Baseline Study of Groundnut in Northern Ghana
Abstract
Groundnut is a major tropical legume cultivated in the world. The crop plays a major role in sub-Saharan Africa. Countries like Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana, for instance, are among the top ten global producers and occupy 12 percent of the market and continues to be an important food staple in many households. In northern Ghana, the crop is considered to be a commercial venture for most of the inhabitants. The groundnut sector has benefited from several development projects over the years. The Tropical Legume II project was implemented to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia through grain legume production and productivity. The baseline study shows that groundnut production in northern Ghana has been fluctuating despite the large area under cultivation. Most farm households continue to use traditional methods of farming despite some improvement in agronomic practices. Area allocated to groundnut production has been increasing but do not translate into higher productivity. The seed system is a major challenge which requires an immediate policy to address the situation.
... Similar to most sub-Saharan countries, where maize is the most widely grown cereal and peanuts are the most widely grown tropical legumes, Ghana and, for that matter, Northern Ghana, is noted for its maize and peanut cultivation 1 (Martey et al., 2015). Tsikata and Yaro (2014) have indicated that when cultivated on a small scale, maize and peanuts are used as food crops, but generally, these crops are grown on a commercial basis. ...
... Thus, comparatively, there are more women in the production of legumes than cereals. This finding is not surprising as, according to Anang (2021), in Ghana, most of the activities in groundnut (peanut) production are carried out by women, and also, legumes are a major source of economic sustenance for women in rural Northern Ghana (Martey et al., 2015). The average cereal farm size was twice as much as ...
This paper examined the risk preferences and management strategies of cereal and legume farmers of Ghana's savannah zones using both the exploratory factor analysis and the linear regression model. Using primary cross‐sectional data and employing the multistage sampling technique made up of purposive, cluster and random sampling techniques, the paper found that cereal farmers are more risk averse than legume farmers. Rainfall variability was ranked topmost by cereals and legumes farmers. Both cereal and legume farmers employ multiple but dissimilar risk management strategies to manage these sources of risk. The commonest sources of risk to cereal and legume farmers were climate and market risk, while off‐farm activities are the commonest management strategy. Production risk faced by cereal farmers was managed by both off‐farm and farm production strategies whereas human risk faced by legumes farmers was managed by both off‐farm and financial management strategies. The importance of market risk implies that policy initiatives should aim at reducing market‐related risks by focusing on increasing off‐farm opportunities for rural households.
... Three administrative regions of Ghana including; Oti, Northern and Upper West regions were purposively selected for the study. The choice of the regions was based on the fact that groundnut is produced in large quantities in those regions and they best serve as a representative (Martey et al., 2015). In each of the three regions, two districts each were also purposively chosen from each of the three regions on the basis of their records in groundnut production. ...
... This higher efficiency level of female groundnut farmers may be due to the fact that they are committed to their groundnut farms and perform their cultural practices on timely basis. Martey et al. (2015) noted that groundnut production is a female dominated economic activity in northern Ghana. Most males who engaged in groundnut production do it as an extra farm activity and do not regard it as a major farm economic activity Educational level also had a value of 2.3 which is significantly above 1 and implied a negative effect on technical inefficiency. ...
This paper considered Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Model to analyse technical efficiency and their determinants of groundnut farmers in Ghana. The paper used a cross-sectional data of three-hundred (300) observations to obtain posterior distributions of the farmers’ technical efficiency levels. All computations were done using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC). Results revealed that the groundnut farmers produce at an increasing return to scale of 1.10. Average technical efficiency of the farmers was found to be 70.5%, ranging from a minimum of 13.0% to a maximum of 95.1%. Frequency of extension visit, educational level and gender of the farmers were identified to significantly explain inefficiency of the farmers. The paper concluded that groundnut farmers in the northern part of Ghana are operating in the first stage of the production function and could increase their frontier output by 29.5%.
... In a previous study reported by [11], it was suggested that groundnut varieties that combine high haulm yield with high pod yield are very desirable for farmers in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana. In earlier work by [42,43], they enumerated the importance of groundnut haulms in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana and stated that farmers use them for feeding livestock. They contain high amounts of nitrogen, which has the potential to improve soil fertility when incorporated into the soil. ...
The on-farm mother–baby trial experimental approach was employed to evaluate the performance of elite groundnut genotypes on farmers’ fields in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Analysis of the data from the mother trial revealed significant (p < 0.05) genotypic differences for the traits measured over the two years. The genotype ICGV-IS 13842 reached physiological maturity in 88 days and was identified as the genotype with the shortest maturity period. However, in terms of pod yield and its associated components, genotype ICGV-IS 13864 emerged as the best from the mother trial. During farmer evaluation of the materials, genotype ICGV-IS 13979 was selected as the most preferred in addition to genotypes ICGV-IS 13864 and ICGV-IS 131090. The genotypes ICGV-IS 13864 and ICGV-IS 131090 were observed to combine both high pod yield and high haulm yield. These two traits were identified as very important by the farmers who participated in the study as the haulms serve as fodder for their animals and fetch additional household income when sold with the pods harvested. The preference for genotype ICGV-IS 13842, an early maturing genotype, can be seen as an indication of farmers responding to the changing growing season due to erratic rainfall. However, if genotypes ICGV-IS 13864 and ICGV-IS 131090 are combined with some water management practices in the future, they could potentially withstand the changing growing season. Economic analysis showed that the improved genotypes had a greater net return on investment and higher cost–benefit ratio ranging from 2.74 to 4.84 across both years.
... The crop is intercropped with other cereal crops such as pearl millet, maize, sorghum and cassava. Its cake is used as feed and haulms provide quality fodder (Martey et al., 2015). ...
... Additionally, its flour is utilized as ingredient in soup and confectionaries. In many parts of Africa, groundnut haulm is used as animal feed particularly during the off season and its oilcake is used as raw material in fertilizer industries (Ayele, 2010;Martey et al., 2015). The smallholder farmers commonly grow groundnut in mixture with cereal crops (Tsigbey et al., 2004) such as maize and guinea corn because of its ability to enhance soil fertility. ...
Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is one of the major viruses infecting many crop species in the family Fabaceae including groundnut. CABMV constitutes a serious limitation against legume productivity in Nigeria. Therefore, twenty commercial cultivars of groundnut were evaluated for resistance to the virus in Minna, Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria during the 2015 cropping season. The trial was conducted using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Groundnut seedlings were infected with the virus through mechanical inoculation at 10 days after sowing and virus identity was confirmed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The plants were assessed for disease incidence, disease severity (1=no symptom; 5=severe mosaic) as well as morphological and yield attributes. Data were analysed using general linear model and cultivar grouping was performed with cluster analysis. One hundred seed weight of infected SAMNUT 23 plants was the highest (54.9 g), followed by SAMNUT 25 and SAMNUT 26 which gave 50.2 and 49.4 g, respectively. The cultivars ICG-01276 and ICG-02189 exhibited the lowest reduction in dry haulm weight (31.1 %). Therefore, ICG-01276, ICG-02189, SAMNUT 23, 25 and 26 probably contained genes which could be utilized in breeding groundnut with durable resistance to CABMV in order to enhance high yield and food security.
... As a nodulated legume, groundnut can contribute substantial amounts of symbiotic N to cropping systems, which ranges from 43 to 171 kg N ha -1 in Zambia, Ghana and South Africa (Dakora et al., 1987;Nyemba and Dakora, 2010;Mokgehle et al., 2014). In Ghana, the haulms serve as high-protein fodder for livestock during the dry season (Martey et al., 2015). Despite the importance of groundnut to food and nutritional security and its contribution to soil fertility, increased production is constrained by a variety of factors. ...
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the most important grain legume in Ghana. However, its production is constrained by a myriad of biotic and abiotic stresses which necessitate the development and use of superior varieties for increased yield. Germplasm characterisation both at the phenotypic and molecular level is important in all plant breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterise selected advanced breeding groundnut lines with different phenotypic attributes at the molecular level using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in Ghana. A total of 53 SSR markers were screened and 25 were found to be polymorphic with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.57. Of the 48 groundnut genotypes studied, 67% showed very close relationship (~100% similarity) with one or more genotypes among themselves. In fact, there were 14 instances where two to three genotypes within the same sub-cluster exhibited 100% similarity even though they displayed different phenotypic attributes. The remaining 33% of the groundnut genotypes were distant from each other and could therefore serve as effective parental material for future work. In this study, the SSR-based markers were found to be quite discriminatory in discerning variations between and among groundnut lines even where the level of variation was low. Microsatellite-based markers therefore represent a useful tool for dissecting genetic variations in cultivated crops, especially groundnut.
Feminist research approaches in agriculture are considerably underutilized. In this chapter, we suggest a few key reasons to help explain their lack of use in agriculture. We also provide background on what constitutes feminist research in agriculture through a review of the literature. Using a case study approach, we highlight the important and unique characteristics that define feminist research approaches in agriculture. The case studies provide examples of how researchers working in agriculture can gradually adopt key feminist research principles. We argue that to transform agrifood systems to be more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable, feminist approaches must be used in all research in agriculture. The chapter concludes by discussing what is needed to increase the use of feminist research approaches in agriculture, recognizing that resistance to change is inevitable and requires commitment at the top to spearhead efforts to institutionalize feminist approaches within agricultural research organizations.
Genetic diversity in crops is critical for advanced crop improvement as it provides alternatives for breeders to develop improved cultivars. Traditionally, morphological traits are used to evaluate genetic divergence and classify existing germplasm. Morphological characterization relies on plants possessing different phenotypic traits to identify the individual. Information on the diversity of peanut grown in Ghana is limited. This study was conducted to determine variation in peanut cultivars in Ghana through morphological characterization. Ninety-five accessions of peanut were collected from three sources across five administrative regions of the country that included farmers, open markets, and research institutes. Morphological characterization comprised 31 characters including 11 quantitative and 20 qualitative traits. Seventy-five percent of the accessions belonged to the fastigiata subspecies. The study revealed through cluster analysis that the accessions were only 30% diverse. Principal Component Analysis of the traits showed that yield attributing traits were the main factor that influences dispersion and superior accessions. These traits included seed length, growth habit, pod length, pod width, plant width, and main stem height. This study demonstrates that phenotypic diversity of peanut cultivars in Ghana is limited.
Lentil yield is a complicated quantitative trait; it is significantly influenced by the environment. It is crucial for improving human health and nutritional security in the country as well as for a sustainable agricultural system. The study was laid out to determine the stable genotype through the collaboration of G × E by AMMI and GGE biplot and to identify the superior genotypes using 33 parametric and non-parametric stability statistics of 10 genotypes across four different conditions. The total G × E effect was divided into two primary components by the AMMI model. For days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods per plant, and hundred seed weight, IPCA1 was significant and accounted for 83%, 75%, 100%, and 62%, respectively. Both IPCA1 and IPCA2 were non-significant for yield per plant and accounted for 62% of the overall G × E interaction. An estimated set of eight stability parameters showed strong positive correlations with mean seed yield, and these measurements can be utilized to choose stable genotypes. The productivity of lentils has varied greatly in the environment, ranging from 786 kg per ha in the MYM environment to 1658 kg per ha in the ISD environment, according to the AMMI biplot. Three genotypes (G8, G7, and G2) were shown to be the most stable based on non-parametric stability scores for grain yield. G8, G7, G2, and G5 were determined as the top lentil genotypes based on grain production using numerical stability metrics such as Francis’s coefficient of variation, Shukla stability value (σi²), and Wrick’s ecovalence (Wi). Genotypes G7, G10, and G4 were the most stable with the highest yield, according to BLUP-based simultaneous selection stability characteristics. The findings of graphic stability methods such as AMMI and GGE for identifying the high-yielding and stable lentil genotypes were very similar. While the GGE biplot indicated G2, G10, and G7 as the most stable and high-producing genotypes, AMMI analysis identified G2, G9, G10, and G7. These selected genotypes would be used to release a new variety. Considering all the stability models, such as Eberhart and Russell’s regression and deviation from regression, additive main effects, multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis, and GGE, the genotypes G2, G9, and G7 could be used as well-adapted genotypes with moderate grain yield in all tested environments.
Three methods of processing Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) estimates were compared for consistency and reliability. Twenty groundnut cultivars were mechanically inoculated with Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in a field trial during the 2015 cropping season in Minna, Southern Guinea Savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria. The trial was laid out in Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Seedlings were inoculated at 10 days after sowing. Disease severity was rated on 1 – 5 point scale based on percentage of leaf surface covered with symptoms. Symptom severity scores were subjected to AUDPC and further used for resistance class determination. There was no complete agreement among the three methods in allocating cultivars into resistance classes. Considering instances of general consensus, two (ICG – 01276 and ICG – 5195) cultivars were unanimously rated as resistant. Based on the principles employed in Methods 1 and 2, three (FDR7 – 67, ICGV – 91317 and ICGV – IS – 76855) cultivars were susceptible, six (ICG – 02189, ICG – 6654, ICG – IS – 13003, ICG – IS – 13986, SAMNUT 24 and SAMNUT 25) were moderately susceptible, and two (ICG – 01276 and ICG – 5195) were resistant. With Methods 2 and 3, one (FDR7 – 61) cultivar was unanimously placed in highly susceptible class, whereas two (ICG – 94169 and SAMNUT 14) were rated as highly resistant. Based on Methods 1 and 2, the probability of placing a highly susceptible genotype in either moderately susceptible or susceptible group is relatively low. If the purpose of the investigation is to identify only two classes of response (resistant and susceptible), all the methods are suitable in that there was 100 % agreement with respect to the cultivars found in each category.
Farm households in Ghana have benefited from the programs that promote high-yielding crop varieties and
other complementary technologies. The use of these improved agricultural technologies is expected to enhance
performance through increased yields and incomes. Despite the expected gains, these households operate at low
levels of productivity. Evidence of the impact of such interventions on performance and livelihood in the
country is limited. With data from 489 randomly selected rice producers, the study applied the average treatment
effect (ATE) methodology to examine the impact of adoption of new improved rice varieties on yield. Profiling
the rice-producing households, it was discovered that the rate of adoption varied by location. The rate of
adoption of improved rice varieties is estimated at about 46%. Adoption had positive impact on farmers’ rice
yields. Experience, gender (male) and expectations about the yield and performance of improved technologies
had positive effect on yield. Proper targeting of beneficiaries of interventions and effective training in good
agricultural practices are expected to increase adoption rates and improve the level of performance.
The agricultural component of the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) programme in Ghana, consistent with the country’s Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP) promotes the commercialization of smallholder farmers. This study analyzes the trends in maize and cassava production by farm households in Ghana and; estimates the levels of commercialization of these two crops. It also quantifies the magnitude and direction of factors influencing intensity of commercialization by the farm households using the Tobit regression analysis. Results indicate a higher annual growth rate of cassava production (16%) compared to maize production (6%). The extents of maize and cassava commercialization are 0.53 and 0.72 respectively; whilst total agricultural commercialization with respect to these two crops is 0.66. The study observes, inter alia, that output price, farm size, households with access to extension services, distance to market and market information determine the extent of commercialization. These results have implications for agricultural policy in Ghana.
Bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea) is so important in most of Africa, and potentially so in other tropical regions, that improvement of its production - especially on a commercial scale - and of its germplasm both deserve renewed and intensive scientific study. Yet, compared with other legumes (such as groundnuts, beans and cowpeas), bambara groundnut has received almost no research or extension attention, although in Ghana and other parts of Africa, it has a higher market value (on a per unit weight basis) than these other legumes. Improving indigenous farm management systems and methods that have resulted from age-old experience and tradition will be difficult for local farmers if they are completely entrenched in their habits. Thus, a survey was conducted to identify and document the traditional farm management practices and key considerations u sed in bam bara gro undnut production, along with indigenous knowledge systems linked to the conservation of bambara groundnut germplasm. The study was conducted in the Upper West region of Ghana, which is an area with considerable bambara groundnut genetic diversity. Valuable information on its production and genetic resources exists within the indigenous knowledge systems studied, and ranges from economic and agronomic criteria for peasant farmer selection of particular varieties and traditional uses of the crop, to strategies for the management and conservation of locally adapted varieties, pest and disease management, and environmental and ecological monitoring systems. Research and extension requirements for improving crop production were identified. In addition, germplasm was collected and characterized for conservation.
Household-level panel data from a nationally representative sample of rural Indian households describing the adoption and profitability of high-yielding seed varieties (HYVs) associated with the Green Revolution are used to test the implications of a model incorporating learning by doing and learning spillovers. The estimates indicate that imperfect knowledge about the management of the new seeds was a significant barrier to adoption; this barrier diminished as farmer experience with the new technologies increased; own experience and neighbors' experience with HYVs significantly increased HYV profitability; and farmers do not fully incorporate the village returns to learning in making adoption decisions. Copyright 1995 by University of Chicago Press.
Incomes for rural women are generally low and continue to dwindle. For women living in rural Northern Ghana, a major source of income and therefore economic sustenance is groundnut production. The empirical findings of this study conducted in Kalbeo, a peri-urban Community Institutional Mapping (CIM) and Participatory Technology Development (PTD) approach a collaborative action research was conducted among farmers. The findings were that lack of credit support, transport limitations, inefficient groundnut marketing channels and systems, restricted markets and marketing opportunities have contributed to limiting the realization of this potential of the rural woman. It is recommended that: the entrepreneurial and groundnuts marketing skills of the rural women be enhanced through capacity building. Individual and group marketing systems be effectively developed. Provide capital and credit support. Encourage diversification in value-addition to groundnut marketing. Strategically locate purchasing and sale to coincide with periods of profit maximization and expand marketing networks and reorganize marketing systems. Ghana Journal of Development Studies Vol. 3(1) 2006: 119-136
Early leaf spot ( Cercospora arachidicola ) and late leaf spot ( sporidium personatum ) are major limiting factors to groundnut productivity in northern Ghana. Fourteen groundnut entries were evaluated for two seasons (2003 and 2004) at Nyankpala with and without tebuconazole fungicide application. The objective of this study was to determine the yield losses due to combined attack of both diseases, with and without using tebuconazole (Folicur 3.6F) at 0.22 kg a.i. ha -1 . The experiments were established in a split-plot design with three replications. Disease rating and pod yield were recorded at harvest maturity. Yield losses varied considerably, depending on entry and its yield potential. Pod yield losses due to both diseases ranged from 9.7 to 81.2 per cent in 2003, and from 19.5 to 65.9 per cent in 2004 when yield of protected entries was compared with yield of unprotected entries. The application of fungicide was effective in controlling leaf spots and improved pod yields across the two seasons. Some entries treated with fungicide produced pod yield of 1,860 to 2,081 kg ha -1 , which is more than 2 to 2½-fold increase over present average yields in Ghana. Based on the high yield losses, chemical control and host-plant resistance options for managing both diseases in the north are recommended to enhance groundnut production. La tache a feuilles precoce (Cercospora arachidicola) et la tache a feille tardice (Cercosporidium personatum) sont des facteurs contraignants majeurs a la productivite d\'arachide dans le nord du Ghana. Quartorze varietes d\'arachide etaient evaluees pour deux saisons (2003 et 2004) a Nyankpala avec ou sans application de fongicide. Le but de ce travail de recherche etait de determiner les pertes de rendement en raison d\'attaque combinee des deux maladies en utilsant tebuconazole (Folicur 3.6F) a 0.22 kg a. i./ha. Les experiences etaient etabiles dans un dessin de lot-divise avec trois repetitions. L\'indice de maladie et le rendement de cosse dues aux deux maladies variant entre 9.7 et 81.2% en l\'annee 2003 et entre 19.5 et 65.9% en l\'annee 2004 lorsque le rendment des varetes protegees avec fongicide etait compare avec le rendement des varietes non protegees. Application de fongicide etait efficace dans la lutte contre les taches a feuille et ameliorait egalement les rendements de cosse au cours de deux saisons. Quelques varietes traitees de fongicide donnaient un rendement de cosse de 1,860 a 2,081 kg/ha qui est plus 2 ou 2½ fois d\'augmentation par rapport aux randements moyens actuels au Ghana. Fonde sur les pertes de tendement elevees, l\'enrayement chimique et les options de plante-hote resistante sont recommandes pour la lutte contre les deux maladies dans le nord afin d\'ameliorer la production d\'arachide. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 40 (1) 2007: pp. 21-27
The adoption decisions of subsistence multicrop producers regarding improved cassava variety (TMS 30572) in the humid tropical rainforest ecology of Southwestern Nigeria were analysed within a qualitative choice framework. The empirical results revealed that younger farmers producing marketable surpluses on holdings in excess of the mean farm size of 0·6 ha exhibited higher propensities of adopting TMS 30572 compared with farmers producing primarily for household consumption. The activities of extension agents among subsistence producers were statistically significant in the technology adoption process. Migrant farmers were identified as early adopters by the empirical model. These results have significant implications for extension personnel, research scientists and policymakers, and provide further justification for strengthening the extension capacities of the national research programs within the cassava belt of the humid forest ecologies of West and Central Africa.
Examining the level of farm-specific technical efficiency of farmers growing irrigated and non-irrigated rice in Northern Ghana, this study fitted cross-sectional data into a transcendental logarithmic (translog) production frontier. The study concludes that rice farmers are technically inefficient. There is no significant difference in mean technical efficiencies for non-irrigators (53%) and irrigators (51%). The main determinants of technical efficiency in the study area are education, extension contact, age and family size. Providing farmers with both formal and informal education will be a useful investment and a good mechanism for improving efficiency in rice farming. There is also need for training more qualified extension agents and motivating them to deliver.
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