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564
Accepted by F. Lima: 20 Oct. 2017; published: 7 Dec. 2017
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN
1175-5334
(online edition)
Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 4362 (4): 564
–
574
http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Article
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4362.4.5
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B5587964-85F7-4FE9-BE36-506A094EF196
A new species of Brachychalcinus (Characiformes: Characidae)
from the rio Xingu basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil
JAMES R. GARCIA-AYALA
1
, WILLIAN M. OHARA
2
, MURILO N. L. PASTANA
2
& RICARDO C. BENINE
1,3
1
Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil.
2
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, Caixa Postal 42494, 04299-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
3
Corresponding author. E-mail: rbenine@ibb.unesp.br
Abstract
Brachychalcinus reisi, a new species of characid fish, is described from the rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriri, rio Xingu basin,
Serra do Cachimbo, Pará State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a series
of longitudinal black wavy stripes on the entire body and by a lower number of longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-
fin origin and lateral line (7–8 vs. 8–12). Additionally, the new species differs from B. copei, B. parnaibae, and B. retro-
spina by the lower number of branched dorsal-fin rays (9 vs.10). This is the first description of a new species of the sub-
family since the revisionary study of Stethaprioninae, published almost 30 years ago.
Key words: Stethaprioninae, Neotropical region, freshwater fishes, taxonomy, Amazon
Resumo
Brachychalcinus reisi, uma espécie nova de caracídeo, é descrita do rio Curuá, afluente do rio Iriri, bacia do rio Xingu,
Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser distinguida de suas congêneres pela presença de uma série de
faixas onduladas escuras longitudinais sobre todo o corpo e pelo número inferior de escamas entre a nadadeira dorsal e a
linha lateral (7–8 vs. 8–12). Adicionalmente, a nova espécie difere de B. copei, B. parnaibae e B. retrospina pelo menor
número de raios ramificados na nadadeira dorsal (9 vs.10). A descrição de Brachychalcinus reisi representa a primeira
descoberta de uma espécie da subfamília desde a revisão taxonômica de Stethaprioninae, publicada há quase trinta anos.
Palavras chaves: Stethaprioninae, região Neotropical, peixes de água doce, taxonomia, Amazônia
Introduction
Stethaprioninae is a monophyletic subfamily of Characidae that currently comprises four genera and 12 valid
species (Reis, 1989, 2003; Eschmeyer et al. 2017). The subfamily was the subject of a revisionary and
phylogenetic study by Reis (1989), and was then morphologically defined by the presence of a bony, anteriorly
directed spine, preceding the first dorsal-fin ray, and by the presence of very small, thin anal-fin hooks facing in all
directions on mature male specimens. Recent phylogenetic studies corroborate the monophyly of the subfamily
based on both morphological (Mirande, 2010) and molecular data (Oliveira et al. 2011).
Among the Stethaprioninae, Brachychalcinus is a genus comprising five species widely distributed across
South America, inhabiting the upper portions of several river drainages at the Amazon, and Paraguay basins, and
also some guyanese river systems (Reis, 1989). The genus was originally proposed by Boulenger (1892) and is
currently characterized by having the predorsal spine with a sharp, dorsally directed process, running along the
anterior surface of the first dorsal-fin ray (Reis, 1989).
In contrast with other genera of Characidae (e.g., Hyphessobrycon Durbin, Moenkhausia Eigenmann, and
Astyanax Baird & Girard), the taxonomy of the Stethaprioninae seems to be stable, without nomenclatural changes
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A NEW SPECIES OF BRACHYCHALCINUS
or species description since Reis (1989). Within the genus Brachychalcinus, B. parnaibae Reis, 1989 was the
fourth and the last described species. After almost three decades of Reis’s paper, much additional preserved
material of Stethaprioninae has become available from several areas of South America, including a new species of
Brachychalcinus from the upper rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Brazil, which is formally
described herein.
Material and methods
Counts and measurements follow Fink & Weitzman (1974), except for the number of scale rows between lateral
line and the midventral scale series, which were counted at the vertical just ahead of the pelvic-fin insertion, and
head depth, which was measured at the vertical through the tip of supraoccipital spine; the predorsal spine length is
added, measured as the greatest length along its longitudinal axis, taken point to point. In the description, the
frequency of each count is given in parentheses after the corresponding count. An asterisk indicates counts of the
holotype. Counts and measurements were taken on the left side of specimens, except when structures were
damaged. Circuli and radii were counted from the scale row immediately dorsal to the lateral line at the vertical
through the dorsal-fin origin. Counts of supraneurals, vertebrae, procurrent caudal-fin rays, branchiostegal rays,
gill-rakers of the first branchial arch, tooth cusps, diminutive dentary teeth, and the position of pterygiophores were
taken from cleared and stained (c&s) paratypes prepared according to the technique of Taylor & Van Dyke (1985).
Vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus were counted as four elements (included in the vertebral counts), and the
compound caudal centrum (preural 1 + ural 1) as a single element. Measurements are presented as proportions of
standard length, except for subunits of the head, which are given as proportions of head length. All measurements
were made using a digital caliper with accuracy of 0.1 mm, under the stereomicroscope. Identification of the sex of
the specimens was confirmed by gonadal analysis. The number of measured and counted specimens (if any) and
the number of cleared and stained specimens are given in parentheses followed by their respective SL range.
Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj (2016).
Results
Brachychalcinus reisi new species
(Figs. 1–4)
Holotype: MZUSP 121267, 56.1 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Altamira, rio Curuá, 25 Km upstream from PCH Salto do
Curuá, a tributary of rio Xingu basin, 8º55’46”S, 54º57’38”W, W. Ohara, M. Pastana & O. Oyakawa, 11 Aug 2015.
Paratypes: All from Brazil, Pará, Altamira, rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin. MZUSP 119456, 2, 55.7–56.9 mm SL;
INPA 53240, 3, 52.2–59.0 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 119107, 2, 38.4–46.6 mm SL, tributary of rio
Curuá, 8º55’40”S, 54º57’45”W, W. Ohara, M. Pastana & O. Oyakawa, 11 Aug 2015. MZUSP 119569, 1, 30.4 mm
SL, igarapé Cintura Fina, near road BR-163, 8º53’52”S, 54º59’19”W, W. Ohara, M. Pastana & O. Oyakawa, 11
Aug 2015. MZUSP 119476, 6, 24.5–49.2 mm SL, 1 c&s, 51.1 mm SL, igarapé crossing the road on a cattle ranch
inside REBIO Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo, 8°55’46.4”S, 54°57’38.2”W, W. Ohara, M. Pastana & O.
Oyakawa, 15 Aug 2015. MZUSP 119482, 19, 18.2–56.9 mm SL, 2 c&s, 51.1–51.5 mm SL, small stream on access
from road BR-163, 8°54’7.2”S, 54°37’48.2”W, W. Ohara, M. Pastana & O. Oyakawa, 7 Aug 2015. MZUSP
119984, 10, 34.7–61.3 mm SL, river crossing a dirt road accessed from BR-163, 8°54’20.5”S, 54°57’30.8”W, F.
Dagosta, M. M. F. Marinho, P. Camelier & V. Giovanetti, 7 Aug 2015. LBP 24499, 10, 25.9–54.6 mm SL; MCP
52550, 3, 31.4–53.1 mm SL; ZUEC 14759, 2, 32.1–43.8 mm SL, district of Cachoeira da Serra, rio Treze de Maio,
tributary of rio Curuá, 8°45’06”S, 55°02’05”W, R. Devidé, A.C. Souto, N. Flausino Júnior, A.C. Dias & C.S.
Souza, 25 Sept 2017, LBP 24500, 08, 17.2–51.3 mm SL, tributary of rio Curuá, 8°45’54.5”S, 54°59’36.9”W, R.
Devidé, A.C. Souto, N. Flausino Júnior, A.C. Dias & C.S. Souza, 26 Sept 2017.
Non Types: MZUSP 119223, 3, 18.5–27.3 mm SL, REBIO Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo, 8°54'23.63"S,
54°35'48.58"W, O. Oyakawa et al., 5 Jul 2015.
Diagnosis. Brachychalcinus reisi differs from all congeners by possessing a series of dark, conspicuous, wavy
longitudinal stripes on the entire body (vs. longitudinal dark wavy stripes absent or restricted to middorsal portion
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of body) and by the lower number of longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line (7–8 vs. 8–
12). Additionally, it can be distinguished from B. copei (Steindachner, 1883), B. retrospina Boulenger, 1892 and B.
parnaibae by having a lower number of branched dorsal-fin rays (9 vs. 10–11). The new species differs from B.
nummus Böhlke, 1958 and B. orbicularis (Valenciennes, 1850) by having a lower number of horizontal scale rows
between the lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 8–9 (vs. 10–11), and further differs from B. nummus by having
numerous paralleled arranged scale radii (vs. few divergent arranged scale radii)
Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Largest specimen examined 61.3 mm SL. Body
compressed, short and deep in lateral view. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head straight
or slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through anterior nostril; concave from that point to tip of
supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from supraoccipital spine tip to dorsal-fin origin. Predorsal
portion keel slightly convex or straight along dorsal-fin base; approximately straight from that point to adipose-fin
origin, and concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays.
Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of dentary to anal-fin insertion. Body profile along anal-fin base
straight and posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Prepelvic region
compressed with a median keel.
TABLE 1. Morphometric data of holotype (H) and paratypes of Brachychalcinus reisi (n = 19). Range includes values of
holotype. SD = standard deviation.
Predorsal spine small and roughly triangular in lateral view, with dorsal process running along proximal
portion of first dorsal-fin ray. First anal proximal pterygiophore triangular, anteroventrally expanded, with long
forward-directed pointed process.
H RANGE MEAN SD
Standard length (mm) 56.1 18.2–56.9 40.2 –
Percentage of standard length
Greatest depth 66.9 51.0–68.1 63.7 3.6
Snout to dorsal-fin origin 52.3 52.4–57.4 55.7 1.5
Snout to pectoral-fin origin 29.5 30.6–34.8 32.7 1.2
Snout to pelvic-fin origin 54.2 52.8–59.9 57.2 1.7
Snout to anal-fin origin 66.7 64.3–71.7 67.6 2.0
Caudal peduncle depth 11.7 9.3–14.0 12.1 1.0
Caudal peduncle length 10.9 9.3–13.2 11.5 0.9
Pectoral-fin length 24.8 21.4–29.9 26.7 2.2
Pelvic-fin length 15.5 11.4–17.4 14.9 1.5
Dorsal-fin length 29.8 22.0–35.2 30.1 3.6
Dorsal-fin base 24.3 15.2–25.8 21.3 2.2
Anal-fin length 17.5 19.6–25.6 25.6 3.3
Anal-fin base 48.8 38.3–54.3 46.4 3.1
Eye to dorsal-fin origin 42.1 36.6–44.4 42.3 1.8
Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin origin 64.9 53.2–65.2 59.0 2.4
Predorsal spine 4.9 3.2–5.1 4.3 0.5
Head length 52.3 40.5–57.9 53.6 3.6
Head depth 26.5 26.8–31.2 29.2 1.3
Percentage of head length
Snout length 25.4 24.7–32.6 27.7 2.2
Upper jaw length 47.2 43.4–48.5 45.8 1.5
Horizontal orbital diameter 43.3 41.7–49.1 45.6 2.5
Least interorbital width 42.3 38.1–43.9 40.5 1.4
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A NEW SPECIES OF BRACHYCHALCINUS
Jaws equal; mouth terminal. Maxilla reaching the vertical through anterior margin of pupil; with posterior
terminus anterior to third infraorbital. Maxilla approximately at an angle of 45-50 degrees relative to longitudinal
axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening circular, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Nostrils
separated by narrow flap of skin.
FIGURE 1. Brachychalcinus reisi, MZUSP 121267, holotype, 56.1 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Altamira, rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin.
Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 3(2), 4*(13), or 5(4) tricuspid teeth with tip of cusps directed
inward. Inner row with 5*(19) teeth with three to five cusps each, symphysial tooth of inner series narrow and
asymmetric, with four cusps. Tooth cusps of inner premaxillary row arranged in semicircular line, directed
outward. Maxilla with 1(7) or 2*(12) teeth along anteroventral margin, teeth with one to three cusps. Dentary with
4(19) tri- to pentacuspid teeth, followed by a series of 4 to 7 small conical teeth, considerably smaller than anterior
ones (Fig. 2). Cusps of large dentary teeth arranged in semicircular line, directed outward. Central cusp of all teeth
more developed than lateral cusps.
Dorsal-fin rays iii, 9*(19). First dorsal-fin element modified into a triangular spine with a sharp backward
process lying on proximal portion of first unmodified dorsal-fin ray (Fig. 3a). Dorsal-fin origin anterior to vertical
through middle of standard length. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i, 10(15), 11*(3), or 12(2). Tip of pectoral
fin extending slightly beyond anterior insertion of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 6*(19), tip of adpressed pelvic fin
reaching first anal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to middle of standard length. Anal-fin rays iv, 28(6), 29(8),
30*(2), or 31(3). First anal fin element modified into a triangular spine; second anal-fin element modified into a
stiffened simple spine (Fig. 3b). Caudal fin with i,9 rays on dorsal lobe and 8, i rays on ventral lobe. Caudal-fin
forked, lobes somewhat pointed and similar in size.
Cycloid scales with numerous paralell scale radii. Predorsal line naked. Lateral line with 35(17), 36*(1), or
37(1) perforated scales. Lateral line deflected downward. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and
lateral line 7*(4) or 8(15). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 8*(3) or 9(16).
Horizontal scale around caudal peduncle 14*(19). Single row of 7 to 15* scales covering base of anterior anal-fin
rays. Small scales covering proximal two-thirds of caudal-fin lobes.
Vertebrae 34(3). Supraneurals 3(3) with bony lamellae on upper portion. Branchiostegal rays 4(3). First gill
arch with 3(3) hypobranchial, 9(2), or 10(1) ceratobranchial, 1(3) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and
epibranchial, and 10(2) or 11(1) epibranchial gill-rakers.
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FIGURE 2. Brachychalcinus reisi, MZUSP 119476, paratype, 51.1 mm SL, medial view of right side, premaxillary, maxillary
and dentary.
FIGURE 3. Brachychalcinus reisi, MZUSP 119482, paratype, 54.1 mm SL, lateral view of left side. a) Modified dorsal fin
element. b) modified anal-fin elements.
Color in alcohol. Overall background coloration of head and body cream. Dorsal portion of head and body
dark. Chromatophores concentrated on snout, jaws, dorsal portion of the neurocranium and along dorsal midline of
body. Ventral portion of head and body with scattered chromatophores. Infraorbital series with chromatophores
scattered on the surface of infraorbital bones, pigmentation more concentrated on infraorbitals 5 and 6.
Infraorbitals, opercular series, and gular area silvery in specimens retaining guanine. Two humeral blotches
present, separated by a light area formed by low concentration of chromatophores. First humeral blotch
conspicuous, with dark chromatophores concentrated deeply under scales, rounded, encompassing two scales from
horizontal series and two from the transverse row. Second humeral blotch faint, with dark chromatophores scarcely
distributed vertically and deeply under scales, extending about three scales horizontally and four to five scales
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A NEW SPECIES OF BRACHYCHALCINUS
vertically. Narrow longitudinal dark line running along horizontal septum of body, extending from humeral region
to caudal peduncle. Fourteen to sixteen, dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigmentation concentrated
on upper and lower scale margins, extending along trunk. Stripes visible along entire body, more discernible
dorsally, except at area of contact between predorsal series of scales and first lateral scale row. Dorsal dark wavy
stripes more conspicuous. Stripes less evident in specimens smaller than 30.0 mm SL. Pectoral fin with dark
chromatophores scattered along edge of lepidotrichia of unbranched and first branched rays. Pelvic fin with dark
chromatophores located along fin rays, pigmentation concentrated at posterior half of unbranched and first
branched rays. Proximal portion of dorsal fin with concentration of dark chromatophores along interradial
membranes; distal portion of fin with dark chromatophores on rays and interradial membranes, forming a
descending dark oblique stripe. Proximal portion of anal fin with concentration of dark chromatophores along
interradial membranes; distal margin of fin with chromatophores on rays and interradial membranes, forming an
ascending dark stripe. Adipose fin with scattered dark chromatophores, more concentrated at the base of the fin.
Caudal fin with scattered dark pigmentation on margins of rays. Caudal peduncle blotch absent.
Color in life. Based on field photographs of three freshly collected specimens (Fig. 4). Dorsal portion of head
and body yellow brownish. Infraorbitals and opercular area silvery. Iris red on upper portion, silvery ventrally,
anterior and posterior portions of eye with faint green pigmentation. Middorsal and ventral portions of body
silvery. Dark wavy stripes visible on flanks, except at region of anal-fin insertion. First humeral blotch
conspicuous. second humeral blotch inconspicuous. Dorsal and adipose fins orange. Pectoral and caudal fins
yellow. Pelvic and anal fins with yellow pigmentation restricted to fin base. Dorsal and anal fins with dark stripe on
the distal margin.
Sexual dimorphism. Mature males of Brachychalcinus reisi exhibit a series of small bony hooks along the
branched rays of the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. One c&s male specimen (MZUSP 119569, 51.5 mm SL) presents
anal-fin hooks unevenly distributed along the posterior margin of the 1
st
to the 8
th
branched rays, more numerous at
3
rd
anal-fin ray; dorsal and pelvic-fin hooks distributed from 1
st
to 3
rd
branched rays, with hooks more numerous on
second branched ray. Other types of sexual dimorphism, such as differences in standard length or sexual
dichromatism, were not detected in B. reisi.
Distribution. Brachychalcinus reisi is known from the upper rio Curuá, a left side tributary of the rio Iriri, at
the Serra do Cachimbo, rio Xingu basin, southern Pará State, Brazil (Fig. 5).
Ecological notes. The type locality of Brachychalcinus reisi is located at 467 meters a.s.l., at Serra do
Cachimbo, and is a small, black water stream 3–5 m wide, 0.5–2.5 m deep, with preserved riparian vegetation,
moderate water current, and bottom composed mainly by rock, sand and dead leaves (Fig. 6). In spite of directed
collecting efforts carried out downstream the falls, the new species was only collected upstream great falls (situated
at 8º43’58.71”S; 54º57’42.8”W and 8º44’6.09”S; 54º57’42.22”W; and 8º44’59.02”S; 55º02’W and 8º43’34.6”S;
55º01’35”W). Individuals of Brachychalcinus reisi were captured at deep portions of the stream. Other species
collected syntopically were Jupiaba kurua Birindelli, Zanata, Sousa & Netto-Ferreira, 2009 and Astyanax cf.
elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda, 2005. The analysis of the stomach contents of one cleared and stained paratype
revealed the presence of ants, spiders, bees, unidentified insect fragments, and unidentified vegetal matter.
Conservation status. Considering that significative threats to the species were not detected in the area, and
that the species occurs in a protected biological reserve (Reserva Biológica Nascente da Serra do Cachimbo),
Brachychalcinus reisi could be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014).
Etymology. The specific name reisi is in honor of Roberto Esser dos Reis, for his great contributions to the
knowledge of the Stethaprioninae and the Neotropical ichthyology as a whole. A genitive noun.
Remarks. According to Reis (1989), Stethaprioninae is defined by two synapomorphies: 1) presence of a
bony, anteriorly directed spine, preceding the first dorsal-fin ray; and 2) presence of very small, thin anal-fin hooks,
varying from one to six per ray segment and facing in all directions. Hooks on fin rays of Stethaprioninae are
commonly observed along the pelvic and anal fins, but the presence of small hooks on other than these fins was so
far undescribed for Stethaprioninae (see Reis, 1989; Azpelicueta & Garcia, 2000; Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003
for a discussion on this matter). Aside the hooks on anal and pelvic fins, mature males of Brachychalcinus reisi also
possess bony hooks on the dorsal-fin rays. Additionally, an extensive examination within stethaprionins evidenced
the presence of bony hooks on dorsal- and pectoral-fin rays in Poptella compressa (MZUSP 96886) and Poptella
longipinnis (INPA 2220). Poptella brevispina (LBP 9332) bears bony hooks on all fins. The occurrence of bony
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hooks on all fins of males seems to be uncommon in characids, occurring in very few species (Bertaco & Lucinda,
2006). However, due to its diminutive nature, bony hooks on other than pelvic and anal fins may have been
overlooked in several taxa and in fact to be more widespread in Characidae than presently known.
FIGURE 4. Brachychalcinus reisi, MZUSP 119456, paratype, 57.3 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Altamira, rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin.
The upper rio Curuá presents a high level of fish endemism (Birindelli et al., 2009; Varella & Sabaj Pérez,
2014). Brachychalcinus reisi seems to be another example of a taxon restricted to this system, although a single
known specimen from rio Tapajós system (LBP 23315) presents the main diagnostic characters of B. reisi (i.e., a
series of dark wavy longitudinal stripes and 7 longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line).
This specimen, on the other hand, differs from Brachychalcinus reisi on aspects of scale radii and by the presence
of scales on the predorsal line. The scale radii in B. reisi are numerous and paralleled arranged and contrasts to the
very few and divergent radii present in the specimen from rio Tapajós (LBP 23315; Fig. 7). Intraspecific variation
in scale radii arrangement was not observed by the authors among Brachychalcinus species, or even among
Stethaprioninae species, and in fact seems to represent a good source of taxonomic information for the subfamily.
Relative to the predorsal line squamation, B. reisi presents a naked predorsal line, against an irregularly scaled in
the specimen from rio Tapajós. Comparisons among stethaprionins showed that full absence of scales on the
predorsal line is only observed in B. reisi and Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann). Therefore, it is most likely
that the specimen from rio Tapajós represents a distinct, undescribed species. However, until additional material
became available, we tentatively identified this single specimen as Brychychalcinus aff. reisi.
Comparative material examined: All from Brazil, except when noted. Brachychalcinus copei: LBP 18735,
6, 43.5-54.2 mm SL, Colombia, Vista Hermosa, Meta. INPA 5667, 3, 44.2–49.1 mm SL, rio Trombetas, Oriximiná,
Pará. MZUSP 95808, 12, 41.3–55.4 mm SL, Itaituba, Mato Grosso. MZUSP 96026, 19, 41.4–55.9 mm SL, rio
Matrinxã, Itaituba, Mato Grosso. MZUSP 99905, 4, 25.1–28.2 mm SL, rio Teles Pires, Pará. LBP 192, 24, 26–61.1
mm SL, rio Branco basin, Acre. LBP 15070, 31, 20.6–62.6 mm SL, rio Branco basin, Acre. LBP 10653, 1, 57.8
mm SL, rio Iquiri, rio Branco basin, Acre. LBP 7723, 1, 26.8 mm SL, igarapé São Francisco, Acre. LBP 15070, 31,
20.6–62.6 mm SL, rio Branco basin, Acre. Brachychalcinus nummus: LBP 4094, 12, 32.6–47 mm SL, Mâncio
Lima, Acre. LBP 12582, 2, 43.6–45.6 mm SL, Peru, rio Marañon, Nauta, Loreto. LBP 2671, 2, 41.5–46.2 mm SL,
igarapé Santa Maria, rio Branco, Acre. LBP 17753, 1, 25.9 mm SL, Peru, rio Ucayali, Pucallpa. MUSM 28646, 8,
22.6–66.9 mm SL, Peru, rio Amazonas, Andoas, Loreto. Brachychalcinus orbicularis: MZUSP 38559, 2, 38.5–
41.9 mm SL, Suriname, Marowijne, Gran Kreek, 63 km of Afobaka, Brokopondo District. MZUSP 38269, 2,
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FIGURE 5. Map of the upper rio Xingu basin and adjacent upper Tapajós basin, showing the distribution of Brachychalcinus
reisi. White dot represents type locality, dark triangles remaining localities. Symbols may represent more than one locality.
31.8–34.9 mm SL, Suriname, Marowijne of Gran Kreek, 63 km of Afobaka, Brokopondo District. INPA 045932, 7,
31.4–39.7 mm SL, rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso. Brachychalcinus parnaibae: MZUSP 105294,
25, 32.3–48.7 mm SL, rio Tapirapé, Pará. INPA 39582, 4, 37.4–41.4 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Pará. MZUSP 36594,
holotype, 63.6 mm SL, Lagos, Serra das Confusões, rio Parnaíba basin, Piauí. Brachychalcinus retrospina: LBP
8509, 4, 31.3–43.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Salobra, Cáceres, Mato Grosso. MZUSP 44311, 10, 31.1–46.3 mm SL,
Barra dos Bugres, afluente do rio Olímpia, Mato Grosso. Brachychalcinus aff. reisi: LBP 23315, 1, 65.1 mm SL,
Itaituba, Pará. Orthospinus franciscoensis: LBP 10322, 9, 27.6–40.4 mm SL, rio São Francisco, lagoa da Tiririca,
Minas Gerais. LBP 10442, 23, 30.2–46.3 mm SL, rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais; MZUSP 86913, 11, 32.2–51.5
mm SL, rio São Francisco, Três Marias, Minas Gerais. Poptella brevispina: LBP 9332, 28, 54.3–88.2 mm SL, rio
Guamá basin, Pará. LBP 21127, 19, 41.1–77.5 mm SL, rio Oiapoque basin, Amapá. INPA 52824, 5, 53–68.4 mm
SL, rio Xingu basin, Pará. Poptella compressa LBP 3989, 1, 42.7 mm SL, rio Araguaia drainage, São Félix do
Araguaia. LBP 4927, 4, 42.2–48.4 mm SL, rio Araguaia drainage, Barra do Garças. LBP 4927, 4, 35.1–49.8 mm
SL, rio Araguaia drainage, Barra do Garças. MZUSP 89289, 37, 22.2–43.4 mm SL, rio Araguaia drainage, Nova
Crixás, Goiás. MZUSP 117635, 20 of 53, 18.3–39.3 mm SL, rio Madeira drainage, Apuí. MZUSP 119369, 6,
26.36–45.41 mm SL, rio Curuá, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará. INPA 52827, 20 of 40, 37.6–61.9 mm SL, rio Xingu,
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Pará. Poptella longipinnis: LBP 3060, 14, 34.8–42.3 mm SL, Venezuela, rio Orinoco basin. INPA 2220, 4, 49.6–
43.1 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Pará. Poptella paraguayensis: LBP 5793, 14, 21.4–49.2 mm SL, rio Mirim, Mato
Grosso. LBP 10778, 7, 28.1–34.2 mm SL, Ribeirão dos Veados, Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul. LBP 13447, 13,
27.1–37.8 mm SL, rio Cuiabá, Poconé, Mato Grosso. LBP 5114, 11, 32.6–40.2 mm SL, rio Cuiabá, Poconé, Mato
Grosso. LBP 3826, 15, 32.6–40.2 mm SL, rio Negro, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul. INPA 2026, 2, 42.6–44.5
mm SL, rio Paraguai, Mato Grosso. LBP 8492, 2, 21–21.8 mm SL, rio Paraguai, Cáceres, Mato Grosso. LBP
13554, 1, 33.9 mm SL, rio Caracarazinho do Mono, Poconé, Mato Grosso. Poptella sp.: LBP 7829, 5, 37.3–27.2
mm SL, Cocalinho, rio Araguaia drainage, Mato Grosso. LBP 7201, 1, 36.9 mm SL, rio Araguaia drainage, Barra
do Garças, Mato Grosso. Stethaprion crenatum: INPA 3776, 2 of 16, 73–75.7 mm SL, rio Madeira, Porto Velho,
Rondônia. INPA 3776, 2 of 16, 73–75.7 mm SL, rio Madeira, Porto Velho, Rondônia. Stethaprion erythrops: LBP
12583, 2, 43.1–47.1 mm SL, Peru, rio Marañon, Nauta, Loreto. INPA 33381, 1, 54 mm SL, rio Madeira, Porto
Velho, Rondônia. INPA 28924, 1, 77.2 mm SL, rio Juruá drainage, Amazonas.
FIGURE 6. Type-locality of Brachychalcinus reisi, Brazil, Pará, Altamira, upper rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Manoela Marinho, Fernando Dagosta, Priscila Camelier, Osvaldo Oyakawa (MZUSP),
and Victor Giovaneti (IB-USP) for help and assistance during the field work. We are also grateful to Michel
Gianeti, Aléssio Datovo, and Osvaldo Oyakawa (MZUSP), Claudio Oliveira (LBP), Flávio C. T. Lima (ZUEC),
and Zilda M. Lucena (MCP) for curatorial assistance and loan of material used in this study. We thank Túlio
Teixeira for assistance on description of the sexual dimorphic traits. The type series was collected during
expeditions funded by the “South American Characiformes Inventory” (FAPESP 2011/502827) and “Phylogeny of
the hyperdiverse order Characiformes (Teleostei: Characiformes) using ultraconserved elements” (FAPESP 2014/
26508-3). JRGA is financially supported by CNPq; WMO by FAPESP (grant # 2013/22473‒8); MNLP by CAPES;
RCB by CNPq (grant 308784/2016–2).
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FIGURE 7. Form of radii on the scales: (a) Brachychalcinus aff. rei si , LPB 23459; (b) Brachychalcinus reisi, MZUSP 119482.
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