Public Places and Spaces
Abstract
This tenth volume in the series addresses an important topic of research, de sign, and policy in the environment and behavior field. Public places and spaces include a sweeping array of settings, including urban streets, plazas and squares, malls, parks, and other locales, and natural settings such as aquatic environments, national parks and forests, and wilderness areas. The impor tance of public settings is highlighted by difficult questions of access, control, and management; unique needs and problems of different users (including women, the handicapped, and various ethnic groups); and the dramatic re shaping of our public environments that has occurred and will continue to occur in the foreseeable future. The wide-ranging scope of the topic of public places and spaces demands the attention of many disciplines and researchers, designers, managers, and policymakers. As in previous volumes in the series, the authors in the present volume come from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, research and design orientations, and affiliations. They have backgrounds in or are affiliated with such fields as architecture, geography, landscape architecture, natural re sources, psychology, sociology, and urban design. Many more disciplines ob viously contribute to our understanding and design of public places and spaces, so that the contributors to this volume reflect only a sample of the possibilities and present state of knowledge about public settings.
Chapters (11)
When this chapter was first requested, it surfaced a set of assumptions I then held about public life and public place. These assumptions probably came from my lifelong experience as a big-city dweller and intense city user, from being an architect, and from the teaching of architecture and urban design.
Just walking through the vast main concourse of Grand Central Terminal in New York . . . almost always triggers in me a spontaneous and quiet change in perception. . . . The change—one that is reasonably well known to all of us . . . — lets me gently refocus my attention and allows a more general awareness of a great many things at once: sights, sounds, smells and sensations of touch and balance as well as thoughts and feelings. When this general kind of awareness occurs, I feel relaxed and alert at the same time. (Hiss, 1987, p. 45)
The design and management of many urban public spaces have been criticized for failing to serve the needs of residents (Hester, 1984; Jackson, 1981). Nonuse rather than overuse of parks and plazas is the problem (Gold, 1978). Francis (1987) traces the origins of open-space research to public awareness of the social failure of these settings. Some aspects of nonuse have been dealt with through redesign. Another approach to nonuse involves expanding the range of uses through innovative programs that attract larger numbers and broader categories of users. Special events such as concerts, exhibits, and festivals create secondary territories under the control of vendors, city agencies, etc., in contrast to anonymous public areas seemingly belonging to no one. One of the most successful means for bringing large numbers of people into urban open spaces on a regular and predictable basis is the farmers’ market (FM).
Public playgrounds in the United States have entered a crisis stage in their evolution. They have been criticized as adults’ attempts to control children’s behavior (Wood 1977), damned as irrelevant to children’s developmental needs (Frost & Klein, 1983), and described by children as boring, hurtful, and anti social (Moore, 1989a). More often than not, these supposed spaces for healthy child development contain vast expanses of hot, hard asphalt, poorly maintained old metal equipment—oftentimes installed without adequate safety surfaces—water features that have not worked for years, pokey sandboxes without sand, and vegetation—if it exists at all—installed as an esthetic buffer rather than as a play setting (Bruya & Langendorfer, in press). And yet these spaces where children spend so much of their time could very well support educational principles and stimulate child development (Schools Council, 1974b; Sebba & Churchman, 1986).
The new and growing field of women and environments has focused almost exclusively on women’s activities and needs in the home and the adjacent neighborhood with little research on women’s use of urban public spaces.1 The exceptions are studies of specific problems including crime and fear of crime (Gordon, Riger, LeBailly, & Heath, 1981), transportation (Cichoki, 1981; Fox, 1985), and some historical research (Cranz, 1981; Peiss, 1986; Stansell, 1986). Research on urban public spaces has also been growing (Carr, Francis, Rivlin, & Stone, in press; Francis, 1987; Francis, Cashdan, & Paxson, 1984; Whyte, 1980) but pays almost no attention to gender differences in the use of these spaces. Both areas of research are important, but they have not yet generated a theoretical perspective to guide future research on women and public space. The goal of this chapter is to develop just such a perspective.2
Public-space quality is attracting considerable attention. The number of new spaces has greatly expanded. At the same time, people are using existing and new public spaces in increasing numbers. As a result, the relationship of public spaces such as parks, plazas, and streets to the quality of urban life has attracted intense interest on the part of public officials, researchers, designers, and cit izens (Hiss, 1987; Levine, 1984).
Animal—environment research in the zoological park dates back to the turn of the 20th century. In 1896, Robert Garner proposed that enclosure design be based upon the scientific examination of biological and social behavior of an imals. There also is a tradition of informal investigations of the physical environment in designing for keeper safety and for solving problems involving human interaction with physical elements of zoological parks. However, systematic environment-behavior research within zoological parks has emerged only quite recently.
Urban parks are community assets. They provide a convenient setting for a broad variety of leisure and recreational activities, as well as enhancing the image and perceived value of the community. Urban parks can serve the needs and interests of all kinds of people and many subgroups of the population: young and old, groups and individuals, affluent and poor, male and female, athletic or not, and all ethnic and cultural groups. This wide appeal makes city parks a tremendous asset—in a social and behavioral sense as well as a physical sense—to the quality of urban life.
Water is a dominant feature in many environments. The United States, a nation of some 2.3 billion acres, has approximately 110 million acres of water surface, 3.6 million linear miles of rivers and streams, approximately 100,000 miles of coastal and Great Lakes shoreline, over 100,000 natural lakes, 2.5 million farm ponds, and a land area submerged under man-made reservoirs that exceeds the size of New Hampshire and Vermont combined. Roughly one-third of the U.S. population lives within five miles of a public lake, river, stream, or coastal shoreline (Lime, 1983).
It is late spring in a western national park. As the air and soil warm with longer days, the snow melts, and the alpine meadows are increasingly uncovered. Bear move in the lower valleys, and backpackers begin a yearly migration along their favorite routes to camping sites at the high elevations. As the spring turns to early summer, the number of employees and visitors climb, gift shops and restaurants open, the payrolls grow, electricity, water, and gasoline consump tion rise. Underground, sewer systems flow at increased rates, leach fields swell, wildflowers break through along roadways and trails. The pace of life in the park quickens, for the deer, elk, fish, and people.
Wilderness evokes many impressions—pristine nature, spectacular scenery, wildlife in its natural habitat. And solitude. A solitary backpacker silhouetted along a mountain ridgeline exemplifies the image of wilderness as a setting of solitude, where one is alone in the midst of primitive natural conditions. The imagery is backed by law: the 1964 Wilderness Act, the legal foundation for the protection and management of wilderness, states that such areas will have “outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation.” Indeed, Lucas (1985) reports that 85% of the wilderness vis itors he surveyed rated “to experience solitude” as an important wilderness appeal.
... Some places are explicitly created and maintained to accomplish social inclusion for groups marginalized with respect to race, disability, or other characteristics (Bolt, Burgers, and van Kempen, 1998;Hall, 2010;Brown-Saracino, 2017). Other places fulfill a social purpose that is sometimes associated with universal access to basic human services (Altman and Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992). These studies of 8 public places provide a foundation for considering how some particular places can be established and maintained as places of social inclusion. ...
... We bring together the literatures in humanistic geography, sociology, and institutional theory in organization studies and make a significant contribution by proposing a place of social inclusion as a special type of institution. Our concept of a place of social inclusion is anchored in scholarship about public places of democracy that are accessible to all citizens (Altman and Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992), local places that are geographically bounded, material, and meaningful (Tuan, 1977;Gieryn, 2000), and societal institutions as nested multi-level systems (Scott, 2014). Although the possibility that places of social inclusion exist can be inferred from these previous writings, their distinctive characteristics have not been conceptualized and integrated into theoretical understandings of institutions until now. ...
... Public libraries and museums in towns and cities provide citizens with universal access to information, collective memory, and cultural heritage (Nelson and Irwin, 2015). The two defining characteristics of places of social inclusion could also apply to government sites offering employment services, public housing, community centers, social welfare agencies, and parks and recreation facilities (Altman and Zube, 1989). ...
... Some places are explicitly created and maintained to accomplish social inclusion for groups marginalized with respect to race, disability, or other characteristics (Bolt, Burgers, and van Kempen, 1998;Hall, 2010;Brown-Saracino, 2017). Other places fulfill a social purpose that is sometimes associated with universal access to basic human services (Altman and Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992). These studies of public places provide a foundation for considering how some particular places can be established and maintained as places of social inclusion. ...
... We bring together the literatures in humanistic geography, sociology, and institutional theory in organization studies and make a significant contribution by proposing a place of social inclusion as a special type of institution. Our concept of a place of social inclusion is anchored in scholarship about public places of democracy that are accessible to all citizens (Altman and Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992), local places that are geographically bounded, material, and meaningful (Tuan, 1977;Gieryn, 2000), and societal institutions as nested multi-level systems (Scott, 2014). Although the possibility that places of social inclusion exist can be inferred from these previous writings, their distinctive characteristics have not been conceptualized and integrated into theoretical understandings of institutions until now. ...
... Public libraries and museums in towns and cities provide citizens with universal access to information, collective memory, and cultural heritage (Nelson and Irwin, 2015). The two defining characteristics of places of social inclusion could also apply to government sites offering employment services, public housing, community centers, social welfare agencies, and parks and recreation facilities (Altman and Zube, 1989). These places ''protect the rights of user groups and are accessible to all groups'' when citizens make claims at the local level for basic human needs (Carr et al., 1992: 19). ...
We introduce the concept of places of social inclusion—institutions endowed by a society or a community with material resources, meaning, and values at geographic sites where citizens can access services for specific needs—as taken-for-granted, essential, and inherently precarious. Based on our study of an emergency department that was disrupted by the threat of the Ebola virus in 2014, we develop a process model to explain how a place of social inclusion can be maintained by custodians. We show how these custodians—in our fieldsite, doctors and nurses—experience and engage in institutional work to manage different levels of tension between the value of inclusion and the reality of finite resources, as well as tension between inclusion and the desire for safety. We also demonstrate how the interplay of custodians’ emotions is integral to maintaining the place of social inclusion. The primary contribution of our study is to shine light on places of social inclusion as important institutions in democratic society. We also reveal the theoretical and practical importance of places as institutions, deepen understanding of custodians and custodianship as a form of institutional work, and offer new insight into the dynamic processes that connect emotions and institutional work.
... Based on a person's gender identification, these structures frequently determine whether conduct is seen as proper or acceptable (Banasiewicz, 2017). There are both implicit and explicit cultural standards that dictate the ways men and women should conduct themselves in public (Altman, I., & Zube, 1989). ...
... Heritage, as a generic category, refers to the preservation of culturally significant landmarks, objects, or spaces that hold historical importance. These elements foster a sense of identity and belonging among users, connecting them to the past while encouraging civic pride (Altman & Zube, 1989). Incorporating public art and expression into urban spaces, such as sculptures, murals, and installations, not only enhances visual appeal but also stimulates community engagement and represents diverse cultural narratives (Davidoff & Hall, 2018). ...
As urbanization accelerates globally, creating inclusive public spaces that accommodate women's rights and freedoms becomes increasingly vital. This study critically assesses the impact of urban environments on women in public spaces within the Indian context, focusing on Marine Drive in Kochi, Kerala. Employing field investigations, mapping, and both qualitative and quantitative analyses—including surveys of 100 women—the research explores elements affecting women's quality of life in urban settings. Key factors identified include safety concerns, inadequate accessibility, and insufficient infrastructure that hinder women's equitable participation in public spaces. Literature reviews and case studies highlighted parameters influencing women's experiences, such as land use, mobility, visibility, and safety. A theoretical framework addressing design, physical, environmental, cultural, and economic aspects was developed to create gender-sensitive urban spaces. Applying this framework to the design element of land led to specific guidelines enhancing accessibility, mobility, and permeability, which are crucial for women's comfort and security. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of women's interactions with urban environments and provide a foundation for urban planners and policymakers to develop women-friendly public spaces, thereby promoting inclusivity and enhancing the overall urban experience.
... Frequented public spaces are meaningful, protective of rights of different user groups, and responsive; that is, designed to serve the needs of users. 9,12,13 Users are here defined as those who frequent public spaces and rely on them for active and passive engagement. 13 Perceived environmental qualities such as accessibility, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012008 2 safety, comfort, pleasure and sociability encourage use of public spaces by day. ...
... 9,12,13 Users are here defined as those who frequent public spaces and rely on them for active and passive engagement. 13 Perceived environmental qualities such as accessibility, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012008 2 safety, comfort, pleasure and sociability encourage use of public spaces by day. 5,14 While lighting research on pedestrians suggests that electric lighting may support these needs, 15 field-studies on the association between the lit environment and social life of public squares are still limited. ...
This paper explores social interaction in local public squares under different lighting conditions. At its best public squares are social spaces that engender a sense of belonging, increase the quality of life and wellbeing of individuals. It is proposed that outdoor lighting would be essential to the use of the public realm after dark, but empirical results regarding lighting conditions and social aspects of life in public squares are limited. Based on a socio-physical conceptual model of the transactional relationship of the user, the lit environment and the behavioural outcome, this study investigated active social interaction in daylight compared to after dark. A field study was conducted in two local public squares in Malmö, Sweden. The occurrences of which visitors were being alone, in pairs, or in groups of three or more (N=2522), and verbal or non-verbal interaction amongst those in company of another person were recorded. The lit appearance of the two squares after dark, was assessed with HDR-photography and photometric measurements; portraying dissimilar spatial, spectral and intensity characteristics. The results of social interaction show dissimilar patterns of the two squares; an increase in social interaction in EL after dark was observed in one of the squares, while a decrease in the afternoon and no significant difference was displayed in the evening after dark in the other square. It is suggested that lighting may sustain patterns of social interaction after dark, however it might be, that the company of another is especially important after dark.
... The questionnaire questions are based on the environment where the child lives, the preferences and concerns of the parents, the desire of the child and the dependencies of the children. In the second parameter, the sociodemographic characteristics of the parents and their use preferences in children's play areas were examined and in the third parameter, the quality criteria (sociability, comfort and image, accessibility, usage and activities) that Altman and Zube (1989) developed were questioned on children's playgrounds. Two different forms were used in the evaluation of these three parameters: (1) questionnaire and (2) interviews. ...
... In addition, some data obtained from the surveys were evaluated by using % analysis method. However, the children's playgrounds located between Rize city center and Fener district were examined by three different groups consisting of the lecturers of RTEU Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, RTEU Administrative Staff, and RTEU Landscape Architecture Department Students using the quality criteria developed by Altman and Zube (1989). The opinions of 5 different people in each group were evaluated between 0-1 and the mean of each group was taken as a table. ...
Purpose
The main purpose of this case study is to investigate the effect of increasing negative risk factors on children in outdoor playgrounds. There is a close relationship between children's playgrounds and children's health and safety in the open green areas that are gradually decreasing in the urban landscape. Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases. For this reason, the quality and livability of the environment we live in appear as factors that affect the decisions of parents on their children.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In this study, environmental factors and the quality of the environment were examined and the study questioning the concerns of parents about the use of children's playgrounds was discussed in three parts. The first part of the study consists of (i) the examination of children's playgrounds by the parents, the second part consists of (ii) the socio-demographic characteristics of the parents and the third part consists of (iii) the evaluation of the park criteria.
Findings
The findings obtained show that that parents with young children (2-4 years) (r =-,191*; r =,214**) prefer shopping malls suitable for all weather conditions (r =,261**) if there is not a playground in the garden of the house lived, but in some cases, the shopping mall is not preferred due to the risk of disease transmission and it brings a serious financial burden to families (r =-,163*), and if the parents are given a chance to prefer, they prefer a natural playground made of natural materials (r =-,220*). However, fathers did not prefer to wait at a very close distance for a well-groomed (r =,176*) control (r =,228*) where their children can spend time with their friends (r=,247**) on weekends alone (r =,166*), but it was determined that they were worried about their children being excluded and harmed by their friends (r =,249**).
Research Limitations/Implications
Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases.
Originality/Value
These data show that "play" has positive effects on children's health, and provides benefit in exploring children's creativity, sharpening their thinking skills and environmental awareness. Based on the results of the article, suggestions were developed on how designers, planners and park managers can implement the results in order to eliminate parents' fears and increase their motivation to take their children to children's playgrounds.
... Birinci parametre olarak kullanıcıların Rize Sahil Parkı içerisinde ziyaret ettikleri park alanları Altman ve Zube 1989 [15]'un park kriterini içeren (aktivite ve kullanımlar, ulaşılabilirlik, konfor ve imaj, sosyallik) 4 farklı parametreye göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bu parametrelerin her biri kullanım tercihlerine göre aktivite ve kullanımlar (spor yapmak için, kitap okumak için, çocuk oyun alanı için, bisiklet turu için), ulaşılabilirlik (yürümek için, geçiş güzergâhı olduğu için, yol sirkülasyonu), konfor ve imaj (temiz hava almak için, güneşlenmek için, deniz manzarası için, doğası için), sosyallik (arkadaşlarımla dolaşabilmek için, aile veya arkadaş grupları ile bir şeyler yapabilmek için, yeni insanlarla tanışmak için) şeklinde sınıflandırılarak değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. ...
... When the characteristics of recreational areas were examined by the criteria developed by Altman and Zube (1989), it was seen that %38 of the users preferred to do sports in the criterion of activities and usage, %78 preferred to walk in the criterion of accessibility, %42 preferred to get fresh air in the criterion of comfort and image, %42 preferred to do activities with family or groups of friends in the criterion of sociality. 190 users (44% are females and 56% are males) using Rize urban coastline do not find the area clean r=,152*, do not think that the area is well managed r=,257**, find playgrounds, fittings and light green areas inadequate r=,262**; r=,146*; r=,217**, find botanical designs non-functional r=,149*, and do not find Coast Park to be associated with city parks because the buildings on the front of the city facing the sea close the coastal view r=,235**. ...
Kıyı alanları ve sahil şeritleri bireylerin artan rekreasyonel ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek önemli doğal kaynaklardır. Bu alanlar kolay ulaşılabilirliği, zengin kaynak potansiyeline sahip olması ve bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik etkisi nedeniyle yerleşim ve dinlenme alanı olarak tercih edilmektedir. Linear bir yapıya sahip olan sahil şeritleri; peyzajların, dokuların ve bu silüetin içerisine yayılmış rekreasyonel alanların mekânsal sürekliliğini sağlamaktadır. Karadeniz Bölgesinin mevcut topoğrafyasının eğimli olmasından doğan güçlüklerden dolayı sahil şeridinin rekreasyonel kullanım alanının önemi artmakta, açık alan ihtiyacının karşılanması yoğun talep görmektedir. Bu çalışmada Rize ili merkez bölgesi kıyı şeridinde mevcut rekreasyonel alanlardaki kullanıcı talepleri ve memnuniyet durumları ele alınmış olup, alan kullanıcılarına anketler yapılarak kullanıcı memnuniyetleri ve talepleri sorgulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre rekreasyonel alanların karakteristikleri Altman and Zube (1989)’un geliştirmiş olduğu kriterler dikkate alınıp incelendiğinde kullanıcıların; aktivite ve kullanım kriterinde %38’lik oranla spor yapmayı, ulaşılabilirlik kriterinde %78’lik oranla yürümeyi, konfor ve imaj kriterinde %42’lik oranla temiz hava almayı, sosyallik kriterinde %42’lik oranla aile veya arkadaş gruplarıyla etkinlik gerçekleştirmeyi tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Rize kentsel kıyı şeridini kullanan 190 kullanıcı (%44 kadın, %56 erkek), r=,152* alanı temiz bulmamakta r=,257** alanın iyi yönetildiğini düşünmemekte, r=,262**; r=,146* ; r=,217** çocuk oyun alanları, donatı elemanları ve açık yeşil alanları yetersiz bulmakta, r=,149* bitkisel tasarımları işlevsiz bulmakla birlikte r=,235** kentin denize bakan ön cephesindeki binaların sahil görüntüsünü kapatması nedeniyle Sahil Park’ını kent parkları ile ilişkili bulmamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlarla birlikte kıyı şeridi rekreasyonel alanlarına yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
... In this context, however, "public" does not necessarily relate to ownership, but rather to use. Some privately owned places and spaces are accessible to the public and some publicly owned areas are not (Altman & Zube, 1989). According to Holland et al., (2007), public spaces allow people to meet on ostensibly neutral ground in planned and unplanned ways, to interact with others within the context of the whole community. ...
Public spaces serve as vital components of urban landscapes, facilitating social interaction, community cohesion, and individual well-being. However, differences exist between the perspectives of urban planning professionals and the broader community regarding the conceptualisation, design, and management of these spaces, with professionals focusing on sustainability and urban planning principles, while community members prioritise immediate concerns such as safety and accessibility. This paper conducts a comprehensive narrative literature review to delve into this divide and propose strategies for bridging it. The literature highlights the multifaceted nature of public spaces, emphasising their role as venues for social engagement, cultural expression, and community identity formation. This approach synthesises various themes and perspectives, capturing the nuanced evolution of public spaces in response to contemporary challenges. One key theme from the literature is the divergent priorities between urban planning professionals and the general community. While professionals prioritise inclusivity, sustainability, and community impact, the public focuses on immediate issues such as safety, accessibility, and environmental quality. This disconnect underscores the need for a more nuanced and inclusive approach to public space design and management. To bridge this gap, the paper suggests adopting context-sensitive approaches that integrate localised narratives, identities, and placemaking practices. By prioritising equity-focused and accessible design strategies, public spaces can become truly inclusive environments that foster a sense of belonging for all. As societies evolve in response to technological advancements, cultural shifts, and changing demographics, the notion of public space must adapt, requiring ongoing re-evaluation to promote social cohesion, community empowerment, and well-being.
... Studies often segment park environments based on functional attributes (Kaczynski et al., 2008;Veitch et al., 2022;Zhai et al., 2021), exploring the impact of specific functional zones or singular landscape elements. However, human behavior in park spaces is influenced by a composite of various environmental attributes, and few studies systematically analyze their combined impact on PA (Altman and Wohlwill 2012;Altman and Zube 2012). Moreover, the individual contributions of each element within the park to PA are often overlooked (Rivera et al., 2021). ...
... The design of these spaces has undergone thorough scrutiny in the fields of landscape architecture and urban design. Their impact on the welfare of individuals and communities is extensively demonstrated (Altman & Zube, 1989;Jian et al., 2021;Villani & Talamini, 2023). However, as stated earlier, design considerations about the welfare of solitude in public spaces, an obvious and widely used phenomenon, are missing in many regions (Heu & Brennecke, 2023). ...
Understanding the psychological needs of users is crucial for public space designers and healthy city planners. However, there is currently less atten-tion paid to the need for solitude in public spaces, despite psychological re-search demonstrating the positive impact of public space use on physical and mental health. With the only-child generation becoming the main pro-ductive generation in Chinese society, it is important to determine their psychological needs regarding public space use. This study aimed to address this issue by using questionnaire studies. Participants (n=521) aged between 10 and 25 completed an online questionnaire survey. The results indicated that the young generation of only children in China has a greater affinity for solitude than non-only children. However, both groups showed considerable demand for solitary public spaces. These findings suggest that more quality public spaces are needed to foster positive solitude in China, given the sub-stantial only-child population.
... The design of these spaces has been extensively examined in the discipline of landscape architecture and urban design. Their effects on the well-being of individuals and communities are well documented (Altman & Zube, 1989;Carmona, 2019a;Jian et al., 2021;Villanueva et al., 2015). ...
Environmental design to facilitate positive solitude (PS) has been increasingly emphasised. This PhD research will examine the concept of positive solitude and its relevance to public open space design in densely populated urban areas, with a focus on Hong Kong. More than half of Hong Kong residents visit public open spaces on a solitary basis, but there is a lack of appropriate public space design to support and improve the quality of solitary activities. This research will develop a theoretical framework combining self-determination theory and PERMA theory that can assist designers in supporting and improving the quality of solitary activities in such spaces. A mixed-methods approach is planned involving direct observation, on-site interviews, on-site questionnaires and spatial analysis. The PhD research will generate design recommendations and guides, provide new perspectives on public open space design and help designers cater to the diverse needs of users.
... 14,15 Research on squares is multidisciplinary. 16,17 Architects and urban designers have investigated the association between square attributes and their use. 3,13,[18][19][20] It has been shown that wellfrequented squares are distinguished by having recognizable and comprehensive physical features, 19 which resonates with users' needs not only for movement but also stationary activities, 3 by providing adequate seating, trees and favourable wind and light conditions. ...
This research concerns the influence of electric lighting on user behaviour in public squares and whether differences in people’s use of the square can be observed between daylight and darkness. Previous research on pedestrians suggests that lighting can support human needs for reassurance, accessibility, comfort and pleasure. While these findings are also likely to be applicable to the use of public squares, there is little empirical evidence to verify that. A field study was conducted to explore user behaviour in two differently illuminated public squares. Observations of the movements and stationary activities of people in the squares were recorded at both squares for the same times of day in the weeks before and after the daylight savings clock change, enabling a comparison of activity in daylight and after dark. 5296 observations were recorded and lighting conditions were captured with HDR-photography and aerial photos. Kirseberg square, with asymmetric luminaires and metal halide lamps, revealed a decrease in stationary activity after dark. Lindeborg square, with omnidirectional luminaires and high-pressure sodium lamps, revealed an increase in stationary activity. In conclusion, the patterns of user behaviour in the two public squares after dark seem to be differently influenced by electric lighting, pointing to a need for further understanding of users’ experience of the squares after dark.
... Environmental perception refers to a person's awareness or feeling of the environment and the act of understanding the environment through the senses (Wang L. et al., 2020). Environmental perception of the built environment by people is the most direct result of the relationship between the two, such as the visual quality of streets and satisfaction with urban parks and green spaces (Altman and Zube, 2012). Individual perception of the built environment is influenced by a variety of factors, such as individual economic attributes, social environment, and spatial and psychological characteristics (Chen et al., 2017). ...
The study of the relationship between sustainable built environment and user perception has often taken a single perspective, displaying neither a holistic view of the relationship nor a systematic and refined grasp of the research content previously. This has resulted in a biased understanding of the two research objects and their respective measurement methods and made it difficult to develop synergies. In this context, this paper summarises the current research hotspots and trends in the relationship between sustainable built environment and user perception through CiteSpace quantitative analyses such as keyword co-occurrence networks, emergent word detection, and disciplinary re-clustering, and takes a multidisciplinary perspective to focus on relevant research in public health, environmental science, and architecture and urban design, such as the progress of research between sustainable built environment and users in physical activity, environmental cognition, and image perception. The results show that in the environmental science field, environmental cognition is the core, based on the study of users’ direct perception of sustainable built environment and its externalisation in the expression of behaviours. The public health field and the architecture and urban design field are dominated by the study of perceptual outcomes. There is a trend towards big data as a measurement tool for research subjects in all fields with a multidisciplinary perspective and the inclusion of more disciplines can produce more meaningful research results. The study provides a framework for research into the relationship between the two from a broader perspective and provides guidance for future multidisciplinary research, with implications for the construction of high-quality human-centred urban spatial environments.
... Por consiguiente, si con frecuencia se ha concebido el espacio público, entendido como aquel espacio público, accesible e inclusivo (Altman y Zube 1989;Carr et al. 1992), como un "indicador de calidad urbana" (Gehl 2014;Borja y Muxí 2000), el termómetro de la ciudad; el uso de éste por parte de la infancia puede considerarse un indicador aún más fino del buen funcionamiento de la ciudad. Por ello, es tan acuciante abordar los siguientes interrogantes: ¿a qué es debida la desaparición de las niñas y niños de la ciudad occidental?, ¿de qué depende?, y ¿cómo potenciar su presencia en el espacio público urbano? ...
... Instead, with the goal to study the ecology of spaces as well as a practical purpose of avoiding confusion, we define provisional spaces in this paper to mean the small-scale, accessible settings in existing organizations where temporary experimentation happens, and use geographic community to mean the place in which audiences develop shared understandings due to similar experiences with provisional spaces. The contribution we make is that place-level changes can be attributed to the ecological dynamics of spaces within the places (Altman & Zube, 2012;Carr, Francis, Rivlin, & Stone, 1992). By looking at populations of provisional spaces embedded into larger places, we explain why some communities are more likely to become birthplaces for a new organizational form. ...
The literature on evolution of organizational forms remains largely silent on where the first organizational instance of a new form comes from, treating it either as a given or as an outcome of random variation. We challenge this agnostic assumption by putting the first organizational founding into a specific spatio-temporal context and revealing the role of provisional spaces, defined as small-scale, easily accessible settings where market pioneers temporarily experiment with applications of an innovation before dedicated organizations emerge. We theorize that provisional spaces disseminate necessary information about an innovation and enable potential entrepreneurs to envision a new template for organizing. Therefore, geographic communities with a higher number of provisional spaces are more likely to host the first organization embodying a new form sooner than others. Using archival data on all movie-showing venues in Chicago communities, 1896-1927, we find empirical support to our theorizing. Community variance in volume and types of provisional spaces for movie projectors, such as opera houses and penny arcades, led to community-level differences in the emergence of distinct movie theater forms: nickelodeon, movie house, and movie palace. This study advances scholarship on organizational form emergence by uncovering the role of provisional spaces in shaping localized opportunity structures.
... There is increasing awareness of the patterns of space in cities, and of different types of appropriated procedures for urban elements which influence people's behavioral patterns in such spaces. These are significant factors to consider when managing urban elements and the people who benefit from them at various levels [1][2][3][4]. Defining today's street edge and the current spatial pattern of human behavior could pose more significant challenges. For example, Remali [8] and Al-Saaidy [9] examined the increasing demand for a proximity system that maps the interrelationships between people in public spaces. ...
Today’s urban spaces face precipitous challenges and complications, which include the COVID-19 pandemic, urbanization, population growth, and climate change. Proximity plays an essential role in influencing the integrity of public spaces and urban environments, while proxemics studies people’s experience, and the benefits, of urban space, and is based on a behavioral system of activities that includes ‘territoriality’. There is a need to study the behavioural patterns of people in given situations with proxemic dimensions in order to sustain both human beings and the quality of urban space. However, people behave spontaneously within environmental settings and reflect each other’s responses, meaning it is important to distinguish between different cultures, which tend to respond in particular ways to the meaning of proximity. This suggests there is no universal indicator for phenomena such as crowding. The aim of this paper is to highlight the interrelationship between urban form and urban life. This study focuses on two patterns of activity - street life and social life - by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach to documentary and desk research. The findings reveal a vital distinction between social and public patterns of proximity, while other proximities, although critical, are not observed within interactions between people.
... Centralised ledger databases can contribute to SRPS data integrity in 5G networks in the following ways: VOLUME 4, 2023 25 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and content may change prior to final publication. ...
This paper surveys security threats to 5G-enabled wireless access networks for social robots in public spaces (SRPS). The use of social robots (SR) in public areas requires specific Quality of Service (QoS) planning to meet its unique requirements. Its 5G threat landscape entails more than cybersecurity threats that most previous studies focus on. This study examines the 5G wireless RAN for SRPS from three perspectives: SR and wireless access points, the ad hoc network link between SR and user devices, and threats to SR and users' communication equipment. The paper analyses the security threats to confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorisation, and privacy from the SRPS security objectives perspective. We begin with an overview of SRPS use cases and access network requirements, followed by 5G security standards, requirements, and the need for a more representative threat landscape for SRPS. The findings confirm that the RAN of SRPS is most vulnerable to physical, side-channel, intrusion, injection, manipulation, and natural and malicious threats. The paper presents existing mitigation to the identified attacks and recommends including physical level security (PLS) and post-quantum cryptography in the early design of SRPS. The insights from this survey will provide valuable risk assessment and management input to researchers, industrial practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders of SRPS.
... Public spaces are defined as publicly owned places or privately owned spaces which are designated for public use [23,24], and are essential for the functioning and the quality of life [25]. Public spaces can serve various functions, including recreation, transportation, commercial activities, social interaction, cultural events, and civic engagement [26]. ...
Public spaces are important places for various social functions and are also essential components of the cultural heritage of traditional settlements, which are suffering from blind function renewal and structural reconstruction during urbanization. It is essential to clarify the influence of spatial functions on spatial systems for the sustainable development of traditional settlements. Thus, based on the topology theory, we built a research framework for the relationship between public space functions and systems. Through field research, Pajek topological network analysis, and space syntax, we investigated the influence of spatial functions on the public space system of traditional settlements in terms of both structure and order. The research results of Zhang Guying Village demonstrate that (1) the public space of Zhang Guying Village has the structural characteristics of “axis-oriented and multi-core”; (2) the coordinated development of political, living, and traffic public spaces constitutes the formation logic of the public space system; (3) topological analysis of public spaces based on spatial functions helps in the optimization and functional reorganization of the public space system in traditional settlements. Hence, this study can provide understanding of the formation of the public space system and can also provide local administration adaptive reconfiguration strategies for the sustainable development of traditional settlements in the future.
... Se trata de espacios públicos de reunión, como plazas, plazoletas y parques, y de espacios de conexión, como aceras y calles. Se reconoce que el espacio público es accesible a todos los grupos y proporciona acción social y apropiación temporal (Habermas, 1989;Altman y Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992). Esto significa que el espacio público tiene las características físicas de apertura y que es un lugar creado socialmente para comunicarse con otras personas y entornos. ...
... Se trata de espacios públicos de reunión, como plazas, plazoletas y parques, y de espacios de conexión, como aceras y calles. Se reconoce que el espacio público es accesible a todos los grupos y proporciona acción social y apropiación temporal (Habermas, 1989;Altman y Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992). Esto significa que el espacio público tiene las características físicas de apertura y que es un lugar creado socialmente para comunicarse con otras personas y entornos. ...
... Se trata de espacios públicos de reunión, como plazas, plazoletas y parques, y de espacios de conexión, como aceras y calles. Se reconoce que el espacio público es accesible a todos los grupos y proporciona acción social y apropiación temporal (Habermas, 1989;Altman y Zube, 1989;Carr et al., 1992). Esto significa que el espacio público tiene las características físicas de apertura y que es un lugar creado socialmente para comunicarse con otras personas y entornos. ...
Existen diferentes estudios sobre la ilustración científica, pero nunca se han tenido en cuenta un planteamiento del tema desde la perspectiva de los diferentes grados de iconicidad o de complejidad, ni de las relaciones entre la ciencia y el diseño, tampoco se ha relacionado la comunicación visual con dos talentos unidos que son complementarios, la ciencia y la ilustración.
En esta investigación se clasifica la ilustración científica en cuatro grados o niveles de iconicidad en relación con el grado de complejidad de la representación de la realidad, de su funcionalidad y del método utilizado para su realización.
El objetivo principal es conectar la ciencia con el arte mediante la ilustración científica. Estos grados de iconicidad son los principales resultados obtenidos después de veinte años de docencia en el arte y en el diseño, y de la dedicación de la autora a la ilustración científica desde una temprana edad.
Como primer nivel de iconicidad, que se denominará “esquema informativo”, tenemos la mínima expresión de la representación artística que alude al concepto de la ilustración técnica. El segundo grado de iconicidad lleva asociado “la imagen algorítmica computacional”, para este nivel es necesario programas informáticos específicos o la programación aplicada a la generación de imágenes, aquí la tecnología interviene en el proceso. El tercer nivel de complejidad es “el dibujo referenciado”, donde tenemos de guía una escala o cualquier otro elemento como la unidad de la medida. Y por último, el cuarto grado de iconicidad es la “idealización. La representación artística”, aquí la ilustración es libre aunque tiene de base un tema científico-técnico, se trata de dar un modelo idealizado, es la típica ilustración científica, la que todos conocemos, la que aparece en los libros de botánica o de zoología, si ponemos una foto esta sería un ejemplo muy concreto, es decir, es una planta o un animal en particular, pero si hacemos una ilustración podemos representar un caso generalizado omitiendo imperfecciones y optimizándolo para representar a toda la especie asociada.
Estos grados de complejidad de la ilustración en el ámbito de la ciencia se extrapolarán al Diseño Gráfico y la intención es llevarlo a término en el aula.
Concluiremos enfatizando que este es un estudio relevante no solo por unir dos campos aparentemente contradictorios, sino porque tienen una proyección hacia la transmisión del conocimiento como divulgación científica, y en el campo de la docencia para formar a diseñadores gráficos con itinerario en ilustración.
... Dalam perkembangannya, beberapa perubahan yang terjadi terkait dinamika kebutuhan dan penggunaan ruang yang disebabkan oleh kehadiran teknologi, adanya wabah dan kebijakan [15]. Perubahan yang terjadi telah mengubah struktur sosial-spasial, mengubah budaya jalanan tradisional, mengikis rasa identitas lokal, menciptakan ruang kota yang tidak dapat digunakan dan menimbulkan pertanyaan besar tentang bagaimana ruang tersebut menanggapi kebutuhan dan aspirasi masyarakat [16]. ...
p class="Abstract">Ruang publik hadir memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan masyarakat perkotaan melalui interaksi sosial, ekonomi dan budaya. Ruang publik sebagai sarana interaksi bersama warga perkotaan saat ini menghadapi transformasi terkait munculnya pandemi Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) yang mengancam eksistensi ruang publik. Aturan protokol kesehatan yang wajib dipenuhi setiap individu saat beraktivitas pada akhirnya disarankan pemerintah dan organisasi kesehatan dunia. Setiap individu sebaiknya beraktivitas di rumah tinggal atau lingkungan permukiman sekitarnya untuk mencegah meluasnya pandemi. Hadirnya kebijakan dan pandemi tersebut mempengaruhi individu saat beraktivitas menggunakan ruang publik. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui eksistensi ruang publik di permukiman kota dalam menghadapi transformasi penggunaan ruang yang terjadi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif berdasarkan studi literatur dan studi kasus pada ruang publik di permukiman kota. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksistensi ruang publik masih terjaga meskipun telah terjadi transformasi penggunaan ruang publik selama pandemi. Upaya adaptasi fisik maupun non fisik diperlukan untuk menghadapi perubahan yang terjadi. Perubahan penggunaan ruang fisik dari skala kota ke skala permukiman kota dihadapi dengan melengkapi fasilitas protokol kesehatan. Perubahan aktivitas penggunaan ruang non fisik dilakukan dengan penerapan kebijakan mematuhi protokol kesehatan bagi warga dan warga wajib untuk mematuhinya agar terjaga kesehatan dan keselamatannya termasuk memanfaatkan teknologi untuk berinteraksi dan memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya.</p
... The phenomenon of spontaneity is defined as a dynamic process and unpredictable when studied at a small scale such as in city center public spaces. Public places are directly altered by people since they are participatory settings through regular human activity, visual engagement, and attached values (Altman et al. 1989). There have been attempts by different actors to modify the passage environment to accommodate certain activities and meet their demands, despite the fact that the passageways in the two study zones have been upgraded and modified throughout time. ...
In contrast to the orthodox comprehensive planning approaches, several contemporary studies on public spaces have focused on the notion of how people utilize space and how they appropriate and inhabit the city. Since the 1960s, many theorists have embraced this idea and developed unconventional concepts such as spontaneous public spaces. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the forms of temporary appropriation to shed light on the role of spontaneity in Downtown Cairo passageways. While several researchers studied Downtown passageways in terms of physical aspects, there is a lack of literature that tackles the everyday spatial appropriation. Therefore, Al-Alfi and Al-Shereefen passageways were chosen for the investigation. Those passageways serve as a useful case study for examining the differences between the anticipated planned use of the space and the emergent practices that evoke spatial and socioeconomic disorder that add an unpredictable layer to urban life. We conducted multiple walk-by observations and behavioral mapping both during day and at night. The findings revealed two basic forms of temporal appropriation: economic and recreational. As a result, the research brought attention to how these temporal activities may represent the embrace of both individual and group spontaneity in passageways. Finally, this research aimed to bridge the gap between governmental strategic planning practices and the human-centered perspective in order to contribute to the formation of an alternative dialogue for future urban development of Downtown passageways.
... Conceptually, public spaces are the main stage of urban life, facilitate encounters and the exchange of experiences, are physically accessible to all groups and foster a tolerant urban society through exposure to different people and their traditions (Arendt, 1958;Carr et al., 1993;Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996;Oldenburg, 1997;Mehta, 2007Mehta, , 2014Altman and Zube, 2012;Madanipour and Hull, 2017). Public spaces act as geographic locales that gather, activate, sustain, identify, and interconnect human beings, experiences, meanings, and events (Seamon, 2018). ...
This paper investigates how socio-spatial aspects of creativity, operationalized as the causal relations between the built environment and perceived creativity in university campuses' public spaces, are currently applied in practice. Moreover, it discusses practitioners' perceptions regarding research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity according to three effectiveness aspects: credibility, relevance, and applicability. The "research-generated evidence" is herein derived from data-driven knowledge generated by multidisciplinary methodologies (e.g., self-reported perceptions, participatory tools, geospatial analysis, observations). Through a thematic analysis of interviews with practitioners involved in the (re)development of campuses public spaces of inner-city campuses and science parks in Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Groningen. We concluded that socio-spatial aspects of creativity concepts were addressed only at the decision-making level for Utrecht Science Park. Correspondingly, while presented evidence was considered by most practitioners as relevant for practice, perceptions of credibility and applicability vary according to institutional goals, practitioners' habits in practice, and their involvement in projects' roles and phases. The newfound interrelationships between the three effectiveness aspects highlighted (a) the institutional fragmentation issues in campuses and public spaces projects, (b) the research-practice gap related to such projects, which occur beyond the university campuses' context, and (c) insights on the relationship between evidence generated through research-based data-driven knowledge and urban planning practice, policy, and governance related to knowledge environments. We concluded that if research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity is to be integrated into the evidence-based practice of campuses' public spaces, an alignment between researchers, multiple actors involved, policy framing, and goal achievements are fundamental. Policy Significance Statement This research focuses on the data-driven knowledge from research on the socio-spatial aspects of creativity on university campuses, and provides insights beyond this specific context. This research is significant for policymakers, planners, and designers involved in the (re)development of public spaces. It provides in-depth knowledge of how the socio-spatial aspects are currently applied in practice. Further, it showed a newfound relationship between the three effectiveness aspects: credibility, relevance, and applicability. Practitioners considered the research-generated evidence mostly relevant; however, credibility and applicability varied according to their background knowledge and projects' phases and roles. In this sense, the integration of
... Public space is recognized as being accessible to all groups and provides social action and temporary ownership [17,26,27]. This means that public space refers to the physical features of openness and a socially created place to communicate with other people and environments. ...
This paper investigates the meanings of urban public space, both as a didactic platform and as a way to spread awareness of climate change through art. What are the roles of public space? How do artworks intervene in urban public space? How can public art contribute to “sustainability” issues? I have argued that the intervention of art in urban public space offers effective ways of developing climate change art, which is understood to be an educator. Public space can be categorized into three different types: everyday, social, and symbolic spaces. These can be used as a platform for opening discussion and learning about the increased issues of the global crisis in contemporary society. I have drawn upon the representative case studies about climate change to explore how they intervene in urban public space and how they engage viewers to spread awareness, which is one of the fundamental aspects of this paper. It also stimulates viewers’ perceptions and awareness of a more sustainable future through phenomenological and emotional experiences. Thus, this paper contributes to the understanding and knowledge of the relationship between art and public space with respect to raising awareness about climate change and considering how art intervenes in urban public space to create an eco-didactic platform.
... If preventable accidents are not stop due to our irresponsibility it is nothing but short of murder. If the safety methods are not followed an unplanned and unexpected accident may cause which may result into an injury or damage to health or property (Chakraborty K. 2011, Altman I. et al. 1989). ...
... Public spaces are integral elements of the urban fabric which are responsible for the form and structure of cities, and which influence the quality of urban life. Public spaces evolve dynamically and play an increasingly important role in urban development, which is why their quality should be investigated [10][11][12][13]. A thorough knowledge of public space quality is required for effective management [14][15][16], and the existing condition of public spaces constitutes a point of departure for planning new solutions. ...
Public spaces play many important roles and constitute a vital component of the urban fabric, in particular in towns with historical centers. Effective management of public space should be based on the results of qualitative assessments. The quality of public space is usually evaluated directly during field surveys. However, field methods require considerable effort and time, which is why a remote sensing method based on satellite images and the Street View technology was proposed in this paper. Two Polish towns were evaluated, and the results generated by the direct and the remote approach were compared. The assessment focused on public spaces which constitute public property and promote direct human interactions. Both methods produced highly similar results, which indicates that remote sensing is a suitable technique for assessing the quality of public spaces.
... Women harassment and ferocity in public places reported by urban women in India is 79 %, in Thailand − 85 %, and in Brazil − 89 % [4]. Local surveys, studies and literature on women's safety in public places exposed that women needs and their concerns are overlooked due to societal iniquities, anxieties, and phobia of aggression [5], [6]. Women concerns are entirely different from those of men when they approach public transport terminals, public parks, public squares, markets and bazaars. ...
Changing trends of human settlements and urbanization have a significant impact on all segments of society. Lahore is the most crowded and urbanized district of Punjab. Women participate in the development of the city, they are required to visit workplaces, and experience public places. Subsequently, these public places are grounds of ferocity and discomfort. The study examines the female's perception regarding safety at public places and the consequent factors contributing towards the insecurity of females. Regression analysis is carried out to interpret the causal relationship between public places and safety elements. In conclusion, it was established that safety elements should be kept in mind to achieve safer environment. The research necessitates urban planners and designers to introduce features for women safety, privacy and comfort in the design of public places.
This paper explores how well-designed community empowerment centers can support addressing some of the developmental challenges and gaps in rural transformation in Nepal. It draws on theoretical frameworks, analysis of activities in rural development, and case studies of successful examples, like the Life School Centre in Nepal and the Women's Opportunity Centre in Rwanda, to identify how such centers can address a range of these issues. It is a center where inclusive programs are integrated with innovative policies and sustainable design to empower poor communities through vocational training, education, health care, and entrepreneurial support. They act as catalysts for community-led solutions and also integrate climate-responsive architecture with locally adapted strategies. The paper identifies user-centered design and participatory processes that are at the core in stimulating economic self-sufficiency, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. The findings presented strongly argue that strategic collaboration, resource optimization, and capacity-building should be intrinsic features of the development gaps for rural settings, hence models that are scalable, adaptable, and inspiring to replicate globally.
Container homes used to meet the shelter needs of disaster victims in the post-disaster period are often foreign environments, which can create psychological challenges. The process of individuals adapting to a space begins with personalization. This study examines the physical and psychosocial needs of disaster victims through the 'phenomenon of personalization.' Implementing different forms of personalization to overcome alienation from the space can facilitate the acceptance process by making the environment familiar. The research addresses the personalization processes of disaster victims in containers and their user requirements, collecting data through observations and semi-structured interviews in the AFAD container city in İskenderun. As a result, the personalization that disaster victims engage in within the container contributes to psychological, social, and physical recovery processes. Therefore, it is essential that post-disaster shelter spaces are designed to allow for personalization and adopt a user-centered approach.
During the Ottoman era, the territory that came to be known as Transjordan was not recognized as a single administrative unit. Instead, it was identified by its various districts: Ajloun, al-Balqa, al-Karak, and Ma’an. Collectively, these areas bore little resemblance to today’s Kingdom of Jordan, forming a narrow strip of land from the Jordan Valley westward to the eastern desert along the pilgrimage route. The Ottomans did not exercise administrative control over the vast desert areas east of this road, which remained predominantly under Bedouin influence.
As street imagery and big data techniques evolve, opportunities for refined urban governance emerge. This study delves into effective methods for urban perception evaluation and street refinement governance by using street view data and deep learning. Employing DeepLabV3+ and VGGNet models, we analyzed street view images from Nanshan District, Shenzhen, identifying critical factors that shape residents’ spatial perceptions, such as urban greenery, road quality, and infrastructure. The findings indicate that robust vegetation, well-maintained roads, and well-designed buildings significantly enhance positive perceptions, whereas detractors like fences reduce quality. Furthermore, Moran’s I statistical analysis and multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models highlight spatial heterogeneity and the clustering of perceptions, underscoring the need for location-specific planning. The study also points out that complex street networks in accessible areas enhance living convenience and environmental satisfaction. This research shows that integrating street view data with deep learning provides valuable tools for urban planners and policymakers, aiding in the development of more precise and effective urban governance strategies to foster more livable, resilient, and responsive urban environments.
Research in architecture and urbanism is a complex undertaking. It involves a multitude of challenges, approaches, variables, diverse scales, and types of environments to examine. This entry dives into the complexities of architectural and urban research and explores the integration of diverse approaches into various research topics or domains. Recognizing the dynamic interplay of human, cultural, technological, and environmental factors in architecture and urbanism, it proposes a transdisciplinary approach to bridge existing disciplinary and methodological boundaries. This entry adopts and operationalizes a comprehensive approach that encompasses hybrid scenario development, integrated socio-spatial analysis, a revised experiential approach, and the integration of environmental psychology into architectural and urban studies. These components are envisioned to harmonize various methodologies and to depict a picture of what research in architecture and urbanism could be within an identified set of domains. This approach is grounded in a rigorous literature review, empirical evidence, and relevant validation through case studies. The application of this approach instigates a series of research scenarios which act as frameworks that provide new insights into design and practice-based research, building anatomy research, city dynamics research, housing dynamics research, and user perception studies. Each scenario demonstrates the applicability of combining theoretical insights with empirical investigations. The implications of these scenarios for architectural and urban research emphasize the significance of transdisciplinarity and highlights the importance of integrating diverse theoretical tenets and methodological insights to address the complex challenges of research in architecture and urbanism.
The complexity of urbanisation is a significant obstacle to sustainable planning policies and strategies, particularly concerning the growth of informal spaces in developing countries. Occupying or appropriating such urban spaces gives these areas new functions. Building upon previous research, this study illustrates the spatial properties and explains the motivation for production in informal spaces for gardening and plant cultivation. Additionally, this paper considers activities conducted related to their use and utilisation patterns. Moreover, the work evaluates the positive impact of the informal gardens and supports requirements for their maintenance or improvement. Additionally, the study discusses how using public space for gardening can contribute to sustainable urban planning strategies and their alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study applies a quantitative and qualitative approach, combining a questionnaire, participant observations, plot mapping, and photographs, drawing on empirical evidence from Piura, Peru, to comprehensively depict various processes at this site. The field analysis illustrates why people transform such spaces and these areas' uses, highlighting the potential benefits of enhancing the ecological knowledge of urban dwellers. This process cultivates an appreciation for the role of urban gardens in promoting sustainability and improving quality of life. The work examines the role that the informal use of public space can play in urban planning and development strategies. Consequently, planners, committed to social justice, can use these processes as a roadmap for constructing a more inclusive, responsive and equitable city.
Every day, the architecture and built environment we inhabit envelopes our minds and bodies and influences how we feel and mentally behave.
The complications and sequelae of COVID-19 have jeopardized the well-being of residents, hindering community sustainability. Experiencing positive emotions can mitigate or counteract the negative effects of some diseases, but modern residential facades cannot effectively stimulate positive emotions among residents. Traditional culture influences people’s emotional responses. However, it is unclear what the result would be if traditional architectural patterns, one of the symbols of traditional culture, were redecorated as modern residential facades. Therefore, this paper used questionnaire research to collect data from residents of the Zhouxinyuan community in Wuxi on different types of traditional architectural patterns in assessing architectural aesthetics (N = 365) and health benefits (N = 154), using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to analyze the data for variance. The results indicate that modern residential facades decorated with traditional architectural patterns were more consistent with residents’ visual preferences and more likely to stimulate positive emotions than existing residential facades. Most importantly, modern residential facades decorated with traditional architectural patterns showed higher health benefits, especially in calming emotions (mean = 5, SD = 1.033). Based on these findings and the theory of positive experience, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for modern community public space renovation that contributes to improving the health benefits of modern communities. The framework can mitigate or counteract the complications or sequelae of the pandemic, contributing to the sustainable development of modern community public space environmental systems.
There is a growing interest in using social robots in public spaces for indoor and outdoor applications. The threat landscape is an important research area being investigated and debated by various stakeholders. Objectives: This study aims to identify and synthesize empirical research on the complete threat landscape of social robots in public spaces. Specifically, this paper identifies the potential threat actors, their motives for attacks, vulnerabilities, attack vectors, potential impacts of attacks, possible attack scenarios, and mitigations to these threats. Methods: This systematic literature review follows the guidelines by Kitchenham and Charters. The search was conducted in five digital databases, and 1469 studies were retrieved. This study analyzed 21 studies that satisfied the selection criteria. Results: Main findings reveal four threat categories: cybersecurity, social, physical, and public space. Conclusion: This study completely grasped the complexity of the transdiscipli-nary problem of social robot security and privacy while accommodating the diversity of stakehold-ers' perspectives. Findings give researchers and other stakeholders a comprehensive view by highlighting current developments and new research directions in this field. This study also proposed a taxonomy for threat actors and the threat landscape of social robots in public spaces.
Recycling activities are common in Hong Kong households because of the establishment of different campaigns and promotions organized by the Government and non-government organizations. However, wheelchair users are excluded from the recycling activities, and the current facilities do not cater for their needs. To address the issues of wheelchair users participating in recycling, this paper examines the design of public recycling facilities in Hong Kong and investigates how these facilities facilitate or hinder wheelchair users from recycling. A model of addressing design considerations of wheelchair users, the AC-AD model is developed based on the empirical data. The importance of self-efficacy of wheelchair persons and the connection between public and private are discussed. Improvements on the facilities are then suggested in the paper.
Urban public spaces are the spatial nexus of social interactions, activities, and expressions. Society manifests itself within these spaces through different lenses such as cultures and norms. The framework and restrictions related to gender-based behavior play a central role in the discourse about inclusivity and equity in urban public spaces when viewed through these lenses. There is, however, a gap in the literature that addresses how culture and gender influence public space behaviors and intentions within a traditional and modern cultural framework. The current study tests whether culture correlates with public space behavior on a neighborhood scale. A comparative study was conducted between two distinct neighborhoods in the city of Kerman, Iran. The two cases were selected due to their significant differences in how women use and interact with urban space. The effects of gender differences and perceived constraints on how residents manifest their behavior in public spaces were investigated. The study further investigated whether gender has a significant relationship with the level of appropriateness of certain public space behaviors and the intention to pursue them. The findings indicate significant cultural differences in both behavioral practice and behavioral intentions among the respondents. Furthermore, in traditional neighborhoods, the findings support significant gender-dependent differences in public space behavior, even though this gap is not apparent regarding intentions toward public space behaviors. The findings show a significantly greater disparity between traditional and modern districts in women’s perceived behavioral restrictions on personal expression.
Campus is a building that is built to contain many activities of education and research. The term of campus is usually used to indicate where the various activities are held by the college or university. A campus should be designed in such a way that feels comfortable for each user. Therefore, the comfort of the space and the satisfaction of facilities in the open space of a campus needs to be investigated. Bandar Lampung University is one the campus that has open space in the form of park and become a container for various public activities, especially for students. This research conducted at Engineering Park, E Building, campus region Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia for 6 days in two data retrieval session is at 08.00 11.00 WIB and at 14.00 17.00. Methods of collecting data conducted how to spread the questionnaire, photo documentation, and direct observation. The data obtained in this study is presented in the form of tables, diagrams, and photo of the documentation. Methods of the data analysis using the method of text data analysis. The number of samples obtained is 100 repondens from the population about 200 people (per day). The result of this research is about perception of the visitors to the comfort level of the open space and the level of facility satisfaction.
This chapter presents a literature review of key concepts and connections that serve as a framework for understanding the conditions of access inequalities of socially disadvantaged residents of cities of Latin America: accessibility, social and spatual inequality, and transport-related social exclusion. The review seeks to identify conditions that underpin the ability of low-income, peripheral and other marginal population groups to access essential services and opportunities for their well-being. Building on such a review, the paper proposes a framework that identifies relevant connections between transport and urban configurations and inequalities that may affect socially vulnerable groups such as low-income groups, people with disabilities, elderly, women, and ethnic minorities. This review proposes a integrated framework linking splintering urbanism and social exclusion, placing accessibility—or the lack thereof—as a core issue bringing the two concepts together while considering their translation into the context of urban transport inequalities and inequities in cities in Latin America. The review contends that fragmentations stemming from splintered urbanism lead to inaccessibility that leads to exclusion in mutually reinforcing processes. Such processes reflect the limitations of mainstream approaches to urban and transport planning to address the needs of socially disadvantaged populations in Latin America.
In the context of rapid global urbanization, rural villagers’ demand for public space is increasing. This article understands the development of rural public space through the perception of villagers. Using literature research method, questionnaire survey method, field investigation method and other methods, the investigation results of villagers’ behavior in rural public spaces and villagers’ satisfaction were analyzed. The study found that the villagers’ demand for public space is mostly in terms of accessibility, good landscape, and good environment. The villagers hope that the town can have more public spaces to enrich life. Therefore, based on the conclusions of villagers’ perception survey and research, this article studies the planning and design strategies of rural architecture public spaces.
The chapter analyses an interesting case of heritage preservation which led to creating one of the most unique and vibrant urban, public and creative spaces in the city of Doha, the Capital of the State of Qatar. The chapter focuses on the multi-layered urban condition that was generated in the city as a result of an unprecedented integration between positive public and green spaces, rehabilitated architectural heritage and public art. This trilogy as manifested in the urban fabric of Doha, provided the city with a new interpretation of the holistic role of the public space as magnet for people’s gathering and existential expressions if planned not as a mere recreational space but as an opportunity to exhibit the sophistication of the community. The chapter concludes with a framework constructs a vision for public spaces in Qatar and other Gulf cities which are in dire need to revisit the concept of public spaces, urban diversity, assembling identity, particularly in such a turmoil times of uncertainty resulted from tough economic pressures due to the decreased oil prices and the COVID-19 unfolding consequences.
The goal of the article is to present the theoretical and empirical research as for development of preschoolers’ personal privacy and to determine their parents’ contribution to this process.
Research methodology : In order to find out ways of preschoolers’ privacy development and parental attitudes towards it, the sample of adults was divided into two groups for comparison: 84 parents (42 parents of 4-year old children and 42 parents of 6-year old children). To this end, the following diagnostic techniques were used: the questionnaire “Sovereignty of a psychological space” (Nartova-Bochaver S.K.), the method “Actors and typical causes of conflicts at each age stage” (Venkova N.A.). Two groups of children of 4 (n=26) and 6 (n=28) years were examined with the method “My house” to study characteristics of preschoolers’ psychological boundaries, their dynamic features and methods of protection, (Silina O.V.). Methods of mathematical statistics were used to estimate empirical data.
Research results: The empirical research of 84 parents (Ukraine) having children in preschool age show that preschoolers’ personal privacy is mainly developed due to expansion of such components of their psychological space as personal territory, habits and values. The closest social environment, in particular parents, is only partly ready to support children’s pursuit for the sovereignty of their psychological space.
Discussion: The psychological support of preschoolers’ privacy development is possible only with psychological work with their parents as leading agents of their socialization. This work should be aimed at harmonization of parents’ attitudes towards children’s claims to have a personal space. Such support should include psychological enlightenment, active social psychological trainings, counselling and psychotherapy, specially organized for all actors influencing children’s psychological space development.
Based on a targeted literature review, this vision paper emphasizes the importance of dementia-sensitive built space. The article specifically focuses on supporting spatial orientation and wayfinding for people living with dementia. First, we discuss types of wayfinding challenges, underlying processes, and consequences of spatial disorientation in the context of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type . Second, we focus on current efforts aimed at planning and evaluating dementia-sensitive built space, i.e., environmental design principles, interventions, evaluation tools, strategies, and planning processes. Third, we use our findings as a starting point for developing an interdisciplinary research vision aimed at encouraging further debates and research about: (1) the perspective of a person with dementia, specifically in the context of wayfinding and spatial orientation, and (2) how this perspective supplements planning and design processes of dementia-sensitive built space. We conclude that more closely considering the perspective of people with dementia supports the development of demographically sustainable future cities and care institutions.
The number of seniors rises worldwide. The lockdown of public institutions caused by COVID-19 influenced the lives of many of them. In the new reality, owners and managers of public spaces need to rethink the way they provide their services, and redesign public spaces to meet the needs of senior citizens. This requires the recognition of the needs of seniors concerning the use of public spaces in the times of the COVID-19 hazard. To investigate this issue, survey studies with 1000 respondents aged 65+ were conducted. The implementation of the obtained data in the process of redesigning public spaces may facilitate the opening up after the lockdown. Taking into account the requirements of a very large group of citizens being seniors is crucial, as it was found that 55% of respondents will also be afraid to use public spaces after the COVID-19 lockdown. The selected ideas that could minimize the feeling of fear when using public spaces after the lockdown were evaluated by seniors.
The success of university campuses depends on the interrelations between creative encounters and the built environment, conceptualised here as spatial affordances for creativity. Such an interface plays a fundamental role in interactions for knowledge sharing and the exchange of ideas on campus. Due to campus public spaces generally being considered as the leftovers between buildings and classrooms, undermanaged, and overlooked, little is known about the extent to which this built environment enables or inhibits creative encounters in such spaces. The inner-city campuses and science parks (SPs) of Amsterdam and Utrecht, the case-studies of this research, differ in terms of their location relative to the city, their masterplan typologies and the arrangement of buildings. However, they are similar in terms of the aforementioned issues of public spaces. The novelty of this research is the attempt to overcome such issues using an innovative mixed-methods approach that tests the 'spatial affordances for creativity' with empirical data collection and analysis. This raises the importance of mapping, quantifying and analysing the spatial distribution of momentary perceptions, experiences, and feelings of people with methods such as volunteered geographic information (VGI). The results show that proximity between multiple urban functions and physical features, such as parks, cafés and urban seating are important when it comes to explaining the high frequency of creative encounters between people. Urban designers of campuses can use the applied method as a tool to plan and design attractive public spaces that provide creativity through the transfer of tacit knowledge, social well-being, positive momentary perceptions, sense of community, and a sense of place.
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El presente artículo analiza los diversos usos y significados que se presentan en la multiplicidad de espacios públicos y en sus liminalidades, en contextos urbanos y en configuraciones políticas determinadas, enmarcados en relaciones de género estructuralmente establecidas. De igual manera, se brindan elementos teórico-metodológicos para contribuir a la discusión sociológica del uso social de los espacios, el cual induce o inhibe el acceso y disfrute por parte de las mujeres y otros grupos tradicionalmente en desventaja. A partir del análisis de lugares como el parque, la calle y hasta los espacios virtuales —redes sociales y la Internet—, se exponen datos contundentes acerca de la desigualdad de la utilización, percepción y participación dentro del espacio público.
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This chapter presents the theoretical framework of this research. It proposes a placemaking conceptual model that illustrates the interrelatedness of various theories on urban imageability, likeability, symbolism, placemaking, sustainability, and public participation. It hypothesizes that participatory placemaking promotes a healthier social life, economy, and environment, which collectively support tourism and sustainability. The chapter closes by stressing that establishing sound spatial relationships between public places and tall buildings is essential to placemaking.
The character of Amman, Jordan, as the "City of Waters"-referring to the abundance of water flowing in its known stream-has faded away because of the municipal policy to cover the stream in the 1960s which gradually changed the ecological character. This paper traces and explores the impacts of stream-coverage policy on the city character, morphology and land use changes. The purpose is to understand how an engineered problem-solving policy changed physical and perceptive factors and affected the character of the city. It also explores future attitudes towards reversing the non-nature-friendly conditions. The methods depend upon monitoring morphological changes in aerial photographs and in land use maps from municipality archives, conducting interviews with the elderly who witnessed change, one-to-one questionnaires with stakeholders and online questionnaires with residents and visitors. The results show that covering the stream is depriving the city of its historical/ecological character. The policy failed to promote affluent business, to mitigate flood impacts, or to decrease traffic congestion in the Central Business District (CBD). Most age groups believe the stream can improve the image and economy, despite the fact of their unawareness of its historical presence. In conclusion, engineered problem-solving should not stay in the hands of decision makers (technocrats) alone, but rather be considered with the public, sustainable character experts, and ecologists.
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