Content uploaded by Jonathan Macayan
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jonathan Macayan on Dec 14, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (2017), Vol. 8 Issue 1
© 2017 Philippine Educational Measurement and Evaluation Association
Implementing Outcome-Based Education (OBE)
Framework: Implications for Assessment of Students’
Performance
Jonathan V. Macayan
Mapúa University
Abstract
This paper initially traces the roots of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) and
introduces key concepts at the level of school-wide implementation based on
Spady (1994). It then proceeds with defining what outcomes are and discusses
how the definition of outcomes demands paradigm shift in assessment and
evaluation practices. Finally, the paper tackles important implications of
carrying out the framework for the practice and methods of assessment and
evaluation of students‟ performance in schools. These implications are meshed
with discussion of the four operating principles of OBE.
Keywords: outcome-based assessment, outcome-based evaluation, outcome-
based education
Introduction
In response to the need for standardization of education systems and
processes, many higher education institutions in the Philippines shifted
attention and efforts toward implementing Outcome-Based Education
(henceforth OBE) system on school level. The shift to OBE has been
propelled predominantly because it is used as a framework by international and
local academic accreditation bodies in school- and program-level surveillance,
on which many schools invest their efforts into. The Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) even emphasized the need for the implementation of OBE
by issuing a memorandum order (CMO No. 46, s. 2012) entitled, “Policy-
Standard to enhance quality assurance in Philippine Higher Education through
an Outcomes-Based and Typology Based QA”. Then, in 2014, it was followed
2
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
by a release of the Handbook of Typology, Outcomes-Based Education, and
Sustainability Assessment.
Given the current status of OBE in the country, this paper intends to
shed light on some critical aspects of the framework with the hope of
elucidating important concepts that will ensure proper implementation of
OBE. Also, the paper zeroes in on inferring implications of OBE
implementation for assessment and evaluation of students‟ performance.
What is OBE?
Outcomes-based education as defined by Spady (1994, p. 12) means
“clearly focusing and organizing everything in an educational system around
what is essential for all students to be able to do successfully at the end of their
learning experience.”
The definition explicitly specifies certain markers, which should serve
as bases of actions and procedures that schools must undertake to ensure the
proper institution-wide implementation of OBE. Tucker (2004) further
emphasized this in his description of OBE as a process that should involve the
restructuring of curriculum, assessment, and reporting practices in education.
The changes that OBE entails put emphasis on students‟ demonstration of
learning outcomes rather than accumulation of course credits. Also, these
definitions of OBE emphasize the need to accordingly align all aspects of
educational processes and systems to the expected outcomes that all students
should be able to proficiently exhibit at the end of the curriculum, and that
outcomes should not be viewed synonymously with grades or simply curricular
completion, but rather authentic demonstrations of expected competencies as
a result of significant learning experiences.
It can be surmised then that the implementation of OBE requires
consistency across desired outcomes of education, teaching and learning
activities, and assessment methods and practices.
To organize everything in the educational system (curriculum,
resources, facilities, curricular and co-curricular activities, etc.) and align them
with the desired outcomes of education, it would be necessary first for schools
to have a clear understanding of what outcomes are. Thus, the next section
addresses the following questions: What are outcomes and how are they
derived and stated? The next section of this article will provide thorough
discussions on the outcomes according to the OBE framework.
3
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
What are Outcomes?
The term outcome is lexically defined as “something that follows as a result or
a consequence”, “an end-product or a result”, and “the way a thing turns out”. One
common denominator among these definitions is that they all concur that
outcomes happen as a product or an end-result of processes or any antecedent
factors or events. In education, outcomes are viewed as the learning results
that students are expected to demonstrate across the curriculum. Hence,
outcomes in education may vary in terms of levels or forms. According to
Killen (2000), some outcomes are expected to be demonstrated at a course
level (subject-related academic outcomes), and some are at the program and
institutional levels (cross-discipline outcomes). However, according to Spady
(1994, p. 49), the most important form of outcomes with which other forms or
levels of outcomes should be aligned are those that reflect real life roles that
learners will perform the moment they exit the education system – these are
called„ culminating outcomes.‟
Simply, the course/subject-related and program level outcomes should
be fundamentally linked to the culminating or exit outcomes of education. This
practice ensures that education prepares students to perform future life-roles.
Thus, the focus of OBE is more on the results or products of education, rather
than on the content and curricular processes (Morcke et al., 2012).
In an OBE set-up, the first thing that should be identified and explicitly
stated is the culminating or exit outcomes, what we want our students to be able to do
successfully at the end of their learning journey in school. Again, these culminating
outcomes should be based on life-roles that students will perform in the real
world. One of the operating principles of OBE in Spady‟s (1991; 1994)
framework is the Design Down principle, which should be simultaneously
applied together with the other operating principles (i. e., clarity of focus, high
expectation, and expanded opportunity). The design down principle is like a
top-down approach of formulating and stating outcomes. The culminating
outcomes should be stated first, followed by some enabling outcomes
(program level), then by some discrete outcomes that are measured in terms of
specific learning tasks (course level). The backward design of outcomes would
somehow guarantee that all the forms and levels of outcomes across the
curriculum are systematically and intentionally aligned and connected. Then,
the implementation of this design should be forward.
4
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
Figure 1. Levels of Outcomes of Education
Implications to Learning Assessment Practices
As discussed in the preceding section, the implementation of OBE in
the institution level would entail restructuring of relevant systems and
procedures to constructively facilitate the attainment of the desired outcomes
of education. This includes the critical restructuring of assessment methods
and procedures employed by educators and institutions in evaluating student
performance, which serves as evidence of the attainment of outcomes.
Assessment plays an important role in the educative process. It serves
as basis for determining the rate of learning progress of students as well as the
source of information of opportunities for further improvement. One of the
most comprehensive definitions of assessment is provided by the American
Association for Higher Education (Angelo, 1995, p. 7):
An ongoing process aimed at understanding and
improving student learning. It involves making our
expectations explicit and public; setting appropriate criteria
and high standards for learning quality; systematically
gathering, analyzing, and interpreting evidence to
determine how well performance matches those
expectations and standards; and using the resulting
information to document, explain, and improve
performance.
5
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
In OBE schools, assessment, when implemented appropriately, would
have manifold purposes and benefits. Aside from providing educators ideas
about the progress of students, it also informs them about the effectiveness of
their teaching methodologies and approaches. Moreover, assessment results in
an OBE school are used as bases to improve educational services and systems
on an institutional level (Bresciani et al., 2012).
Proper implementation of OBE both in the classroom and institutional
levels would demand paradigm shift. The following summarizes the shifts of
assessment practices moving from the traditional practices to OBE practices:
Paradigm Shift 1: Teacher-Centered to Learner-Centered Approach
Assessment in outcome-based education require a shift in mindset of
educators and educational leaders. The shift requires a turnaround of approach
from teacher-centered to learner-centered education (Bresciani, 2012; Bresciani
et al., 2009; Ramoroka, 2006; Nieburh, 1996).
Table 1
Assessment: Traditional vs. OBE
Traditional
OBE
What are our (educators) practices
What our students have become and
able to demonstrate
Teaching (inputs, content)
Learning (demonstration of skills and
competencies, outcomes)
Teaching and Learning (TLA) as the
end
Teaching and Learning (TLA) as the
means to an end
Practice determines the outcomes
Outcomes inform the practice
Paradigm Shift 2: Being Outcomes-Minded
Needless to say, in outcome-based education framework everything
should be based on outcomes. Thus, assessment methods and techniques
should be consistent with the stated outcomes of education. According to
Bresciani (2006), outcome-based assessment is a systematic and intentional
process. This means that the assessments used in this set-up are deliberately
designed and administered in pursuit of outcomes attainment. Along with
teaching and learning activities, assessments used in OBE classrooms should
be constructively aligned with the outcomes that are expected to be
6
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
successfully demonstrated at specific stages and curricular levels (Biggs, 2011;
Biggs & Tang, 2007).
Spady (1994) specified four operating principles that will guide
educators and academic leaders in the implementation of OBE. When applied
consistently, systematically, creatively, and simultaneously the efforts of
shifting to OBE can be almost guaranteed.
The four operating principles of OBE and their implications for
assessment are as follows:
Clarity of focus. Educators should be made aware and conscious
about the outcomes of education each student must manifest or demonstrate
at the course level and that these outcomes at the classroom level are
connected to the attainment of higher level outcomes (i. e.,
program/institutional outcomes and culminating outcomes). Thus, at the initial
stage of academic or course planning, the higher outcomes serve as guide for
educators in defining and clearly stating the focus of the course/subject. This
principle implies that the criteria of attainment of learning outcomes (students‟
learning performance) that can be elicited through assessments should exhibit a
particular standard that applies to all learners. In effect, this standardizes the
assessment practices and procedures used by educators in specific
subject/course.
High expectations. As stated in the clarity of focus principle,
learning outcomes at the course level are necessarily connected to higher level
outcomes. These connections warrant educators from eliciting high level of
performance from students. This level of performance ensures that students
successfully meet desired learning outcomes set for a course, and consequently
enable them to demonstrate outcomes at higher levels (program or institutional
level). Thus, the kind of assessments in OBE learning context should challenge
students enough to activate and enable higher order thinking skills (e. g.,
critical thinking, decision making, problem solving, etc.), and should be more
authentic (e. g., performance tests, demonstration exercise, simulation or role
play, portfolio, etc.).
Expanded opportunity. The first and second principles importantly
necessitate that educators deliver students‟ learning experiences at an advanced
level. In the process, many students may find it difficult complying with the
standards set for a course. As a philosophical underpinning of OBE, Spady
(1994, p. 9) emphasized that “all students can learn and succeed, but not on the
7
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
same day, in the same way.” This discourages educators from generalizing
manifestations of learned behavior from students, considering that every
student is a unique learner. Thus, an expanded opportunity should be granted
to students in the process of learning and more importantly in assessing their
performance. The expansion of opportunity can be considered
multidimensional (i. e., time, methods and modalities, operational principles, performance
standards, curriculum access and structuring). In the assessment practice and
procedures, the time dimension implies that educators should give more
opportunities for students to demonstrate learning outcomes at the desired
level. Thus, provisions of remedial, make-up, removal, practice tests, and other
expanded learning opportunities are common in OBE classrooms. Methods
and modalities of assessment can also be expanded depending on the types of
learners. Students vary in many ways. One important aspect of diversity among
learners for example is their thinking style. In studies on thinking styles (e. g.,
Abdi, 2012; Zhang, 2002), findings revealed that students vary on thinking or
cognitive styles. These manifold styles when accommodated appropriately not
only on the delivery of lessons but also on the type of assessments would yield
more productive and successful results from students in terms of
demonstrating the learned outcomes.
Design down. This is the most crucial operating principle of OBE.
As mentioned in the previous section, OBE implements a top-down approach
in designing and stating the outcomes of education (i. e., culminating ---
enabling --- discrete outcomes). The same principle can be applied in designing
and implementing outcomes‟ assessments in classes.
Figure 2. Backward Design-Forward Implementation: Course Level Outcomes and
Assessments
8
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
Traditionally, the design of assessments for classes is done following a
bottom-up approach. Educators would initially develop measures for micro
learning tasks (e. g., quizzes, exercises, assignments, etc.), then proceed to
develop the end-of-term tasks (e. g., major examination, final project, etc.). In
OBE context, since the more important outcomes that should be primarily
identified and defined are the culminating ones, it follows that the same
principle should logically apply. Thus, the first assessment that should be
developed and designed for a course is the final assessment; from this, smaller
measures (discrete tasks) can be logically designed and progressively
implemented. This process employs the top-down approach, which guarantees
that all course assessments are constructively linked and aligned to the desired
outcomes of the course/subject, and ultimately to the culminating outcomes of
education (i. e., program/ institutional, and exit).
Discussion
Having discussed the fundamental concepts and principles of OBE, as
well as the implications of this framework for schools systems and processes,
the following can be deduced:
(1) The implementation of OBE in schools requires an academic
organization to realign and adjust educational processes and systems in
accordance with the desired outcomes of education. In effect, this necessitates
major stakeholders of education (e. g., academic leaders, educators, academic
external partners, etc.) to work together in determining, defining, and stating
outcomes at various curricular levels (i. e., culminating, program, course
outcomes).
(2) Proper implementation of OBE requires schools to undergo
paradigm shift and consequently adopt some redefinition of the kind of
education and educational services that they deliver to students. One of the
shifts or changes that schools must adopt is learner-centeredness, not only in
principle but importantly in practice. This change in approach cascades
necessarily to assessment and evaluation practices. Another critical shift is not
only on the awareness but on a serious adherence with the operating principles
of OBE. To ensure proper implementation of the framework, these principles
should be applied consistently, systematically, creatively, and simultaneously.
(3) Assessment plays a very important role in an OBE set-up. When
implemented appropriately, assessment results serve as reliable bases in
9
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
determining whether students are on the right track in attaining the outcomes
(formative) or have actually attained the desired outcomes at the course or
program level (summative).
(4) Outcome-based assessment provides feedback and informs
educators as regards the effectiveness of the teaching and learning practices
that they employ in classes. This constructively and significantly redounds to
the development of more responsive and adaptive teaching techniques that
support students in attaining the desired outcomes of education.
Finally, it is clear that the optimal benefits of OBE can be realized if
schools will seriously anchor the implementation of the framework on the
philosophical underpinnings of outcome-based education. That is, everything
in the educational processes and systems should be based on the outcomes;
outcomes which extend beyond academics and reflect real-life attributes that
the various stakeholders deem pivotal among students who graduate from
schools and then integrate to the society as professionals. Teachers and
academics must espouse the true-to-form purpose of OBE, which transcends
accreditation and goes beyond preparing students for high-stakes assessments.
This, in turn, challenges educators and assessment experts to develop and
implement authentic assessments that measure real outcomes of education, be
they quantitative or qualitative measures. Eventually, outcomes-based
assessment should encourage the reshaping of the various levels of outcomes
and the rethinking of teaching and learning and assessment tasks to ultimately
prepare students not only for academic success, but also importantly for life
success.
References
Angelo, T. (1995). Reassessing (and Defining) Assessment. The AAHE Bulletin,
48(2), 7-9.
Biggs, J. (2011). Constructive alignment in university teaching. HERDSA
Review of Higher Education, 1, 15 -22.
Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality learning at university (3rd
ed.). Berkshire: Society for Research in Higher Education & Open
University Press.
Bresciani, M. J., Gardner, M. M, & Hickmott, J. (2012). Demonstrating student
success : A practical guide to outcomes-based assessment of learning and development
in student affairs. Sterling, USA: Stylus Publishing.
Bresciani, M. J., Gardner, M. M., & Hickmott, J. (2009). Demonstrating student
success in student affairs. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
10
ISSN 2094-5876 Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review (EMEReview), July 2017
Bresciani, M. J. (2006). Outcomes-based academic and co-curricular program review: A
compilation of institutional good practices. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publications.
Killen, R. (2000). Outcome-based education: Principles and possibilities.
Unpublished manuscript, University of Newcastle, Faculty of
Education.
Morke, A. M., Dornan, T., & Eika, B., (2013). Outcome (competency) based
education: An exploration of its origins, theoretical basis, and empirical
evidence. Adv in Health Sci Educ, 18, 851–863. DOI.1007/s10459-012-
9405-9
Niebuhr, G. A. (1996). Lifelong learning through a National Qualifications Framework:
A discussion document. UK: Pretoria.
Ramoroka, N. J. (2006). Educators’ understanding on the premises underpinning
outcomes-based education and its impact on their classroom assessment practices.
UK: University of Pretoria.
Spady, W. (1994). Outcome-based education: Critical issues and answers. Arlington,
VA: American Association of School Administrators.
Spady, W., & Marshall, K. (1991). Beyond Traditional Outcome-Based
Education. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 67–72.
Tucker, B. (2004, October 19). Literature review: Outcomes-focused education in
universities. Retrieved from
http://lsn.curtin.edu.au/outcomes/docs/LitReview.pdf
