Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance
Abstract
Commercially used for food flavorings, toiletry products, cosmetics, and perfumes, among others, citrus essential oil has recently been applied physiologically, like for chemoprevention against cancer and in aromatherapy. Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance presents an overview of citrus essential oils, covering the basics, methodology, and applications involved in recent topics of citrus essential oils research. The concepts, analytical methods, and properties of these oils are described and the chapters detail techniques for oil extraction, compositional analysis, functional properties, and industrial uses. This book is an unparalleled resource for food and flavor scientists and chemists.
... Because of the lower temperature during distillation, it gives superior product compared to the other methods, and it is slowly supplanting them; and the "distilled juice notes" are EOs obtained from the distillation of the juice [22]. Innovative distillation techniques such as solvent-and water-free microwave extraction have been tested with good results, but they are still at a laboratory or pilot level [48]. ...
... Although strictly they are not EO-obtaining production methods, because they do not comply with the ISO definition of EOs, some innovative techniques have been proposed to extract EOs from Citrus peels. In most cases, these extracts have different chemical compositions from cold-pressed EOs [50], and most of them are still at a laboratory or pilot level: ultrasound-accelerated solvent extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical CO2 extraction [48], and pervaporation [51]. ...
... The composition of the volatile fraction is highly variable, and this variability depends on several parameters: phenology, pedoclimatic characteristics of the production area, geographical provenance, genetics (cultivars), long-term climatic changes and changes in agronomical practices, plus the changing technology of expressing apparels [22,48]. This complex of influencing factors, combined with the high market value of the EO, makes BEO a favourite target of fraudulent manipulations and makes the identification of adulteration both critical and difficult, especially when compared to other Citrus EOs. ...
Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citruslimon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten).
... limon) was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum gypseum [243]. It seems that this citrus inhibitory effect is due to the richness of citrus essential oils in monoterpenes, as shown by Sawamura (2011) [244]. These are apolar compounds with great penetrating power [242]. ...
... limon) was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum gypseum [243]. It seems that this citrus inhibitory effect is due to the richness of citrus essential oils in monoterpenes, as shown by Sawamura (2011) [244]. These are apolar compounds with great penetrating power [242]. ...
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are currently one of the most devastating and challenging diseases in viticulture, leading to considerable yield losses and a remarkable decline in grapevine quality. The identification of the causal agents is the cornerstone of an efficient approach to fighting against fungal diseases in a sustainable, non-chemical manner. This review attempts to describe and expose the symptoms of each pathology related to GTD, the modes of transmission, and the harm-fulness of recently reported agents. Special attention was given to new diagnostic tests and technologies , grapevine defense mechanisms, molecular mechanisms of endophytes fungal colonization, and management strategies used to control these threats. The present extended review is, therefore, an updated state-of-the-art report on the progress in the management of vineyards.
... Beberapa metode konvensional sudah digunakan untuk mengekstrak minyak atsiri jeruk, seperti metode hydrodistillation, steam distillation, cold pressing, dan solvent extraction. Namun metode konvensional tersebut memiliki kelemahan dalam kualitas produk, yaitu hilangnya beberapa senyawa penting yang volátil, rendahnya efisiensi ekstraksi, konsumsi energi yang besar, waktu proses yang terlalu lama, degradasi senyawa penting dalam minyak akibat pengaruh proses hidrolisis dan pemanasan, dan adanya residu pelarut beracun yang tertinggal dalam ekstrak [8]. ...
... Minyak atsiri yang lebih ringan densitasnya berada di atas lapisan air. Metode Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity ini tanpa proses destilasi dan evaporasi, sehingga tidak terlalu banyak energy yang dibutuhkan [8]. Rangkaian alat MHG dapat dilihat pada gambar 1. ...
Orange production in 2020 projected to reach more than 3.2 million tons, with an estimated growth of 4.93% per year. As a result, large amounts of orange peel are available as a by-product and are treated as waste, creating environmental problems. This problem can be turned into potential if essential oils can be extracted from orange peels. The purpose of this study is to compare the methods of Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) and Microwave Steam Diffusion (MSDf) in terms of extraction time velocity, yield, electricity consumption, environmental impact (CO2 gas emissions) and their chemical composition. In this study, 300 grams of fresh orange peel (Citrus aurantium L) used with three microwave power variations: 136 watt, 264 watt, and 440 watt and extraction time of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes. The MSDf method produces yields faster than the MHG method at an optimal power of 264 W. In the 20th minute, the MSDf method produces an essential oil yield of 1.95%, while the MHG method produces 1.93% yield at the 40th minute. The MSDf method provides the number of oxygenated compounds (1.4%) is higher than the MHG method (1.12%). This study shows that the MSDf method can produce better quality oils as like as the MHG method. Based on the electricity consumed ratio, the MSDf method is 50% more energy-efficient than the MHG method. Emissions of CO2 gas released into the air in the MSDf method (0.07 kg) are also less than MHG (0.14 kg), so the impact on the environment is not too significant.
... This process requires specific apparatus and a higher energy expenditure, not to mention that the yield of petitgrain oil is much smaller, because the essential oil content in the leaves of Citrus plants is quite inferior to the fruit peel content. However, the composition and applications of this oil make it very interesting for several industrial and added value uses (11,16). ...
... It is observed that, as with the rootstocks, the petitgrain oil composition of the scions was quite variable, and the compounds that are major compounds in the fruit peel oil, were minor compounds or absent in the petitgrain oil (11,39). This diverse composition generates scents and notes that are of interest to perfumery, chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries (11,16). Table 3 presents the essential oil composition of the scion cultivars by chemical class. ...
Petitgrain essential oil of nine rootstocks and eight Citrus scion plants were analyzed by GC/MS and GC-FID. For the rootstocks, linalool and caryophyllene oxide were the most recurrent chemotypes. Hydrocarbon terpenes was the main chemical class; some oils presented oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class. The ‘Bitter’ orange petitgrain oil presented high amounts of esters, the ‘Taquari’ trifoliate oil has not presented hydrocarbon terpenes, and the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo oil only presented oxygenated compounds. Scion cultivar analysis showed petitgrain oils with sabinene, geranial, limonene and methyl-N-methyl anthranilate chemotypes. Most of the oils were composed mainly by hydrocarbon monoterpenes, with lesser content of terpene alcohols. Two scion cultivars presented the methyl-N-methyl anthranilate chemotype and smaller contents of hydrocarbon monoterpenes; the other was mainly composed by oxygenated monoterpenes. The oil composition of some of these rootstocks and scion varieties may be a potential feedstock for use in chemical, pharmaceuticals, fragrances and cosmetic industries.
... EOs are volatile, oily liquids, product of the secondary metabolism of plants (flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, bark, herbs, wood, fruits, and roots). They are comprised of complex mixtures of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids and other volatile compounds (Sawamura, 2013). They are obtained through distillation by stripping plants through steam or hydro-distillation. ...
... They proved that blocking of conjugated double bonds leads to a decrease of the antioxidant property of monoterpenes. Several investigations have reported strong scavenging activity of terpenes found in citrus peel EO as -pinene, linalool, citronellol, myrcene, γterpinene and limonene, among others (Behrendorff, Vickers, Chrysanthopoulos, & Nielsen, 2013;Sawamura, 2013;Singh et al., 2010). As antioxidant compounds donate a proton to the DPPH radical, greater weighting may be given to double bond positions that increase the availability of allylic protons (due to the weaker C-H bond at allyl groups) (Behrendorff et al., 2013). ...
The objectives of this work were the study of the volatile chemical composition of essential oils (EO’s) from Swinglea glutinosa, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant, repellent and fumigant properties. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation from the peel of the fruit, gathered in the city of Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia). The volatile composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds found in S. glutinosa were germacrene D (4.8%), limonene (5.2%), a-terpineol (6.5%), b-pinene (8.5%), nerolidyl acetate (9.8%), and trans-nerolidol (34.6%). S. glutinosa showed antioxidant potential (85.8%) (IC50=142.49 µg mL-1). The EO deployed repellent activity against the Tribolium castaneum weevil at a concentration of 15.73 nL cm-1 at 2 hours of exposure (72%), while the result for the commercial repellent was 50% at the same concentration. EO from S. glutinosa displayed the best fumigant activity with LC50 of 153.4 μg mL-1 air. The essential oil from S. glutinosa can be considerated as a natural source of biocides and antioxidants.
... Recently, there has been a growing global interest in Japanese mandarins, predominantly due to their immaculate fruits, attractive aroma, limited supply, and purported health benefits [4][5][6]. In contrast to mandarins produced in other regions [7,8], despite previous research on the volatile compounds of Japanese mandarins, there is a notable lack of systematic aroma analysis and comparative studies among the varieties of Japanese mandarin fruits [9][10][11]. This leaves a gap in understanding the unique characteristics that distinguish one variety from another, necessitating a systematic investigation into the aroma of Japanese mandarins. ...
Japanese mandarins are becoming increasingly popular due to their pleasant aroma. The volatiles in four varieties of Japanese mandarins (Iyokan, Ponkan, Shiranui, and Unshiu mikan) were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and solvent extraction, then analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the GC-MS data demonstrated distinct segregation of all four Japanese mandarin varieties. Esters, such as neryl acetate, distinguished Iyokan. Methylthymol uniquely characterised Ponkan, valencene was exclusive to Shiranui, and acids like hexanoic acid and heptanoic acid differentiated Unshiu mikan from the other three varieties. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed 131 key odourants across four Japanese mandarins, including myrcene (peppery, terpenic), perillyl alcohol (green, spicy, floral), trans-nerolidol (sweet, floral), and trans-farnesol (woody, floral, green). Finally, sensory evaluation was conducted on the four Japanese mandarin peel extracts to describe the distinct aroma profile of each variety of Japanese mandarin: Iyokan had higher floral and juicy notes, Ponkan showed higher sulphury notes, Shiranui was perceived to have more albedo notes, and Unshiu mikan exhibited higher peely, green, and woody notes.
... Measured profiles should also, of course, show purely sample-dependent variations : the region of growth, species and cultivar, and method of extraction will be crucial factors. 55 These uncertainties and variations are fully evident in the composition ranges evident in the summarised GC results. ...
A new photoelectron spectroscopic method permitting a quantitative analysis of the volatile headspace of several essential oils is presented and discussed. In particular, we focus on the monoterpene compounds which...
... According to the Dictionary of Indonesian Language (KBBI), essential oils are "oils found in aromatic plants, volatile, used in perfumed oils, herbs, and medicines". Essential oils have various benefits such as for health treatment, cosmetics, air fresher, natural pesticides, antivirals, antifungals, and food preservatives (Almanea et al., 2019;Batish et al., 2008;Prakash et al., 2012;Sawamura, 2011). ...
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer is one of the plant species that have the potential to be developed into an antibacterial and antioxidant essential oil product. This study was conducted to determine the value of organoleptic tests and the consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for the three variants of Cratoxylum formosum essential oil products. For the parameters of colour, hedonic test values and score tests showed good results; panellists did not mind the pure and mixed Cratoxylum formosum essential oil colours. However, for fragrance parameters, the hedonic test showed a dislike score. Most panellists disliked the strong "scent of leaves" of pure C. formosum oil. The score test showed satisfactory values, the panellists accept the fragrance of Cratoxylum formosum essential oil, but it is necessary to add a more preferred scent mixture to reduce the strong original fragrance of the oil. The cost of production of Cratoxylum essential oil is Rp.7,259.23 (USD 0.48)/mL or Rp.72,592.30 (USD 4.84) for every 10 mL. Based on the cost of production, the appropriate selling value for every 10 mL of Cratoxylum essential oil is a minimum of USD 4.84.
... Citrus EO are accumulated in the oil glands of the fruit peel and can account for an average of 0.1% of total fruit weight. [52] Citrus EO is widely used as a natural food additive in food and beverage products, being generally recognized as safe (GRAS). It is also used in air-fresheners, household cleaning products, perfumes and cosmetics to impart a pleasant aroma. ...
Limiting postharvest losses of fruit from fungal attack is a major priority. While synthetic chemical fungicides are efficacious, the development of chemical resistance and consumer concerns are driving reinvestigation of natural antimicrobial agents. This review emphasizes the control of postharvest decay in citrus fruits with the use of some most common essential oils (EO), the efficacy of EOs in combating fungal infection in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the mode of action of EOs along with the potency of photochemical by-products that have also been investigated as antifungal agents.
... Since the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria and fungi, antimicrobials of plant origin are gaining attention in the scientific research community [88] . Some of the examples of saponins that are being used as antimicrobial agents are as follows: Saponins that are extracted from plant Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ...
... Commonly used parts of kaffir lime include the fruit and the leaves. 15 Kaffir lime leaves have seen wide usage as a spice that serves to enhance the flavor of a cuisine. However, kaffir lime leaves will increase in value when they are further processed into essential oils. ...
This study was conducted in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of kaffir lime hydrosol produced from steam distillation at different times to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The study measured the antimicrobial activity of kaffir lime hydrosol produced from steam distillation at different times against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria. Hydrosols were obtained from steam distillation time of 4, 6 and 8 hours. Antimicrobial activity was represented by the clear zone in the disk-diffusion method. The clear zone on the paper disk indicates the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone. Testing for the strength of inhibition was done using paper disks. The largest diameter of the zone of inhibition was found in the hydrosol of kaffir lime oil obtained from 6 hours of distillation time, amounting to 0.783 cm in gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and 0.73 cm in gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). Hydrosol of kaffir lime oil with variation in distillation times proved resistant to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
... Yuzu is distinguished from other citrus fruits by having a potent distinctive aroma and is well recognized for the delightful fragrance of its outer peel. Therefore, yuzu is used industrially in the production of sweets, beverages, cosmetics, fragrances, and aromatherapy products (Sawamura, 2010;Lan-Phi et al., 2009). ...
Three major yuzu varieties, Native, Namhae, and Tadanishiki in Korea were investigated on physiochemical properties and functional characterizations with respect to neuroprotective function (SH-SY5Y cells) or anti-inflammatory (Raw 264.7 cells). Among the three cultivars tested, Namhae had significantly higher fruit weight and total dietary fibers, while Tadanishiki had higher values of both total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. As functional compounds, Tadanishiki contained a 133% of hesperidin and 164% of naringin, compared to those of Native or Namhae. In comparison to other yuzu, Tadanishiki showed the higher cell viability, lower AChE content, lower protein levels of Bcl-2 /Bax, Caspase 3, and PARP at scopolamine-treated SH-SY5Y nerve cell. Tadanishiki and Namhae were effective for anti-inflammation by decreasing of NO production in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. These results indicate that Tadanishiki yuzu, could be useful for application as a possible natural functional additive with high hesperidin content and excellent neuroprotective and anti-inflammation effects. © 2022, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.
... EOs have been traditionally obtained through hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, and cold pressing techniques. Moreover, simultaneous distillation-extraction techniques, microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction can be used (Reyes-Jurado et al. 2015;Sawamura 2010). ...
New therapeutic agents for amoebic keratitis are needed considering that drugs currently marketed are toxic and not effective against protozoan cystic forms. The antimicrobial action of essential oils (EOs) is already reported in the literature, which has motivated investigations of their anti-Acanthamoeba potential. Unlike synthetic drugs, plant materials have been often identified as less cytotoxic. In this review, the anti-Acanthamoeba potential of EOs was demonstrated not only based on the anti-protozoan activity as anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity studies of EOs active were analyzed. EOs were able to prevent the conversion of the protozoan trophozoite to cystic form. In a study performed with Trachyspermum ammi EO, 100% of Acanthamoeba cysts were eliminated. Thymus capitatus and Limonium oleifolium EOs showed to be more active against Acanthamoeba, presenting IC50 values close to chlorhexidine and lower than amphotericin B. For these two OEs, low in vitro cytotoxicity was also found, which result in a high selectivity index (SI > 10). Therefore, safer and more effective therapies could be achieved with OEs, and in vivo assays should be urgently performed to confirm these benefits.
Graphical abstract
... Since the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria and fungi, antimicrobials of plant origin are gaining attention in the scientific research community [88] . Some of the examples of saponins that are being used as antimicrobial agents are as follows: Saponins that are extracted from plant Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ...
... These sometimes are characterized by a variety of disadvantages, including low efficiency and yield, and degradation of some molecules (Reyes-Jurado et al., 2014). Due to the above-mentioned limitations, several new techniques have been developed to effectively extract EOs, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), which improves the production efficiency while reducing time and energy consumption during the process (Sawamura, 2011;Fiorini et al., 2020). ...
The control of arthropod pests of agricultural importance is increasingly difficult due to the quick development of resistance in the targeted pest populations coupled to their massive non-target lethal and sublethal effects. This fostered the progressive banning of active ingredients at international and national levels, making pest management challenging. Reliable and environmentally sustainable pest control tools are required. Botanicals, with special reference to plant essential oils (EOs), can represent a broad source of active ingredients to develop effective insecticides and acaricides for agricultural purposes. In this context, our review analyzed the literature currently available about the lethal and sublethal activity of EOs on non-target terrestrial invertebrates in agricultural settings, including biological control agents (predators and parasitoids), pollinators and soil non-target species. Even if EO-based insecticides and acaricides are generally considered safer from a non-target point of view, a number of detrimental effects have been noted on biological control agents, including negative effects on respiration rate, reduced predatory ability and reduced parasitization rates, among others. Examples of sublethal effects experienced by pollinators exposed to EO-based pesticides are the reduction in the movement speed and distance travelled, while the toxicity of EO-based products on soil invertebrates is limited. Of note, the modes of action leading to EO toxicity on non-target species are scarcely studied. Further research on long-term non-target effects of EO-based pesticides in the field is still needed.
... Penelitian ini melakukan optimasi proses hidrodistilasi minyak atsiri daun sereh wangi dengan perlakuan awal (pre-treatment) sonikasi sebagai metode perlakuan awal yang cukup sederhana dengan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode lain seperti pemanasan microwave dan ohmic. Pengaruh perlakuan awal sonikasi dalam distilasi dapat mengurangi waktu proses dan meningkatkan kualitas produk (Sawamura, 2010). Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Balachandran et al. (2008) mengenai ekstraksi fluida superkritik jahe, penggunaan ultrasonik dapat meningkatkan perolehan ekstrak jahe sebanyak 30%. ...
p>Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai profil senyawa kimia minyak atsiri sereh wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L.) hasil hidrodistilasi dengan optimasi perlakuan awal sonikasi, yang bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan awal sonikasi terhadap karakteristik dan profil kimia minyak atsiri sereh wangi. Proses perlakuan awal sonikasi dilakukan menggunakan tiga jenis variabel yang berbeda, yaitu waktu sonikasi, solvent feedstock ( SF) ratio , dan amplitudo. Hidrodistilasi minyak atsiri sereh wangi dilakukan pada temperatur 116 ‒ 120 ℃ dan waktu distilasi 8 jam. Minyak sereh wangi hasil hidrodistilasi dilakukan uji indeks bias dengan refraktometer, berat jenis dengan piknometer, kelarutan dalam etanol 80% dan ditentukan profil kimianya menggunakan GC-MS. Minyak sereh wangi yang dihasilkan berat jenis 0,9136 g/mL, indeks bias 1,472 ‒ 1,474 dan larut dalam etanol 80%, yang sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 06-3593-1995. Rendemen minyak atsiri sereh wangi tertinggi 1,62% diperoleh pada waktu sonikasi 60 menit, SF Ratio 20:1(mL/g), dan amplitudo 90%. Perlakuan awal sonikasi telah mempersingkat waktu proses hidrodistilasi 47,54%. Berdasarkan hasil analisa GC-MS komponen kimia utama minyak atsiri sereh wangi yaitu Citronella (13,67%), Citronellol (21,18%), dan Geraniol (21,32%).
Chemical Compound Profile of Citronella Essential Oil ( Cymbopogon nardus L.) as Hydrodistillation Result with Optimization of Sonication Pretreatment . The research optimization of hydrodistillation using ultrasonic pretreatment of Citronella oil ( Cymbopogon nardus L.) has been carried out, which aims to determine the effect of pretreatment of sonication on the characteristics of citronella essential oils. The sonication pretreatment process was done using three different types of variables, including the sonication time variable, SF Ratio, and amplitude. Hydrodistillation was performed at a temperature of 116 ‒ 120 ℃ and a processing time of 8 hours. Citronella oil was characterized by analyzing the results of the refractive index with refractometer, specific gravity with pycnometer, solubility in ethanol 80%, and their chemical components determined by GC-MS. Citronella oil produced has a specific gravity of 0.9136 g/mL, soluble in ethanol 80%, and the refractive index value of 1.472 to 1.474, which are in accordance with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-3593-1995. The highest yield of citronella oil of 1.62% in this study was obtained at a sonication time of 60 minutes, SF ratio of 20:1, and amplitude of 90%. The ultrasonic treatment can shorten the processing time by 47.54%. Based on GC-MS analysis, the major components in citronella essential oil are Citronella (13.67%), Citronellol (21.18%), and Geraniol (21.32%).</p
... Considering that essential oils are a quite complex mixture of different components, for industrial uses, it is generally necessary to purify or concentrate the compounds of interest, a process called deterpenation. This process also helps keep essential oil quality and to reduce its degradation and changes in organoleptic properties [8,9]. ...
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of system absolute pressure on the yield and composition of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, extracted by steam distillation. The extractions were carried out at the absolute pressures of 760, 610, 460, and 310 Torr, for 1 h. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID. According to the results, the reduction of pressure reduced essential oil yield, from 0.6% v/w at 760 Torr to 0.3% v/w at 310 Torr. Regarding the chemical composition, there was an increase in methyl N-methylanthranilate content with the reduction of system pressure, from 88.3 wt.% at 760 Torr to 97.6 wt.% at 310 Torr. However, it was observed a reduction in extraction efficiency due to the lower steam temperature. On the other hand, lower temperatures may imply a smaller degradation of thermolabile compounds. This process may be an alternative to other deterpenation techniques because it couples in a sole stage the extraction and purification/separation of essential oil components.
... As frutas cítricas estão em primeiro lugar no ranking mundial de produção de frutas, sendo a laranja a mais favorita em todo o mundo, cerca de 65%. 42 858.904 toneladas para 998.788 toneladas. 43 A extração do suco deixa para trás resíduos que são preciosos para outros fins. ...
... Le genre Citrus est parmi les huiles essentielles naturelles les plus populaires et représente la plus grande partie des arômes naturels commerciaux et parfums [97] et les profils énantiomériques des citrus présentés dans le Tableau 2 sont intéressants. ...
Abstract. Molecular chirality is a property of the nature and life, it is present everywhere and at all scales of magnitude. A fundamental aspect of molecules that is generally overlooked in scientific
aromatherapy yet based on the use of the chemistry of functional groups. This update attempts to provide information on molecular stereochemistry in the composition of essential oils and its impact
on their biological activities. Notions of stereochemistry are introduced and new light is shed with numerous examples on the main molecules making up EO. The importance of the enantiomeric profile of EOs is shown with a more precise evaluation of the consequences on their biological properties.
... tree barks, aromatic plants, resins…) were usually burnt to release and spread their scent. Ancient Egyptians (3150-30 BC) used to prepare cedarwood oil for the embalming process to protect mummies from insects and microbial attacks (Balasubramanian, 2015;Sawamura, 2011). During most of the Human history, essential oils have been the main source of fragrant materials and were often reserved to an elite and/or dedicated to specific usages (e.g. ...
From Egyptian mummies to the Chanel n°5 perfume, fatty aldehydes have long been used and keep impacting our senses in a wide range of foods, beverages and perfumes. Natural sources of fatty aldehydes are threatened by qualitative and quantitative variability while traditional chemical routes are insufficient to answer the society shift toward more sustainable and natural products. The production of fatty aldehydes using biotechnologies is therefore the most promising alternative for the flavors and fragrances industry. In this review, after drawing the portrait of the origin and characteristics of fragrant fatty aldehydes, we present the three main classes of enzymes that catalyze the reaction of fatty alcohols oxidation into aldehydes, namely alcohol dehydrogenases, flavin-dependent alcohol oxidases and copper radical alcohol oxidases. The constraints, challenges and opportunities to implement these oxidative enzymes in the flavors and fragrances industry are then discussed. By setting the scene on the biocatalytic production of fatty aldehydes, and providing a critical assessment of its potential, we expect this review to contribute to the development of biotechnology-based solutions in the flavors and fragrances industry.
... Citrus fruits, which belong to the Rutaceae family, play an important role in food-processing industry and agro-industrial sector, and they were considered as one of the most commonly cultivated and consumed fruits all over the world [2,3]. The main industrial product of citrus processing is undoubtely juice, including also other products such as jams, marmelades, flavouring agents, candied peel and essential oils [4][5][6]. ...
In this study, an efficient utilization and valorization of mandarin peel (Citrus unshiu Marc. var. Kuno) was investigated using innovative and green extraction techniques. The first step of this study included the extraction and analysis of the volatile compounds by performing a supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction under different operating pressure conditions (100 and 300 bar). The analysis of volatile compounds of the obtained extracts was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and limonene was found to be the dominant volatile component (13.16% at 100 bar; 30.65% at 300 bar). After SC-CO2 treatment, the exhausted citrus peel waste enriched with bioactive compounds was subjected to subcritical water extraction (SWE) in a wide temperature range (130–220 °C) using different solvent-solid ratio (10–30 mL/g) in time periods from 5 to 15 min, in order to obtain bioflavonoids. Identification and quantification of present bioflavonoids was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography with a with a diode array detector (HPLC), and hesperidin (0.16–15.07 mg/g) was determined as the most abundant flavanon in mandarin peel with other polyphenolic compounds that were possible by-products of thermal degradation. At higher temperatures, the presence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and chlorogenic acid were detected. Antiradical activity and total phenolic content in the extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods, while the process optimization was performed by response surface methodology (RSM).
... Essential oils, with their broad spectrum of action for a large number of bacterial, fungal and insect species, are a very promising alternative, without being a source of danger for human health or pollution for the environment [1]. In addition, it is considered as the best source of fragrances and aromas [2]. It is in this perspective and in order to find a solution to this invasion of chemicals and to meet the requirements of rigorous principles and standards of the organic world, we are interested in the study of essential oils from three organic plants (Citrus limon, Salvia officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus). ...
The complex chemical composition of essential oils (EO) attributes very interesting and highly appreciated biological activities. Three evaluated EOs of aromatic plants (citrus limon, Salvia officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus) by Two methods (hydro and steam) distillation with yields between 0.20 and 0.84%. Majority composition of mono terpenes, hydrocarbons and terpene alcohols was detected. Antibacterial and antifungal activities was detected on the strains studied with a concentration of 0.5% of the OE of limon and Silvia and 0.1% for citratus. By the DPPH method, the antioxidant activity of the EOs of Silvia and citratus showed a significant antioxidant effect and good insecticide effect. The mean idea is the formulation of food detergent-disinfectant (FDD) by mixture design methodology (DOE) using Minitab 17. Five products are effective and meet the requirements of current quality standards for FDD with proved effectiveness by surface test Index Terms-essential oils, Citrus limon, Salvia officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus, food disinfectant detergent, DOE.
... Essential oils, with their broad spectrum of action for a large number of bacterial, fungal and insect species, are a very promising alternative, without being a source of danger for human health or pollution for the environment [1]. In addition, it is considered as the best source of fragrances and aromas [2]. It is in this perspective and in order to find a solution to this invasion of chemicals and to meet the requirements of rigorous principles and standards of the organic world, we are interested in the study of essential oils from three organic plants (Citrus limon, Salvia officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus). ...
The complex chemical composition of essential oils (EO) attributes very interesting and highly appreciated biological activities. Three evaluated EOs of aromatic plants (citrus limon, Salvia officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus) by Two methods (hydro and steam) distillation with yields between 0.20 and 0.84%. Majority composition of mono terpenes, hydrocarbons and terpene alcohols was detected. Antibacterial and antifungal activities was detected on the strains studied with a concentration of 0.5% of the OE of limon and Silvia and 0.1% for citratus. By the DPPH method, the antioxidant activity of the EOs of Silvia and citratus showed a significant antioxidant effect and good insecticide effect. The mean idea is the formulation of food detergent-disinfectant (FDD) by mixture design methodology (DOE) using Minitab 17. Five products are effective and meet the requirements of current quality standards for FDD with proved effectiveness by surface test Index Terms-essential oils, Citrus limon, Salvia officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus, food disinfectant detergent, DOE.
... Furthermore, the Citrus juice and its essential oils are commonly used as daily drink, medicine, and cosmetics industries, for its medicinal properties and delightful smell. [6][7][8][9] These Citrus fruits are extensively used worldwide, including lime or Citrus aurantifolia (C. aurantifolia that grows in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, and categorized as a polyembriony. ...
Introduction: Streptococcus mutans has been known to play a major role in dental caries development. This tooth decay is the most common oral disease affecting people in the world. Hence, discovering the new herbal antibacterial agent seems to become promising yet challenging. One of herbal antibacterial source is Jeruk Nipis or namely Citrus aurantifolia, as it is believed to contain biological active compounds that may act as antibacterial to kill pathogenic oral microbes. This study was aimed evaluated antibacterial effect of β-pinene derived from Citrus aurantifolia against oral Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Type of research is quasi experimental research. The essential of C. aurantifolia essential oil was prepared and isolated using the hydro-distillation technique and further isolation of antibacterial compounds was conducted by combination column chromatography using organic solvent, and the structure was determined by infrared (IR), 1D NMR of 1H-, 13C-NMR and DEPT 135° in CDCl3, and UV-Vis spectrometer methods. The antibacterial activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: 0.75% yield was extracted from the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia and after purification, an antibacterial compound was identified as β-pinene with the molecular formula C10H16. Furthermore, the Citrus aurantifolia exerted inhibition growth of Streptococcus mutans at concentration of 2000, 1000, and 500 ppm showed reduction in paper disk as much as 13.0, 11.9, and 11.6 mm respectively. Conclusion: Antibacterial effect of β-pinene derived from Citrus aurantifolia against oral Streptococcus mutans. This is proven that β-pinene derived from Citrus aurantifolia prospective as antibacterial compound that potentially can be used as another herbal antibacterial of choice to manage dental disease associated with Streptococcus mutans infection.
... The global production of fresh citrus has increased rapidly in the last two decades [1]. In the FAO statistical yearbook for 2013, citrus production reached nearly 123 million metric tonnes (122 976 thousand tons) [2]. ...
The citrus fruit peel essential oils (EO) can be considered a valuable by-product of citrus production and processing and the main product of some specific citrus cultivars. The EO contents of two citron fruits including Citrus medica L. var. ‘medica’ Proper. (small citron) and C. medica L. var. ‘macrocarpa’ Risso. (big citron), as well as their constituents and antioxidant activity (IC50), were analyzed by GC/MS. Some biochemical properties of flavedo extract (total flavonoide and total phenol) and polyphenol compounds (HPLC methods) including rutin, quersetin, hesperidin, hesperetin and trans-ferrulic acid are determined. The EO percentage and yield were 0.71% (v/w) and 0.09 ml/fruit in the big citron while 1.86% and 0.20 ml/fruit in the small citron, respectively. The main constituent of EO in macrocarpa variety was limonene (89.39%). While in medica variety, limonene (48.59%), linalool (22.98%) and linalyl acetate (8.21%) were detected as the major components. The antioxidant activity of the EO in the big citron was higher than that in the small citron. All polyphenol compounds, with the exception of rutin, have a higher value in big citron as compare with small citron. In general, limonene was identified as the main compound in both citron trees. These varieties are seemingly divided into two chemotypes: limonene chemotype (macrocarpa variety) and limonene-linalool chemotype (medica variety).
... Some essential oils are produced on a very large-scale (e.g., in 2008, production of orange oils was ~51,000 tons, corn mint oils ~32,000 tons, and lemon oils ~9200 tons). Essential oils obtained from a variety of fruits from the genus Citrus are the most popular natural essential oils and account for the largest part of commercial natural flavors and fragrances [36]. The production of some others at a much smaller scale due to their rarity is, however, traded at very elevated prices [e.g., agarwood oil (6000-11,000 €/kg), iris (6200-100,000 €/kg depending on the concentration of irones), or rose oil (6000-10,000 €/kg)]. ...
Fragrance is an integral part of cosmetic products and is often regarded as an overriding factor in the selection of cosmetics among consumers. Fragrances also play a considerable role in masking undesirable smells arising from fatty acids, oils and surfactants that are commonly used in cosmetic formulations. Essential oils are vital assets in the cosmetic industry, as along with imparting pleasant aromas in different products, they are able to act as preservatives and active agents and, simultaneously, offer various benefits to the skin. Moreover, the stimulating demand for natural ingredients has contributed massively to a renewed interest in cosmetic and wellness industries in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. This has led popular cosmetic companies to endorse natural fragrances and opt for minimally processed natural ingredients, given the potentially adverse health risks associated with artificial fragrance chemicals, which are major elements of cosmetics. Among the high-valued essential oils used as fragrances are citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree and other floral oils, among others, while linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral are much-appreciated fragrance components used in different cosmetics. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the enormous versatility of essential oils as significant sources of natural fragrances in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a special focus will be laid on the different aspects related to essential oils such as their sources, market demand, chemistry, fragrance classification, aroma profile, authenticity and safety.
... The ethnobotanical application of essential oils is very broad and dates to ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, which used them to aromatise beverages and foods or to make aseptic mummies and corpses, preventing their putrefaction (Tonutti and Liddle, 2010;Barnes et al., 2019). Nowadays, these natural matrixes and their chemical components are employed as ingredients in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, bath and wellness creations, and perfumes (Edris, 2007;Sawamura, 2011). However, one of the most important modern application of these plant products is aromatherapy, namely the use of essential oil for reducing both chronic and acute stress. ...
In the present research, the antibacterial power of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in environmental contexts was investigated. This plant extract, known in literature for its antibiotic effects, was vaporized in five different public areas of the Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital and the microbial contamination was monitored by settle plate sampling method and qPCR assay, for a period of three months. In detail, Staphylococcus hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant micro-organisms were detected and quantified in each studied hospital ward and their concentrations were compared to those previously obtained in the same sites not subjected to essential oil treatment. The data showed that lavender essential oil reduced the number of bacteria in all hospital areas and that this phenomenon was even significant in some cases. This evidence suggests the potential application of plant essential oils as natural products for sanitizing hospital environments.
... The resulting oil fraction is a watery emulsion (Mahato et al., 2019), which is then centrifuged to recover the citrus EO (Ferhat et al., 2007). Without any heat application, EO retains most of the volatile compounds and waxes, which are important for their aromatic properties (Rassem et al., 2016;Sawamura, 2010). ...
This study presents a critical overview of reported essential oil (EO) extractions from citrus peel wastes (CPW), including harmonized data on the various citrus species and cultivars. Harmonization is vital to enable sustainable management practices. The review only includes eco-efficient extraction techniques. In total, the review contains 66 quantified examples using i) mechanical cold press ii) thermal extraction with water or steam media iii) thermal microwave-assisted extraction iv) other innovative methods (such as ultrasound). The technologies were assessed for their potential use in cascading production to achieve economies of scope, particularly considering the use of extraction residues for subsequent fermentation to produce various products from energy carriers to enzymes. Two techniques were found insufficient for direct use in fermentation. Cold press extracts an inadequate amount of EO (average yield 2.85% DW) to ensure suitable fermentation, while solvent extraction contaminates the residues for its subsequent use. Extractions using water media, such as hydrodistillation and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (average EO yield 2.87% DW), are feasible for the liquid-based fermentation processes, such as submerged fermentation. Steam extraction is feasible for any type of fermentation. Our review highlighted solvent-free microwave extraction (average EO yield 5.29% DW) as the most effective method, which provides a high yield in a short extraction time. We also uncovered and discussed several inconsistencies in existing yields and energy consumption published data. Abbreviations CPW citrus peel waste DW dry weight EO essential oil FW fresh weight OP orange peels TRL technology readiness level
... Where, the odd electron in the DPPH free radical had a strong absorption maximum at 517 nm. The color turns from purple to yellow as the molar absorptive of the DPPH radical reduced when the odd electron becomes paired with hydrogen from a free radical scavenging antioxidant to form the reduced DPPH-H as mentioned by Choi (2010). The DPPH assay was measured according to the method reported by Brand-Williams et al. (1995). ...
... Equilibrium binding of a drug with a CD to form a 1:1 inclusion complex(Sawamura, 2011). ...
Essential oils (EOs), as natural products, have unique physicochemical properties with superior added qualities to products. Nowadays, EOs have become an essential part of the different industrial fields including pharmaceutical and food industries and other health-related commercial fields since they can promote the health status for the consumers. EOs exhibit a wide range of bioactivities such as antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant. However, EOs consist of many sensitive and volatile molecules that could be easily lost during manufacturing which lead to reducing their functionality in the final product. Therefore, the encapsulation technique is an essential approach to provide an effective way to coat the desired compounds with a protective shell that isolates the bioactive ingredients from undesirable reactions and other external factors. The aim of the present study is the encapsulation of REO in three different types of cyclodextrin ,namely β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and methyl- β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), using three different techniques: Co-precipitation (β-cyclodextrin), Kneading (β-cyclodextrin, Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin), and evaporation (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin). In addition, the release profile of the encapsulated REO was studied, using GC-MS. The characterization of the produced inclusion complexes was performed by using various methods, such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) while the inclusion efficiency was determined directly using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The encapsulation of REO in the cyclodextrins was successful and efficient. Keywords: Essential oils, REO, Nanoencapsulation, Encapsulation techniques, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes
(PDF) Synthesis and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of Rosemary Essential Oil with Various β-cyclodextrins. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344173549_Synthesis_and_Characterization_of_Inclusion_Complexes_of_Rosemary_Essential_Oil_with_Various_b-cyclodextrins [accessed Sep 09 2020].
... Equilibrium binding of a drug with a CD to form a 1:1 inclusion complex(Sawamura, 2011). ...
... As the majority of Citrus waste, fruit peel is a renewable and valuable source of natural essential oils and TCM. 76,77 Herein, we proved that fruit peel extract of C. reticulate could also be a useful bioresource as a chemical inducer of plant defense, which improves its value in the further use of industrial wastes for high value-added products. On the other hand, reticine A is an alkaloid and possesses the tyramine skeleton. ...
Background
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by elicitors is a highly satisfying form of resistance that protects plants against invading pathogens. Exploration and development of new elicitors is a promising alternative to conventional biocides in resistant pest management. In our previous broad screening, fruit peel extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco exhibited the ability to induce SAR in tobacco.
Result
A new potent elicitor reticine A was isolated from the fruit peel extract of industrial crop C. reticulate and its structure was well elucidated. In vivo assays showed that reticine A had considerable control efficacies at 100 and 500 μg mL⁻¹, being superior to commercial elicitor benzothiadiazole (BTH) (100 μg mL⁻¹). Reticine A had no significant impact on the virulence of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles under in vitro conditions. Application of reticine A induced a local hypersensitive reaction (HR), systemic accumulation of H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA), systemic increase in defensive enzyme activities and systemic upregulated expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins, suggesting its induction of SAR in tobacco. The expression of NPR1 and SA biosynthesis genes ICS and PAL were systemically upregulated.
Conclusion
SAR induced by reticine A against TMV in tobacco was demonstrated and the mechanism might be attributed to activating the expression of several defensive genes mediated by an SA signal. This study highlights the potential of reticine A which is recommended to be applied directly or as an active ingredient in the crude extract formulation ahead of time in the field, as well as being a potential lead compound for further optimization.
Within the scope of this study, essential oil content and its quality parameters of Batem Fatihi, Navelina, Washington Navel, Valencia Late, and Moro cultivars were evaluated with respect to harvest time and isolation methods. Essential oils were obtained using two methods (hydrodistillation and cold pressing) during four harvest periods of each cultivar. Physico-chemical characteristics of essential oils were evaluated, and the chemical components of the oil were identified via GC-MS/FID. Based on the hydrodistillation data, the essential oil ratios ranged between 1.69-2.85 % in samples. While the effects of cultivar and harvesting time on relative density, refractive index, and optical activity values were not statistically important, the effect of isolation method was important (p<0.05). Relative densities of essential oils obtained by cold pressing were higher (0.8440) than those obtained by hydrodistillation (0.8402). Additionally, refractive index values of the samples obtained by cold pressing were higher (1.4739) than those obtained by the hydrodistillation method (1.4723). On the other hand, it was observed that the optical activity values of the samples obtained by hydrodistillation were higher (98.20°) than those obtained by cold pressing (95.32°). Chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of 10 compounds in the essential oil. Essential oil compositions also showed some differences on the basis of cultivars, harvesting time, and isolation methods, but these differences generally were not statistically significant. Additionally, there were some differences in determined components with respect to cultivar, harvesting time, and isolation method. The most important component in all analyzed samples was determined to be limonene and it was distributed between 94.9-96.4%. The second highest component was determined as β-myrcene and ranged between 1.9-2.0%. While the effect of isolation method and harvesting time on limonene was not important (p>0.05), the effect of cultivar was significantly important (p<0.05). On the other hand, both cultivar and harvesting time effects on β-myrcene content were significantly important. Our results showed that there is a significant variation in some quality parameters of the orange peel essential oils according to cultivar and isolation methods.
In this study, Batem Pınarı, Interdonato, Meyer, and Ak Limon lemon cultivars were studied. Lemon peel's essential oils were obtained by two different methods (hydrodistillation and cold pressing) during four different harvest periods for each cultivar. Essential oil content, density, refractive index, optical activity, and composition were evaluated. The highest essential oil amount was found in the Interdonato cultivar (2.54%) and the lowest in Ak Limon (1.37%). The highest density value was 0.8471 g/mL (Ak Limon) and the lowest was 0.8423 g/mL (Meyer). Essential oil densities obtained by cold pressing were higher than those obtained by hydrodistillation. The highest refractive index values were determined for Batem Pınarı and Meyer (1.4747), and the lowest were determined for Ak Limon (1.4740). The refractive index values obtained by cold pressing were higher than those obtained by hydrodistillation. Optical activity values were found to be highest in Ak Limon and lowest in Batem Pınarı, and higher following hydrodistillation than cold pressing. The essential oil compositions of the samples showed significant differences depending on the cultivar and isolation method. Limonene, the highest component proportionally, composed 76.0%–89.0% of samples. The highest limonene content was determined for Ak Limon (88.7%), and the lowest for Batem Pınarı (76.7%). Limonene content did not change significantly between hydrodistillation (82.2%) and cold press (82.2%) isolation methods. Findings show that there is significant variation in quality parameters of lemon peel essential oils.
Application of EOs in the food industry are wide‐ranging from preservation to production of food packaging materials. As a flavouring agent, citrus oil is one of the most popular EO used in food and beverages with other EOs. For instance, there are many studies relating the volatile compounds of sweet orange and more than 200 components of sweet orange EOs have been described as ‘components of flavor’. Oxygenated derivatives, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters and epoxides, provide preservative and flavour effects on food products but their levels are no more than 10% in citrus EOs generally. Therefore, deterpenation methods can be applied to EOs and oxygenated derivative concentrations would be increased. This study reviews primary oxyterpenes existing in citrus EOs, their use in the food industry, deterpenation methods applied to some types of citrus EOs and gives information about their main advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion, membrane separation techniques are proposed in order to purify citrus EOs on the basis of being environmentally friendly and not required any solvents both for separation.
Citrus production produces about 15 million tons of by-products/waste worldwide every year. Due to their high content of bioactive compounds, several extraction techniques can be applied to obtain extracts rich in valuable compounds and further application into food applications. Distillation and solvent extraction continues to be the most used and applied extraction techniques, followed by newer techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction and pulsed electric field extraction. Although the composition of these extracts and essential oils directly depends on the edaphoclimatic conditions to which the fruit/plant was exposed, the main active compounds are D-limonene, carotenoids, and carbohydrates. Pectin, one of the most abundant carbohydrates present in Citrus peels, can be used as a biodegradable polymer to develop new food packaging, and the extracted bioactive compounds can be easily added directly or indirectly to foods to increase their shelf-life. One of the applications is their incorporation in active food packaging for microbiological and/or oxidation inhibition, prolonging foods' shelf-life and, consequently, contributing to reducing food spoilage. This review highlights some of the most used and effective extraction techniques and the application of the obtained essential oils and extracts directly or indirectly (through active packaging) to foods.
Essential oils (EOs) have turned a promising alternative to using antibiotics in poultry production due to their antimicrobial properties. EOs could effectively combat pathogenic bacteria affecting poultry. Particularly, Citrus EOs, a by-product of citrus processing industries, could be a feasible alternative to this end due to their vast availability in the global market. Enterococci are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in poultry, which can increase poultry mortality. On the other hand, Lactobacilli are beneficial bacteria inhabiting the poultry gut and have health-promoting effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a commercial citrus EO, Orange oil phase essence (OOPE), on Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus as well as to determine OOPE chemical composition. Results showed that OOPE inhibited E. faecalis and L. rhamnosus at 14.8 mg/mL. However, the evaluation of OOPE effects on the growth kinetics parameters of both bacteria reveled that OOPE caused higher disturbances on the growth kinetics of E. faecalis than L. rhamnosus. OOPE significantly reduced the maximal culture density (A) and growth rate (µmax) and extended the lag phase duration (λ) of E. faecalis in a dose-dependent manner, while OOPE slightly extended λ and affected µmax of L. rhamnosus. OOPE at 3.70 mg/mL reduced A and µmax in ~87.34 and 90.2%, respectively, while increased λ 3.8 times of E. faecalis. OOPE at this concentration reduced µmax in 11.8% and extended λ 1.38 times of L. rhamnosus. Therefore, OOPE had a selective antibacterial activity, presenting higher activity on E. faecalis. Despite, limonene was identified as the major compound (87.22%) of OOPE, minor compounds such as trans-carveol could be involved in conferring the selective antibacterial activity of OOPE.
Department of Chemistry, Fergusson College, Autonomous Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 004, India
With growing population resources production, utilization, including citrus fruits consumption has amplified tremendously. Citrus foods include- sweet orange, sweet blood orange, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, lime, and bitter/Seville orange etc. Industrial processing of citrus fruits is done to produce various end products like juice concentrates, jams, jellies, sweets, candies, marmalades and ice-creams etc which simultaneously produce tons of peels and waste as well. Like all industrial wastes dumping, negligent discard of citrus waste has got legal repercussions as well. Therefore, global treatment seems to be a virtuous option, which results in improved earnings, thereby ultimately reducing the reprocessing expenditure.
Conversely, in spite of low cost, citrus waste management /valorization still has not reached a virtue and that makes it an ideal candidate for cost effective conversions. Valorization technically refers to the process of industrial recycling or waste composting into commercially useful products. To fix the citrus waste, it is important to understand the various ways to recycle and manage the left-over in a better way. This requires research and knowledge of different techniques, involved in commercial utilization of citrus waste for production of various components counting-essential oils, flavonoids, pectin, enzymes, ethanol and methane etc along with applications of these bioactive components in various ventures. This study attempts to summarize the bioactive components obtained from citrus foods and their possible industrial utilizations.
Citrus genus is a prominent staple crop globally. Long-term breeding and much hybridization engendered a myriad of species, each characterized by a specific metabolism generating different secondary metabolites. Citrus aurantium L., commonly recognized as sour or bitter orange, can exceptionally be distinguished from other Citrus species by unique characteristics. It is a fruit with distinctive flavor, rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which possess different health benefits. This paper presents an overview of the most recent studies done on the matter. It intends to provide an in-depth understanding of the biological activities and medicinal uses of active constituents existing in C. aurantium. Every plant part is first discussed separately with regards to its content in active constituents. All extraction methods, their concepts and yields, used to recover these valuable molecules from their original plant matrix are thoroughly reported.
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 80 Citrus fruit-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as fragrances and/or skin-conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing similar constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. The Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe for use in both rinse-off and leave-on cosmetic products when formulated to be non-sensitizing and non-irritating, provided that leave-on products do not contain more than 0.0015% (15 ppm) 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP).
Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus are the main by-product of Citrus-processing industries. In addition to food/beverage and cosmetic applications, citrus EOs could also potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics in food-producing animals. A commercial citrus EO—Brazilian Orange Terpenes (BOT)—was fractionated by vacuum fractional distillation to separate BOT into various fractions: F1, F2, F3, and F4. Next, the chemical composition and biological activities of BOT and its fractions were characterized. Results showed the three first fractions had a high relative amount of limonene (≥10.86), even higher than the whole BOT. Conversely, F4 presented a larger relative amount of BOT’s minor compounds (carvone, cis-carveol, trans-carveol, cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, and trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol) and a very low relative amount of limonene (0.08–0.13). Antibacterial activity results showed F4 was the only fraction exhibiting this activity, which was selective and higher activity on a pathogenic bacterium (E. coli) than on a beneficial bacterium (Lactobacillus sp.). However, F4 activity was lower than BOT. Similarly, F4 displayed the highest antioxidant activity among fractions (equivalent to BOT). These results indicated that probably those minor compounds that detected in F4 would be more involved in conferring the biological activities for this fraction and consequently for the whole BOT, instead of the major compound, limonene, playing this role exclusively
Orange oil is considered the largest produced essential oils worldwide due to its unique properties. Pesticide residues in orange oil are expected to be much higher than the original fruit due to orange peel’s cold-pressing during orange oil production. These residuesmaycause various health problems if consumed. The purpose of our study was to optimize and compare four multi-residues extraction methods (dilution, QuEChERS, ethyl acetate, and mini-Luke) for analysis of 387 pesticides in orange oil using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of ethyl acetate and the mini-Luke method for the analysis of orange oil. The comparison was based on recoveries, matrix effect, and the amount of co-extract matrix. The optimum mean recoveries were obtained by the ethyl acetate method, which successfully analyzes 371 out of 387 pesticides with acceptable recovery (70–120%). It also showed a narrow recovery distribution in the range of 90–110% for 69% of all studied pesticides. Regarding the matrix effect, the QuEChERS method gave the highest number of pesticides with an in significant matrix effect (80–120%) for both LC and GC amenable pesticides. The least amount of co-extract matrix components according to GC-MS/MS scan and gravimetric analysis has been achieved by the QuEChERS method. In conclusion, the Ethyl acetate method gives acceptable recovery for a wide range of pesticides with a narrow recovery distribution and a moderate amount of co-extract matrix. While the QuEChERS method provides better selectivity and cleaner extract but with a narrow scope and less precision.
Citrus is the largest grown fruit crop on the globe with an annual production of ~110–124 million tons. Approximately, 45–55% of the whole fruit post-processing is generally discarded as waste by the food processing industries. The waste is a huge problem to the environment in terms of land and water pollution along with displeasure from aesthetic viewpoint and spread of diseases owing to its huge content of fermentable sugars. The waste can be utilized as a raw material feedstock for producing a number of valuable chemicals and products, such as bioethanol, biogas, bio-oil, organic acids, enzymes, and so on. The production of these chemicals from waste biomass gives an inexpensive alternative to the harsh chemicals used during industrial synthesis processes as well as the possibility of controlling pollution from the waste discarded to the environment. The derived chemicals can be further utilized in the production of industrially important chemicals, as solvents and building blocks of newer chemicals. Furthermore, organic acids, pectin, enzymes, prebiotics, etc., derived from citrus wastes have an edge over their synthetic counterparts in practical applications in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) is a very specific citrus variety mostly produced in Japan and South Korea. In recent years, it received considerable interest from the flavour and fragrance industry, and many studies devoted to the characterization of its volatile constituents have been published, often leading to somewhat contradictory results. This comprehensive review aims at giving a general view of the volatile components and the putative key odorants of Yuzu peel oil. The published data on the volatile constituents of Yuzu (Cirtus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) is critically reviewed to give an exhaustive view of the fragrant components and the putative key odorants of this highly esteemed fruit.
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