DataPDF Available

Spreadsheet for Sprint acceleration force-velocity-power profiling

  • August 2019
Authors:
Jean-Benoît Morin at Université Jean Monnet
Jean-Benoît Morin
Pierre Samozino at Université Savoie Mont Blanc
Pierre Samozino
Download file PDF
Read file
Download citation

Abstract

Use this spreadsheet to compute the sprint mechanical outputs from 4 to 6 split times or velocity-time data. Watch the video tutorial here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-VrkU_Ev6w&t=152s https://jbmorin.net/2017/12/13/a-spreadsheet-for-sprint-acceleration-force-velocity-power-profiling/
Content uploaded by Jean-Benoît Morin
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jean-Benoît Morin on Apr 13, 2022
Content may be subject to copyright.
     
      
      
      
      
      
 Sum  
   
  
  
      
      
!" #$%" & '(  
" "    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !"!#  
 
 !" "$%!"!&' (#  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) "*

 

! %!"
!
+
) ,"*
)*

*+,
&
-./000$$1-&,&23*1+,454*4&-(4%$42$*,40$4%$1461*&74$$+4,(41-,*1481+6,4*,4$*,&4$2,,*,4*4&-(4&412&4$*,&41-,*1
-./000$$1-&,&23*1+,49,&$$+,40$ $1 1*&74$:4%$49,(*6*(2*;(4,(41*:14)$*,*,
-./)0-/#
"' ( "1!2"3$ %
"/*!'#/4'!&"! 5(*6"6
***/4*!!7"'&!$!'(&!
** "
8$!" 9 "$!5' ( "!"(
:.-6;;./#
*!$%!"' .;<= "*!&$ % 
'1( "" "!&$ "!%!"9 !!"6;=$!$ '!'"
$!*(1:"*!& (15$ !&*!
" 9!>!!'%%!"!&"' (2 
!**"!'9 " 5*"12!"2 ("
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
1*&7
&
<=)
11$+,
&
5*$
$*1+,

<=)&
$1
<=)&
$1

<=)
0$

<=)
0$

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
)>
$1
!+%
$1"
8 ? @






8
.::.;

! %!"
8?@
8
?
@
A
!* 1

!* 1
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
8?@
8
?
@
A
!* 1

!* 1
8?@
8
?
@
A
BC!*

BC!*;
8?@
8
?
A


8
?
BC!2

!2D
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
8?@
8
?
A
8
?
BC!2

!2D
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
8 ? @
8
.::.;
 
! %!"
8?@
8
?
@
A
!* 1

!* 1
8?@A
8
?
@
A
8
?
A
8
?
?!>@ @A?>9)B ?@!
1*&7
$1
0$
8?@A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
8E
8E !+%$1 1*&7
1*&7
'1-,*181+6,!+%$1
8?@
8
?
@
A
!* 1
 
!* 1
8?@
8
?
@
A
BC!*
 
BC!*;
8?@
8
?
A
8
?
BC!2

!2D
8?@A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
8E
8E !+%$1 1*&7
1*&7
'1-,*181+6,!+%$1
8?@
8
?
A
8
?
BC!2
 
!2D
8?@A
8
?
@
A
8
?
A


8
?
?!>@ @A?>9)B ?@!
1*&7
$1
0$
8?@A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
8E
8E !+%$1 1*&7
1*&7
'1-,*181+6,!+%$1
8?@A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
8E
8E !+%$1 1*&7
1*&7
'1-,*181+6,!+%$1
 
     
      
     
      
      
      
   
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
 
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
-$

-
$

!
$

! %!"

+
 ,"*
6**%!
"
/#
9$&&-+,(*,&,&,261*&7(&
%$$($$$2,-$*,12,5,(C
C/61*&7622$(3%$&-
1&2$*,&&$&,(D$&-*61*&7
&2-6&3(&(
C/5&$*,&&$&E(&&-62%$
0-*1-&-$*(23&3&0,1&2*,,(
,*E&-%0*,,7*0*&$&
&-62
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
     
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
BF;  ; BC!;
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
! %!"

BC!
;
!2F
D
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
-E
 
  
 B  
  
 B 
  
  1
 0!&+ ,"* 
 6 & *%!"*!G* " 
 !H 
 6&I 
  
 )& 
 6:;.0./
 ; 
 " ; 
 "  
 " D 
 " D 
 " $!5!$ 
 " - "
 " )& "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
-/0<6;
;
5$1&

/#
-"/*!'#JA'!&"
! 5(*J9J?"J@
*!"$3%5!
$ !"25$ "$
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "
 "

6**%!"
!$
-
$"**%!"


$
BF!*
!2
.-/;"$
!2D
/#
-"/*!'#JA'!&"
! 5(*J9J?"J@
*!"$3%5!
$ !"25$ "$
 "















!*3!* 1
!23!* 1
$
.-/;
!2D

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
-6:...-/
$
-%!!&!*E
(*&,1 + (*8
  


C&F0$*&

6**%!"
!$
-
 
$"**%!"










$
BF!*
!2
 
.-/;"$
!2D
&27& 
3.27&











!*3!* 1
!23!* 1
$
.-/;
!2D

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
-6:...-/
$
-%!!&!*E
$(*1&( )**,A*-&
 (*8 (*8*,$
    
    
    

File (1)

Content uploaded by Jean-Benoît Morin
Author content
FVPsprint_202
2.xlsx
Office Document
  • 1.36 MB
Download file
... The biomechanical model to establish the F-v profile has previously been reported [3] and validated [22] when compared with direct measurement of ground reaction forces (GRF) from in-ground force plates and has been used in previous interventional studies [23]. Position-time data from the electronic timing games were used in a custom-made Microsoft Excel spreadsheet [24] to derive and model all force-velocity variables using the equations developed by Samozino et al. [3]. Recent explanations on the procedures used to determine sprint F-v characteristics are provided by Morin et al. [22]. ...
... The PREP phase was a 6-month period from June to December, while the COMP phase was a 3-month period from January to March. Split times were collected across the season (PREP and COMP) using timing gate data, along with body mass, standing stature and environmental conditions (i.e., barometric pressure, temperature), which were then imported into a custom-made Microsoft Excel spreadsheet [24] to determine the sprint mechanical parameters. ...
Exploratory Analysis of Sprint Force-Velocity Characteristics, Kinematics and Performance across a Periodized Training Year: A Case Study of Two National Level Sprint Athletes
Article
Full-text available
Objective: This case study aimed to explore changes to sprint force-velocity characteristics across a periodized training year (45 weeks) and the influence on sprint kinematics and performance in national level 100-meter athletes. Force-velocity characteristics have been shown to differentiate between performance levels in sprint athletes, yet limited information exists describing how characteristics change across a season and impact sprint performance, therefore warranting further research. Methods: Two male national level 100-meter athletes (Athlete 1: 22 years, 1.83 m, 81.1 kg, 100 m time: 10.47 s; Athlete 2: 19 years, 1.82 cm, 75.3 kg, 100 m time: 10.81 s) completed 12 and 11 force-velocity assessments, respectively, using electronic timing gates. Sprint mechanical characteristics were derived from 30-meter maximal sprint efforts using split times (i.e., 0–10 m, 0–20 m, 0–30 m) whereas step kinematics were established from 100-meter competition performance using video analysis. Results: Between the preparation (PREP) and competition (COMP) phase, Athlete 1 showed significantly large within-athlete effects for relative maximal power (PMAX), theoretical maximal velocity (v0), maximum ratio of force (RFMAX), maximal velocity (VMAX), and split time from 0 to 20 m and 0 to 30 m (−1.70 ≤ ES ≥ 1.92, p ≤ 0.05). Athlete 2 reported significant differences with large effects for relative maximal force (F0) and RFMAX only (ES: ≤ −1.46, p ≤ 0.04). In the PREP phase, both athletes reported almost perfect correlations between F0, PMAX and 0–20 m (r = −0.99, p ≤ 0.01), however in the COMP phase, the relationships between mechanical characteristics and split times were more individual. Competition performance in the 100-meter sprint (10.64 ± 0.24 s) showed a greater reliance on step length (r ≥ −0.72, p ≤ 0.001) than step frequency to achieve faster performances. The minimal detectable change (%) across mechanical variables ranged from 1.3 to 10.0% while spatio-temporal variables were much lower, from 0.94 to 1.48%, with Athlete 1 showing a higher ‘true change’ in performance across the season compared to Athlete 2. Conclusions: The estimated sprint force-velocity data collected across a training year may provide insight to practitioners about the underpinning mechanical characteristics which affect sprint performance during specific phases of training, plus how a periodized training design may enhance sprint force-velocity characteristics and performance outcomes.
View
... W in equation (5) represents Lambert's W function (Goerg, 2022). Equation (4), in which the time is the predictor and distance is the outcome variable, is commonly employed in research (Morin, 2017;, This method should be avoided since reversing the predictor and outcome variables in a regression model may create biased estimated parameters (Motulsky, 2018, p. 341). This bias may not be practically significant for profiling short sprints, but it is a statistically flawed practice and should be avoided. ...
... Estimating MSS and TAU parameters using equation (5) as model definition is performed using non-linear least squares regression. To the best of my knowledge, scientist, researchers, and coaches have been performing short sprints modeling using the built-in solver function of Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) (Samozino et al., 2016;Clark et al., 2017;Morin, 2017;Stenroth, Vartiainen & Karjalainen, 2020; (Jovanović & Vescovi, 2020;Vescovi & Jovanović, 2021;Jovanović, 2022) for R-language (R Core Team, 2022), which utilizes the nlsLM() function from the {minpack.lm} package (Elzhov et al., 2022). ...
Bias in estimated short sprints profiles using timing gates due to the flying start: Simulation study and proposed solutions
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Short sprints have been modeled using the mono-exponential equation that involves two parameters: (1) maximum sprinting speed (MSS) and (2) relative acceleration (TAU), most often performed using the timing gates. I have named this the No correction model. Unfortunately, due to the often utilized flying start, a bias is introduced when estimating parameters. In this paper, I have (1) proposed two additional models (Estimated TC and Estimated FD) that aim to correct this bias, and (2) provided a theoretical simulation study that provides model performances in estimating parameters. In conclusion, both Estimated TC and Estimated FD models provided more precise parameter estimates, but surprisingly, the No correction model provided better estimates of some parameter changes.
View
... Brevemente, este método se basa en las leyes del movimiento aplicadas al centro de masa del atleta y sólo requiere como entradas la masa corporal, la altura y tiempos parciales (de tres a cinco divisiones) durante la aceleración o la velocidad de carrera instantánea (e.g., obtenida con radar , dispositivos láser o de resistencia robótica). Existe una hoja de cálculo gratuita que permite realizar todos los cálculos a partir de estas entradas 53 . También está disponible una aplicación iOS de bajo costo y válida para teléfonos inteligentes y tabletas (llamada MySprint) 54 para medir con precisión los tiempos parciales de aceleración de 30 metros basados en grabaciones de video de frecuencia (120 a 240 cuadros por segundo) que está asociado con una hoja de cálculo gratuita para cálculos completos. ...
View
... A sprint F-v profile is typically determined by performing maximal unloaded sprint efforts across 20-40 m with various split times (e.g., 0-10 m, 10-20 m, and 20-30 m) collected by timing games/ photocells (33), velocity-time or position-time data collected using a radar gun (46,68), or other technology types including high-speed camera, optical laser (69), a portable resistance training device (34), or global positioning system units (44). From the velocity-time or position-time data, this can then be input in a custommade Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (57) to determine athletes' stepaveraged kinetics and kinematics in the sagittal plane of motion and used to generate mechanical relationships based on the field method previously outlined (66). The linear F-v and polynomial power-velocity relationships obtained from sprint accelerations provide a macroscopic and integrative view of the overall F-v-power profile of an athlete in sprint-specific actions (66). ...
Individualization of Training Based on Sprint Force-Velocity Profiles: A Conceptual Framework for Biomechanical and Technical Training Recommendations
Article
The purpose of this article is to provide practitioners with a system to categorize and individualize training prescription from sprint force-velocity (F-v) profiles to enhance performance in team and individual sport athletes. Despite F-v variables presenting key information about the underpinning mechanisms contributing to sprint performance, the overall data interpretation may be limited for the practitioner to implement applied training interventions compared with the researcher. Therefore, this article provides a conceptual framework for appropriate training prescriptions based on individual biomechanical and technical characteristics contributing to sprint performance.
View
... FVPs were calculated in Microsoft Excel using formulas and mechanical variables described by Morin and Samozino (27,28). See Figure 3 for an example box squat force-velocity profile. ...
Practice to pitch: The relationship between force-velocity profiles and match-day performance of semi-professional rugby union players
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
Introduction: This exploratory study aimed to assess the relationship between athlete neuromuscular performance and rugby performance indicators. Specifically, the study looked at the force-velocity profiles (FVPs) derived from four common resistance exercises and their relationship with rugby performance indicators (RPIs). Methods: The study recruited twenty-two semi-professional male rugby players (body mass 102.5 ± 12.6 kg, height 1.85 ± 0.74 m, age 24.4 ± 3.4 years) consisting of ten backs and twelve forwards. Prior to the first game of a Covid-impacted nine-match season, participants performed four common resistance exercises (barbell box squat, jammer push-press, sled pull, and sled push) at incremental loads to establish force-velocity profiles. During the season, rugby performance indicators (post-contact metres, tries, turnovers conceded, tackles, try assists, metres ran, defenders beaten, and tackle breaks) were collated from two trusted sources by a performance analyst. Correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between the results of FVPs and RPIs. Results: The study found a statistically significant, moderate, positive correlation between tackle-breaks and sled push V0 (r = .35, p = .048). Significant, large, positive correlations were also found between tackles and jammer push-press V0 (r = .53, p = .049) and tackle-breaks and sled pull F0 (r = .53, p = .03). There was a significant, negative relationship between sled pull V0 and tackle-breaks (r = −.49, p = .04). However, the largest, significant correlation reported was between metres ran and sled pull F0 (r = .66, p = .03). Conclusion: The study suggests that a relationship may exist between FVPs of particular exercises and RPIs, but further research is required to confirm this. Specifically, the results suggest that horizontal resistance training may be best to enhance RPIs (tackle-breaks, tackles, and metres ran). The study also found that maximal power was not related to any rugby performance indicator, which suggests that a specified prescription of either force or velocity dominant exercises to enhance RPIs may be warranted.
View
... A purpose-built excel spreadsheet formed basis for calculations of F0, V0, Pmax, and SFV. 20 These calculations were based on best individual 30-m sprint test, associated split times and body mass. Temperature and atmospheric pressure were set to 760 mm Hg and 20 ˚C. ...
The effect of flying sprints at 90-95% of maximal velocity on sprint performance
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: Submaximal sprinting allows for larger accumulated work to be reached before the onset of fatigue, compared with maximal efforts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint running at 90% to 95% of maximal velocity (Vmax) on sprint performance. Methods: Recreationally active adults were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 12, 27 [5] y, 172 [9] cm, 72 [15] kg) and a training group (n = 14, 26 [4] y, 171 [9] cm, 69 [11] kg). Both groups completed pretesting and posttesting in form of a 30-m sprint separated by a 6-week period. The training group performed a weekly sprint-training session consisting of 30-m flying sprints at 90% to 95% of Vmax, while the control group performed no intervention training. Results: Significant improvements in the training group were observed for 10- (P = .003), 20- (P = .001), and 30-m sprint time (P = .002). These improvements were accompanied by higher step rate (P = .006) and theoretical Vmax (P = .007) and maximal power (P = .004). Significant between-groups differences were observed for 10- (P = .008), 20- (P < .001), and 30-m sprint time (P < .001), as well as for step rate (P = .015), theoretical Vmax (P = .016), and maximal power (P = .008). All within- and between-groups differences were in the range of trivial to small. Conclusion: Sprint running at 90% to 95% of Vmax can enhance 10- to 30-m sprint performance in recreationally active adults.
View
Mechanical Determinants of Sprinting and Change of Direction in Elite Female Field Hockey Players
Article
Full-text available
Profile determination in field hockey is critical to determining athletes' physical strengths and weaknesses, and is key in planning, programming, and monitoring training. This study pursued two primary objectives: (i) to provide descriptive data on sprinting, deceleration, and change of direction (COD) abilities and (ii) to elucidate the mechanical variables that influence sprint and COD performance in elite female field hockey players. Using radar and time-gate technology, we assessed performance and mechanical data from 30 m sprinting, deceleration, and COD tests for 26 elite female hockey players. A machine learning approach identified mechanical variables related to sprint and COD performance. Our findings offer a framework for athlete categorization and the design of performance-enhancing training strategies at the international level. Two pivotal mechanical variables-relative maximum horizontal force (F0) and maximum velocity (Vmax)-predominantly influence the times across all tested distances. However, the force-velocity profile (FVP) and horizontal deceleration do not influence the variance in the COD test outcomes. These insights can guide the design, adjustment, and monitoring of training programs, assisting coaches in decision making to optimize performance and mitigate injury risks for female hockey players.
View
Sprint development in football code athletes - Final PhD thesis
Thesis
Full-text available
  • May 2023
Within the football codes, sprint performance is considered an important capacity for success and is therefore targeted as an area of athletic development programmes. However, the concurrent and complex nature of physical preparation for the football codes presents several challenges for effective sprint development. This thesis aimed to evaluate and enhance the understanding of the development of sprint performance in football code athletes to support the delivery of best practices. This thesis is comprised of sequential sections presented through a series of chapters. First, systematic reviews with meta-analyses to evaluate the evidence base for the development of sprint performance (short- and medium-long distances). Second, a practitioner survey analysing the applied training practices and justifications for the organisation and evaluation of the sprint development. The last section provides observations and evaluation of profiling methods for phase and distance-specific sprint performance using a case study of combined training methodologies in elite male youth rugby league athletes. The systematic review and meta-analysis showed sport-only training and short sprints with incomplete rest appear to be insufficient to enhance sprint performance in football code athletes. Instead, sprint development requires either or preferably a combined method approach to both improving sprinting skills (i.e., sprints performed with overload (physical or co-coordinative)) and the athlete's physical characteristics (i.e., plyometrics and resistance training). Combined with the surveys and case studies this research showed that a one size fits all approach to sprint development (i.e., exercises, loading ect.) is not applicable; instead, effective training strategies depend upon the individuals and context to it is applied. Therefore, the content of the training (e.g., training frequency, exercise selection, training load prescription) is highly variable in research and practice, but so is the training response. Applying frequent and embedded monitoring of key variables (i.e., mechanical profiling) can support personalised and potentially improved training practices. Sprint development in football code practice is challenging (particularly long-term) due to the complexity and at times, competing requirements of an athlete’s development. Therefore, if an individual or team of football code athletes aims to enhance sprint performance, it requires prioritisation from all the key stakeholders.
View
Bias in estimated short sprint profiles using timing gates due to the flying start: simulation study and proposed solutions
Article
Short sprints are most frequently evaluated and modeled using timing gates. Flying start distance is often recommended to avoid premature timing system triggering by lifting knees or swinging arms. This results in timing system initiation not being aligned with the initial force application, which yields bias in estimated short sprint parameters. This simulation study aims to explore the effects of the flying start distance on bias and sensitivity to detect changes in short sprint parameters using three models: the contemporary No Correction model and two proposed Estimated time correction (Estimated TC), and Estimated flying distance (Estimated FD) models. In conclusion, both the Estimated TC and Estimated FD models provided more precise parameter estimates, but surprisingly, the No correction model provided higher sensitivity for specific parameter changes. Besides standardizing the sprint starting technique for the short sprint performance monitoring, practitioners are recommended to utilize and track the results of all three models.
View
The Effects of a 6-Week Unilateral Strength and Ballistic Jump Training Program on the Force-Velocity Profiles of Sprinting
Article
Full-text available
The aims of this study were: a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program, compared to a control group, on F-V profile in soccer players; b) to explore such effects on linear speed. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training (UNI) (n = 12) or a control group (CON) (n = 12), performed 30 meter linear sprint test. Findings showed small to moderate improvements (p < 0.05) in linear speed time (g = 0.66 to 0.81) and in most F-V variables: maximal running velocity (V0) (g = 0.81), maximal power output (Pmax) (g = 0.49), maximal ratio of force (RFmax) (g = 0.55), optimal velocity (Vopt) (g = 0.83) and maximal speed (g = 0.84) from pre-to post-intervention in the UNI group, whereas no meaningful changes were found in the CON group. The between-group comparison indicated small to large significant changes in V0 (g = 0.95), RFmax (g = 0.48), Vopt (g = 0.95), maximal speed (g = 0.98) and linear speed time performance (g = 0.42 to 1.02), with the exception of the 0-5 meter distance, in favour of the UNI group. Thus, a unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program can be used to improve the F-V profile and linear speed performance of amateur soccer players.
View
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.