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Newspaper journalists’ attitudes towards robot journalism
Abstract
This study identifies the attitudes of three types of newspaper journalists towards robot journalism by employing Q-methodology. The samples analyzed in this study are 47 journalists from 17 South Korean newspapers. The first type believes that journalism is beyond robots' capabilities, a position terms "journalism's elitism." The second type demonstrates the "Frankenstein complex," meaning greater concern about the introduction of robots based on dismal scenarios. The last type has a relatively rosy view, which focuses on a positive blueprint despite recognition of some threats.
... AI is already being used in many newsrooms to create and deliver different types of news (Kim and Kim 2018). Indeed, it has been used for the automated writing of articles since 2014 (Kim and Kim 2021) and has become an essential element of contemporary newspaper production in the Global North (Túñez-López, Toural-Bran, and Cacheiro-Requeijo 2018). ...
... The use of algorithms and automated processes transforms journalistic work (Jamil 2020), changes news production routines and narratives (Kim and Kim 2018) and also impacts the retrieval, storage, conception, transmission and consumption of information (Túñez-López, Toural-Bran, and Nogueira 2019). Consequently, researchers have recently recommended a more in-depth study of three different aspects. ...
... Secondly, researchers recommend analysis of the role of journalists in the application or adoption of AI (Parratt-Fernández, Mayoral-Sánchez, and Mera-Fernández 2021). Very few studies have observed journalists' perceptions of AI, despite them being key agents in creating and deciding on news contents, and being so greatly affected by its introduction to newsrooms, even including the likelihood of being displaced by it (Kim and Kim 2018). ...
This research observes the relationship between Latin American (LA) journalists from six countries that are rarely observed by international scholars (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Peru and Venezuela) and artificial intelligence (AI). Particularly, it seeks to identify and compare their attitudes, perceived constraints, and knowledge on the state of the art of the application of AI to professional journalistic practices. In tune with the quantitative turn in contemporary journalism and due to the lack of quantitative measures in this field, this research also develops and psychometrically validates tools for measuring such aspects. The main results reveal the existence of differences in these journalists’ attitudes and knowledge with regard to AI that can be attributed to their cultural context. They also show similarities to attitudes of journalists from Northern countries to AI. This research fills in the gap in the existing literature on journalism, AI, journalists’ attitudes, Global South and LA journalism.
... Despite these efficiency expectations, journalists also have expressed ample concern about how emerging technologies might degrade their profession. Journalists for many years have worried about a profusion of low-quality information online (O'Sullivan & Heinonen, 2008), do-it-yourself approaches to reporting that undermine the value of professionals (Posseti, 2009), and the likelihood that "robot journalists" (i.e., software) would produce stories with algorithmically introduced errors (Kim & Kim, 2018), highlighting the conflict between immediacy afforded by new technologies and accuracy prioritized in journalism (Linden, 2017). ...
... More existentially, journalists have been alarmed that the growing use of automation in journalism could threaten their future employment, or at least make journalists become overly reliant on machines (Kim & Kim, 2018;Linden, 2017;Moran & Shaikh, 2022). ...
As part of a broader look at the impact of generative AI, this study investigated the emotional responses of journalists to the release of ChatGPT at the time of its launch. By analyzing nearly 1 million Tweets from journalists at major U.S. news outlets, we tracked changes in emotional tone and sentiment before and after the introduction of ChatGPT in November 2022. Using various computational and natural language processing techniques to measure emotional shifts in response to ChatGPT's release, we found an increase in positive emotion and a more favorable tone post-launch, suggesting initial optimism toward AI's potential. This research underscores the pivotal role of journalists as interpreters of technological innovation and disruption, highlighting how their emotional reactions may shape public narratives around emerging technologies. The study contributes to understanding the intersection of journalism, emotion, and AI, offering insights into the broader societal impact of generative AI tools.
... Carlson (2015) noted that automated journalism calls for concerns about the future of journalistic labor, news compositional forms, and the very foundation of journalistic authority. Kim and Kim (2018) linked the adoption of NCTs to job stability, arguing that the decrease in the number of human journalists in news organizations is most likely to be selected as an employment strategy after the adoption of robot journalism. ...
... Researchers argued that one of the main implications of applying NCTs in news organizations is the decrease in the number of human employees (Kim and Kim 2018). Four statements were used to measure journalists' perception of implications of NCTs for journalists' job stability. ...
The study investigates how journalists perceive the impact of the adoption of new communication technologies on the journalistic profession in terms of news production and the quality of news content and on their job stability and status in the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) newspapers. The study applied technology acceptance model and relied on data collected from 63 journalists and editors in the major newspapers in UAE It provides much-needed insights into the implications of new digital technology for the news industry and the profession. The findings show that journalists strongly support the adoption of new technologies in newsrooms, but they are wary of the impact of these technologies on their performance and job stability.
... En este contexto, esta investigación se plantea analizar el discurso de los periodistas de los medios de comunicación españoles ante la eclosión de las herramientas de inteligencia artificial generativa y su potencial impacto en el riesgo de desinformación. A partir de los resultados de análisis previos sobre la percepción de los periodistas sobre la IA en el periodismo, tanto a nivel español (Calvo-Rubio & Ufarte-Ruiz, 2020; De-Lara-González, García-Avilés, Arias-Robles, 2022; Noain-Sánchez, 2022) como internacional (Jung et al., 2017;Kim & Kim, 2018;Stenborn, Wiggberg & Norlund, 2021;Haan et al., 2022;Soto-Sanfiel et al., 2022), este estudio analiza su influencia en la desinformación a partir de la popularización de aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial generativa como ChatGPT, Bard o Dall-E. ...
... Así, los periodistas muestran una mayor inquietud por el impacto social de la IA que por su potencial tecnológico, abogan por una mayor regulación en este ámbito y, a pesar de reconocer su carácter transformador sobre la economía y la empresa, expresan sus recelos sobre el efecto que tendrá sobre el empleo y las condiciones de trabajo en los medios de comunicación. Por ello, la eventual erosión de su rol social y profesional (Kim & Kim, 2018;López-Jiménez, & Ouariachi, 2020) obliga a repensar el modo en el que se configura la profesión periodística ante la irrupción de esta tecnología (Lewis, Guzman & Schmidt, 2019;Deuze & Beckett, 2022). ...
La inteligencia artificial generativa ha irrumpido con fuerza en el curso de la transformación digital de los medios de comunicación como una herramienta tecnológica de naturaleza dual, que ofrece nuevas posibilidades para combatir la desinformación, pero también para generarla. Esta investigación analiza la opinión de 118 profesionales de la información sobre el impacto de la IA, en particular en lo referido a la desinformación, a partir de 778 mensajes publicados en Twitter. Los resultados señalan que los periodistas españoles expresan una opinión mayoritariamente cauta que huye de posturas tecnocéntricas y en la que prevalece la preocupación por el modo en el que la IA puede afectar a la ciudadanía. Los principales peligros percibidos son el incremento de los desórdenes informativos y la desinformación, los sesgos en los resultados obtenidos, la inexactitud de los contenidos, la facilidad para cometer fraude o elaborar deepfakes, o su potencial uso con fines maliciosos.
... As communication technology has evolved in recent years, significant scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding how news audiences, journalists, or the public at large views AJ (Jang et al., 2021a;Kim and Kim, 2018). Definitions of AJ have been offered from two different viewpoints (Linden, 2017). ...
... cultural and political values associated with news organizations) can be unconsciously embedded into algorithms which generate news stories (Napoli, 2014). Based on these two different viewpoints, journalism scholars have examined how readers evaluate algorithmically assembled news differently from human written news (Jang et al., 2021a;Liu and Wei, 2019), as well as investigated how journalists perceived AJ as a reliable form of journalism practice (Kim and Kim, 2018) and investigate how AJ can be viewed from an institutional viewpoint (Napoli, 2014), as well as legal issues associated with AJ . As we discussed, AJ has been examined from various different perspectives. ...
Drawing on propositions from the HAII-TIME (Human–artificial intelligence [AI] Interaction and the Theory of Interactive Media Effects) and Persuasion Knowledge Model, this study examines how knowledge of automated journalism (AJ) moderates the evaluation of algorithmically generated news. Experiment 1 demonstrates the utility of process-related knowledge in user evaluations of agency: individuals with little knowledge of AJ prefer attributions of human authorship over news stories attributed to algorithms, whereas individuals with high AJ knowledge have an equal or stronger preference for news that is described as algorithmically generated. Experiment 2 conditions these effects to show how prior characterizations of AJ—whether more machine- or human-like—shape evaluations of algorithmically generated news contingent on user age and knowledge level. Effects are found for differing age groups at lower levels of AJ knowledge, where machine-like characterizations enhance evaluations of algorithmically generated news for younger users but ascribing human-like traits enhances evaluations of automated news for older users.
... • technology too inflexible (28) • limited fields of use, mostly special interest content (24) • workload (24) • complexity / usability (18) • difficult to combine with other technologies (18) • lack of journalists' knowledge about data / information patterns (15) • decline of journalists' status in society and the organization (9) ...
... • technology too inflexible (28) • dependency on well-structured data (24) • law obstacles (e.g. labor law, lack of regulations) (10) ...
Purpose: Automation in journalistic processes is increasingly being discussed in media research and practice. Automated journalism (AJ) enables the fast production of numerous articles in real-time and in various languages. However, given the clear economic benefits of the technology, Automated journalism is only adopted in a minority of newsrooms and has still very limited fields of use. This article aims to contribute to the open question of why AJ is often rejected by professionals in the newsrooms, especially journalists, and which factors are perceived to be crucial for the rejection. Methodology: A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2016 and 2020 was conducted, which identified 40 rejection factors in the research literature. The factors were then analyzed on two dimensions: frequency and intensity. Findings: The results show that limited bias detection, credibility concerns, and unsolved issues of transparency are perceived as most influential for the rejection of Automated journalism in the newsroom. The study indicated furthermore that soft factors, such as perceived quality or ethical/social issues, are more difficult to overcome than hard factors, such as economic or legal issues.
... As a result, many journalists perceive news automation as a threat to their job security and satisfaction (van Dalen 2012). Research highlights an underlying fear among journalists that automation technologies could either replace their roles entirely (Carlson 2015;Jones, Jones, and Luger 2022;Kim and Kim 2018;Moran and Shaikh 2022) or undermine the meaningfulness of their work by reducing task and skill variation (Olsen 2023). ...
The rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked debate about its implications for journalism and the roles of journalists. Yet, the interplay between journalistic roles and AI adoption remains underexplored. Drawing on a survey of Danish journalists (N = 299), our study addresses this gap by exploring how journalists' professional role conceptions influence their adoption of generative AI. The results reveal role-specific patterns that align with traditional understandings of the respective role conceptions, suggesting that professional identities shape how journalists engage with new technologies. Journalists adhering to mobilisation and entertainment roles express heightened concerns about job security and work meaningfulness, while those adhering to watchdog and detached observer roles rather emphasise ethical and operational implications of generative AI for journalism. Despite these concerns, entertainment journalists actively employ generative AI to enhance content quality and audience engagement, and watchdog journalists recognise its potential to boost efficiency and accuracy. These variations across journalistic roles underscore the need for academia and news organisations to avoid oversimplified one-size-fits-all narratives about the adoption of generative AI in the news industry. Technology is simultaneously shaped by and shapes the journalists who use it, highlighting how professional identities and technological innovation co-evolve in modern journalism. ARTICLE HISTORY
... However, factor 3, with only one participant loading on it, was excluded from further analysis. The remaining three factors accounted for 31% of the variance, exceeding the 25% threshold suggested by Kim and Kim (2018). Additionally, 13 out of the original 34 items were prioritised and categorised into three Perspectives: (1) Psychological factors of teachers and students, (2) Multiple scenarios of measurement and (3) Improvement of second language competence. ...
Recently, there has been a significant increase in research on Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in the domain of second language (L2) education. Given the limited resources, it is essential for GenAI research to focus on key areas. However, there is still uncertainty about which topics should be prioritized. Research priorities are often shaped by individual researchers’ personal interests, which can skew the focus of many studies. Additionally, stakeholder perspectives on these topics can vary widely. Therefore, this study employs the Q methodology to reveal the consensus among different stakeholder groups. To this end, a total of 19 participants, including 6 researchers, 6 teachers, and 7 students, engaged in a Q-sort exercise involving 34 statements. Through KADE software, the subsequent Centroid Factor Analysis and varimax rotation were used to extract patterns. The analysis revealed three common perspectives across stakeholder groups: psychological factors of teachers and students, multiple scenarios of measurement, and the improvement of L2 competence. These findings provide valuable insights that can inform and refine research agendas in GenAI for L2 education, optimizing the allocation of resources.
... The use of artificial intelligence in newsrooms is called by different names depending on the authors. Some of the most common terms are "algorithmic journalism" (Anderson, 2012;Ogbebor and Carter, 2021), "robot journalism" (Bhattacharya, 2021; Kim and Kim, 2018), "computational journalism" (Cohen et al., 2011;Karlsen and Stavelin, 2014), "artificial journalism" (Túñez-López et al., 2019) and "automated journalism" (Ali and Hassoun, 2019; Caswell and Dörr, 2018;García-Orosa et al., 2022;Porlezza and Ferri, 2022). ...
Artificial intelligence is changing the way our world works, and the journalism and communication field is no exception. The development of high technologies such as NLP or machine learning has modified professional routines, work profiles, and business models. Fact-checking initiatives, which have long battled disinformation, now face a complex context where misleading content grows faster than ever. In this situation, artificial intelligence, or AI, can be a double-edged sword. On the one side, AI-generated content can be created faster than regular content; therefore, there is a huge volume of data to be analysed by fact-checkers. Furthermore, NLP software is not always as reliable as it might be expected. It tends to ‘hallucinate’, creating more misleading content and hoaxes. On the other hand, AI can be a helpful tool in fighting disinformation. This paper analyses 10 independent international fact-checking initiatives through case analysis and questionnaires with fact-checkers. Results show that these sites use AI during different stages of their routines, accelerating processes, simplifying tasks and improving the accuracy of fact-checking results. AI integration shows some risks related to economic restrictions, platform limitations, media distrust, and inequity between countries. To conclude, this research also demonstrates that journalists are still in the loop about fact-checking sites, but more tech profiles and better skills are required.
... The excess of information received in newsrooms and/or the lack of human resources has led journalism to look for solutions to maintain its information flow, despite the cuts in the newsrooms. One of the solutions found was the automatic production of texts, also called "algorithmic journalism" (Dörr 2016) "robot journalism" (Kim and Kim 2018) or "automatic journalism" (Graefe 2016). ...
The boundaries of sports journalism continue to expand as non-traditional actors
emerge and proliferate in the digital environment. This outstanding and vital specialist
area within the news industry faces increasing pressure from adjacent fields. Amateur
sports enthusiasts (bloggers, streamers or influencers) and team media for sports
organizations adopt many of the roles and tasks historically attributed to sports
journalism and engage in activities that may be perceived and regarded as journalistic by
audiences.
The arrival of new actors around the journalistic field, the heavy use of social media and
its impact on sports consumption patterns, the search for new business models for news
organizations, and the disrupting technology that is being explored and applied in sports
coverage all require new conceptual approaches to better understand the sports news
industry in the digital age.
All of these considerations led eighteen authors from nine countries (Greece, Portugal,
Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Australia, Ireland, and Sweden) to publish
their research contributions and broaden the discussion in this MDPI reprint about the
current trends in the sports media landscape and the most pressing challenges that
sports journalists need to face in the years to come.
... Küresel anlamda literatür taraması yapıldığında alana ilişkin önemli çalışmalardan birisi de Güney Kore'de alanında uzman 47 gazeteciyle robot gazeteciliği üzerine yapılan araştırmadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında gazetecilerin robot gazeteciliğine karşı 3 farklı tutum sergilediği saptanmış ve bu yaklaşımlar "Seçkinler", "Yenilikçiler" ve "Frankenstein kompleksliler" şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (Kim & Kim, 2018). Bu çalışmada 47 kişiden Seçkinler grubuna yakın olan basın mensupları gazetecilik mesleğinin tamamen insana özgü bir meslek olduğu ve bu nedenle robotların gazetecilerin yerini asla alamayacaklarını savunuyorken, Yenilikçiler, robot gazeteciliği kavramına daha iyimser bakmaktadır. ...
İletişim teknolojilerinin uzun yıllar içerisinde sergilediği gelişim serüveni, yalnızca bilgi üretme hızını etkilemekle kalmamış, üretim pratiklerinde yapay zekanın gelişmesine olanak sağlayarak pek çok unsuru değiştirmeye başlamıştır. Kısaca insan yapımı araçların, insan zekasını taklit etme amacı taşıyan sistemler olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz yapay zeka, yaşantımıza hızla dahil olmakta ve hayatımıza kolayca entegre edilmektedir. Yapay zekanın farklı sektörlerde kullanıldığı bilinmekte, habercilik perspektifinden de yapay zeka ekseninde yeni gelişmeler yaşandığı gözlemlenmektedir. Yeni medya kavramıyla dönüşmeye başlayan geleneksel gazeteciliğin çeşitlendiği görülmekte, farklı alanlara evrildiği söylenebilmektedir. Yeni medya ve yapay zekanın meydana getirdiği atmosfer sonucunda gelenekselden uzak, yepyeni gazetecilik türlerinin oluştuğu gözlemlenmekte, bunların arasında; drone gazeteciliği, sarmal gazetecilik, veri gazeteciliği, yurttaş gazetecilik, robot gazeteciliği
örnek verilebilmektedir. Yapay zeka uygulamalarının daha aktif bir şekilde rol oynadığı robot gazeteciliği de son yıllarda en çok tartışılan konulardan biri haline dönüşerek mevcut medya sistemlerinin geleceğine dair teorilerin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Çalışmada, yapay zeka uygulamalarından metin üretimi alanında en sık tercih
edilen ChatGPT uygulaması seçilmiş, belirlenen bilgiler doğrultusunda yapay zekadan haber metni üretmesi istenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizinin kullanıldığı araştırmada yapay zeka ve insan üretimi haberler karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 8 haber kategorisi oluşturulmuştur. Bu kategoriler;
ekonomi, politika, eğitim, seyahat, kültür sanat, sağlık, spor ve 3. sayfa haberleri şeklindedir. Belirtilen kategoriler rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile seçilmiş her kategoriye ait 5 haber yapay zekaya yazdırılarak aradaki fark saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Toplam 40 haberin karşılaştırılmalı bir şekilde incelendiği araştırmada, basit metinlerin
birbirine yakın olduğu gözlemlenmiş fakat sayısal verilerin, detaylı bilgilerin yer aldığı haberlerde yapay zeka algoritmasının yalnızca taslak eşdeğerinde içerik ürettiği tespit edilmiştir.
... En este sentido, hay autores que ligan la implementación de la IA a la preocupación por la sustitución laboral de las máquinas (Carlson, 2015;Kim y Kim, 2018;Kirley, 2016) o el hecho de que el uso de la tecnología prioriza las decisiones comerciales sobre los asuntos periodísticos (Whittaker, 2019). ...
Esta investigación trata de identificar los distintos usos de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la rutina productiva de los medios periodísticos. A través de entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales del periodismo y la revisión bibliográfica se observa cómo afecta la IA a las dinámicas de la redacción, cómo se desarrolla en casos reales y qué perfiles son necesarios para su implementación en tres casos de estudio españoles: RTVE, El País y Newtral. Se concluye que la evolución tecnológica del sector y la introducción de la IA requieren de un cambio de mentalidad en las redacciones, superar el miedo a la sustitución, poner en valor la capacidad creativa y las decisiones editoriales humanas. También se identifica la emergencia de perfiles mixtos -periodismo e informática- para poder comprender proyectos de inteligencia artificial e introducirlos en la rutina periodística.
... No campo do texto, que é o tema deste trabalho, a produção automática assume várias denominações, como jornalismo algorítmico (Dörr, 2016), jornalismo automático (Carlson, 2015;Graefe, 2016) ou jornalismo robot (Kim e Kim, 2018), referindo-se aos sistemas que transformam dados estruturados em texto escrito. Este processo desenvolve-se a partir da técnica de geração de linguagem natural (NLG), assente num planeamento de três fases. ...
Uma das tendências no campo das novas tecnologias aplicadas ao jornalismo é o uso de ferramentas de Inteligência Artificial. As experiências não são novas, mas nos últimos anos ganharam importância por serem uma das opções para ultrapassar a crise que afeta o jornalismo. Na linha de alguns trabalhos que comparam textos escritos por jornalistas e por algoritmos, este estudo exploratório analisa as diferenças entre os textos produzidos pelo algoritmo Prosebot do jornal desportivo português Zerozero.pt e os textos produzidos por jornalistas de várias publicações portuguesas. Com essa finalidade, optou-se por realizar uma análise de conteúdo utilizando a ferramenta Voyant, tendo sido analisadas variáveis como o número e variedade das palavras, o número de parágrafos e palavras por frase, a densidade do vocabulário e a legibilidade dos textos. Além da análise linguística, foi ainda realizada uma avaliação relacionada com o uso das normas jornalísticas. As conclusões permitem dizer que os conteúdos escritos pelo Prosebot respeitam o uso das normas jornalísticas e não apresentam erros de ortografia nem de sintaxe que obriguem a uma revisão humana antes da publicação. No entanto, os textos automáticos são mais curtos, mais pobres em termos linguísticos e seguem uma estrutura muito semelhante, o que os torna menos apelativos. Nesse sentido, a produção automática de texto emerge como uma boa ferramenta de apoio ao jornalismo, mas, para já, ainda não deve ser considerada uma ferramenta com autonomia para produzir notícias.
... Media depictions may also affect robot support negatively. Following the Frankenstein complex, depictions of evil robots might trigger negative connotations of robots, focusing on their shortcomings and the danger they pose to humans (Kaplan, 2004;Kim and Kim, 2018). Similar to the Frankenstein complex, it could be expected that the simple use of the term "algorithm" might make people skeptical, given the negative attention to algorithm-driven filter bubbles and echo chambers in public and media discourse. ...
This book provides a critical study of the power, trust, and legitimacy of algorithmic gatekeepers.
The news and public information which citizens see and hear is no longer solely determined by journalists, but increasingly by algorithms.
Van Dalen demonstrates the gatekeeping power of social media algorithms by showing how they affect exposure to diverse information and misinformation and shape the behavior of professional communicators. Trust and legitimacy are foregrounded as two crucial antecedents for the acceptance of this algorithmic power. This study reveals low trust among the general population in algorithms performing journalistic tasks and a perceived lack of legitimacy of algorithmic power among professional communicators. Drawing on case studies from YouTube and Instagram, this book challenges technological deterministic discourse around “filter bubbles” and “echo chambers” and shows how algorithmic power is situated in the interplay between platforms, audiences, and professional communicators. Ultimately, trustworthy algorithms used by
news organizations and social media platforms as well as algorithm literacy training are proposed as ways forward toward democratic algorithmic gatekeeping.
Presenting a nuanced perspective which challenges the deep divide between techno-optimistic and techno-pessimistic discourse around algorithms, Algorithmic Gatekeeping is recommended reading for journalism and communication researchers in related fields.
... The excess of information received in newsrooms and/or the lack of human resources has led journalism to look for solutions to maintain its information flow, despite the cuts in the newsrooms. One of the solutions found was the automatic production of texts, also called "algorithmic journalism" (Dörr 2016) "robot journalism" (Kim and Kim 2018) or "automatic journalism" (Graefe 2016). ...
With an important presence in various sectors of activity, Artificial Intelligence has also reached journalism, mostly in the field of natural-language processing, in the detection of informational trends or in the automatic production of texts. The fact that sport is one of the first to test AI is not a coincidence: it is a subject in which there is a lot of information online and where data is essential, so it is simpler to resort to natural language processing to transform them in texts with little or no human intervention; this work sought to understand if Artificial Intelligence is already used in Portuguese sports media, but also in mainstream media sports sections, whether they are newspapers, radios, TVs or online natives. A survey was sent only to decision-makers, that is, editors and coordinators. The study seeks to understand to what extent journalists expect AI to help journalism, what are the greatest difficulties of its use and what threats it represents. We can conclude that Portuguese sports journalism is aware of the potential of AI, although for now it is not used in newsrooms due to economic and professional constraints.
... El interés por conocer a fondo al profesional de la información y su contexto (Blackman, 2019) crece desde hace años en toda la industria (Paterson & Domingo, 2008). Los periodistas, agentes clave en la industria informativa, continúan disfrutando del estatus de "productores únicos de noticias", permitiéndoles influir de manera determinante en el contenido de las noticias (Kim & Kim, 2018). El énfasis en el perfil y las rutinas profesionales del periodista, por lo tanto, también se ha extendido en la investigación académica sobre el periodismo de datos. ...
El periodismo de datos se ha convertido en una de las especialidades profesionales más relevantes en la industria. Cada vez se publican más trabajos que abordan la disciplina desde múltiples puntos de vista, pero pocos han indagado en el perfil de los profesionales implicados, especialmente en el ámbito hispanohablante. Por eso este trabajo explora las características sociodemográficas de una muestra de profesionales en España y Latinoamérica mediante una metodología cuantitativa basada en una encuesta (n = 208), recogida en una base de datos abierta y publicada como directorio web (n = 296). Los primeros resultados reflejan que esta especialidad ocupa a más mujeres que hombres y, sobre todo, a más jóvenes que veteranos. Los datos obtenidos también muestran un mayor número de profesionales especializados en España y la concentración de estos puestos de trabajo en las principales urbes y capitales. Finalmente, se observa que los periodistas de datos suelen trabajar preferentemente en equipos pequeños, casi siempre de una o dos personas, y con frecuencia de manera freelance.
... Kim & Kim [9] Identified journalists' attitudes towards robot journalism and suggested that robots have limitations and possess the potential to harm journalism. ...
The use of algorithms is beginning to replace human activities in the news business, and the presence of this technique will only continue to grow. The ways in which public news readers perceive the quality of news articles written by algorithms and how this perception differs based on cultural conditioning remain issues of debate. Informed by the heuristic-systematic model (HSM) and the similarity-attraction theory, we attempted to answer these questions by conducting a three-way one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a 2 (author: algorithm vs. human journalist) × 2 (media: traditional media vs. online media) × 2 (cultural background: the US vs. South Korea) between-subjects experiment (N = 360). Our findings revealed that participants perceived the quality of news articles written by algorithms to be higher than those written by human journalists. We also found that when news consumption occurs online, algorithm-generated news tends to be rated higher than human-written news in terms of quality perception. Further, we identified a three-way interaction effect of media types, authors, and cultural backgrounds on the quality perception of news articles. As, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to theoretically examine how news readers perceive algorithm-generated news from a cultural point of view, our research findings may hold important theoretical and practical implications.
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el periodismo varía según contextos socioeconómicos y culturales, y el caso de México no es la excepción. Para conocer cómo los medios mexicanos integran herramientas de IA en sus procesos, este estudio analiza, mediante entrevistas de profundidad, los patrones de adopción tecnológica de diez medios digitales mexicanos reconocidos por su credibilidad. Su integración incluye la optimización de tareas y, en menor medida, la generación de contenido. A pesar de estas iniciativas, la IA enfrenta múltiples barreras en México como los altos costos de implementación, la desconfianza hacia las herramientas y la falta de capacitación técnica, lo que limita su uso. Este panorama contrasta con otras regiones, donde la IA es usada ampliamente en la creación de contenidos automatizados para audiencias específicas. Otro desafío crítico es el riesgo de desinformación, exacerbado por la capacidad de las herramientas de IA para generar contenido hiperrealista que puede ser manipulado. Aunque estas tecnologías ofrecen eficiencia, los medios mexicanos subrayan la necesidad de un control humano riguroso para garantizar la precisión y la ética de la información. En este contexto, los hallazgos revelan una paradoja: mientras que la IA tiene el potencial de transformar el periodismo, su adopción está marcada por tensiones económicas, éticas y tecnológicas. Para superar estas barreras es necesario invertir en infraestructura, capacitación y regulaciones que fomenten su uso responsable.
The current study aimed at exploring the vision of a non-random sample of mass communication students in Egyptian and the Emirates universities for the expected effects of artificial intelligence applications in the media field, and their awareness of their professional future. That is in the light of the emergence of many indicators of dispensing with the human element and dependence on the machine in multiple fields in television production, digital media, public relations, and dealing with big data. The results- based on the technology acceptance model- showed that there is a strong positive correlation with a statistic significant between the easy use of artificial intelligence applications and their expected benefit on job performance. The results have also highlighted statistically significant differences between mass communication students and the expected ease of artificial intelligence applications’ usage according to the following variables: interest level of following up on artificial intelligence applications, level of concern of artificial intelligence effects. Mass communication students perceived the negative effects associated with relying on artificial intelligence applications in the field of media from their point of view " a threat to human jobs" with mean (M) of 2.75, followed by "weak interaction and human emotions" with mean 2.73, then "scarce creative ideas and reliance on coverage stereotype templates" with mean 2.61. Lastly comes “inefficiency to cover various issues and events" with mean (M) of 2.60.
This study aims to elucidate the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with
demonstrating the opportunities as well as challenges facing AI within the
practical environment of journalism in Kurdistan region of Iraq.
The significance of this study lies in its attempts to develop a modern subject in
the area of communication technology and journalism, an area that has seen
limited number of prior researches. Moreover, it is a subject with intrinsic valuable
in the perspective that it has introduced substantial changes in the practical
environment of journalism. The objectives of this study serve as an appropriate
basis for journalists, scientific centers and academic organizations in Kurdistan
region of Iraq.
The type of the study is descriptive, utilized qualitative methods to fulfill the
research objectives.
The study’s sample was selected purposefully, which is a part of non-probability
sample, a number of university lecturers in the field of journalism and journalists
have been taken as the sample of the study.
The research aims to investigate the prospective implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on traditional media, and to elucidate the conceptualization of AI within the discourse of media professionals, governmental and private media stakeholders in Jordan, alongside media scholars and IT experts. Employing the focus group method, a specialized interview tool distinguished by its purpose, design, and procedures, two distinct cohorts were engaged: media practitioners and officials on one hand, and academics and experts on the other. The investigation revealed the absence of a universally agreed upon terminology concerning AI, attributable to its nascent nature and rapid evolution. Notably, AI, leveraging its diverse and highly proficient tools, demonstrates significant potential for transformative impacts across various facets of the media landscape. These encompass the facilitation of exceptional content production, the empowerment of journalists to express their creative capacities, and substantial reductions in time, labor, and procedural overheads in media product development. Concurrently, the integration of AI within media environments is anticipated to pose formidable challenges to existing institutional frameworks. Additionally, the imperative of curriculum development in academic institutions, both public and private, is underscored to acquaint students with AI methodologies.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism has sparked complex ethical debates, particularly with the rise of generative AI systems. By now, AI permeates the entire news cycle, from information gathering to news dissemination, raising questions revolving around issues such as transparency, accountability, responsibility, bias, and diversity. Previous research showed that news organizations have slowly approached and adapted to ethical concerns regarding the use of AI, developing critical stances mainly due to rising AI power, growing audience skepticism, and mounting tensions within the industry between news publishers’ strategies and journalists’ anxieties. Consequently, ethical guidelines have started to emerge in news organizations, but their practical application remains challenging and under-studied, not only due to the opacity of AI algorithms, but also due to the difficulties of “embedding” journalistic values into AI systems. In the light of an intensifying discourse about ethical concerns in the news industry and growing efforts by governments and institutions such as the European Union to strengthen AI governance, journalism studies have started to explore the issue as well. However, research on AI ethics is still in its infancy, with significant gaps in understanding the practical enforcement of ethical guidelines within newsrooms, in particular when it comes to the design of AI systems. This essay critically discusses the way journalism (studies) approach ethical issues related to the use and the design of AI systems, given that the responsible use and design of AI systems in journalism is crucial given its integral role for democracy and society.
هدفت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن اتجاهات خبراء المكتبات المصريين نحو توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي(AI) في تطوير خدمات المعلومات في المكتبات، والتحديات التي تواجه توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المكتبات. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج المسحي الميداني، و قام الباحث بتصميم استبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات، وبلغت عينة الدراسة (114) مفردة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن خبراء المكتبات عينة الدراسة يتمتعون باتجاهات إيجابية بدرجة مرتفعة نحو توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المكتبات. تأثير توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي على المكتبات كان إيجابيًا بنسبة مئوية (52.6%). وكانت التحديات التكنولوجية أهم التحديات التي تواجه توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المكتبات، حيث جاءت في المرتبة الأولى بنسبة مئوية (27.2%)؛ وأكدت الدراسة عدم وجود فروق جوهرية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين اتجاهات خبراء المكتبات (الذكور والإناث) نحو توظيف تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المكتبات.
Teknolojinin gelişimine paralel olarak yeni araştırma konuları ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu araştırmalar, medya üzerinde de yoğunlaşmış ve yeni tür medyaların incelenmesine dayalı örnekler ortaya konmuştur. Yapay zekâ ve gazetecilik ilişkisinin araştırılmasına dayalı çalışmalar, ağırlıklı olarak yeni gazetecilik türlerini incelemekte ve teknoloji - gazetecilik ilişkisini analiz ederek geleceğe dair öngörülerde bulunmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle, çalışmada yapay zekâ ve gazetecilik ilişkisinin akademik çalışmalarda ne şekilde ele alındığını detaylı bir şekilde incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın belirlenen amacına uygun olarak, yapay zekâ ve gazetecilik ilişkisine yönelik Web of Science veri tabanında taranan akademik çalışmalar ele alınmış ve VOSViewer uygulaması üzerinden bibliyometrik verileri analiz edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda kavrama yönelik araştırmaların ağırlıklı olarak İngilizce dilinde yazıldığı, 1992 ve 2023 yılları arasında yapay zekâ ve gazetecilik konusunda toplamda 194 adet araştırmanın yapıldığı, çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğunun makale türünde yayımlandığı, 2020 ve 2022 yıllarında araştırmaların sayısının artış gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin gelişim göstermesi ve gazetecilikte kullanımının benimsenmesi sonucunda gelecekte konuyla ilgili yapılacak çalışmaların da daha geniş bir alana yayılacağı ve farklı disiplinler üzerinden araştırmaların gerçekleştirileceği öngörülmektedir.
Bu çalışma, dijital medya platformlardaki algoritmik yapının, ekonomik, kültürel, siyasal vb. potansiyel etkilerine odaklanarak iletişim çalışmalarına eleştirel algoritma çalışmaları terminolojisinden hareketle katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Algoritmik sistemlerin, her geçen gün daha fazla veri toplaması ve işlemesi ile kazandığı güç, dijital ortamdaki kullanıcıların çevrimiçi ya da çevrimdışı hareketliliklerini kapsayan verileri üzerinden ilerlemektedir. Bu bakımdan, algoritmalar ile çevrili dijital düzende bireylerin davranışlarının öngörülebilir olmasını mümkün kılan büyük veri kümelerinin işlenmesi ve analiz edilmesi ile yarattığı mevcut sorunlara ve risklere dikkat çeken araştırmacılar, eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının doğuşunu sağlamıştır. Veriyi, yeni bir ekonomik değer olarak niteleyen, algoritma güdümlü dijital teknolojileri sosyal bilimsel bağlamları kapsamında değerlendiren eleştirel algoritma çalışmaları, bu çalışmanın kavramsal tartışmasının temel düşünsel dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. Algoritmik sistemlerin iletişim bilimi için önemi ise algoritmaların günlük hayatın pek çok yönünü önemli ölçüde etkilemesi, bu etki sürecini kullanıcıların dijital izleri boyunca "kara kutu" çalışma prensibine uygun biçimde sürdürmesi ve kendi "kara kutu" çalışma prensiplerine karşın kullanıcılar hakkında çok şey biliyor olmaları durumu şeklinde özetlenebilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, dijital iletişim ortamında algoritma ve medya kullanıcısı arasındaki etkileşim, iletişim çalışmalarının eleştirel perspektifi ile ilişkilendirilerek eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının risk tipolojilerinden biri olan gözetim pratikleri çerçevesinde algoritmik rıza kavramı bağlamında irdelenmiştir. İlgili alanyazınını kapsayan tartışmanın ardından eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının ortaya koyduğu risk tipolojilerine karşın kullanıcı odaklı çözüm önerileri ışığında eleştirel algoritma farkındalığına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to contribute to communication studies with the terminology of critical algorithm studies by focusing on the potential effects of the algorithmic structure in digital platforms, especially in the media, on economic, cultural, political, etc. in individual and social dimensions. The power that algorithmic systems gain by collecting and processing more and more data every day is based on the data covering the online or offline mobility of users in the digital environment. In this respect, researchers drawing attention to the existing problems and risks created by the processing and analysis of large data sets, which make it possible to predict the behaviour of individuals in the digital order surrounded by algorithms, have led to the emergence of critical algorithm studies. Critical algorithm studies, which characterise data as a new economic value and evaluate algorithm-driven digital technologies within their social scientific contexts, constitute the basic intellectual basis of the conceptual discussion of this study. The importance of algorithmic systems for communication science can be summarised as the fact that algorithms significantly affect many aspects of daily life, that they continue this influence process by working in accordance with the "black box" working principle along the digital traces of users, and that they know a lot
Gazetecilik uygulamaları, yapay zeka teknolojileri sayesinde hızla değişmektedir. İnsanların sıklıkla başvurduğu ve onlara doğru bilgi sağlamayı amaç edinen medya mecraları da yapay zeka teknolojilerini kullanarak haber üretim ve dağıtımını daha kolay bir şekilde yapmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı yapay zeka teknolojilerinin gazetecilik alanında yoğun kullanımının ne gibi konuları gündeme getirdiğine dair bir portre çizmektir. Çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada yapay zeka ve gazetecilik ilişkisi arasındaki tartışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde ise yapay zekanın gazetecilik alanında, bilgi toplama, haber öneri sistemleri geliştirme ve yabancı metinlerin otomatik çevirisi gibi faydalar sağlamaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak olumsuz sonuçlar ise; gazetecileri işlevsiz hale getirdiği, sahte ve dezenformasyon yüklü haberlerin üretimini kolaylaştırdığı, etik anlamda insanların daha fazla taraflı düşünceler içerisine girmesini ve buna bağlı olarak etik sorunları daha da arttırdığı literatür taraması sonucu elde edilen sonuçlardan biridir.
Bu çalışma, özellikle medyanın dahil olduğu dijital platformlardaki algoritmik yapının, bireysel ve toplumsal boyutlardaki ekonomik, kültürel, siyasal vb. potansiyel etkilerine odaklanarak iletişim çalışmalarına eleştirel algoritma çalışmaları terminolojisinden hareketle katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Algoritmik sistemlerin, her geçen gün daha fazla veri toplaması ve işlemesi ile kazandığı güç, dijital ortamdaki kullanıcıların çevrimiçi ya da çevrimdışı hareketliliklerini kapsayan verileri üzerinden ilerlemektedir. Bu bakımdan, algoritmalar ile çevrili dijital düzende bireylerin davranışlarının öngörülebilir olmasını mümkün kılan büyük veri kümelerinin işlenmesi ve analiz edilmesi ile yarattığı mevcut sorunlara ve risklere dikkat çeken araştırmacılar, eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının doğuşunu sağlamıştır. Veriyi, yeni bir ekonomik değer olarak niteleyen, algoritma güdümlü dijital teknolojileri sosyal bilimsel bağlamları kapsamında değerlendiren eleştirel algoritma çalışmaları, bu çalışmanın kavramsal tartışmasının temel düşünsel dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. Algoritmik sistemlerin iletişim bilimi için önemi ise algoritmaların günlük hayatın pek çok yönünü önemli ölçüde etkilemesi, bu etki sürecini kullanıcıların dijital izleri boyunca “kara kutu” çalışma prensibine uygun biçimde çalışarak sürdürmesi ve kendi “kara kutu” çalışma prensiplerine karşın kullanıcılar hakkında çok şey biliyor olmaları durumu şeklinde özetlenebilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, dijital iletişim ortamında algoritma ve medya kullanıcısı arasındaki etkileşim, iletişim çalışmalarının eleştirel perspektifi ile ilişkilendirilerek eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının risk tipolojilerinden biri olan gözetim pratikleri çerçevesinde algoritmik rıza kavramı bağlamında irdelenmiştir. İlgili alanyazınını kapsayan tartışmanın ardından eleştirel algoritma çalışmalarının ortaya koyduğu risk tipolojilerine karşın kullanıcı odaklı çözüm önerileri ışığında eleştirel algoritma farkındalığına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Yengin, D. & Çakar, Y. (2024). Gazeteciliğin Geleceği: Yapay Zeka Destekli Haber Üretimi ve Prompt Kullanımı. Yengin, D. & Bayrak, T. (Ed.), Yeni Medya Çalışmaları ve Yapay Zeka- I. İKSAD Yayınevi.
ÖZ
Bu çalışmada, insan makine etkileşiminde yapay zekadan maksimum verim alabilmek için gazetecilerin doğru soruyu yöneltmeleri gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bağlamda prompt kullanımının önemine dikkat çeken çalışmada, en doğru çıktının nasıl elde edileceği aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada farklı kategorilerde ele alınan 5 haberin yapay zeka teknolojisi kullanılarak daha efektif nasıl oluşturulacağının üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda karşılaştırmalı içerik analizi yönteminden yararlanılmış, basit prompt ve bileşenlerine uygun prompt kullanımında sunulan haber metinleri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında haber kategorisi başlığı altında; üçüncü sayfa, eğitim, özel, spor ve ekonomi haberleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapay Zeka, Yeni Medya, Prompt, ChatGPT.
ABSTRACT
n this study, it has been emphasized that journalists need to ask the right questions to maximize the efficiency of artificial intelligence in human-machine interaction. In this context, the importance of prompt usage has been highlighted, aiming to convey how to obtain the most accurate output. The study focuses on how 5 news articles from different categories can be created more effectively using artificial intelligence technology. In this regard, comparative content analysis method has been utilized, evaluating news texts presented in simple prompts and prompts suitable for their components. Under the scope of the study, news categories such as third page, education, special, sports, and economy have been evaluated.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, New Media, Prompt, ChatGPT.
هدفت الدراسة إلى بحث واقع سياسات توظيف الأموال في المصارف الإسلامية العمانية، وذلك من خلال دراسة صيغ التمويل الإسلامية المعتمدة لديها، وكذلك أساليب الاستثمار المعمول بها في هذه المصارف، ومن ثم توضيح مدى التزام السياسة التمويلية والاستثمارية في المساهمة الحقيقية في التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية. تكمن إشكالية الدراسة في أن سياسات توظيف الأموال في المصارف الإسلامية لا تراعي الدور التنموي للمجتمع، وذلك من خلال اعتمادها الواضح على التمويل والاستثمار قصير الأجل، رغبة منها في تحقيق الربحية السريعة والسيولة العالية، وبذلك أصبحت شبيهة ومثيله بما تقدمه المصارف التقليدية. توصل الباحثان إلى وجود قصور واضح لدى المصارف الإسلامية العمانية في المساهمة في تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، إذ مثّلت سياسات توظيف الأموال طويلة الأجل لديها نسبة ضئيلة من إجمالي توظيف الأموال، وبذلك لم تُسهم المصارف الإسلامية العمانية في التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بالشكل المأمول منها. الكلمات المفتاحية: المصارف الإسلامية – الاستثمار – التمويل – التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية.
Şafak Etike’nin “Türkiye’deki Haber Merkezlerinde Yapay Zekâ Teknolojileri: Gazetecilerin Yapay Zekâ Deneyim ve Algıları” adlı bölümünde yapay zekânın haber üretim sürecinde nasıl kullanıldığı araştırılmakta ve gazetecilik üzerindeki etkileri gazetecilerin deneyimleri ve algıları üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Yapay zeka haber üretiminin tüm aşamalarını etkilemektedir ve bilginin önceliklendirilmesi, sınıflandırılması, ilişkilendirilmesi ve filtrelenmesinde öneme sahiptir Üstelik bu etkinin giderek artacağı öngörülmektedir. Haber medyasını değiştiren sosyal, ekonomik ve teknolojik yapısal etkilerle birlikte yapay zekâ, gazeteciliği adım adım dönüştürmekte, haber üretimi sürecinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadır.
Yapay zekâ ile gerçekleşen bu dönüşüm akademik ilginin de konusu olmaktadır. Gazetecilik alanında yapay zekâ, haberin üretimine, haber içeriğine, dağıtımına, gazetecilik emeği ve çalışma pratiklerine, gazeteciliğin temel nosyonlarına dolayısıyla demokratik toplumsal süreçlere etkileri gibi pek çok yönüyle araştırılmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Ancak hem uluslararası literatürde hem de Türkiye’de doğrudan gazeteci deneyimlerine dayanan araştırma sayısı henüz yeterli değildir. Bölüme konu olan araştırma 13 gazeteci ve haber endüstrisi için yapay zeka araçları kullanan ya da geliştiren 7 uzman olmak üzere toplam 20 görüşmeciyle derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanmaktadır ve amacı bu teknolojilerin Türkiye’deki haber merkezlerinde neden, nasıl ve ne düzeyde kullanıldığına ilişkin bir tablo ortaya koymak ve gazetecilerin bu teknolojilerle ve mesleklerine etkileriyle ilgili deneyim ve görüşlerini ele alan literatüre Türkiye’den ampirik veri sunarak katkı sağlamaktadır.
Yapay zekânın haber üretim sürecine entegrasyonunun gazetecilik pratiği üzerindeki etkileri ve gazetecilerin yapay zekâya ilişkin algıları üzerine bu ampirik çalışmanın sonuçları Türkiye’deki temel eğilimlerin uluslararası eğilimlerden nasıl ve neden farklılaştığını da tartışmaya açmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, uluslararası literatürde gazetecilerin yapay zekâ deneyimlerini ve yapay zekâya yönelik algılarını araştıran ampirik araştırmaların sonuçları tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Türkiye’deki haber merkezlerinin yapay zekâyı ne kadar benimsediğine, haber üretim sürecinin hangi aşamasında ne için hangi yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanıldığına yönelik bir tablo ortaya konulmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye’deki haber merkezlerinin stratejik yapay zekâ hedeflerine yönelik sonuçlar da tablolaştırılarak aktarılmaktadır.
Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise gazetecilerin bu teknolojilere ilişkin algıları ve gazeteciliğin geleceğinde yapay zekânın oynayacağı role ilişkin düşünceleri tartışılmaktadır. Buna göre, Türkiye’de gazeteciler yapay zekâ teknolojileri ile ilgili tartışmalarda dört temel mesele üzerinde durmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki yapay zekânın ve otomasyon sistemlerinin gazeteci istihdamında yaratması beklenen daralmadır. İkincisi yapay zekânın gazeteciliği daha nitelikli hale getirme potansiyeli ve iş akışlarının hızlandırılması ve kolaylaştırılması için sunduğu olanaklar ve sınırlılıklarıdır. Gazetecilerin yürüttüğü üçüncü ve yakıcı tartışma da yapay zekânın ve daha da genel olarak dijital teknolojilerin gazeteciliğin temel ilkeleri ve değerleri, gazeteciliği meslek haline getiren ontolojik ilkeleri üzerindeki aşındırıcı hatta yıkıcı etkisi üzerinedir. Dördüncü tartışma alanı da makinelerin insanın gazeteci olarak taşıdığı özellikler karşısındaki dezavantajları ve insan unsurunun vazgeçilmezliğidir.
zet Yapay zekâ teknolojileri gazeteciliği ve haber üretim sürecini giderek daha fazla dönüştürmektedir. Bu çalışma yapay zekâyı ve yapay zekâ teknolojilerini tanımlamayı ve gazetecilik alanındaki kullanımlarını somutlaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yapay zekânın gazetecilik alanındaki kullanımları teknolojinin hızı ile paralel olarak çeşitlenmekte ve yapay zekâ teknolojileri haber üretim sürecinin her aşamasına giderek daha yoğun biçimde entegre edilmektedir. Teknolojinin çeşitlenmesi, alanda kavramsal bir çeşitlenmeye de neden olmaktadır. Ancak yapay zekânın ne olduğuna, hangi teknolojilerin yapay zekâ içerisinde sayılabileceğine, haber otomasyon sistemlerinin yapay zekâ içerisinde olup olmadığına ilişkin temel bazı ayrımlar ve kavramlar gazetecilik alanı açısından netleşmiş değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gazetecilik açısından yapay zekâyı tanımlamak ve yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin gazetecilikteki kullanımlarını hem araştırmacılar hem de bizzat gazeteciler için somutlaştırmaktır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde yapay zekâ tanımlanmakta, gazetecilik mesleği sınırları içerisinde bu terimin anlamı ve gazetecilikle ilişkili kavramlar açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin haber üretim sürecinde somut olarak kullanıldığı alanlar, uygulama, program ve pratikler tanımlanmaktadır.
La implantación de las técnicas y herramientas propias de la Inteligencia Artificial en los medios de comunicación va a alterar de forma sistemática y continuada su trabajo y el de sus profesionales. Este artículo realiza una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones realizadas sobre la implantación de la IA en los medios de comunicación durante las dos últimas décadas, en particular las empíricas, para identificar los principales retos sociales y epistemológicos que plantea su adopción. Para los medios de comunicación, la mayor dependencia de las plataformas tecnológicas y la defensa de su independencia editorial serán algunos de los principales retos. Los periodistas, por su parte, se debaten entre la amenaza que perciben para sus puestos de trabajo y la pérdida de su capital simbólico como intermediarios entre la realidad y las audiencias, y una liberación de las tareas rutinarias que les permita elaborar contenidos de mayor calidad. Las audiencias, por último, no parecen percibir una gran diferencia en la calidad y credibilidad de los textos automatizados, aunque la facilidad con la que se leen los textos se decante aún en favor de la autoría humana. En definitiva, más allá de planteamientos tecnocéntricos o deterministas, el uso de la IA en un ámbito específicamente humano como el periodismo requiere de una aproximación social, en la que la apropiación de las innovaciones por parte de las audiencias y el impacto que tiene en ellas constituye una de las claves para su desarrollo. Por ello, el estudio de la IA en los medios de comunicación debería centrarse en analizar cómo puede afectar a las personas y a los periodistas, cómo puede ser usada para los fines propios de la profesión y el bien social, y cómo acabar con las brechas que su uso puede ocasionar.
In the last decade, data journalism has established itself as a thriving field. Recently, COVID-19 has boosted the demand for data-driven reporting to make sense of the pandemic, increasing the importance of studying the evolution of this rapidly evolving and technology-bounded practice. However, the number of efforts to map and systematically measure the data journalism industry are few. This paper analyses the findings of The State of the Data Journalism Survey 2021, currently the most extensive study on the characteristics surrounding the workforce producing and contributing to the data journalism industry. The outcome is an understanding of an expanding workforce with a geographically uneven distribution, which is still homogeneous in terms of tools and educational paths. Self-taught, resourceful, and multi-skilled, data journalists often work in isolation but share pressures of limited resources, time limitations, and access to quality data. The pandemic appears to have directly increased those struggles, although data journalists agree that the field’s reputation has ultimately benefited from it.
Q methodology provides a foundation for the systematic study of subjectivity, people's viewpoints about a topic of interest. Over the past two decades, Q methodology has rapidly gained popularity among researchers in various disciplines. However, the variation in how the method is applied has also increased. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the methodological choices made in recent applications of Q methodology.We conducted a systematic literature review of recent Q methodology articles (2015–2019), focusing on the choices made by researchers regarding the design of their study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of their data and the reporting of their findings, covering all disciplines in which Q methodology was applied. We identified 965 articles in two databases, of which 613 were included in this review. Data extraction was based on a predefined and pilot-tested extraction form. We collected both quantitative and qualitative data and conducted the analyses in Microsoft Excel.We found considerable variation in choices made, but mostly within confined bounds. However, many articles did not report clearly or at all on many of the choices made. Based on our findings, we compiled a checklist for reporting Q methodology articles.This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of how Q methodology has been applied in recent years, offers a frame of reference for future users and provides a research agenda. The checklist for reporting Q methodology articles will hopefully contribute to more thorough consideration of and reporting on methodological choices, which is important for the comprehensibility, quality assessment, replicatability ansd impact of future studies.
apay zeka, algoritma, doğal dil üretimi gibi otomatik süreçler bir yandan gazetecilik dünyasına tüm yönleriyle nüfuz ederken bir yandan da kuruluşlar, gazeteciler ve haber tüketicileri arasındaki ilişkileri önemli ölçüde değiştirmektedir. Algoritmik düzenin gazetecilere ihtiyacı ortadan kaldıracağı “ilk düşüncesi” ile başlayan tartışma ve korkular yerini elde edilecek kazanımların gazetecilerin iş yükünü azaltacağı ve daha yaratıcı bir ortamın doğmasına aracılık edeceği yönünde ilerlemektedir. Çalışma, birçok dijital dünya nesnesi ile çevrelenmiş gazetecilik dünyasında, robot gazetecilik ile ortaya çıkan genel durumu değerlendirmeye yönelik tasarlanmıştır. Bu betimleme çalışmasının amacı; yapay zeka, algoritma, doğal dil üretimi gibi kavramlarla çevrelenmiş gazetecilik dünyasında yaşananları anlaşılır kılmaktır. Robot gazeteciliğin, hem meslek profesyonelleri için hem de birey ve toplum için ne anlam ifade edeceği sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır. Çalışma; haberciliğin, “insani yaratıcılık ve değerlerden yoksun şekilde, algoritmalar ve yapay zeka yoluyla gerçekleştirilebilir faaliyetler olmadığı” temel görüşü doğrultusunda şekillendirilmiştir. Robotik süreçleri anlamlı ve gerekli kılan en önemli nokta, çevrimiçi ortamda yaratılan devasa veri yığınları ile gazetecilerin baş edemeyecek oluşudur. Bu anlamda gazetecilerin rolünü değiştirecek ve daha fazla değer katabilecekleri, daha uzun soluklu araştırmacı gazetecilik ürünleri için bir fırsat doğuracaktır. Yapay zeka ve algoritma sistemleriyle yaratılan yeni çevrimiçi ortam, toplumu ve insanları da yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Hukuki ve etik açıdan barındırdığı sosyal riskler bu konuda “politika” üretimini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bireyselden toplumsala tüm kişi ve kurumların, bir tarafı özgürlük bir tarafı ise gizlilik ve mahremiyet içeren bu alandaki dijital verilerinin, nasıl ve kimler tarafından işleneceği, hangi amaca hizmet edeceği, etik sınırların nerede başlayıp nerede bittiği algoritmaların vicdanına terk edilemeyecek kadar derin ve karmaşık konulardan oluşmaktadır
Over the last decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become gradually more prevalent in mass media and news agency newsrooms. This growing tendency has prompted intense debate about the negative impact on journalism, particularly on quality standards and ethical principles. Taking an explorative approach, this study aims to analyse the application of AI in newsrooms, focusing on the impact on news-making processes, media routines and profiles, highlighting the benefits and shortcomings, and finally, analysing the rise of ethical dilemmas. For this purpose, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted in two rounds, in 2019 and 2021, with a sample of journalists and other media professionals, academics, experts on the media industry, and providers of technology leading the work on AI. The international sample includes interviewees from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. The interviewees agree that AI will enhance journalists’ capabilities by saving time, augmenting the efficiency of the news-making processes and, therefore, increasing mass media industry productivity. However, a change of mind-set in the media environment is needed, and training on the use of these tools must be a priority given the lack of knowledge observed. Finally, the emergence of ethical issues underlines the need for continuous control and supervision of the processes undertaken by AI.
This study aimed to identify the attitudes of Jordanian journalists towards robot journalism, and their effects
on the employment of journalists, ethical and professional aspects in the field, and media language. This
descriptive study used the survey method and questionnaire as a tool to collect data. The results showed
that 56.7% of the sample refused to consider robot journalism as part of the concept of common journalism.
The results of the study revealed the reasons behind the responding Jordanian journalists refusing to use the
term journalism to the phenomenon of robot journalism, as 55.3% of Jordanian journalists believe that robot
journalism is “not governed by clear professional rules”, while 50.6% believe that the reason is that “those
who produce it are not journalists. While 48.2% of them attributed the reason to the fact that it is “mechanical
and lacks the concept of humanism.”
Automated journalism is rapidly developing in the news industry. Among the most recent and promising technological potentials are neural voices, i.e., text-to-speech technology powered by neural networks. Based on a reception analysis with in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 12), this study explores how Danish radio listeners receive a full news broadcast read by a neural voice and perceive the credibility of the neural reader and the news content. Results show that the participants divide into two types: the perspicacious listeners who realize or suspect that the news reading is artificially synthesized and, to some degree, are annoyed by it, and the oblivious listeners who believe the news is read by a human and are predominantly positive towards it. Participants from both groups pay particular attention to voice emotionality when evaluating the appropriateness of the neural news reader. Also, they tend to attribute human characteristics to the neural news reader. The participants single out the news messages as well as the media organization behind the news broadcast, rather than the neural voice itself as critical components constituting credibility. Transparency is of great importance when applying a neural voice in a news broadcast, since it is a prerequisite for credibility.
This study aims to monitor and analyze the recent trends of the researches about the impact of the artificial intelligence on the journalism and television at the level of Arab and foreign studies from different research schools on all over the world in the period from 2017 to 2021.Also, it aims to know the subject fields about the artificial intelligence studies and to know the use of its techniques in journalism and television. This study is of the descriptive and analytical studies, and it depends on using the analysis style of the second level,According to this, the study depends on the qualitative analysis for the scientific studies related to the field of the artificial intelligence studies and its impact on the journalism and television,The results of this study are the following: - There is a variety for the recent trends of the researches about the impact of the artificial intelligence on the journalism and television in the period from 2017 to 2021. - The researches about the impact of artificial intelligence on the journalism are at the top of the interests list with average (84.2%), whereas the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence on television are with average (15.8%),The importance of using the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (Drones), which allows the journalists to take photos from different angles for the news events such as the volcanic eruptions, war-torn villages and natural disasters.
This study aims to provide a comparative & critical view through monitoring and analyzing the recent trends of the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence on the media product at the level of Arab and foreign studies from different research schools on all over the world in the period from 2015 to 2020.Also, it aims to know the subject fields about the researches of the artificial intelligence studies and to know the use of its techniques in the field of media. This study is of the descriptive and analytical studies, and it depends on using the style of the secondary analysis. According to this, the study depends on the qualitative analysis for the scientific studies related to the field of the artificial intelligence studies and its impact on the media product. The results showed that there is a variety of recent trends of the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence on the media product. Also, the results showed that the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence in the field of journalism are at the top of interests list with average (51.7%), followed by the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence in the field of marketing with average (25.9 %), then the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence in the field of the new media and social media with average (12.1%) whereas the researches about the impact of artificial intelligence in the field of radio and television are with average(10.3%),The results also indicated through the framework of the continuous technological flow that the digital revolution will have negative effects. So, the researcher recommends through the analytical presentation to pay attention to the dangerous of the impact of artificial intelligence on the media product by conducting more researches, especially since future expectations confirm its continued use and dependence on it in a large scale.
Background: The use of advanced algorithmic techniques is increasingly changing the nature of work for highly trained professionals. In the media industry, one of the technical advancements that often comes under the spotlight is automated journalism, a solution generally understood as the auto generation of journalistic stories through software and algorithms, without any human input except for the initial programming.
Methods: In order to conduct a systematic review of existing empirical research on automated journalism, I analysed a range of variables that can account for the semantical, chronological and geographical features of a selection of academic articles as well as their research methods, theoretical backgrounds and fields of inquiry. I then engaged with and critically assessed the meta-data that I obtained to provide researchers with a good understanding of the main debates dominating the field.
Results: My findings suggest that the expression “automated journalism” should be called into question, that more attention should be devoted to non-English speaking scholarship, that the collective and individual impacts of the technology on media practitioners should be better documented and that well-established sociological theories such as institutionalism and Bourdieu’s field theory could constitute two adequate frameworks to study automated journalism practices.
Conclusions: This systematic literature therefore provides researchers with an overview of the main challenges and debates that are occurring within the field of automated journalism studies. Future studies should, in particular, make use of institutionalism and field theory to explore how automated journalism is impacting the work of media practitioners, which could help unearth common patterns across media organisations.
The multi-layered participation that has found its way into networked media spaces in recent times have contributed to increased collaboration between mainstream journalists and ordinary citizens as co-creators of media contents. With these progressively blurring boundaries in the news production process, the need to ascertain the evaluation of mainstream media practitioners about the credibility and legitimacy of alternative media platforms have never assumed a more social and professional relevance in the journalism sphere. This study adopts Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchy of Influence model as a theoretical template to investigate the extent to which individual, routine, and organisational level influences affect journalists’ perception of citizen journalism credibility. This research is contextualised in Nigeria, an environment with a distinctly dissimilar political, economic, and cultural landscape to the countries of prior research. Findings from a random sample survey (n = 397) revealed, contrary to previous assumption, that journalists’ judgement of citizen journalism as moderately credible, is mostly a consequence of individual-level factors (demographics, career length) and routine level factors (frequency of online media use), rather than by organisational level influences (media affiliation, professional ethics). The peculiarity of Nigerian journalism landscape places professional allegiance and media structures at the lowest level of influences.
Diversos teóricos coinciden en la importancia que tiene la comunicación en las compañías, dado que es parte fundamental de su “qué hacer” organizacional y, además,
permite la construcción y mantenimiento de las estructuras empresariales (Hall,
1996). En esta misma línea, la comunicación entre una empresa, marca o producto y
sus consumidores juega un papel relevante en el posicionamiento y apalancamiento
organizacional. Las formas de comunicación con el público objetivo de las empresas
han evolucionado de los medios físicos a los medios digitales, tomando un auge
importante en los nuevos canales de comunicación.
Dentro de la comunicación digital surge una actividad muy importante basada en
las opiniones, recomendaciones y referencias que los consumidores hacen sobre
las empresas, productos y servicios, esta actividad se le identifica como comunicación boca a boca en internet.
Because of the growing demands on businesses to distinguish themselves from competitors, corporate brand identity and image are considered to be fundamental in enhancing the visibility and credibility of a business. This study identified the perceptions of South African businesses across various industries of corporate brand identity elements that govern corporate brand image formation. In doing so, a theoretical perspective was adopted that borrows from both marketing communication and corporate communication theories. Firstly, the corporate brand identity elements deemed signifi cant in corporate brand image formation were identifi ed from earlier literature and research. Secondly, Q methodology was used to categorise the variety and span of subjective opinion on those corporate identity elements deemed signifi cant for corporate brand image formation. Finally, the dominant perceptions of the factors that govern corporate brand image formation were isolated through Q factor analysis. Seven richly diverse factors were derived, refl ecting the most salient perceptions on the topic, namely trustworthiness of the brand, creative marketing, effective management and administration, stability through business innovation, customer satisfaction, effective integrated communication and strategic positioning of the brand.
Understanding the phenomenon of data journalism requires an examination of this emerging practice not just within organizations themselves, but across them, at the inter-institutional level. Using a semi-structured interview approach, we begin to map the emerging computational journalistic field. We find considerable variety among data journalists in terms of their educational backgrounds, skills, tools and goals. However, many of them face similar struggles, such as trying to define their roles within their organizations and managing scarce resources. Our cross-organizational approach allows for comparisons with similar studies in Belgium, Sweden, and Norway. The common thread in these studies is that the practice of data journalism is stratified. Divisions exist in some countries between resource-rich and resource-poor organizations and in other countries between the realm of discourse and the realm of practice.
Recently, scholars tested how digital media use for informational purposes similarly contributes to foster democratic processes and the creation of social capital. Nevertheless, in the context of today's socially-networked-society and the rise of social media applications (i.e., Facebook) new perspectives need to be considered. Based on U.S. national data, results show that after controlling for demographic variables, traditional media use offline and online, political constructs (knowledge and efficacy), and frequency and size of political discussion networks, seeking information via social network sites is a positive and significant predictor of people's social capital and civic and political participatory behaviors, online and offline.
Since the mid-2000s, some US and British news organizations have hired programmers to design data-driven news projects within the newsroom. But how does the rise of these “programmer-journalists,” armed with their skills and technical artifacts, really affect the way journalism can contribute to the public good? Based on an empirical study in Chicago, we show in this article that although they have built on previous historical developments, these programmer-journalists have also partly challenged the epistemology conveyed by the computer-assisted reporting tradition in the US, grounded in the assumption that data can help journalists to set the political agenda through the disclosure of public issues. Involved in open source communities and open government advocacy, these programmers and their technical artifacts have conveyed challenging epistemological propositions that have been highly controversial in the journalism community.
Q methodology combines the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods, and its use in research has been facilitated by recent developments in computer software. Q methodology is briefly illustrated in a single-case study of the subjective experience of health care, and the data generated are used to illustrate the QMethod package, a menu-driven freeware program for mainframes and PCs that facilitates Q-sort data entry, correlation and factor analysis, theoretical rotation of factors, and calculation of factor scores. Instructions are provided for obtaining QMethod, for subscribing to a journal devoted to Q methodology, and for joining the Q methodology electronic discussion group.
This study unveils factors affecting sales force automation (SFA) technology usage by salespeople. It differs from previous research by: (1) proposing a model that examines the consequences of task complexity on role perceptions and technology usage, and (2) understanding the negative repercussions of SFA technology on the user. The proposed model was tested using data from 150 salespeople employed by a national organization. The results suggest that integration of SFA technology induces adverse role perceptions in salespeople. However, controlling for extraneous variables, effort is significantly related to salespeople's usage of technology. Key managerial implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Parallel Analysis is a Monte Carlo simulation technique that aids researchers in determining the number of factors to retain in Principal Component and Exploratory Factor Analysis. This method provides a superior alternative to other techniques that are commonly used for the same purpose, such as the Scree test or the Kaiser’s eigenvalue-greater-than-one rule. Nevertheless, Parallel Analysis is not well known among researchers, in part because it is not included as an analysis option in the most popular statistical packages. This paper describes and illustrates how to apply Parallel Analysis with an easy-to-use computer program called ViSta-PARAN. ViSta-PARAN is a user-friendly application that can compute and interpret Parallel Analysis. Its user interface is fully graphic and includes a dialog box to specify parameters, and specialized graphics to visualize the analysis output.
The purpose of this study was to investigate what influences employees' acceptance and resistance to a corporate e-learning initiative provided by a large retail chain. The research used a survey design to gather interview and survey data to examine the factors affecting learner interest in, and resistance to, training and e-learning. The results provided insight into the attitudes and perceptions of employees in a large retail chain about the training and identified areas for further attention to facilitate a best-practices approach for increasing participation. The research asked: What barriers and enticers in relation to e-learning are present in a group of employees offered an e-learning training opportunity? The driving and restraining forces that influence an individual's fields (also defined as an individual's life space) as indicated in Lewin's (1997) Force Field Theory were examined and used as a framework for analysis of the findings to gain a clearer understanding of which factors support or deter these employees from participation in e-learning in the workplace. Lewin suggested that consideration of what encourages learners to embrace new methods for learning is important but equally, the factors that cause resistance to learning must be thoroughly examined. Supporting factors such a the rationale for the training being well understood and detractors like insufficient time to complete the modules were identified. Findings indicate that time, meaningful recognition for participation, and personal and technical support need to be provided for the successful implementation of e-learning initiatives. (Contains 1 figure and 4 tables.)
Computational journalism involves the application of software and technologies to the activities of journalism, and it draws from the fields of computer science, the social sciences, and media and communications. New technologies may enhance the traditional aims of journalism, or may initiate greater interaction between journalists and information and communication technology (ICT) specialists. The enhanced use of computing in news production is related in particular to three factors: larger government datasets becoming more widely available; the increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous nature of software; and the developing digital economy. Drawing upon international examples, this paper argues that computational journalism techniques may provide new foundations for original investigative journalism and increase the scope for new forms of interaction with readers. Computational journalism provides a major opportunity to enhance the production of original investigative journalism, and to attract and retain readers online.
"It is argued that the present approach to the study of the relationship between employee output and job satisfaction is not fruitful. What is needed is an examination of the characteristics of workers who are operating at a satisfactory level of both output and job satisfaction with workers and groups of workers who are not operating at such a level. A procedure is described which will permit the location of the workers who are operating at this 'optimal' level." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
What is appraisal theory? In its simplest form, its essence is the claim that emotions are elicited by evaluations (appraisals) of events and situations. In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of appraisal theory, describing the observations and theoretical questions that appraisal theory was developed to address. The authors discuss what appraisal theory has to offer to account for these phenomena—for example, how appraisal theory can be used to explain (1) emotion differentiation; (2) temporal, individual, and cultural differences in emotional response; (3) the appropriateness of many emotional reactions to the situations in which they occur; and (4) the causation and remediation of emotional pathology. The authors also consider how competing appraisal models differ from one another and describe some of the more controversial issues that appraisal theory must continue to confront and address, such as the relative importance of appraisal vs other factors in eliciting emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Considers structural inertia in organizational populations as an outcome of an ecological-evolutionary process. Structural inertia is considered to be a consequence of selection as opposed to a precondition. The focus of this analysis is on the timing of organizational change. Structural inertia is defined to be a correspondence between a class of organizations and their environments. Reliably producing collective action and accounting rationally for their activities are identified as important organizational competencies. This reliability and accountability are achieved when the organization has the capacity to reproduce structure with high fidelity. Organizations are composed of various hierarchical layers that vary in their ability to respond and change. Organizational goals, forms of authority, core technology, and marketing strategy are the four organizational properties used to classify organizations in the proposed theory. Older organizations are found to have more inertia than younger ones. The effect of size on inertia is more difficult to determine. The variance in inertia with respect to the complexity of organizational arrangements is also explored. (SRD)
This paper explores the nature of public acceptance of wind farms by investigating the discourses of support and objection to a proposed offshore scheme. It reviews research into opposition to wind farms, noting previous criticisms that this has tended to provide descriptive rather than explanatory insights and as a result, has not effectively informed the policy debate. One explanation is that much of this research has been conceived within an unreflective positivist research frame, which is inadequate in dealing with the subjectivity and value-basis of public acceptance of wind farm development. The paper takes a case study of an offshore wind farm proposal in Northern Ireland and applies Q-Methodology to identify the dominant discourses of support and objection. It is argued that this provides new insights into the nature of wind farm conflicts, points to a number of recommendations for policy, and functions as an example of how this methodology can act as a potential bridge between positivist and post-positivist approaches to policy analysis.
This paper outlines the potential benefit of Q methodology for the study of environmental issues within ecological economics, based on research into LETS (Local Employment and Trading Systems) in the United Kingdom. Q methodology is a qualitative but statistical approach to enable the discovery of a variety of discourses concerning how individuals understand their behaviour, and how they understand the social and environmental worlds in which they live. Q methodology thus has the capacity to allow a more effective form of policy making and implementation process. The paper introduces some of the basic tenets of Q methodology, illustrates these with results drawn from the study mentioned above, and concludes by indicating the potential this methodology holds for ecological economics research.
Information systems (IS) implementation is costly and has a relatively low success rate. Since the seventies, IS research has contributed to a better understanding of this process and its outcomes. The early efforts concentrated on the identification of factors that facilitated IS use. This produced a long list of items that proved to be of little practical value. It became obvious that, for practical reasons, the factors had to be grouped into a model in a way that would facilitate analysis of IS use.In 1985, Fred Davis suggested the technology acceptance model (TAM). It examines the mediating role of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in their relation between systems characteristics (external variables) and the probability of system use (an indicator of system success). More recently, Davis proposed a new version of his model: TAM2. It includes subjective norms, and was tested with longitudinal research designs. Overall the two explain about 40% of system’s use. Analysis of empirical research using TAM shows that results are not totally consistent or clear. This suggests that significant factors are not included in the models.We conclude that TAM is a useful model, but has to be integrated into a broader one which would include variables related to both human and social change processes, and to the adoption of the innovation model.
This paper suggests that a gap exists between policy theorists who are formulating postpositivist models of analysis and the beliefs of practitioners whose labor is guided by the traditional hand of positivism. The tension between postpositivist theory and traditional practice has created a dialectic that contributes to both, but the postpositivist theory is not likely, for reasons discussed in the paper, to spark a revolution in practice. The paper maintains that members of the discipline's intellectual infrastructure can assist the evolution to a policy analysis paradigm that includes elements of postpositivism by introducing incremental changes in practice that reinforce it. For this purpose, one important incremental change is the introduction of Q-methodology as a common tool for policy analysis. The use of Q-methodology—a method for the study of subjectivity—would help subvert the assumptions of dominant objectivism that underlie the R-methods typically learned and used by traditional analysts and could influence analysts to adopt a postpositivist perspective of their work. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
As data base searching capability is added in newsrooms, new issues arise about management decisions, authority in reporting and newsmaking theories. Journalists and librarians are seen as having similar relationships to the information universe and to their audiences/patrons. Here a search strategy model depicts an information-acquisition method applicable both to reporters and librarians. Research and management questions related to new reporting methods are identified.
This study sought to identify the determinants of chief officers of newspapers in introducing robot journalism into newsrooms. Analytic hierarchy process was employed as a methodology, and data to be analysed were obtained from 42 surveys on chief officers from 24 different newspaper companies. According to the results, a prospected business performance brought about by the introduction of robot journalism and news consumers' willingness to read robot-written news stories are top concerns among the criteria for the consideration of whether newspaper companies plan to introduce robot journalism or not. On the other hand, journalists' attitude towards robot journalism is behind considerations for business performance and changes of external market environment. Decision-makers in newspaper companies seemed to be insensitive to sunken costs with regard to the introduction of robot journalism. In terms of alternatives, a decrease in the number of human journalists after the adoption of robot-writers is most likely to be selected as an employment strategy by newspaper companies. The fall in the number of human journalists after adopting robots is most likely to be selected as an employment strategy.
Organizations today operate in highly dynamic environments and are becoming more complex. Helping their organizations master this complexity is a major leadership challenge. To better understand how managers' behaviors aggravate or reduce complexity, we reviewed 1,400 responses to a proprietary organizational complexity survey. Analysis identified specific managers' behaviors that contribute to perceived complexity. We draw from these findings, literature on complex adaptive systems, and our consulting experiences to identify specific strategies managers can use to make it simpler for people to get things done, and even to "master" complexity by turning it into a source of strategic advantage.
Detection of depression can be difficult in primary care, particularly when associated with chronic illness. Patient beliefs may affect detection and subsequent engagement with management. Q-methodology can help to identify viewpoints that are likely to influence either clinical practice or policy intervention.
To identify socially shared viewpoints of comorbid depression, and characterise key overlaps and discrepancies.
A Q-methodology study of patients registered with general practices or community clinics in Leeds, UK.
Patients with coronary heart disease or diabetes and depression from three practices and community clinics were invited to participate. Participants ranked 57 statements about comorbid depression. Factor analyses were undertaken to identify independent accounts, and additional interview data were used to support interpretation.
Thirty-one patients participated; 13 (42%) had current symptoms of depression. Five accounts towards comorbid depression were identified: overwhelmed resources; something medical or within me; a shameful weakness; part of who I am; and recovery-orientated. The main differences in attitudes related to the cause of depression and its relationship with the patient's chronic illness, experience of shame, and whether medical interventions would help recovery.
There are groups of patients who do not perceive a relationship between their depression and chronic illness; they may not understand the intention behind policy initiatives to identify depression during chronic illness reviews. Tailoring detection strategies for depression to take account of different clusters of attitudes and beliefs could help improve identification and personalise management.
© British Journal of General Practice 2015.
A mining boom starting in the mid 2000s has transformed the economic and social structure of many of Western Australia’s remote resource-dependant towns. To date, research on these changes have tended to either involve broad cross-sectional analyses across multiple localities, or have involved narrow single town case studies focused on quite specific issues, such as housing, service provision and employment. Yet local experiences and perceptions of rapid resource-led development are likely to be diverse and multifaceted. This study uses Q-methodology to explore local residents experiences and perceptions of change in two resource-dependent towns in Western Australia’s Pilbara region. It identifies quite distinctive sets of experiences both within and between each community. The findings suggest that the implications of resource development are highly nuanced, and dependent not only on individual experiences, but also local histories, cultures and values.
Several studies have recently shown a general resistance among art historians toward the adoption of e-books. Are these user attitudes the same among other visual arts faculty and students? In this study the authors use a mixed-methods technique known as Q methodology to isolate and explore distinct opinion types about e-books among visual arts users as a whole. By exposing different viewpoints on e-books and including users in fields such as design, architecture, interior design, planning, and fine arts in addition to art history, this article provides a more nuanced understanding of faculty and student attitudes than previous studies have done.
An artificial-intelligence system uses machine learning from massive training sets to teach itself to play 49 classic computer games, demonstrating that it can adapt to a variety of tasks. See Letter p.529
Ecosystem based ocean management processes seek to manage intricately linked social–ecological systems. These processes are intended to include and integrate appropriate economic, environmental, and social input into decision-making. To address identified challenges with gathering social data this study uses the Q-method to characterize different perspectives about what is valued about the ocean, seafood, and the community in the seafood sector of a single coastal community in British Columbia, Canada. Drawing on a sample of 42 people from the sector, this study identified a range of values, that group together into five distinct perspectives. These perspectives provide insight into how people value the experience versus the utility of the ocean and the different value they attribute to the outcomes of ocean management versus the process deployed. Values do not group together by seafood sub-sector, although the importance of teaching, stewardship, and conservation and respect for the ocean’s resilience are common to all. On the other hand, the various perspectives most sharply diverge with respect to the role of aquaculture and special rights of access. This work demonstrates how the Q-method can help to identify, capture, and compare social values within a sector. In addition, this method can provide participants with a forum to discuss what is important and can provide a common vocabulary that cuts across existing constituencies. This has the potential to facilitate the consideration of a broad range of social values in ocean management.
There is wide agreement that acceptance and resistance are crucial factors in information system (IS) adoption. Research has yielded many theories that have focused on either acceptance or resistance, often implicitly assuming that these are opposites. This paper proposes a two-factor view on acceptance and resistance, and shows how this idea may advance our knowledge of IS adoption. In developing a user reactions framework, we take a first step towards integrating the IS literature on acceptance and on resistance. This framework distinguishes between two behavioural dimensions, namely, acceptance, ranging from high use to non-use, and a dimension that ranges from enthusiastic support to aggressive resistance. Combining the two dimensions leads to four categories of user reactions. We show the framework's usefulness by analysing data from a telecare implementation project. The findings identify ambivalent reactions. Many clients are identified as supporting but non-using, while we also find telenurses and care coordinators that show themselves to be resisting but using. These findings support the view that non-acceptance and resistance are conceptually non-equivalent. Our data suggest voluntariness as one determinant of the variation in behavioural reactions encountered. We argue that the concepts are also functionally different: IS implementers will have to adapt their strategies to the different reactions described.
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. developed a system of making articles' image
database automatically by use of CTS (Computer Typesetting System).
Besides the articles and the headlines inputted in CTS, it reproduces
the image of elements of such as photography and graphs by article in
accordance with information of position on the paper. So to speak,
computer itself clips the articles out of the newspaper. Image database
is accumulated in magnetic file and optical file and is output to the
facsimile of users. With diffusion of CTS, newspaper companies which
start to have structure of articles database are increased rapidly, the
said system is the first attempt to make database automatically. This
paper describes the device of CTS which supports this system and
outline.
This paper has a marked practical aspect. We wish to encourage and facilitate the use of Q methodology amongst psychologists interested in qualitative research. The paper duly answers a number of pertinent ‘how to do Q’ questions. Yet our primary intention is not to produce an exhaustive ‘how to do Q’ guide. In discussing issues of theory, method and interpretation in Q methodology, the main aim of the paper is rather to address some of the more common misunderstandings and misrepresentations that constitute obstacles to the use of one of the very first ‘alternative’ methods to have been developed in the context of psychology. In addressing such obstacles, the paper hopes to bring ‘Why do Q?’ questions to the fore. In so doing, Q methodology will also be ‘positioned’ in relation to a number of other qualitative research methods, each of which currently enjoys a degree of prominence within the psychological discipline.
In one of the first studies of its kind, all the wire stories used and all those rejected by a non-metropolitan newspaper over a seven-day period are classified by content, and the reasons given by the telegraph editor for his choices are analyzed. Dr. White is research professor of journalism at Boston University.
The increasing trend toward field theory in psychology (i.e. in variations of psychoanalysis and in theory of the conditioned reflex) makes the clarification of the meaning of field theory especially important at this time. The field theory cannot be called a theory in the usual sense for it can hardly be called correct or incorrect. "
Field theory is probably best characterized as a method: namely, a method
of analyzing causal relations and of building scientific constructs." In discussing the principle of contemporaneity and the effect of past and future, it is emphasized that any behavior or any change in a psychological field depends only upon the psychological field at that time. To determine the properties of a field at a given time, one may base one's statement on conclusions from history, or one may use diagnostic tests of the present. The latter has been employed extensively in psychology. Nevertheless, psychologists need to take into account a certain time period which depends upon the scope of the situation. The psychological past and the psychological future are simultaneous parts of the psychological field existing at a given time. The author concludes with an evaluation of Brunswik's treatment of the role of statistics (see
17: 2543). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Summarizing our discussion from a more dynamic view, we might say: we have distinguished learning in the sense of change in cognitive structure from learning in the sense of change in motivation. This chapter examines the following topics: Field Theory; Learning: A Term with Many Meanings and a Disturbing History; Learning as Change in Knowledge; and Learning as Change in Valences and Values. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Field research was conducted in 34 Canadian companies/business units to determine the validity of a generic typology of strategies and the content of each type. Two questionnaires, secondary data, and interviews were used to identify strategic types and explore their strategic characteristics. A typology of generic strategies was proposed and tested, and comprehensive descriptions of their characteristics were developed. The findings provide support for a methodology for measuring and identifying strategy, a basis for research on contingency theories of strategic management, and a practical tool for managers to identify and communicate strategic choices and the implementation issues involved.
The construction of embodied conversational agents – robots as well as avatars – seem to be a new challenge in the field of both cognitive AI and human-computer-interface development. On the one hand, one aims at gaining new insights in the development of cognition and communication by constructing intelligent, physical instantiated artefacts. On the other hand people are driven by the idea, that humanlike mechanical dialog-partners will have a positive effect on human-machine-communication. In this contribution I put for discussion whether the visions of scientist in this field are plausible and which problems might arise by the realization of such projects.
The occurrence and impact of psychological contract violations were studied among graduate management alumni (N = 128) who were surveyed twice, once at graduation (immediately following recruitment) and then two years later. Psychological contracts, reciprocal obligations in employment developed during and after recruitment, were reported by a majority of respondents (54.8 per cent) as having been violated by their employers. The impact of violations are examined using both quantitative and qualitative data. Occurrence of violations correlated positively with turnover and negatively with trust, satisfaction and intentions to remain.
After 50years, the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics capture the imagination of the general public while, at
the same time, engendering a great deal of fear and skepticism. Isaac Asimov recognized this deep-seated misconception of
technology and created the Three Laws of Robotics. The first part of this paper examines the underlying fear of intelligent
robots, revisits Asimov’s response, and reports on some current opinions on the use of the Three Laws by practitioners. Finally,
an argument against robotic rebellion is made along with a call for personal responsibility and suggestions for implementing
safety constraints in intelligent robots.
This paper describes a magnetic printer which was developed as a proofing printer for newspaper CTS (computerized type setting system). In order to produce a number of copies of the proof efficiently, this printer is intended to have copying function. In recording latent image, the recording drum is rotated at high speed of 4,000 r.p.m.. The recording head is carried along the axial direction of the drum. After the latent image of one page is completed on the drum, the processes of forming visual image are repeated with the drum rotation of 60 r.p.m.. A number of copies are produced at the rate of 60 copies/minute. A newly devised multiple-channel head is employed in the printer. The track width of the preceding channels are wider than those of the succeeding channels. The latent images recorded by the preceding channels are sequentially overlapped by the succeeding channels. The recording resolution of 454 dots per inch was achieved. In this paper the overview of the printer structure and operation is described, and the detail of the multiple channel head is discussed.
In today's newsroom, research is often computer-assisted. A survey conducted by the authors, however, found that many journalists still rely on paper sources or neglect research altogether. To address this problem, the authors—a librarian and a journalism professor—introduced research skills units into a Beginning Reporting course. These units have three purposes: to develop research skills, to demonstrate the value of research in writing stories, and to prepare students for advanced courses in computer-assisted reporting. This article describes the development, implementation, and success of this program.
One of the rapidly growing areas in industrial marketing is the application of sales force automation (SFA) technologies to help improve the efficiency of the sales force task. What is often overlooked is that there are some potential negative effects related to SFA technologies that arise when these innovations are forcefully adopted on the individual salesperson. This study empirically examines the psychological and social antecedents of salespeople's resistance toward SFA technologies in South Korea. Unlike previous studies that only looked at adoption, this studies adds to the literature on SFA technologies by looking at resistance toward innovation in the post-adoption or intra-organizational diffusion stage. This study looks at the direct and indirect relationships between innovation resistance and some key constructs such as job satisfaction, job performance, self-efficacy, group-efficacy, innovativeness, and peer usage. This study represents also one of the very few empirical studies conducted on sales force behavior in South Korea and as such may offer some insights on sales force management in collectivist cultures.
A UNIX-based system for typesetting technical papers for high-quality output was evaluated by measuring use of computer and economic resources. Five manuscripts submitted to Physical Review Letters were typeset at Bell Laboratories, after preparation of programs to handle the equations, tables, and layout problems of this journal. Computerized typesetting is substantially cheaper than typewriter composition. The primary cost of page composition is keyboarding and the aids provided by UNIX to facilitate input of complex mathematical and tabular text reduce input time significantly. Typing and correcting articles on UNIX, with a single experienced typist, is between 1.5 and 3.3 times as fast as typewriter composition. Input on UNIX averaged 2.4 times as fast as conventional methods. The composition cost per camera-ready page using a full-scale UNIX-based system producing 200 finished pages per day would be about 30 per page.