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Studies in Digital Heritage, Vol. 1, No. 2, Publication date: December 2017
Destroyed Places and Ancient Wars. Digital Tools for
the Montecastrese Fortress
GIORGIO VERDIANI, MARTINA CARRARA, STEFANO LAMI
University of Florence, Italy
In the XXth century, a series of archaeological excavations brought to light the settlement named
“Montecastrese,” a system of Medieval fortifications located on the top of a hill near the town of Camaiore,
on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. The site had been abandoned for centuries before the archaeologists
brought to light traces of the fortress and of the village, exploring the monumental ruins of the northern
tower, still in place but consisting of ruins in two main areas. In the first half of the XIIIth century, the castle
of Montecastrese was conquered and destroyed by the army of Lucca. At the time of its major development,
the small fortress was organized around two main towers, with walls and houses. A quite extensive village
was located on the southern side of the hill. In 2015, the municipality of Camaiore commissioned the
Dipartimento di Architettura in Florence to make a complete digital survey of the area. The general survey
plan was made using an aerial photogrammetric survey, a 3D laser scanner survey and terrestrial
photogrammetry. The 3D modeling of all the lost parts, from the houses, to the defense walls, to the system
of towers, was one of the focal points in this work, which used the modeling process from the survey and
supported the reconstruction hypothesis with previous archaeological data. At the same time we matched
the missing parts with similar architecture and took into account the defensive and offensive features of
the medieval fortress. For the northern tower, a specific operation based on the use of 3D printed models
was employed in order to settle the debate about the sequence of the tower’s collapse. This was quite
important to the digital reconstruction of the building, and the direct manipulation of a scaled model turned
out to be a fundamental step for the completion of this part of the research.
Key words:
Montecastrese; 3D reconstruction; Medieval archaeology; Digital survey; 3D printing.
SDH Reference:
Giorgio Verdiani et al. 2017. Destroyed Places and Ancient Wars. Digital Tools for the Montecastrese
Fortress. SDH, 1, 2, 518-536.
DOI:10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23221
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of our study was to make a reconstructive hypothesis about how the fortified village of
Montecastrese, in the Versilia region of Tuscany (Italy), appeared in the past. To do this, it was
necessary to analyze the written sources and the archaeological remains, to make a comparison with
other castles of this area, and to perform a survey of the area of interest, resulting in the production
of three-dimensional virtual and printed models of the elements involved.
Author's address: Giorgio Verdiani, Dept. of Architecture, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; email: giorgio.verdiani@unifi.it
Permission to make digital or hardcopies of part or all of this work is granted without fee according to the open access policy
of SDH.
© 2017 SDH Open Access Journal
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2. THE STORY SO FAR
Montecastrese was quite probably the most important and populated castle in Versilia. In the Middle
Ages, Versilia counted a large number of castles, many of which have disappeared, and of those
remaining we can see only scanty ruins covered by vegetation or located on steep slopes.
As shown in Fig 1, in the area of Camaiore it is possible to recognize the remains of fifteen fortified
sites, which can be divided into three main typological categories [Gattiglia and Anichini 2009]:
• Fortified villages, with or without
cassero
(from the Latin word
castrum,
indicating
a fortified
military camp, used in castles to indicate their upper portion with fortified buildings)
• Manor houses with surrounding land and buildings
• Military fortifications, built at strategic points and settled by soldiers
Figure 1. The location of the Montecastrese settlement, highlighting the main fortifications in the area.
Montecastrese belongs to the category of fortified villages with a
cassero
[Panero and Pinto 2009].
The importance of the
castrum
of Montecastrese is demonstrated by the significant amount of
archaeological remains found on the top of Monte La Torre (290 meters above sea level), close to the
town of Camaiore .
The
castrum
was located in a strategic position, between two rivers, with a good view over the valley
of Camaiore, including some roads and a passage that led to the silver and iron mines. The
archaeological investigations helped us to understand the development of Montecastrese. From the
first settlement, in perishable material, dating from the VIIIth to Xth centuries AD, the castle was
gradually completed around the twelfth century. The castle was surrounded by a double wall: the first
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contained the
cassero
, which was the highest part of the castle, and was probably inhabited by the
soldiers; the lower boundary enclosed a village of a hundred houses. These buildings were placed for
the most part on the southwest side of the hill, because of the conformation of the ground and in
order to receive more sunlight.
If we consider the number of the houses and the area covered by the village (about 15,000 square
meters), we can estimate that around five hundred inhabitants lived here, so Montecastrese was the
most populous and largest castle in Versilia. Two square towers stood in the
cassero
. They were
placed in the northeast and southwest ends of the crest of the hill.
The North Tower (Fig. 2) was probably the keep (
mastio
), that is to say the main tower and last refuge;
it was surrounded by a defensive wall closed on the east side by a guardhouse. The south tower, in
contrast, was linked to an earlier rectangular building that was believed by the archaeologists to be
a
dongione
(a residential tower) dominating the valley of Camaiore [Antonelli 1995].
Figure 2. The remains of the northern tower; lower part, view of the southern front.
The analysis and reconstruction of the main tower are the focal point of this research. At present,
there are significant remains in place: the base that was cut off and the main collapsed body. This
part is still lying on the ground, but has been split in two parts since the 1970s, perhaps after an
earthquake. In this area is it possible to see some large fragments, while others have probably fallen
downstream. Historically, the tower fell because of the destruction of the castle after the conquest of
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the fortress by the army of Lucca in 1224. Between the twelfth and thirteenth century, Versilia was
involved in a long war between Lucca and Pisa for the control of the coast. The local lords had to face
the expansion of the two cities, making alliances with them [Stortoni 1993].
Many of the castles were gradually taken and destroyed, until Lucca completed the occupation of
Versilia in 1254. After a victory, the tradition of the army of Lucca was usually to destroy all the
buildings belonging to the defeated enemy. So, after the conquest of the castle of Montecastrese, the
main tower was torn down (as shown by traces of mine operations), collapsing in the north-eastern
part of the site [Santini 2002]. The inhabitants of Montecastrese were then forced to move into the
new town of Camaiore, founded by Lucca. Thus, the site was gradually abandoned until, at the end of
the fifteenth century, the area was planted with olive trees. This allowed the partial preservation of
the archaeological remains [Gattiglia and Tarantino 2013]. During the twentieth century, a series of
excavations brought to light all the major remains from this settlement, and in 2015 the municipality
of Camaiore required a complete digital survey of the area to better document the site and contribute
to the local museum dedicated to the town’s history.
3. THE NEW SURVEY CAMPAIGN
This complex of ruins was documented using an indirect digital survey, performed with tools capable
of collecting a huge number of measurements in a very short time. In this digital survey work the
timeline was not on the side of the surveyors: the commitment of the research was signed at the end
of February, and the work was to be done before the beginning of spring. This area has many tall
trees, especially around the northern tower and all along the western side of the hill. Due to this
situation, it was important to complete the survey before the foliage came out. Because of the large
extent of the area, its long development and the irregular shape of the ruins, the integration of four
different kinds of survey was necessary in order to ensure an effective control of the measurements
and shorten the overall time needed for the survey campaign:
• 3D Laser scanner survey
• Topographical survey (in support of the 3D LS and photogrammetric survey)
• Aerial photogrammetry
• Terrestrial photogrammetry
The main survey campaign took place in three days. An inspection was made to choose the
topographic route and the best locations for 3D laser scanner stations. A sufficient number of targets
was placed all along the area. The stations were chosen by determining the number of targets that
each station was able to reach. As a criterion, we decided to have each two consecutive stations
obtaining at least the same four targets. To facilitate the connection of this network with aerial
photogrammetry, a certain number of targets were placed directly on the ground and blocked with
nails. The terrestrial photogrammetric survey was conducted in two separate days, chosen for
specific weather conditions, with a fully cloudy sky, to allow smooth shadows and homogeneous
lighting. A video showing all the main survey activities can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/tJxZACQc4yY
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3D Laser Scanner
The 3D Laser scanner survey was operated using a phase shift laser unit, a Zoller+Fröhlich (Z+F)
5006h model. This very efficient tool allowed us to acquire the area of interest as a digital three-
dimensional model, consisting of a system of point clouds resulting from the connection on the
topographical network of several scans. The scanning stations (Fig. 3) were concentrated around the
main built elements, first of all the NorthTtower. The operations carried out with the 3D laser scanner
led to a total of 196 scans from 192 stations, with the acquisition of around 1 billion points.
Figure 3. The complete network of the digital survey on the Montecastrese hill.
Topographical Survey
In order to simplify the system of measurements and to correctly connect all the scans, avoiding the
need for large overlapping areas, a topographic survey with a total station was clearly the best choice.
From 38 station points the targets acquired by the 3D laser scanner were measured and structured
as a reference network for each point cloud. The narrow development of the hill, the numerous trees
and the terraces were not a significant obstacle for this kind of measurement. This part of the survey
gave a solid base to the overall workflow, reducing to the minimum the possibility of alignment errors
and progressive misalignments.
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Aerial Photogrammetry
The previous phases of the survey gave us the shape and the dimension of the site, but not the
chromatic description of the materials. To complete the documentation and to expand the coverage
of the survey area, we decided to undertake an aerial photogrammetry of the whole settlement.
Because of the quite robust winds coming up from the both sides of the hill, it was preferable to use
a six-meter-long aerostat filled with helium gas and equipped with a radio-controlled gimbal and
camera (Fig. 4). This mini-balloon was able to overcome the difficult conditions caused by the winds
(even though there were still some difficult moments).
Figure 4. The mini-balloon at work over the ruins of the Montecastrese hill.
The selected set of 750 pictures, taken with a Canon 60D and a Canon G10, were used to create a
general model by Structure from Motion (SfM) using the software, Agisoft Photoscan. The final mesh
was generated using a desktop workstation with a Xeon CPU, Nvidia Quadro GPU and 64Gb RAM.
After 40 hours of processing, the final mesh consisted of 49 million faces. This model was then
simplified to produce a “light” version formed of 4.9 million faces. All of these parts of the processing
were produced using Agisoft Photoscan.
The presence of targets from the topographic network, easily recognizable in the aerial photos,
allowed the geo-referencing of the photogrammetric model. Furthermore, the topographic survey
allowed the joining and the integration of the different models generated by aerial and terrestrial
photogrammetry and the 3D laser scanner survey. The 3D documentation was concentrated mainly
on documenting the top part of the hill (Fig. 5), all along the medieval fortress; the existing
cartography was used to generate a model of the lower part of the site, now completely covered by
vegetation.
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Terrestrial Photogrammetry
To complete the digital survey, terrestrial photogrammetry was undertaken in order to have a more
detailed documentation of the remains of the main building (the two towers, the residential tower
called
dongione
, and one of the houses once inside the
cassero
). This last survey campaign was
conducted taking care to detect areas that the 3D laser scanner had not reached, such as the upper
surfaces of the two overturned portions of the main tower (Fig. 6).
Figure 5. One of the many aerial shots from the mini-balloon: top view of the northern tower.
4. 3D DATA POST PROCESSING AND RECONSTRUCTION
After the completion of all the measurements, the set of data from the 3D laser scanner was treated
using Leica Geosystem Cyclone software. The first phase of the data processing consisted of the
alignment of the scans. This was done by connecting the scans each other, and singles or groups of
them to the topographical network. Then the registered point cloud (Fig. 7) was imported into Bentley
Pointools software and managed there for further data processing. This phase was aimed at the
production of 2D representations of the site and of the architectural remains (Fig. 8 to 11). All the plan
and section views were produced using Pointools and then completed and refined in Autodesk
Autocad.
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Figure 6. View of one of the main fragments of the northern tower.
Figure 7. The general aligned point cloud from the 3D laser scanner survey, view of the northern tower.
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Figure 8. The northern tower, plan view and section.
This part of the work produced a general plan and a series of short sections on a scale of 1 to 200, and
two long sections of the ridge on a scale of 1 to 500, in order to clearly document the trend of the hill.
Next, a series of plans and sections on a scale of 1 to 50 were produced. These were a good reference
system, allowing us to analyze the remains of the northern tower, of the southwest area and of one
of the
cassero
houses. The main focus fell on the remains of the main tower. It has a square plan,
with a central compartment, also characterized by a square shape, which probably was used as a tank
for collecting water, directly excavated in the foundation rock of the tower.
One of the two collapsed pieces has a monolith jutting about 50 cm, with a groove on one side. In
order to have a more detailed representation of the ruins, further representations were made with a
change of scale up to 1 to 20. This was done mainly using the models derived from the terrestrial
photogrammetry (Fig. 12). This progressive approach to more and more detailed representations of
the architectural remains allowed a better understanding and reading of the structures. Even if, at
that time, the process of reconstruction had not begun, a certain reasoning about traces and
evidences was ongoing.
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!
Figure 9. The northern tower, sections.
Figure 10. Results from the photogrammetry: the northern tower, plan view and sections.
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Figure 11. Results from the photogrammetry: the northern tower, sections.
Figure 12. Results from the photogrammetry: fragments from the northern tower.
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5. A PRINTED 3D MODEL AS AN EXPERIMENTAL TOOL
In order to formulate a reconstructive hypothesis of the main tower, it was considered useful to create
physical models representing the ruins. The idea was to use these models to reassemble the tower,
playing with the model to recreate all the possible combinations of the ancient collapse. This was
done in order to better understand the former positions of the parts, the original height of the tower
and the dynamics of the destruction.
Figure 13. Printing in progress on one of the parts from the northern tower.
The most practical way to obtain this detailed model from such irregular shapes was by means of 3D
printing [Evans 2012; Lipson and Kurman. 2013; Mongeon 2015; Lupton 2016]. An optimized set of
meshes, with all the “holes” closed, various defects repaired, noise and sparse elements cleaned, was
prepared for printing using Mcneel Rhinoceros 3D and MakerBot software.
The MakerBot 3D printing machine produces its models using a thin filament in PLA (prolactin), a
biodegradable plastic obtained from corn protein. First, the machine makes a sort of preliminary mat
(raft), to avoid possible sliding of the model in the press. Subsequently it realizes the external surface
and the internal structure of the model. In this case, the honeycomb structure was chosen because it
offers excellent resistance with a high speed of production. When needed, the machine was set up to
create supports by printing less dense material at the bottom of the jutting or inclined elements, to
avoid deformations of the object before its cooling. At the end of the printing process (Fig. 13), the
models were manually cleaned from all the supports and preliminary raft.
Once the models of the pieces of the tower were ready, we carried out a series of tests for
reassembling them. At first, we made many assumptions made. But after the first series of tests, it
was considered preferable to define three main hypotheses, and for each case it was possible to
understand the various movements that these pieces would have experienced, while collapsing, to
reach their current locations. The match of the bodies split in two in the 1970s was perfect and left
no doubt, while the relocation of this block on the base has been a subject of debate among
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archaeologists. But in the end, the ways of collapse described by the models showed the
implausibility of two of the hypotheses, proving that the third one was correct.
It is important to underline how easy it was to handle these printed models, quickly finding the
solution to the various hypotheses and defining the correct one in few minutes of work. The direct
manipulation of the parts was so immediate and easy in the solution of this process that it led to a
certain surprise in all the operators, but it cleared the field of any doubt about the sequence of the
fall. In this way, all the parts were brought back to their original positions and the model guided the
following digital reconstruction [Amico et al. 2013].
Operating with the physical model as a guide and reference turned out to be the best way to do this
(Fig. 14); any other solution, like a direct repositioning of the digital model, was capable of leaving
some doubts, because of the “inconsistency” of the polygonal meshes or perhaps because of the
missing “weight” of the elements in the digital space. It is not possible to apply a generalization of
the process, but in this case, the use of a 3D printed model tuned out to be a perfect solution in clearing
the field of the various hypothesis about the sequence of the fall. The accurate survey found an
excellent ally in the 3D printing process; the high level of details of almost all the borders and the
realistic appearance of the models helped a lot in the manipulation process. A simpler model would
not have been that efficient, while the low accuracy of the edges and a raw similarity between the
real remains and the model would be too approximate to allow the testing to be successful. In
summary, the sharp model made in PLA was easy to manipulate (lightweight, efficient in the
matching of the borders, and of the right size to have a realistic tactile feedback). The model of the
terrain was accurate enough, but at the same time simplified enough to both help the understanding
of the fragment’s movement on its surface and to give a reduction to the transformations occurred
in time (soil movements, vegetation growth, partial falls).
Figure 14. Operating various reconstruction tests on the 3D printed model of the northern tower.
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Two videos illustrating the main sequence of the fall and the reconstruction operation based on the
printed model can be viewed at the following links: https://youtu.be/64Vgar1h0gE and
https://youtu.be/o15PEAse12M
Each case was then checked for an additional confirmation using the alignment of the partial
orthophotographs of the tower (Fig. 15). This check was done to vanquish any possible doubt about
the alignment results and to define a first base for further virtual reconstruction.
The higher level of details allowed by the texture rendering permitted us to bring on and complete
the analysis and to make decisions about the original state of this architecture.
Figure 15. Operating various reconstruction tests on the photogrammetric model of the northern tower.
The third reconstructive hypothesis could find support in the fact that the scaffolding holes would
be absent on the side that faces the guardhouse, while on the opposite side the scaffolding holes are
numerous and well distributed, perhaps owing to the use of the guardhouse as a scaffold. Here the
groove of the shelf is oriented upwards, with the idea of a stair resting on it. It is also possible to note
a considerable lack of material between the base and the upper portion of the tower; this accords with
the idea of a mine cut made on the side of the collapse. In fact, according to historical sources, when
a tower was destroyed it was cut at the foot on one side. Wooden props were placed under the cut
and when the props were set on fire, the tower fell down. In the end, the adopted hypothesis is the
one with the shelf oriented to the west, because direction of the collapse is the most suitable to the
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position occupied by the two detached blocks. Therefore, it is possible to estimate that the fall
occurred with a 180-degree overturning of the upper portion. Then the summit would have been
detached and rolled downstream, while the sparse blocks would have been separated later.
After that, when analyzing the three blocks, a lack of openings was noticed, suggesting an entry from
a high position (plausible for defensive purposes), and the fact that the tower was not inhabited by
anyone (as suggested by the small size of the central compartment).
Thus, it is possible to say that this structure was a tower used for controlling the area, reachable by
means of a retractable external wooden staircase. It probably rested on the shelf jutting from one of
the two collapsed blocks, and the groove can be interpreted in this way.
The hypothesis of an inaccessible inside tower agrees with the idea that on the bottom of the tower
there was a cistern, as suggested by the hollow partly covered by vegetation, and by the parallel with
the solution adopted at the nearby castle of Peralla, where it is possible to find a similar presence of
a tower-tank. Thinking about the function of control and defense of the towers, and about their use
as reporting points with fires and mirrors, it is possible to suppose a wooden catwalk on the top, from
which one could to collect water from the cistern with a bucket (Fig. 16).
In the end, knowing the height of the shelf, we can estimate that the original height of the tower was
around 12 m.
Figure 16. Draft reconstruction of the northern tower.
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The second tower was probably similar to this one, while the dungeon, larger and inhabited, was
likely lower.
In order to have an overall representation of the medieval
cassero
, a digital model of the whole hill
was developed, cleared of trees. This was done using the level curves from the top of the hill,
producing horizontal sections every half meter using Bentley Pointools snapshots. Then the curves
were used for creating the surface of the current state of the ground. In addition, where the curves
were thicker, we noticed some areas with regular boundaries, excavated into the rock of the hill.
Probably they are traces of dwellings. A map of the houses of the
cassero
was developed from these
traces, allowing us to complete the volumetric reconstruction of the top of the hill.
Figure 17. Digital reconstruction of the whole settlement of Montecastrese (modeling and rendering by
Panaiotis Kruklidis).
6. THE MUSEUM IN CAMAIORE
The results of this research have deepened the study previously undertaken by the Archaeological
Group of Camaiore. A selection of products developed in our research, like the physical models and
the virtual reconstructions, are on permanent exhibition in Camaiore at the Civico Museo
Archeologico, Palazzo Tori-Massoni, Piazza Francigena. The main materials in the exhibition are a
series of panels, some multimedia elements, a laser cut model showing the general reconstruction
of Montecastrese and another one showing its actual state. The models were realized in white
Plexiglas with a digital laser cutting machine at the Architecture Modeling Laboratory (LMA), part of
the DiDALabs System of the Dipartimento di Architettura, University of Florence. The idea was to
produce a physical model accessible to the public, usable as a tactile model when needed, robust and
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massive enough and capable of communicating the relationship between the territory and the
structures (both in the form of the archaeological site and of hypothetical reconstruction).
These elements found their accessible place among the rich collection of objects on display at the
Civic Museum, planned and designed by architects Andrea Innocenzo Volpe and Yoichi Sakasegawa.
The whole set of materials about Montecastrese is presented in order to direct the public’s attention
to a medieval site that deserves to be better known after falling into oblivion owing to centuries of
total abandonment.
Figure 18. Digital reconstruction of the northern tower at Montecastrese (rendering by Panaiotis Kruklidis).
7. CONCLUSIONS
Beginning with a complete and accurate digital survey, a whole process of cultural dissemination
was undertaken, creating, at the same time, an appropriate base for new studies and research to
enhance the knowledge and understanding of this ancient citadel. From its beginning, this was the
aim of our research, focusing on the evidence and traces coming from the remains of this long-
abandoned place.
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All these elements were the basis to develop, with well-calibrated steps, an attempt to introduce 3D
printing as an integral part of the virtual reconstruction process. It seemed appropriate to conduct
the case study in this way, while the approach based on a physical, scaled model seemed the most
efficient method for understanding a complicated situation where both the strategy of the
destruction and the original aspect of the architecture were subjects of interest.
Finally, as often happens when all the steps are done and some clear results begin to emerge, the
rich system of references, surveys, reconstructions, pictures, sketches, tests, etc. seemed to be
immediately ready to be transformed into panels, models, multimedia and other dissemination
products, able to present the great importance of a cultural heritage site, long-ago destroyed but
brought back by advanced 3D digital technologies into a new kind of existence in 2016, almost eight
centuries after its disappearance.
Figure 18. One of the spaces dedicated to the Montecastrese settlement inside the Civico Museo Archeologico
in Camaiore.
8. REFERENCES
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Received March 2017; revised July 2017; accepted August 2017.
