faults enclosing some structural closures in between. The development of such ridges causing regional subsidence and subsequent deposition of the Apollonia Formation creating several structural hydrocarbon traps. In addition, the structural closures formed between the ends of right-lateral strike-slip faults at Silah High became potential sites for hydrocarbon accumulation. The thermal maturity model of El-Gindi basin suggests a phase of hydrocarbon expulsion occurred during or immediately after deposition of the Apollonia Formation, where the Lower and Upper Cretaceous sediments passing the oil window. According to the analysis of well cores, E-logs and seismic data, shallow marine to deltaic environments have been assigned for the Cenomanian-Turonian reservoir sediments. Moreover, the deposition within channels, point-bars and estuarine environments for the hydrocarbon bearing sandstone reservoirs within El-Gindi Basin was identified.
In the north of Fayoum Governate, Egypt, numerous extrusive flows of basalt rocks exposed on the surface and affected by weathering and erosion, forming altered basalt sheets which is the case of the Jebel-Qatrani. The study objective comes in two main folds: the first, to choose the optimum parameters required for the filed survey by generating forward models using several arrays with 3% Gaussian random noise, simulating the geology of the study area deploying a finite element modelling approach; the second, to acquire the real field data and generate the electrical resistivity tomograms to ascertain the existence, extension, and characteristics of the basaltic sheets in the subsurface. Hence, four electrical resistivity profiles with a Wenner-alpha array with 48 electrodes, 5 metre electrode spacing, and a total length of 235 metres were acquired in suitable locations based on previous aeromagnetic results in the vicinity of the study area. These profiles were inverted to derive the true resistivity distribution of the subsurface. Another objective is to detect the near-surface, Oligocene normal faulting structures associated with rifting of the Red Sea. Results from two inverted resistivity tomograms show a possible normal fault cutting through the early Oligocene Qatrani Formation at the same time as red sea rifting, confirming previous geological studies in the Fayoum region based on satellite imagery, aeromagnetic data, and geological outcrops. It is concluded that near these faults, a sheet-like body of relatively high resistivity values, representing basaltic extrusions, was detected, confirming that the basaltic presence is associated with these structural zones.
The seismotectonic activity in Northeastern Egypt is intimately related to the active tectonic structures (mainly faults) which deform the region and induce intraplate seismicity. The present contribution is a new attempt to integrate structural, remote sensing, and seismic data, and implement a reliable geospatial analysis to investigate and assess the nature of the relation between tectonic structures and seismotectonic activity in the Cairo–Suez district which is an active seismic source zone in Northeastern Egypt. The achieved remote sensing and GIS-based geospatial analysis introduces valuable information on the frequency, orientation, and density of investigated tectonic fault trends. The spatial distribution of earthquakes epicenters which recorded during the period (1997–2016) with magnitude (ML ≥ 3.0) is evidently interrelated with the detected tectonic trends, and normal faulting with subordinate shear component is the most focal mechanisms indicated from the analyzed seismic events. The depth analysis of the studied earthquakes suggests a “hard linkage” between the major rift-boundary faults in the northern Gulf of Suez rift and the tectonic trends in the southern domain of the Cairo–Suez district, and thus indicates seismic activity on relatively deeper crustal levels. Most of the studied earthquakes have occurred on the WNW–ESE to NW–SE oriented faults in predominantly extensional to transtensional stress regime, which indicating the WNW to NW tectonic trend as an active fault trend. The intraplate seismotectonic activity in Northeastern Egypt is highly controlled by two active tectonic boundaries, the Red Sea–Gulf of Suez rift and Aqaba–Dead Sea transform (to the east) and the Pelusium Shear System (PSS, to the west). Any reliable hypothetical model explaining the seismotectonic setting in such region would consider the Cairo–Suez district as a large transfer zone transmitting the “far-field” stresses northwestward to the PSS with an effective mechanism keeping the within-plate WNW–ESE, NW–SE, and E–W tectonic trends highly prone to rejuvenation and seismic rupture.
The potential field data in the West El-Minya area had been analyzed to delineate the regional subsurface structural and tectonic framework of the buried basement rocks. To achieve this goal, several techniques are applied on both gravity and magnetic data. Trend analysis is applied on gravity and magnetic maps to define the major subsurface tectonic trends. Regional-residual separation was carried out using two methods (filtering analysis technique and least-squares polynomial fitting). In addition, depths to the basement rocks were estimated by using spectral analysis technique along 28 profiles. Moreover, Bouguer gravity and RTP anomalies are used with the drilled wells to construct gravity and magnetic models of the earth’s crust along four profiles trending in N-S, NE-SW and E-W directions. These models divided the upper crust into two portions, the first upper one is composed of several blocks with different densities and magnetic susceptibilities while, the lower one has no magnetic susceptibilities. They show also the depths of the Conrad discontinuity vary from 21.2 to 24.7km and Moho discontinuity ranges from 30.5 to 34.9km. The computed depths were used to construct the basement relief map which shows that the depth to the basement rocks ranges from 0.5 to 4.2km. The results of quantitative techniques were integrated together to construct structure map of the study area. This map is mainly composed of faulted basement rocks of alternated uplifted and down-lifted blocks in NE-SW intersected by younger NNW- SSW transform faults.
Potential field data of the area east of Abu Gharadig basin were used to delineate the tectonic framework of probable economic interest and for future development plans for the area. To achieve this goal, the RTP and Bouguer gravity maps of the study area were subjected to several filtering and processing techniques. The regional magnetic map shows NE–SW high regional magnetic trends at the northwestern and southeastern parts as well as low magnetic trends at the central part reflecting thick non-magnetized sediments and/or deep highly magnetized basement rocks. Similarly, the regional gravity map shows NE–SW diagonal high and low gravity trends across the entire area of study as well as a distinct increase of gravity values toward the northwest corner reflecting thickening of sedimentary cover and/or deepening of denser basement rock at the central part. The residual maps reveal many anomalies of shallow sources with different polarities, amplitudes and extensions in the form of alternating high and low gravity and magnetic indicating that the basement rocks are dissected by faults forming uplifted and downthrown blocks.
Edge detection techniques outlined effectively the boarders and extensions of the structural highs and lows through showing gravity and magnetic maxima over the edges of these tectonic features. Moreover, the River Nile course is controlled by shallow normal faults affecting the recent Nile sediments and is clearly shown by edge detection maps of gravity data.
Euler deconvolution of magnetic and gravity data reveals clustering of solution along fault trends or causative bodies centers. The Euler depth estimate to the basement surface shows a good correlation with the depth determined by the power spectrum method where its value ranges around 4 km. The interpreted basement tectonic map of the study area is dominated by ENE–WSW Syrian Arc, NW–SE Gulf of Suez and Red Sea, NE–SW Aqaba, E–W Mediterranean and N–S East Africa tectonic trends. The older tectonic trends were reactivated then intersected by younger ones.
The P-wave magnitude spectra of the recent damaging earthquakes in Egypt (Oct., 1992; Aug., 1993, Nov., 1995) were determined using broad band seismograms. The averages of the spectral magnitudes at period-intervals of a width equal one octave and centered at periods 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 were calculated at various epicentral distances and azimuths yielding the most stable estimate of the radiation intensity of the P- wave at the given period. The seismic source parameters: focal radius, seismic moment and stress drop were calculated using the amplitude spectra of P-wave. The complexity character of some events is put in evidence using frequency and time domain analysis.
The Pelusium megashear system (Neev, 1977) extends from the 'border zone' of Anatolia, along the eastern Mediterranean and across Africa from the Nile Delta to the delta of the Niger in the Gulf of Guinea. It appears to continue beyond Africa, via the Atlantic equatorial fracture zones, into the Amazon Basin. It has functioned as a system of en echelon left-lateral megashears since Precambrian times. At least four other geosutures also cross Africa, paralleling the Pelusium system and similarly continuing into the Atlantic as fracture zones. Swarms of lineaments observed in LANDSAT image mosaics of central and northeast Africa are associated with the Pelusium megashear system. They are interpreted to be of tectonic origin. Linear dunes and yardangs oriented parallel to the lineaments appear to have been formed by winds deviated and channeled by the tectonic lineaments. These eolian features should not be considered therefore as reliable indicators for higher-altitude atmospheric circulation. Whereas the patterns of the swarms are affiliated to that of the Pelusium megashear system, they are not related to most of the other nearby geologic features. Both the Pelusium megashear system and its associated lineament swarms exhibit northeastward convergence patterns, which suggest counterclockwise rotation of the crust. These probably result from left-lateral shear movements within the asthenosphere which have continued since the Precambrian.
Three felt earthquakes with local magnitudes 4.0 (June 29th, 2000), 4.2 (July 07th, 2005) and 3.7 (October 30th, 2007) occurred
to the southeast of Cairo along the Suez-Cairo shear zone. Being the most well recorded events by the Egyptian National Seismic
Network (ENSN) in this area, they provide us an excellent opportunity to study the tectonics, the stress field, the source
parameters, and the expected ground motion at Cairo. The focal mechanisms of the three events based on the first motion P-wave
polarities indicate mainly normal faulting with a slight strike-slip component along nodal planes trending nearly EW and NW–SE.
The three focal solutions imply a rejuvenation of the pre-existing EW and NW–SE faults due to a partly transfer of rifting
deformation from the Red Sea-Gulf of Suez along these trends. Dynamic source parameters of these events are estimated from
the P-wave spectra of the closest ENSN stations. The average values of the seismic moment, stress drop, rupture radius, and
fault dislocation are estimated from six stations and interpreted in the context of the tectonic setting. These parameters
in addition to the effects of site and path are used to synthesize the ground motion seismograms using stochastic modeling
technique at the recorded stations and at some strategic sites.
The current study is mainly concerned with the description and analysis of the available aeromagnetic anomalies using different
methodologies. Some structural elements could be deduced from the qualitative interpretation of such magnetic anomalies. The
analysis of the worked magnetic maps, which included the total intensity magnetic map, reduced to-pole map, upward-continued
maps, downward-continued maps, anomaly separation based on their wavelengths, or anomaly widths and enhanced horizontal gradient
filtering aided in divulging the structural regime of the basement rocks, as well as the shallower features. As a result of
the investigation, a basement tectonic map of the study area was constructed. This map shows that the area is portrayed by
the presence of several major alternating basement swells and troughs in belts trending ENE–WSW, N–S, NE–SW and E–W. These
major trends with the other minor trends dissected the basement surface into several tilted fault blocks forming anticlinal
and synclinal zones with various depths and directions. These structural elements are shown in the basement tectonic map,
and named Camel Pass-Abu Roash high, El-Sagha high, El Faras-El faiym high and Qattrani-El Gindi low trends.
KeywordsMagnetic–Matching filtering–Horizontal gradient–Continuation
False color Landsat ETM+ (bands 7, 4, 2 in RGB) and SRTM images of the El-Faiyum depression, Egypt, highlights major NE-SW
faults and other lineaments trending NW-SE and N-S. Airborne magnetic data reveal some E-W subsurface faults which are not
recognized on Landsat ETM+ and SRTM images. Ratio images (5/7, 3/1, 4/3) and (5/7, 5/1, 4) were used for lithological discrimination
of different rock types. The El-Faiyum area is occupied by sedimentary rocks of Middle Eocene, Upper Eocene, Oligocene, Lower
Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Understanding the structural regime of El-Faiyum depression in the Western Desert
of Egypt is significant in relation to the neotectonics of the Nile Delta and to the development of new communities west of
the delta. The area is covered by Late Cretaceous, Middle to Late Eocene deposits, Oligocene deposits (comprising fluviatile
sediments and basalt sheets) and Pliocene and Quaternary alluvium and sand deposits. New geological and structural maps were
prepared at a scale of 1: 100 000 using Landsat ETM+ and SRTM images coupled with extensive field work. The major structural
trends are E-W, ENE, NS and NW—the same trends observed elsewhere in North Africa from NW Sudan to NE Egypt including north
and central Sinai. El-Faiyum depression is a structurally-controlled tectonic basin, marked by northeast-striking faults along
its northern margin. These faults are parallel to similar faults of the Syrian arc fold belt, which includes a group of related
faults, folds, push-up structures, and basins. Qarun Lake is located in the northern part of El-Faiyum depression, at a right-step
between two strands of the NE striking fault system. We have suggested elsewhere that El-Faiyum depression is a pull-apart
basin related to extension between these mismatched strands of strike-slip faults. The E-W structures are probably related
to the relative motion between south Europe and north Egypt and closure of the Neotethys. The continuation of these faults
in the present area is only detected from magnetic and seismic studies. The question that needs to be raised is why these
old structural features have been reactivated in recent times. Thus, the presence of these fault zones must be heeded in all
development plans for El-Faiyum region.
Key WordsEgypt–El-Faiyum–Syrian arc fold belt–pull-apart basin–Western Desert of Egypt
This paper reviews the likely source characteristics, focal source mechanism and fault patterns of the nearest effective seismogenic zones to Greater Cairo Area. Furthermore, Mmax and ground accelerations related to the effective seismic events expected in future from those seismogenic zones are well evaluated. For this purpose, the digital waveform of earthquakes than ML=3 that occurred in and around Greater Cairo Area from 1997 to 2008 which have been recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network, are used to study source characterization, focal mechanism and fault pattern of the seismogenic zones around Greater Cairo Area. The ground motions are predicted from seismogenic zones to assess seismic hazard in the northeastern part of Greater Cairo, where three effective seismogenic zones, namely Abou Zabul, southeast Cairo trend and Dahshour area, have the largest effect to the Greater Cairo Area. The Mmax was determined, based upon an empirical relationship between the seismic moment and the rupture length of the fault during the earthquake. The estimated Mmax expected from Abou Zabul, southeast Cairo trend, Dahshour seismic sources are of Mw magnitudes equal to 5.4, 5.1, and 6.5, respectively. The predominant fundamental frequency and soil amplification characteristics at the area were obtained using boreholes data and in-situ ambient noise measurement.
The Bouguer anomaly map of the central part of the Northern Western Desert, Egypt was used to construct six 2D gravity models to investigate the nature, physical properties and structures of the crust and upper mantle. The crustal models were constrained and constructed by integrating results from different geophysical techniques and available geological information. The depth to the basement surface, from eight wells existed across the study area, and the depth to the Conrad and Moho interfaces as well as physical properties of sediments, basement, crust and upper mantle from previous petrophysical and crustal studies were used to establish the gravity models. Euler deconvolution technique was carried on the Bouguer anomaly map to detect the subsurface fault trends. Edge detection techniques were calculated to outlines the boundaries of subsurface structural features. Basement structural map was interpreted to reveal the subsurface structural setting of the area.
The crustal models reveals increasing of gravity field from the south to the north due to northward thinning of the crust. The models reveals also deformed and rugged basement surface with northward depth increasing from 1.6 km to 6 km. In contrast to the basement, the Conrad and Moho interfaces are nearly flat and get shallower northward where the depth to the Conrad or the thickness of the upper crust ranges from 18 km to 21 km while the depth to the Moho (crustal thickness) ranges from 31.5 km to 34 km. The crust beneath the study area is normal continental crust with obvious thinning toward the continental margin at the Mediterranean coast.
Deals with the interpretation of the aeromagnetic survey executed over the Faiyum area, Egypt. Qualitative as well as quantitative interpretation of the aeromagnetic data were carried out to obtain more information about the crystalline basement structure and the local structure in the sedimentary section. The analysis of the constructed magnetic maps which include the total intensity map, the vertical map, the regional map, the residual map, the second vertical derivative map, and the downward continuation maps serve as a basis for revealing the structural pattern of the basement comlpex, and the shallower structures. In connection with a quantitative interpretation by 2-D model bodies a structural map for the basement was constructed.-from AuthorsFaiyum Egypt aeromagnetic data basement complex sedimentary section structural maps
The present study deals with the investigation of the nature (depth, density, thickness and topography) of the earth's crust and the upper mantle of south Sitra area, north Western Desert through the application of spectral analysis and 2-D gravity modeling techniques on the Bouguer gravity data of the studied area. The average depths to the major density interfaces (Basement surface, Conrad and Moho discontinuities) expected throughout the crust are determined from the spectral analysis of the Bouguer anomalies along 20 selected profiles covering the study area. In addition, the approximate depth to the upper basement surface, as the shallowest interface, has been estimated along 31 short gravity profiles using four spectral analysis techniques. Moreover, the Bouguer gravity anomalies are used with the available geological and geophysical information to construct two dimensional (2-D) gravity models of the earth's crust along six profiles trending in NW-SE, N-S, and NE-SW directions. From these models, three maps for the basement surface, Conrad and Moho discontinuities were constructed. The obtained results from these 2-D crustal models and maps indicate that: 1) the crust beneath the area comrises two igneous layers: upper and lower crust underlain by upper mantle basaltic layer. 2) The depth to the basement surface; thickness of the sedimentary section; ranges between 2.8 at the south central and north western parts to more than 5.0 km. at the northern, southeastern and southwestern portions. Meanwhile, the depth of Conrad discontinuity; thickness of upper crust; varies approximately between 19.50 and 22.70 km. Where, the Moho depth; crustal thickness; ranges from 32.0 to 34.90 km. 3) the average densities for the different rock layers are: 2.43 gm/cm3 for sediments, 2.74 gm/cm3 for the upper crustal layer, 2.93 gm/cm3 for the lower crustal layer, and 3.28 gm/cm3 for the upper mantle layer.
Most of the structural elements of Egypt could be fitted into a pattern that appears to have been originated by compressive stresses that acted mainly from N. 10° W. and S. 10° E. During the Precambrian these stresses already were active and they produced shears which were expressed as right- and left-lateral strike-slip faults at the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, the Red Sea, and most of the Nile Valley in Egypt. These same stresses, after slightly shifting westward, produced the North Sinai folds. Theoretically, the original forces could have produced nearly east-west thrust faults. However, faults that trend in this direction (other than those associated with major folds) are either gravity or strike-slip faults. It is contended that the walls of the ancient thrus s were peneplaned before the deposition of younger sediments. Later displacements along the same faults were either downdip (gravity) or parallel with their strikes (strike-slip). Several uparching movements, of which the most important occurred during the Paleogene, caused stretching and consequent downfaulting of grabens mostly along the ancient lines of weakness produced by shearing. Differential vertical block movements of adjacent strips of the basement resulted in folding and faulting in the overlying sediments. Supratenuous folds have been formed whenever block movements were contemporaneous with sedimentation. The bearing on the occurrence of petroleum of the integrated structural pattern presented here is discussed.
The importance of the northeastern part of the greater Cairo metropolitan area is due to the presence of a nuclear power plant and the dense population and its extent towards seismic sources. This paper reviews the likely ground acceleration related to the effective seismic events initiated from the closest seismic sources to the area. For this purpose, a deterministic seismic hazard approach followed by ground stochastic simulation was performed to assess the seismic hazard in the area. Seismic sources of hazardous effects were defined. A controlling earthquake was determined, based upon an empirical relationship between the seismic moment and the rupture length of the fault during the earthquake. The soil amplification characteristics in the area were obtained by in situ ambient noise measurements with great precautions. An H/V technique has been used to estimate the fundamental frequency and amplification factors at the sites of ambient noise measurements. The values of the fundamental frequency and the corresponding amplification factor were estimated at the investigated sites within the area of interest. The maximum possible earthquake magnitude Mmax was estimated for the effective seismic sources surrounding the study area and the hazard parameter peak ground acceleration (PGA) calculated for given zones. The work on the estimation of PGAs will contribute to the determination of national seismic codes, giving guidance on which buildings must take seismic risk into consideration and the necessity to re-appraise the seismic risk for existing buildings.
El-Fayoum New City represents one of the new urban settlements that are recently erected all over Egypt. Because seismic recordings are not available, I used the stochastic method to simulate the largest damaging earthquake from the closest seismic source to the proposed area of the city. To verify the method and its computed results in Egypt, a study termed “method verification” was performed. I found that the October 12, 1992, earthquake (M
b = 5.8) that occurred southwest of Cairo in the vicinity of the Dahshour region, at the coordinates 29.77°N, 31.07°E, is a significant earthquake to the city. The parameters of the path from the hypocenter of the event to the city were taken into consideration. To determine the site parameters, a shallow seismic refraction survey was carried out in the studied area. Accordingly, I simulated time-histories and pseudo-spectral accelerations from the October 12, 1992, earthquake at the location of seismic profiles. Finally, it is demonstrated that the site is characterized by high ground motion amplification factors, producing a high ground motion acceleration value.
An active median spreading center has been identified in the Red Sea south of 22°N, but from published reports, the northern Red Sea appears to be essentially aseismic. We have used microearthquake monitoring techniques along the Egyptian Red Sea margin to investigate the active tectonics in the region and have found that the northern Red Sea is not aseismic. Events recorded with epicenters in the Red Sea define an active zone extending south-southeast from the Gulf of Suez into the axial region of the Red Sea down to 25.75°N, with additional microseismicity between 24° and 25°N, suggesting active median spreading in the northern Red Sea. Two areas of intense microearthquake activity have also been identified; the first at the southern end of the Gulf of Suez and the second in the Egyptian Red Sea Hills, clustered at approximately 25.28°N, 34.52°E. The Gulf of Suez seismicity results from the adjustments in motion at the triple junction between the African and Arabian plates and the Sinai subplate. The source of the seismicity in the Egyptian Red Sea Hills is unknown, but a uniform fault plane mechanism is not indicated by first motion studies or the spatial distribution of the hypocenters.
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