Host plants of xylophagous longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

Abstract

The host plants of xylophagous longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied using the available literature and original data from Bulgaria. For the purposes of this study, only main (larval) feeding was taken into account and all records of adults on potential host plants, as well as information about observed additional (imaginal) feeding, was ignored. To obtain the original data, three methods were used: 1) laboratory rearing of adults from plant samples in photoeclectors; 2) analysing tree and shrub tissues and organs in order to find biological material; 3) rearing of collected larvae and pupae to adults in laboratory conditions. As a result, 49 tree and shrub species from two coniferous and 11 deciduous families were found as hosts for 86 cerambycid taxa belonging to the five subfamilies: Prioninae (four species and subspecies), Lepturinae (15), Spondylidinae (6), Cerambycinae (32) and Lamiinae (29). For a significant part of the cerambycids (59 taxa), new or additional trophic information is presented. Sixty-nine relationships between longhorn beetles and host plants are new for Bulgaria. The most numerous trophic relationships were recorded for Pinus sylvestris supporting 20 cerambycid taxa. Concerning longhorn beetle species, the most numersous host-plant relationships were revealed for Rhagium inquisitor, i.e. seven tree species.

Full text

511
ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA
Acta zool. bulg., 69 (4), 2017: 511-528
Terrestrial Ecology and Behaviour
Research Article
Introduction
The longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
are relatively well studied in Bulgaria from faunis-
tical point of view. Until now, 260 established cer-
ambycid species have been reported in the country
(  2007,  & 
2008,  et al. 2013), from which over two-
thirds (69%) are connected with tree and shrub spe-
cies (  2006,  et al.
2007). Among them, there are not only stenophago-
us species, monophages and olygophages, but also
polyphages with wide range of hosts. The Bulgarian
entomological literature contains numerous reports

      
from host plants.
-
     
about food plants of xylophagous longhorn beetles
and to enrich it with results of unpublished original
studies.
Materials and Methods
The literature information about host plants of cer-
ambycids in Bulgaria was selected and summarised
based only on main (larval) feeding. The published
records of adults on potential host plants, as well
as information about observed additional (imagi-
nal) feeding were ignored. Suspicious data, such as
Exocentrus punctipennis rearing from Pinus sylves-
Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
Danail Doychev1, Pavel Topalov2, Gergana Zaemdjikova2, Vladimir Sakalian3 &
Georgi Georgiev2
1
2

3

Abstract: The host plants of xylophagous longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied using the
available literature and original data from Bulgaria. For the purposes of this study, only main (larval) feed-

observed additional (imaginal) feeding, was ignored. To obtain the original data, three methods were used:

-
tory conditions. As a result, 49 tree and shrub species from two coniferous and 11 deciduous families were
-

of the cerambycids (59 taxa), new or additional trophic information is presented. Sixty-nine relationships
between longhorn beetles and host plants are new for Bulgaria. The most numerous trophic relationships
were recorded for Pinus sylvestris supporting 20 cerambycid taxa. Concerning longhorn beetle species,
the most numersous host-plant relationships were revealed for Rhagium inquisitor, i.e. seven tree species.
Key words: Cerambycidae, xylophages, host plants, rearing, Bulgaria

512
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
tris ( 1927) most probably due to

The trophic relationships between cerambycids
and forest tree and shrub species were studied fol-
lowing three entomological methods:
• Collection of plant samples and rearing of
adults from them in photoeclectors in laboratory

•-

• Rearing of collected larvae and pupae to
adults in the laboratory.
   
of  (1936, 1940, 1958) and 

  (1986, 1987, 1988) and 
 (1975).
The literature data regard cerambycid species,
host plant, geographical region and locality, devel-
opmental stage, infested organs and feeding place.
In some cases additional original data are given in
order to clarify the localities. The new host plants of

The longhorn beetles are listed in alphabetic
order within each subfamily, using the system and
nomenclature of  (2016). Nomenclature
of plant species follows  (2006).

cerambycids were photographed, mainly in natural

     -
tography lenses.
Results
Prioninae
Aegosoma (Aegosoma) scabricorne (Scopoli,
1763) – Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier:
Struma River Valley, 800 m W of Slatino Vill., 400 m

  2010).
Ergates faber faber (L., 1760) – Pinus ni-
gra J. F. Arnold     
      
-
ten wood ( et al. 2005a). New records:
*Pinus sylvestris L.     
      
      
1B) found in wood of fallen tree, pupae – 24 June
         
     
semi-decayed wood of fallen stem, 17 August 2006.
Prionus coriarius (L., 1758) – Pinus sylves-
tris        
-

     
three larvae in white rotten stump and root wood
(   2001). New records:
*Quercus dalechampii Ten.

     
of dry stem base (just above ground), 23 April
2016. *Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco:
         

decayed wood of stem, 12 July 2016.
Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838)
– Populus alba L.: Maritsa River Valley, near the
town of Lyubimets, two larvae, one pupa (Fig. 1D)
      
dried stems (  2010). New re-
cords: Populus alba  


two dead adults in rotten wood of live tree stem, 25
June 2011.
Lepturinae
Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) –
New records: *Pinus sylvestris: Western Rhodopes,
        
   
emergence – 15 June 2011.
Anastrangalia sanguinolenta (L., 1760)
– Pinus sylvestris    
        
       
       
      
(  2001). New records: Pinus
sylvestris
     
adult remains in stump wood, 14 September 2001.
Grammoptera (Grammoptera) rucornis ru-
cornis Fabricius, 1781 – Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz:
Golo bardo Mt., Ostritsa Botanical Reserve, pupa in
a dead branch (  2004).
Leptura (Leptura) aurulenta Fabricius, 1793
– New records: *Fagus sylvatica L.: Western


larva found in semi-decayed wood of fallen stem,
larva – 21 May 2016, dead adult – 24 November
2016.
Leptura (Leptura) quadrifasciata quadrifas-
ciata L., 1758 – Populus x euramericana: Vitosha

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
513
       
dried tree ( et al. 2004).
Oxymirus cursor L., 1758 – New records:
*Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.: Western Rhodopes, 950
m SW of Yundola Vill., 1400 m a.s.l., 42°03’18.0”N,

November 2002.
Rhagium (Hagrium) bifasciatum Fabricius,
1775 – Pinus nigra    
 
       
stump wood (  2001). Pinus
sylvestris

larvae in rotten stump wood ( 
2001). Picea abies
Biosphere Reserve, near Vedra Hut, 1500 m a.s.l.,
three larvae and one adult in rotten wood of lying
tree ( et al. 2009). New records:
Picea abies: Lyulin Mt., above St. St. Cyril and
Methodius Monastery, 1050 m a.s.l., 15 larvae

       
     
adult and four larvae in rotten wood of lying stem,
04 October 2016. Pinus nigra
SW of Bogoslov Vill., 1120 m a.s.l., 42°14’42.6”N,
       
October 2016. Pinus sylvestris: Western Rhodopes,
above Borino Vill., 1400 m a.s.l., larva in wood of
      
         
September 2015. *Prunus avium (L.) L.: Vitosha

     
rotten wood of lying stem, 07 April 2016. *Fagus
sylvatica     
     
and larva in stump rotten wood, three larvae in semi-
     
in semi-decayed woof of lying branch with diameter

rotten woof of lying branch with diameter about 12

     
emerged in semi-decayed wood of lying stem, 22
November 2016. *Quercus dalechampii: Vitosha


of lying stem, 30 September 2016.
Rhagium (Rhagium) inquisitor inquisitor
(L., 1758) – Pinus nigra
580 m a.s.l. (    
         
    
 
Western Rhodopes, Asenovgrad State Forestry,
       et al.
2005a). Pinus sylvestris   -
dina, 580 m a.s.l. (   
Western Rhodopes, Yundola Vill., adult reared
from semi-dried stem, emergence – 15 August 1997
(
      
-
        
     
  
(   2001). Pinus strobus L.:
     
 1949). Picea abies
       

     
Mt., above St. St. Cyril and Methodius Monastery,

( et al. 2012). New records: Pinus nigra:
Near town of Stara Zagora, four larvae (Fig. 2B)
       

     
 
    
     
        Pinus
sylvestris 
     

 
-


 -
    
m S of Yundola Vill., 1400 m a.s.l., 42°03’23.4”N,
       

     
    

     
       
stems, 05 December 2016. *Pinus peuce Griseb.:

    
 

-

514
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
Pseudotsuga men-
ziesii
-

S of Novo selo Vill., 1270 m a.s.l., 42°08’11.9”N,
       
-
Picea
abies: Western Rhodopes, above Borino Vill., 1250

15 May 2011. *Abies alba Mill.  
NW of Yundola Vill., 1600 m a.s.l., 42°04’14.1”N,

     
     
lying stem, 13 August 2016.
Rhagium (Megarhagium) mordax (DeGeer,
1775) – Populus x euramericana: Vitosha Mt.,
    -
 et al. 2004). New
records: *Fagus sylvatica


and seven adults, reared from pupae found under
      
   

     

    
      


branch, 22 May 2016. *Prunus avium: Vitosha Mt.,
     
    
        
Quercus cer-
ris L.
     
        
*Quercus dalechampii  
    

-
gence – 11 October 2016. *Pseudotsuga menziesii:


of stump, 21 September 2016.
Rhagium (Megarhagium) sycophanta
(Schrank, 1781) – Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.:

     -
Castanea sativa Mill.: Belasitsa
        
 2004). New records: Castanea sativa:
         
    

Gocheva.
Rhamnusium bicolor bicolor Schrank, 1781
– Populus sp.      
(  2004). Populus x eurameri-
cana: Struma River Valley, 800 m W of Slatino Vill.,
-
vae (Fig. 1F) in rotten wood ( 
2010).
Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda von
Neuhaus, 1761) – Pinus nigra  
         
     -
ten wood (   2001). Corylus
avellana L.     
Bistritsa Vill., 1100 m a.s.l., adult reared from a pupa
collected in basal part of stem ( et al. 2014).
New records: Pinus nigra: Lyulin Mt., above Gorna
     

larvae – 24 March 2001, emergence – 21 April 2001.
*Carpinus orientalis Mill.: Western Rhodopes,
  
      -
ple collection – February 2006, dead imago – June
2006, leg. Doychin Kuhtev. *Salix sp.: Vitosha Mt.,
Chuypetlovo Vill., 1250 m a.s.l., 42°31’15.5”N,
      
found in semi-decayed stem wood, pupa – 06 May
2016, emergence – 26 May 2016. *Fagus sylvatica:

    
pupa found in semi-decayed branch wood, pupa
     
adults reared from parts of lying branch with diam-
eter about 7 cm, sample collection – 05 May 2016,

wood of lying branch with diameter about 12 cm, 27
  
   
in semi-decayed wood of lying stem, 22 November


from pupa found in stump wood, pupa – 27 May
2016, emergence – 10 May 2016.
Stictoleptura (Aredolpona) rubra rubra (L.,
1758) – Pinus sylvestris

     
   

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
515
        

in stump wood (   2001).
New records: Pinus sylvestris: Western Rhodopes,
         
     
stump wood, 24 July 2016.
Xylosteus bartoni   
1933 – Picea abies    -
ishte Biosphere Reserve, 1650 m a.s.l., adult under

     
        
Betula
pendula Roth    
Biosphere Reserve, 160 m S of Vedra Hut, 1530
     
    Corylus avellana: Vitosha

       
       
( et al. 2009). New records: Picea abies:
Vitosha Mt., Zlatni Mostove loc., 1440 m a.s.l.,
     
wood, 02 June 2011.
Xylosteus spinolae Frivaldszky von Frivald,
1837 – Corylus avellana: Vitosha Mt., near road
to Zlatni Mostove loc., two adults reared from pu-
pae collected in white rotten wood ( et al.
2005b). New records: *Picea abies: Lyulin Mt.,
above St. St. Cyril and Methodius Monastery, 1050

Fagus syl-
vatica
     
(dead and alive) in stump rotten wood, 05 May 2016.
Spondylidinae
Arhopalus (Arhopalus) ferus (Mulsant, 1839)
– Pinus sylvestris    
        
       
(     
        

 Pinus nigra  
Pinus brutia
Ten.
     
adult reared from base of burned stem (
 2004). New records: Pinus nigra
        

reared from larvae found in wood of burned tree, lar-
vae – 12 July 2012, emergence – August 2012.
Arhopalus (Arhopalus) rusticus rusticus (L.,
1758) – Pinus nigra    
 

(   2001). Pinus sylvestris:

 et al., 2005a). New re-
cords: Pinus nigra
740 m W of Mura Hut, 1020 m a.s.l., 41°40’45.9”N,
      
stem, sample collection – 9 May 2004, emergence

    
         
Pinus sylvestris    


    
from larva found in stump wood, larva – 01 June
2016, pupa – 06 June 2016, emergence – 16 June
         
     
  
of American College, 660 m a.s.l., 42°37’57.7”N,
      
2016.
Asemum (Cephalocrius) striatum (L., 1758)
– Pinus sylvestris    
        


      
 Pinus nigra    
 

(  2001).
Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri Brancsik, 1886
– Corylus avellana    
above Bistritsa Vill., 1100 m a.s.l., 14 adults reared
from basal parts of stems and roots ( et al.
2014). New records: Corylus avellana: Belasitsa
Mt., Belasitsa Hut, 680 m a.s.l., 41°22’14.9”N,

dead stem, sample collection – 4 May 2005, emer-
gence – 29 June 2005. *Fagus sylvatica: Vitosha
Mt., near Zlatnite Mostove loc., 1460 m a.s.l.,

pupae found in stump wood, pupae – 27 May 2016,
emergence – 09 and 13 May 2016.
Spondylis buprestoides (L., 1758) – New re-
cords: *Pinus nigra    
SW of Dobrostan Vill., 1300 m a.s.l., 41°53’17.6”N,


516
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
stem, 19 October 2001. *Pinus sylvestris: Western


in stump wood, 24 July 2016.
Tetropium castaneum (L., 1758) – Picea abies:
       
( et al. 2014). New records: Picea abies:


part of stem, sample collection – 08 October 2004,
 
above Borino Vill., 1250 m a.s.l., four pupae in the
         

       
standing dried tree, 18 May 2011.
Cerambycinae
Anaglyptus mysticus (L., 1758) – New re-
cords: *Carpinus betulus L.: Golo bardo Mt.,
Ostritsa Botanical Reserve, two adults in pupal cells
in dried stems, 04 April 2004. *Sorbus aria: Golo
bardo Mt., Ostritsa Reserve, adult reared from dried
stem, sample collection – 04 April 2004, emergence
– 20 April 2004.
Aromia moschata moschata (L., 1758) – Salix
caprea L.     
reared from part of stem (

(-

stem ( et al. 2005b).
Axinopalpis gracilis gracilis (Krynicki, 1832)
– Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above town of
       
( et al. 2013).
Callidium (Callidostola) aeneum aene-
um (DeGeer, 1775) – Pinus sylvestris: Rila Mts.,
near Rila Monastery, 1150 m a.s.l., adults reared
from branches, sample collection – 11 July 1926,
emergence – March 1927 ( 1928).
Callimus (Callimus) angulatus angulatus
(Schrank, 1789) – New records: *Fagus sylvati-
ca
reared from dead dry stem wood, sample collection
– April 2000, emergence – 02-06 June 2000.
Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo cerdo (L., 1758)
– Fraxinus excelsior L.   
580 m a.s.l., in the roots of a dead tree (
  1949). Prunus armeniaca L.: town of
Sliven, 260 m a.s.l., larvae and adults in wood of
semi-dried stems, September 1925 (
1926). New records: *Quercus sp.
        

found in stump wood, 13 July 2012. *Quercus cer-
ris    
     
        
 
    

Cerambyx (Microcerambyx) scopolii sco-
polii Fuessly, 1775 – Carpinus orientalis: Western
Rhodopes, Asenovgrad State Forestry, adult in
wood ( et al. 2005a). Castanea sativa:
      
     
 et al. 2007). New
records: Carpinus orientalis: Western Rhodopes,
  
      -
ple collection – February 2006, emergence – 9
February 2007, leg. Doychin Kuhtev. Castanea
sativa        


Yana Gocheva. *Quercus dalechampii: Vitosha Mt.,
     
  
Prunus avium:


 *Fagus sylvatica:

     

Chlorophorus (Crassofasciatus) aegyp-
tiacus (Fabricius, 1775) – Ficus carica L.: Novo
 
from stump ( et al. 2007).
Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) gura-
tus Scopoli, 1763 – Castanea sativa: Belasitsa
Mt., Belasitsa Hut, 680 m a.s.l., 41°22’14.9”N,
     
( et al. 2007). New records: *Prunus avi-
um

adult in pupa cell in rotten wood of lying stem, 07
April 2016.
Chlorophorus (Immaculatus) herbstii
(Brahm, 1790) – New records: *Tilia sp. 
Borisova gradina, 600 m a.s.l., adult reared from lar-

pupa – 09 April 2003, dead adult – 10 June 2003.
Clytus (Clytus) arietis arietis (L., 1758) –
Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above Belasitsa Vill.,
     
reared from dried shoot ( et al. 2007). New

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
517
records: *Corylus colurna L.: Western Rhodopes,
Chervenata stena Biosphere Reserve, Kluvyata loc.,
  
reared from dried branches, sample collection – 13
November 2005, dead adults – 06 February 2006.
Hylotrupes bajulus (L., 1758) – New records:
*Picea abies: Lyulin Mt., above St. St. Cyril and
Methodius Monastery, 1050 m a.s.l., 42°39’00.8”N,

April 2009. *Pinus sylvestris


of dried stem, larva – 16 April 2011, emergence – 16
June 2011.
Icosium tomentosum atticum Ganglbauer,
1882 – Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.: Struma River
Valley, near town of Kresna, Tisata Reserve, adults
reared from dried branches. Cupressus semper-
virens L.  
found in dying stem ( et al. 2006). New
records: Cupressus sempervirens: Struma River
      
      
sample collection – 28 September 2006, emergence
– 02-09 July 2007.
Lioderina linearis (Hampe, 1871) – Prunus
dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb  
town of Ivaylovgrad, adult reared from branch
( et al. 2007).
Molorchus (Caenoptera) minor minor (L.,
1758) – Picea pungens Engelm.
        
down tree ( &  2004). Picea
abies     

    
dried twig ( et al. 2009). New records:
Picea abies: Vitosha Mt., near Zlatnite Mostove loc.,
    
alive adults in stem wood, 27 May 2016.
Molorchus (Molorchus) marmottani marmot-
tani Brisout de Barneville, 1863 – Pinus sylvestris:
Western Rhodopes, Asenovgrad State Forestry, 650
m a.s.l., adult reared from top part of stem (
  2004).
Molorchus (Molorchus) umbellatarus umbel-
latarus Schreber, 1759 – New records: *Pistacia
terebinthus L.: Western Rhodopes, 310 m a.s.l., near
 
reared from dried branches, sample collection – 22
April 2005, dead adult – 6 February 2006.
Nathrius brevipennis (Mulsant, 1839)
– Prunus dulcis    
Ivailovgrad, adult reared from branch (
et al. 2007). Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above
       
( et al. 2013).
Obrium brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) – New
records: *Pseudotsuga menziesii: Osogovo Mt.,


dry stem with diameter 8 cm, larva – 12 July 2016,
pupa – 20 October 2016, emergence – 11 February
2017.
Obrium cantharinum cantharinum (L., 1767)
– Populus tremula L.: Lyulin Mt., above Gorna
Banya, Bonsovi polyani loc., 900 m a.s.l., adult
 et
al. 2005b).
Phymatodes (Phymatodes) testaceus (L.,
1758) – Fagus sylvatica    
reared from cuttings, emergence – April - May 1926
( 1928). New records: *Carpinus
orientalis    

adults reared from dried stem, sample collection –
February 2006, emergence – March-April 2007, leg.
Doychin Kuhtev. *Quercus frainetto Ten.: Western

    
dead stem, sample collection – 14 September 2005,
emergence – 12 April 2006.
Phymatodes (Phymatoderus) glabratus
(Charpentier, 1825) – Cupressus sempervirens:
       
adults reared from seven larvae collected in wood of
dried stem (  2006).
Phymatodes (Poecilium) alni alni (L., 1767)
– Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above town of
     
et al. 2013). New records: *Quercus frainetto:


from dry branches, sample collection – 08 April
2006, emergence – 25 April - 4 May 2006.
Purpuricenus kaehleri kaehleri (L., 1758)
– New records: *Carpinus orientalis: Western
      

stem, sample collection – February 2006, dead adult
– June 2006, leg. Doychin Kuhtev.
Pyrrhidium sanguineum L., 1758 – Quercus
sp.: Western Rhodopes, Asenovgrad State Forestry,
 et al. 2005a).
Ropalopus (Ropalopus) clavipes (Fabricius,
1775) – Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., Belasitsa

seven adults reared from dried shoot ( et

518
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
al. 2007).
Ropalopus (Ropalopus) macropus (Germar,
1824) – Acer tataricum L.
Vill., adults reared from branches ( et al.
2007).
Stenhomalus (Obriopsis) bicolor (Kraatz,
1862) – New records: *Juglans regia L.: Struma
Valley, Strumiani Vill., adult in thin dry twig, 28
March 2005.
Trichoferus fasciculatus fasciculatus
(Faldermann, 1837) – Prunus dulcis 
Rhodopes, town of Ivaylovgrad, adults reared from
branches ( et al. 2007). New records:
*Juglans regia: Struma River Valley, Strumiani
     
adult reared from dry twig, sample collection – 28
March 2005, dead adult – 07 September 2005.
Trichoferus pallidus (Olivier, 1790) –
Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above Belasitsa Hut,
     
 
( et al. 2007). New records: *Quercus
robur L.      

of dried stem, 13 May 2015.
Xylotrechus (Xylotrechus) arvicola arvicola
(Olivier, 1795) – New records: *Carpinus orien-
talis
     
reared from dried stem, sample collection – February
2006, emergence – 19 March 2007 (one specimen),
dead adults (three specimens) – 8 March 2016, leg.
Doychin Kuhtev.
Xylotrechus (Rusticoclytus) rusticus (L.,
1758) – New records: *Salix caprea: Vitosha Mt.,
-
ing trees, sample collection – 15 May 2015, emer-
gence – 03 June 2015. *Populus tremula: Vitosha



2016.
Lamiinae
Acanthocinus (Acanthocinus) aedilis (L.,
1758) – Pinus sylvestris    
adults reared from larvae, emergence – July 1926
( 1927,  
      
     
       
2001). Pinus nigra    
 

dried stems ( 
      
   
dried stem ( et al. 2012). New records: Pinus
sylvestris-

Rhodopes, above town of Velingrad, near hotel Zora,
         
        
-
        

Pinus ni-
gra
      

Acanthocinus (Acanthocinus) griseus
(Fabricius, 1793) – Pinus sylvestris
-
sal parts of dried stems ( et al. 2001). Pinus
nigra
     

 2001). Picea abies: Western Rhodopes,
    

tree ( et al. 2005a). New records: *Pinus
peuce     

         
     
from stem top part of dried tree, sample collection
– 08 October 2004, emergence – 11 February 2005.
Pinus nigra 
       
    
sample collection – 18 April 2003, dead adult – 15
September 2003. *Pinus strobus
of University of Forestry, two adults reared from a
dried tree, sample collection – 08 April 2015, emer-
gence – May 2015.
Acanthocinus (Acanthocinus) reticulatus
(Razoumowsky, 1789) – Pseudotsuga menziesii:

  2004).
Aegomorphus clavipes (Schrank, 1781) –
Populus x euramericana: Maritsa River Valley,
      
adults reared from stem parts ( 
2010).
Anaesthetis testacea testacea Fabricius, 1781
– Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., above Belasitsa
     
adult reared from dried shoot ( et al.

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
519
2007).
Exocentrus adspersus Mulsant, 1846 –
Castanea sativa: Belasitsa Mt., Belasitsa Hut, 560-

reared from branches of dried shoots (
et al. 2007). Betula pendula: Vitosha Mt., Tihia

( et al. 2014). New records: *Corylus
avellana: Belasitsa Mt., Belasitsa Hut, 680 m a.s.l.,
-
va found in dry twig, larva – 4 May 2005, dead adult
– June 2005.
Exocentrus lusitanus (L., 1767) – Tilia
tomentosa Moench
River, above town of Asenovgrad, 330 m a.s.l.,
    
branches ( et al. 2005a). New records:
*Tilia platyphyllos Scop.: Belasitsa Mt., above town

three adults reared from pupae found in dry twig, pu-
pae – 05 May 2005, dead adults – June 2005.
Exocentrus punctipennis Mulsant &
Guillebeau, 1856 – Ulmus sp.: vicinity of town of
-
tion –1923, emergence – April 1924 (
1926). New records: *Ulmus glabra Huds.:
      
    
from dry branches, sample collection – 22 April
2005, emergence – June 2005.
Lamia textor (L., 1758) – Populus x euramer-
icana
m a.s.l., adult reared from larva, collected in basal
part of stem ( 2011).
Leiopus (Leiopus) nebulosus nebulosus (L.,
1758) – Carpinus betulus: Golo bardo Mt., Ostritsa
Botanical Reserve, 1060 m a.s.l., 42°33’30.63”N,

(   2002). Castanea sativa:
      
reared from stem (

stems ( et al. 2013).
Mesosa (Mesosa) curculionoides (L., 1760)
– New records: *Carpinus orientalis: Western
      
    
dried stem, sample collection – February 2006, dead
adult – June 2006, leg. Doychin Kuhtev.
Mesosa (Aplocnemia) nebulosa (Fabricius,
1781) – New records: *Betula pendula: Vitosha
         
    
         
2016.
Monochamus galloprovincialis pis-
tor (Germar, 1818) – Pinus sylvestris: Western

larvae from logs, August 1926 (
1927,     -
na Dam (    
adult reared from branch ( 
    
of stressed and fallen trees, August 1980 (

-
va in wood of dried stem ( 
     
Borisova gradina, 580 m a.s.l. ( 
1949). Pinus nigra
a.s.l. (   1949). Pinus strobus:
     
 1949). Picea abies   -
dina, 580 m a.s.l. (   1949).
New records: Pinus strobus 
University of Forestry, 590 m a.s.l., 42°39’11.5”N,

tree, sample collection – 08 April 2015, emergence –
07 May-16 June 2015. Pinus sylvestris
of American College, 660 m a.s.l., 42°37’57.7”N,
       
December 2016. Pinus nigra  
SW of Bogoslov Vill., 1120 m a.s.l., 42°14’42.6”N,
       
October 2016.
Monochamus sartor (Fabricius, 1787) – Larix
decidua Mill.
(  1949).
Monochamus sutor sutor (L., 1758) – Pinus
sylvestris: Western Rhodopes, Yundola Vill., adult
reared from logs ( 1998). New records:
*Picea abies: Western Rhodopes, near Yundola
     
        

 
and in log wood (fallen in 04 July 2013), 12 October
2013.
Morimus asper funereus Mulsant, 1863 –
Populus deltoides Marshall: vicinity of town of
       
collection – Spring 1929, emergence – 24 July 1929
(  Populus x euramericana:

from dead stem ( et al. 2005b). Pseudotsuga
menziesii
     
  et

520
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
al. 2013). Fagus sylvatica    
 et al. 2014).
New records: Fagus sylvatica
     

 

    
        
of town of Varshets, 840 m a.s.l., 43°08’31.1”N,
       
       
NW from Rish Vill., 460 m a.s.l., 42°59’13.2”N,
      
tree, 27 August 2011. *Quercus pubescens Willd.:

     
 Quercus sp.


     

Castanea
sativa        
      -

      
       
April 2011, leg. Yana Gocheva. Pseudotsuga men-
ziesii        
     
        
 

of stump, 21 September 2016.
Oberea (Oberea) linearis (L., 1761) – Corylus
avellana     
and Zlatitsa, larvae in twigs. Juglans regia: towns
    
( 1940).
Oberea (Oberea) oculata (L., 1758) – Salix
caprea      
from branches (   

adults reared from branches (
 et al.
2014). Salix viminalis L.: near town of Ihtiman, 630 m
a.s.l., larvae in branches ( 1932). New
records: Salix sp.
     
adult reared from dried branch, 30 March 2011. Salix
caprea      
from branches, sample collection – 09 August 2013,
emergence – 28 May 2014.
Pogonocherus (Pityphilus) decoratus
Fairmaire, 1855 – Pinus nigra: Western Rhodopes,
Martsiganitsa Hut, adults reared from dried branches
(  2004). New records: Pinus
nigra
     
adult reared from part of stem, sample collection
 
        
     
-

in branches, 15 November 2002. *Pinus strobus:

  
from dried branch, sample collection – 09 April
2015, dead adults – 22 March 2016.
Pogonocherus (Pityphilus) fasciculatus fas-
ciculatus (DeGeer, 1775) – Pinus sylvestris: Rila
Mts., Vitosha Mt. and Western Rhodopes, larvae from
branches (   
gradina, 580 m a.s.l. (   
Pinus nigra      
( 

      
       
Kystendil, adults reared from stems of dried seed-
ling and branches (   
Pinus strobus
( Pseudotsuga menziesii:
       
 1949). New records: Pinus nigra: Golo
bardo Mt., 800 m W of Kralev dol Vill., 910 m a.s.l.,
    
from dried branches and parts of stems of young trees,
sample collection – 20 April 2003, dead adults – 02
      
740 m W of Mura Hut, 1020 m a.s.l., 41°40’45.9”N,
      -
es, sample collection – 04 April 2004, dead adults
   
NW of Strumyani Vill., 160 m a.s.l., 41°39’05.9”N,
-
ple collection – 19 May 2005, emergence – 31 August
2005. *Picea abies: Rila Mts., above Yundola Vill.,


of young dried tree, larvae – 06 July 2014, pupation
– 07 July 2014, emergence – 30 July 2014. *Pinus
mugo Turra
   
a dried twig, sample collection – 06 July 2014, dead
imago – 29 February 2016.

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
521
Pogonocherus (Pogonocherus) hispidulus
(Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783) – Castanea sa-
tiva      
adults reared from a stem (
Belasitsa Mt., above Belasitsa Vill., 560 m a.s.l.,

      
      
(      
       
( et al. 2013). New records: *Pinus syl-
vestris
        
twig, sample collection – 07 June 2013, emergence
– 08 October 2013.
Pogonocherus (Pogonocherus) perroudi per-
roudi Mulsant, 1839 – Pinus nigra-
     
      
adults reared from dried twigs ( et
al. 2005b). New records: Pinus nigra 


from dried twig, sample collection – 11 June 2005,
dead adult – 30 August 2005.
Saperda (Saperda) carcharias (L., 1758) –
Populus tremula    
Lom Vill., adults reared from basal parts of stems
( 
Shelter between Yarlovo and Chuypetlovo Vill.,
eight larvae found in basal parts of stems and roots
( et al. 2014). New records: Populus trem-
ula: Vitosha Mt., Smilio Shelter between Yarlovo
      
parts of stems and roots, sample collection – 04 June
2014, emergence – 28 June 2015.
Saperda (Saperda) similis Laicharting, 1784
– Salix caprea   
Vill.), adults reared from branches ( 1998,
  2000,  et al. 2004c).
New records: Salix caprea
Vill., adult reared from branches, sample collection –
03 March 2015, emergence – 29 April 2015.
Saperda (Compsidia) populnea populnea (L.,
1758) – Populus x euramericana

of larvae, pupae and adults) ( et al. 1986,
 
     
year-old samplings in nurseries (




      et al.
2004a, b). Populus tremula


     

      

from branches ( et al. 2004b, 
et al. 2004). Salix caprea
Vill., adults reared from branches (

3F) on branches (   


reared from branches ( et al. 2004a).
Saperda (Lopezcolonia) punctata (L., 1767)
– Ulmus minor Mill.


   2004). New re-
cords: *Ulmus laevis Pall.
    

June 2005.
Saperda (Lopezcolonia) scalaris scalaris (L.,
1758) – Populus tremula   
Gorni Lom Vill., adult reared from dead branch
( et al. 2005b). New records: *Prunus avi-
um
     
adults reared from pupae found in wood of dead
stem, pupae – 07 April 2016, emergence – 09 and 18

April 2016. *Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.: Western

    
of standing dry stems, 3 May 2016. *Pyrus commu-
nis L.
-

stem, 30 September 2016.
Stenostola ferrea ferrea (Schrank, 1776)
– Tilia tomentosa   
River above town of Asenovgrad, 330 m a.s.l.,
    
dried branches ( et al. 2005a).
Tetrops starkii starkii Chevrolat, 1859 –
Fraxinus ornus L.   
River above town of Asenovgrad, 310 m a.s.l.,
    
dried twigs ( et al. 2005a).
In this study trophic relationships between
86 cerambycid taxa and various trees and shrubs

522
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
Table 1. Host plants of xylophagous longhorn beetles in Bulgaria.
Family, tree species Cerambycid species
Pinaceae
Abies alba Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor
Larix decidua Monochamus sartor
Picea abies
Acanthocinus griseus, Hylotrupes bajulus, Molorchus minor minor, Monochamus galloprovin-
cialis pistor, Monochamus sutor sutor, Oxymirus cursor, Pogonocherus fasciculatus fasciculatus,
Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor, Tetropium castaneum, Xylosteus bartoni,
Xylosteus spinolae
Picea pungens Molorchus minor minor
Pinus brutia Arhopalus ferus
Pinus mugo Pogonocherus fasciculatus fasciculatus
Pinus nigra
Acanthocinus aedilis, Acanthocinus griseus, Arhopalus ferus, Arhopalus rusticus rusticus, Asemum
striatum, Ergates faber faber, Monochamus galloprovincialis pistor, Pogonocherus decoratus,
Pogonocherus fasciculatus fasciculatus, Pogonocherus perroudi perroudi, Rhagium bifasciatum,
Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor, Rutpela maculata maculata, Spondylis buprestoides
Pinus peuce Acanthocinus griseus, Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor
Pinus strobus Acanthocinus griseus, Monochamus galloprovincialis pistor, Pogonocherus decoratus, Pogono-
cherus fasciculatus fasciculatus, Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor
Pinus sylvestris
Acanthocinus aedilis, Acanthocinus griseus, Anastrangalia dubia dubia, Anastrangalia sanguino-
lenta, Arhopalus ferus, Arhopalus rusticus rusticus, Asemum striatum, Callidium aeneum, Ergates
faber faber, Hylotrupes bajulus, Molorchus marmottani marmottani, Monochamus galloprovin-
cialis pistor, Monochamus sutor sutor, Pogonocherus fasciculatus fasciculatus, Pogonocherus
hispidulus, Prionus coriarius, Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor, Spondylis
buprestoides, Stictoleptura rubra rubra
Pseudotsuga menziesii Acanthocinus reticulatus, Morimus asper funereus, Obrium brunneum, Pogonocherus fasciculatus
fasciculatus, Prionus coriarius, Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor, Rhagium mordax
Cupressaceae
Juniperus excelsa Icosium tomentosum atticum
Cupressus sempervirens Icosium tomentosum atticum, Phymatodes glabratus
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia terebinthus Molorchus umbellatarus umbellatarus
Betulaceae
Alnus glutinosa Saperda scalaris scalaris
Betula pendula Exocentrus adspersus, Mesosa nebulosa, Xylosteus bartoni
Carpinus betulus Anaglyptus mysticus, Leiopus nebulosus nebulosus
Carpinus orientalis Cerambyx scopolii scopolii, Mesosa curculionoides, Phymatodes testaceus, Purpuricenus kaehleri
kaehleri, Rutpela maculata maculata, Xylotrechus arvicola arvicola
Corylus avellana Exocentrus adspersus, Oberea linearis, Rutpela maculata maculata, Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri,
Xylosteus bartoni, Xylosteus spinolae
Corylus colurna Clytus arietis arietis
Fagaceae
Castanea sativa
Anaesthetis testacea testacea, Axinopalpis gracilis gracilis, Cerambyx scopolii scopolii, Chlo-
rophorus guratus, Clytus arietis arietis, Exocentrus adspersus, Leiopus nebulosus nebulosus,
Morimus asper funereus, Nathrius brevipennis, Phymatodes alni alni, Pogonocherus hispidulus,
Rhagium sycophanta, Ropalopus clavipes, Trichoferus pallidus
Fagus sylvatica
Callimus angulatus angulatus, Cerambyx scopolii scopolii, Leptura aurulenta, Morimus asper
funereus, Phymatodes testaceus, Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhagium mordax, Rutpela maculata macu-
lata, Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri, Xylosteus spinolae
Quercus cerris Rhagium mordax, Cerambyx cerdo cerdo
Quercus dalechampii Cerambyx scopolii scopolii, Prionus coriarius, Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhagium mordax
Quercus frainetto Phymatodes alni alni, Phymatodes testaceus

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
523
    

(15), Spondylidinae (6), Cerambycinae (32) and
Lamiinae (29).
The summarised data showed that 49 tree and
shrub species from two coniferous and 11 deciduous
-
horn beetles (Table 1). The most numerous was the
cerambycid complex on Pinus sylvestris (20 taxa),
followed by Pinus nigra and Castanea sativa (14),
Picea abies (12), Fagus sylvatica (10) and Populus
x euramericana (8).
New or additional trophic information was ob-
-
Family, tree species Cerambycid species
Quercus petraea Rhagium sycophanta
Quercus pubescens Morimus asper funereus
Quercus robur Trichoferus pallidus
Quercus sp. Cerambyx cerdo cerdo, Morimus asper funereus, Pyrrhidium sanguineum
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia Oberea linearis, Stenhomalus bicolor, Trichoferus fasciculatus fasciculatus
Malvaceae
Tilia platyphyllos Exocentrus lusitanus
Tilia tomentosa Exocentrus lusitanus, Stenostola ferrea ferrea
Tilia sp. Chlorophorus herbstii
Moraceae
Ficus carica Chlorophorus aegyptiacus
Oleaceae
Fraxinus excelsior Cerambyx cerdo cerdo
Fraxinus ornus Tetrops starkii starkii
Rosaceae
Prunus armeniaca Cerambyx cerdo cerdo
Prunus avium Cerambyx scopolii scopolii, Chlorophorus guratus, Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhagium mordax,
Saperda scalaris scalaris
Prunus dulcis Lioderina linearis, Nathrius brevipennis, Trichoferus fasciculatus fasciculatus
Pyrus communis Saperda scalaris scalaris
Sorbus aria Anaglyptus mysticus, Grammoptera rucornis rucornis
Sapindaceae
Acer tataricum Ropalopus macropus
Salicaceae
Populus alba Rhaesus serricollis
Populus deltoides Morimus asper funereus
Populus tremula Obrium cantharinum cantharinum, Saperda carcharias, Saperda populnea populnea, Saperda
scalaris scalaris, Xylotrechus rusticus
Populus x euramericana
Aegomorphus clavipes, Aegosoma scabricorne, Lamia textor, Leptura quadrifasciata
quadrifasciata, Morimus asper funereus, Rhagium mordax, Rhamnusium bicolor bicolor,
Saperda populnea populnea
Populus sp. Rhamnusium bicolor bicolor
Salix caprea Aromia moschata moschata, Oberea oculata, Saperda populnea populnea, Saperda similis,
Xylotrechus rusticus
Salix viminalis Oberea oculata
Salix sp. Rutpela maculata maculata, Oberea oculata
Ulmaceae
Ulmus minor Saperda punctata
Ulmus laevis Saperda punctata
Ulmus glabra Exocentrus punctipennis
Ulmus sp. Exocentrus punctipennis
Table 1. Continued.

524
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
cies and subspecies), Lepturinae (12), Spondylidinae
(5), Cerambycinae (20) and Lamiinae (19). Seventy
relationships between longhorn beetles and host
plants are new for Bulgaria.
Discussion
In the present study, 69 new trophic relationships
were established between longhorn beetles and for-
est trees and shrubs in Bulgaria. It should be noted
        
entomological literature ( 1936,
1940, 1958,  1995). However, some trophic
connections (Xylosteus bartoni – Betula pendula
Xylosteus bartoni – Corylus avellanaObrium brun-
neum – Pseudotsuga menziesii Morimus asper fu-
nereus – Pseudotsuga menziesii) expand the existing

initiate future revisions.
In Bulgaria the most numerous trophic rela-
tionships in larval feeding of cerambycids have been
found for Rhagium inquisitor (seven host plants),
followed by Rhagium bifasciatum, R. mordax,
Morimus asper funereus and Pogonocherus fascicu-
Fig. 1. A. Ergates faber faberE. faber faberRhaesus serriocollisR. serriocollis
Aegosoma scabricorneRhamnusium bicolor bicolor, larva.

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
525
latus, each with six hosts. Among them, R. inquisitor
and P. fasciculatus develope on coniferous trees only
but larvae of the rest, except for Prionus coriarius,
Rutpela maculata maculata, Xylosteus bartoni, X.
spinolae and Pogonocherus hispidulus, can live on
both coniferous and deciduous hosts. For some of
them, e.g. M. asper funereus, a protected saproxylic
beetle, this information is important in monitoring
and could be interpreted as favourable assessment of
the conservation conditions of its habitats.
The majority of longhorn beetles were reared
      
they cannot be considered as pests. Many species
(Aegosoma scabricorne, Ergates faber faber, Prionus
coriarius, Rhagium bifasciatum, Rhamnusium bi-
color bicolor, Rutpela maculata maculata, Xylosteus
spinolae, Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri, etc.) are
strongly saproxylic and develop in rotten or decayed
wood, thus being an important component of biodi-
versity of the country.
One species (Saperda populnea), however, is an

of alive and vital trees. It causes strong damages in
young poplar plantations created by hybrid poplars
Fig. 2. A. Rhagium bifasciatum   R. inquisitor inquisitor   Rutpela maculata maculata 
D. R. maculata maculataOxymirus cursorTetropium castaneum, larva.

526
Doychev D., P. Topalov, G. Zaemdzhikova, V. Sakalian & G. Georgiev
from the Populus x euramericana group (
et al. 1986,   1991, 
1996).
The species of genus Monochamus Dejean, 1821,
and especially M. galloprovincialis pistor, are vectors
of a destructive pine nematode, Bursaphelenchus xy-
lophilus
 
Monochamus galloprovincialis pistor is widespread
in the country and could be a big threat to them in
case of B. xylophilus penetration.
In conclusion, it should be noted that this study
is important not only to reveal trophic relationships
of longhorn beetles, but also to clarify their distribu-
tion in Bulgaria.
Acknowledgements: A part of the published data was based
   
dead biomass in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystems in
 
of coniferous plantations in Osogovo region’ supported by the


better understanding of ecosystem services in urban environ-
ment through evaluation and mapping of ecosystem services’,

Fig. 3. A. Cerambyx cerdo cerdoC. cerdo cerdoXylotrechus rusticusAcanthocinus ae-
dilisMorimus asper funereusSaperda populnea populnea, larva.

Host Plants of Xylophagous Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria
527
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

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
 G. 2006. Notes on
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 A. 2009.
Biodiversity of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Ceramby-
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

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
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   

 G. 2011. Species composition of cerambycid fauna
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
summary).
 
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-


 
(In Bugarian, German summary).
 S. 1998. Species of family Cerambycidae, Coleoptera
-

 
-

75-120. (In Bugarian, Russian summary).
 B. 


 2 (1948-1949): 55-94. (In Bul-
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 M. L. -

I. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Biologica 30 (1-2): 1-186.
 M. L. 1987. Cerambycoid larvae of
  
 
121-284.
 M. L. -

III. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Biologica 32 (1-2): 1-205.
   D.
-
nae) and other beetles in Bulgaria. Biologia 67 (5): 966-972.

G. 2014. New records of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera:
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




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 G. 1991. Records on parasitoids on
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36 (4): 48-53.
 N. 1986. New parasitoids
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
management in the forest ecosystems’, Kraimorie, Bul-
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 



Received: 17.02.2017
Accepted: 13.04.2017