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Economic Analysis of Law
... Social network economics can show how mass atrocities may emerge spontaneously and unpredictably and how they diffuse over a network of perpetrators (Schelling 1971, Granovetter 1978. And concepts in politics and political economy such as power, ideology, the instrumental use of hate, and frictions arising in collective decision making can help explain why mass atrocities, once started, are so hard to stop (e.g., Glaeser 2005, Posner 2014). ...
... The crux of the matter revolves around the costs and benefits of negotiating the design of binding and enforceable treaties in the absence of supranational authorities. Posner (2014) notes, for instance, that while negotiating a multilateral treaty is less costly than negotiating many bilateral ones, the costs still are substantial and among the reasons why treaties often are single issue with relatively low performance thresholds. To bargain for a larger set of benefits, the costs might exceed what nation-states may be willing to commit in present and expected future costs. ...
Counting conservatively, data show about 100 million mass atrocity-related deaths since 1900. A distinct empirical phenomenon, mass atrocities are events of enormous scale, severity, and brutality, occur in wartime and in peacetime, are geographically widespread, occur with surprising frequency, under various systems of governance, and can be long-lasting in their effects on economic and human development, wellbeing, and wealth, more so when nonfatal physical injuries and mental trauma also are considered. As such, mass atrocities are a major economic concern. Given the multidisciplinary nature of the subject matter, the pertinent conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literatures are voluminous and widely dispersed, and have not been synthesized before from an economics point of view. We address two gaps: a “mass atrocities gap” in the economics literature and an “economics gap” in mass atrocities scholarship. Our goals are, first, to survey and synthesize for economists a broad sweep of literatures on which to base further work in this field and, second, for both economists and noneconomists to learn how economic inquiry contributes to understanding the causes and conduct of mass atrocities and, possibly, to their mitigation and prevention. In drawing on standard, behavioral, identity, social network, and complex systems economics, we find that the big puzzles of the “how” and “why” of mass atrocities, and mass participation therein, are being well addressed. While new research on such topics will be valuable, work should also progress to develop improved prevention approaches. (JEL D72, D74, K38, N40, Z13)
... Most consumers even keep silent when harmed by defective food products. However, individuals are the best judges of their own actions (13). Because food safety is a major public issue related to individual health and social stability, each citizen can be considered a natural and unique participant in the food safety social co-governance system, wherein citizens have unique functions that differ from those of government, market, and social organizations. ...
Objective
This study aims to identify all actors that hold some responsibility for ensuring food safety based on the complete food supply chain in the context of China's current circumstances.Methods
The study was conducted among citizens in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. All citizens fully understood the purpose of the study and voluntarily agreed to participate. From December 10 to 14, 2020, a total of 398 valid samples were collected by the researchers using a structured questionnaire. Survey data were assessed using best–worst scaling and a mixed logit model from the perspective of citizen responsibility.ResultsIn descending order, responsibility for ensuring food safety goes from food producers and traders (including producers, distributors, and retailers) to the government, social organizations, news media, and finally to citizens. Food producers and traders are the actors who should take the greatest responsibility, whereas citizens bear the least responsibility.Conclusion
The responsibility of citizens in food safety co-governance should be recognized but it should not be arbitrarily extended.
... 25 23. Richard A Posner, 1999, Economic Analysis of Law, Harvard University Press, hal, 122. 24. ...
Hukum bukan hanya berguna sebagai sarana pengendali untuk memelihara ketertiban sosial, tetapi juga untuk mengendalikan perubahan masyarakat ke arah yang dikehendaki. Pancasila sebagai ideologi bangsa adalah paradigma atau kerangka pikir, sumber nilai, dan orientasi arah bagi penegakan. Perwujudan nilai-nilai itu menjadi keniscayaan, karena dalam praktik penegakan hukum terjadi diskrepansi, yakni ketidaksesuaian antara harapan dan kenyataan. Penegakan hukum dan kebijakan politik kerap melukai rasa keadilan. Dalam penegakan hukum pidana dan hukum tata negara telah meninggalkan rasa keadilan dan kebijakan politik kian elitis tak berpihak pada yang lemah. Mewujudkan hukum berkeadilan secara progresif adalah solusi sistemik untuk mewujudkan keadilan substansial. Maka dari itu, menjalankan hukum progresif adalah keniscayaan, yakni menegakkan hukum dengan memilih cara tidak hanya menurut prinsip logika, tetapi harus dengan independensi, perasaan, kepedulian, dan pemihakan kepada yang lemah. Hal ini sejalan dengan ajaran nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila, yakni berketuhanan, berperikemanusiaan, berpersatuan, berkerakyatan, dan berkeadilan. Inilah cara menjaga Pancasila dalam praktik penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Operasionalisasi hukum berkeadilan secara progresif adalah dengan cara mencari cara-cara baru (role breaking) dan terobosan inovatif, jika cara normal dan normatif tak mampu segera mewujudkan asas dan nilai mazhab Pancasila.
... The granting of patent protection is, analytically speaking, through the grant of a title to a particular invention, in fact the grant of a monopoly over it. 21 Yet, since according to economic science every monopoly is theoretically and empirically (of course, except for a natural monopoly): extremely harmful, dangerous, a source of inefficiency, destructive of economic and economic activity, inhibitive/inhibits innovation, facilitates the appropriation of unjustified monopoly rents, enables moral hazard, opportunism and nepotism, and thereby directly reduces social well-being, 22 IP law must strike a balance between fostering innovation and the dissemination of ideas. This trade-off between providing incentives to innovate and preventing monopolies is also the main reason for the strictly limited time of patent protection (up to 20 years) and for the evident rise in patent protection maintenance costs. ...
Continents are facing an apocalyptic pandemic that is terribly dangerous for millions of their inhabitants. This paper seeks to address the role of intellectual property (IP) law in addressing the problem of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We suggest that the current international IP law regime and the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement are not insurmountable obstacles for access to a successful COVID‐19 vaccine. The publicly advocated fundamental reform or even abolition of the present IP law regime under serious information asymmetries might be counterproductive and distortive. Via existing compulsory licensing, advance purchase agreements and the employment of patent‐pools, research subsidies, reward mechanisms and reputational sanctions, governments can take the steps needed to effectively overcome any IP‐associated barriers to access to crucial medicines/vaccines, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Moreover, the current wave of medical research on COVID‐19 suggests the previous vaccine R&D ‘failures’ were driven by the modest demand for such vaccines and were not due to an inadequate IP‐incentive stream. The paper also suggests today's EU competition law rules on the horizontal exchange of information could be seen as an impediment to innovation and thus be temporary suspended.
... [12] Wealth Maximization Theory it is actually focuses on applying the principle of efficiency as a state in which resources are allocated, so the value is maximum. [13] Knowledge of microeconomic analysis of law is very relevant and important for the legal studies because the legal analysis will acquire new knowledge, which is to consider "cost and benefit ratio" In the formation of laws and law enforcement. [14] Richard Posner asserted that observing an economic perspective on the law create behavioral law or behavioral economy. ...
... It minimizes the opportunity of court officials to meet the disputing parties, thus preventing illegal levies and collusion involving court officials. [14] E-court system in Indonesia is carried out based on PERMA no. 1 of 2019, compared to developed countries that has applied electronic trial system, for instance, Singapore, Indonesia's is left behind. In Singapore, every citizen who possess SingPassID (for individual) and CorpPassID (for legal entity) can access electronic justice to litigate. ...
... Tratam-se, por certo, da matéria-prima dos juristas as divergências hermenêuticas, mas elas se ampliam de modo considerável, quando versam sobre a questão ambiental. As forças dissipadoras seriam produto da ideologia do laissez-faire, do racionalismo instrumental, da ignorância, do egoísmo ou mesmo da indiferença com o destino da humanidade (SMITH, 2013, p. xii) Não se podem desconsiderar os riscos de cooptação dos poderes institucionalizados, inclusive o Judiciário, pela força e interesses econômicos (GALE, 1986), quando não forem eles mesmos, os juízes, instrumentos de maximização de utilidades econômicas (POSNER, 1977). Tampouco se pode confiar apenas ou somente numa postura avantgard de um poder, cuja formação e estrutura parecem mais próximas de respostas conflitantes e, em nome da imparcialidade, propensas à manutenção do status quo (SUNS-TEIN, 1996, p. 176) 2 . ...
A democracia ambiental é resultado da aquisição evolutiva que uniu o ideal de autodeterminação popular com o projeto de vida digna na Terra para as atuais e futuras gerações. Ela pressupõe e requer uma “política de efetivação” dos direitos e, em particular, do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado ou adequado, por meio da participação popular e social. Orientações doutrinárias e a comunidade internacional têm identificado como pilares da democracia ambiental o triplo acesso: à informação, à participação e à Justiça. Este estudo avalia a importância e desvalia do acesso à justiça nesse processo. As considerações teóricas são examinadas no contexto de positivação constitucional e legal desse direito na Espanha e no Brasil. A comparação dos instrumentos de acesso e da resposta judicial apontará convergências, mas também diferenças importantes.
In recent years, trial waivers (plea bargains in the United States) have been introduced into many legal systems around the world. Once trial waivers (TW) were introduced, most—if not all—of these legal systems witnessed a steep increase in the usage of TW, to the extent that trials are virtually disappearing. Our model explains why introducing TW into a legal system would almost inevitably trigger a dynamic process whose ultimate result is that all defendants choose the TW. The crux of the idea is that defendants who choose the TW option impose a negative externality on other defendants: the former help the prosecution save resources, thus forcing the latter to face stronger prosecution if they choose to go to trial. This further explains the observed increase in conviction rates in trials. We also show that the introduction of TW increases total sanctioning and reduces the welfare of many, if not all, defendants. The intuition for this is that a harsh punishment in a TW, which initially attracts only the most risk-averse defendant, becomes over time attractive to more and more defendants as the expected sanction in trial becomes more severe.
Статья посвящена изучению конкретного теоретического вопроса: какой из двух научных дисциплин - праву или экономике - принадлежит феномен собственности. Необходимость его рассмотрения обусловлена тем, что начиная с середины XX в. понятие собственности приобрело в отечественном обществоведении совершенно исключительное значение, непонятное ученым, привыкшим мыслить в иных парадигмах. В отличие от зарубежных коллег, советские, а затем российские обществоведы привыкли считать, что помимо собственности в юридическом смысле существует также собственность в экономическом смысле, понимаемая как основа социально-экономического строя конкретного общества. Автор прослеживает генезис и развитие этого представления, связанного с советской интерпретацией марксизма в эпоху Сталина. С этой целью в статье анализируются взгляды на эту проблему ведущих отечественных историков-медиевистов, юристов, экономистов и философов. Показана внутренняя противоречивость концепции двойственной природы феномена собственности и проблемы, возникающие при ее применении к конкретным фактам истории как далекого прошлого, так и современности. Доказывается, что собственность - правовое явление, изучение которого методами юридической науки позволяет узнать очень многое о праве, социуме и экономике древних и современных обществ.
In this work, the call for a broader perspective in data protection law is deduced in three parts: the first, historical part shows that personal data processing has always been linked to information flows and society institutions, and not just to individual subjects. The second part exposes three structural hallmarks of the DPA. The third part addresses impact deficits of data protection law, the challenges raised by new technologies and commercialization, and the latest approaches to solving them. The author suggests a shift in paradigm: the future data protection law must be a law of systemic data protection, which includes the protection of individual rights.
There is surely room for improvement in commercial contracting practice. The current contracting evolution often leads to a situation where contracts become increasingly and may be needlessly, complex. The paper discusses how complex contracts evolve and how the proposed legal design approach can bring comprehensibility for tackling complexity in contracting. This approach is providing for various benefits and incentives, such as business sustainability, reduced transaction costs, and competitive business advantage. A novel legal quality metric is introduced. This metric will foster the measuring of quality in the legal profession. The metric, comprehensibility, would better serve both lawyers and clients in measuring the true quality of legal services, processes, and products – than the often used, easily misleading metrics such as time spent, cases won, and hours billed. Through this innovative approach to legal quality metrics, the paper will bring further understanding of the impact of comprehensibility in commercial contracting.
This book introduces a critical perspective on public law, the area of law that governs relationships between individuals and the state or its various government institutions and between different government institutions within the state. This perspective originates outside the field of public law—indeed, outside the framework of law entirely. This approach adopts the tools and methods of economics to interpret traditional questions of public law and is thus described as an economic analysis of public law. Because of its focus on the state and decision-making, it can also be characterised as a component of public choice theory. In an analysis of public law, the economic theory of public choice provides valuable insight into collective decision-making processes.
Public law primarily concerns state decisions, including the legislative decisions of the administration and the rulings by the relevant courts. Questions about how state decisions are made (positive analysis) and how they should be made (normative analysis) are, of course, some of the main topics explored within the New Political Economy.
France relies exclusively on lay assessors to solve conflicts between entrepreneurs and employees for the longest time compared to any other civil jurisdiction. Given the lack of legal training of labor judges, the paper tests whether an intensification in the offer for legal services, whether coming from professional judges or specialized labor lawyers, induces delays in the procedure. Using a two-stage least squared estimating method and an innovative dataset on French labor courts between 2013 and 2017, the manuscript estimates the effect of an increase in the intervention of legal experts in labor litigation. The analysis showed that referrals to a professional judge delay labor cases’ solutions but refuted the long-standing economic theory that lawyers induce delay to acquire higher fees. This study indicates that the current structure of employment courts, entirely left in the hand of laymen with little knowledge of the ever-changing labor legislation, should be reconsidered to foster collaborative solutions accounting for industrial experience and, at the same time, legal competency.
Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de l’arbitrage entre deux modes d’organisation des transactions « l’internalisation et l’externalisation des activités logistiques ». Nous allons nous atteler à comprendre, explorer et expliquer les facteurs qui agissent sur l’adoption de la structure de gouvernance idoine en charge de l’exécution des activités logistiques au sein des chaines logistiques appartenant à un secteur ciblé
This innovative history of welfare economics challenges the view that welfare economics can be discussed without taking ethical values into account. Whatever their theoretical commitments, when economists have considered practical problems relating to public policy, they have adopted a wider range of ethical values, whether equality, justice, freedom, or democracy. Even canonical authors in the history of welfare economics are shown to have adopted ethical positions different from those with which they are commonly associated. Welfare Theory, Public Action, and Ethical Values explores the reasons and implications of this, drawing on concepts of welfarism and non-welfarism developed in modern welfare economics. The authors exemplify how economic theory, public affairs and political philosophy interact, challenging the status quo in order to push economists and historians to reconsider the nature and meaning of welfare economics.
The proper interpretation of offers and acceptances has, despite their undisputable role in the formation of contracts, received relatively little theoretical and comparative analysis in recent years. The notorious legal question of when a contract is considered to have been formed is a fundamental concept in all legal systems, yet its nature remains poorly understood and controversial. Moreover, recent doctrinal and jurisprudential developments in English, French, US, German, and Canadian law of contracts call for further systematic assessment of this fascinating topic. This paper seeks to provide a systematic comparative evaluation of the disparate doctrines governing offer and acceptance and the consequential formation of contracts in English, US, German, French, and Canadian law of contracts. While employing well-defined normative criteria of justice and wealth-maximization, it identifies the aspects of suboptimal reliance, rent-seeking, cost-avoidance, and opportunistic revocations and provides a set of economically inspired arguments for justification of the mailbox rule. The paper is an attempt to determine how much new light the comparative analysis of law can shed on the puzzling issues of offer and acceptance so as to help clarify them.
Liability laws designed to compensate for harms caused by defective products may also affect innovation. We examine this issue by exploiting a major quasi-exogenous increase in liability risk faced by US suppliers of polymers used to manufacture medical implants. Difference-in-difference analyses show that this surge in suppliers’ liability risk had a large and negative impact on downstream innovation in medical implants, but it had no signifi-cant effect on upstream polymer patenting. Our findings suggest that liability risk can percolate throughout a vertical chain and may have a significant chilling effect on downstream innovation. (JEL K13, L64, L65, O31, O34)
Contractarians view the corporation as a nexus of contracts, constituted by the express or implied consent of each party to or contracting with it. Strong-form contractarianism takes this claim literally and holds that a corporation can be created and sustained by contract alone, thanks notably to the courts’ supportive gap-filling role. We argue that this view is undermined by the way courts actually treat implied terms. While courts do attempt to fill gaps and hold parties to their bargains, they do not typically manufacture counterfactual consent by resorting to the hypothetical bargain logic of contractarianism. Even under the most flexible form of contract law, the common law contract, the capacity of courts to imply third-party obligations in multi-party contracts is highly limited. This makes the contractarian reliance on contract and the courts to construct the complex set of multi-party obligations that make up the corporate form implausible.
A nomeação da Professora Lina Khan para a presidência do Federal Trade Commission e o recente Memorando do FTC tem gerado intensos debates sobre os mecanismos tradicionais de análise no antitruste. A proposta de uma agenda de mudanças ligada ao movimento Hipster Antitruste como uma resposta aos desafios dos mercados digitais é vista por alguns como um distanciamento da teoria econômica e uma superação dos conceitos econômicos desenvolvidos pela Escola de Chicago. O presente artigo faz uma análise da agenda transversal apresentada para responder, ao final, se há uma fuga da teoria econômica, ou se estamos diante de uma adaptação ao contexto institucional atual e aos desafios dos mercados digitais.
Currently the issue of sustainability is at the heart of the debate on corporate governance of business companies. In Europe, an intense activity of revising and updating European rules applicable to financial markets and company law has started. In Italy, such debate became more intense after the legal transplant of the US benefit corporation model in late 2015. The Italian società benefit allows, through a voluntary choice of the founding members or the shareholders’ meeting, to internalise values typical of corporate social responsibility in the articles of association, making them legally binding on the company and the directors. Considering the traditional dichotomy between for-profit entities and non-profit entities, hybrid models such as the benefit corporation appear to struggle in finding an adequate space within capitalist systems and corporate governance theories. This study attempts to offer an interpretative key for understanding these hybrid models, abandoning the classical homo economicus paradigm to embrace a reading based on behavioural law and economics and the Yale approach to economic analysis of law, according to which altruism and beneficence should be considered as ends in themselves, as goods desired by people and for which they are willing to pay a price. In this line of reasoning, benefit corporations and other hybrid models, because of their ability to bring altruistic values into the corporate purpose, departing from shareholder value maximisation as the raison d'être of the corporate form, can be considered as a further manifestation of ‘firm altruism’, given that they are characterised by a deep and lasting impact on the environment and civil society.
Force est de constater l'absence dans les textes de loi d'une définition précise de la réparation intégrale et a fortiori de règles d'évaluation des dommages-intérêts compensatoires. La doctrine tente bien de pallier ce vide en décrivant les différents types d'indemnisation, notamment aux États-Unis. Pourtant, la difficulté reste entière lorsque le préjudice existe mais que son estimation est délicate ou incertaine. En effet, ces questions sont considérées uniquement comme des questions de faits ; les juges du fond restent donc souverains, ce qui débouche sur une grande imprévisibilité pour les parties. Réduire l'imprévisibilité judiciaire du dommage passe par le choix et la définition d'un cadre de travail commun. S'appuyant notamment sur les résultats d'une analyse empirique comparative de centaines de cas de jurisprudence, l'étude formalise des prescriptions à l'intention des parties qui souhaitent améliorer leurs chances de succès dans le recouvrement des gains manqués et de la perte de chance. Elle évoque aussi la nécessité d'améliorer la pratique judiciaire dans l'application du droit actuel à la réparation intégrale. Surtout, elle aboutit à une conclusion normative fondamentale qui consisterait à considérer le préjudice économique et financier, les dommages intérêts et le calcul du quantum également comme des questions de droit. Dès lors, il relèverait d'une bonne justice que la Cour de cassation préconisa et contrôla l'usage de telle ou telle méthode d'évaluation. Chaque chef de préjudice économique serait ainsi qualifié juridiquement et la notion de réparation intégrale serait élargie pour indemniser plus complètement le préjudice économique difficilement quantifiable.Il ressort enfin que des barèmes référencés d'indemnisation peuvent être construits à partir de l'observation de précédents jugés d'inexécutions contractuelles. L'introduction de ces barèmes pourrait bénéficier aux chercheurs dans leurs débats académiques, aux parties dans la rédaction de leurs contrats, aux conseils dans leurs échanges précontentieux voire aux juges comme outil d'aide à la décision. Si ces barèmes étaient validés et partagés, ils pourraient donner naissance à des modèles d'intelligence artificielle de type machine learning dont la valeur -notamment prédictive -serait sans commune mesure avec ce qu'on en perçoit aujourd'hui.
Although testamentary freedom is an important principle in succession law, legislators and judges across the world have recognized the importance of certain family members by granting them mandatory claims in the inheritance of their deceased relative (in spite of wishes of the deceased). This article focuses on these rights. The goal is to introduce the Dutch framework of imperative succession law and to demonstrate the possibilities of combining the legal and economic discipline to deepen knowledge on these provisions. Whilst examples will focus upon succession law, the concepts will be described in a general manner. This might inspire researchers to apply a similar interdisciplinary approach in other fields of law.
The imperative provisions that currently exist for family members in the Netherlands can be divided into two types of claims. The first is the legitime, a fixed claim for children of the deceased. The second type are the other statutory entitlements that cover a specified range of situations in which judges have freedom in deciding upon the requests of family members. However, this discretion raises many questions on the way judges should handle such claims.
A combination of law and economics can aid in describing and interpreting the law, for example by defining the need for support that is often required for a successful claim. By relying on economic data and theory, judges can come to a more consistent and substantiated way of establishing the need for support. The interdisciplinary methodology can also improve comparative legal research. The functional approach that is common in comparative legal research, assumes that law fulfills certain functions. Economic figures provide an objective basis that demonstrates what functions a law fulfills and to what extent this is done efficiently. This information can be used to compare the functioning of laws in different countries.
O presente artigo elabora levantamento do custo do encarceramento no Brasil sob a ótica da Análise Econômica do Direito. Justifica-se a escolha do tema por se tratar de questão desconsiderada no mundo jurídico-penal e penitenciário brasileiro, e também pouco explorada no meio acadêmico e tratada de forma equivocada e exagerada nos meios de comunicação de massa. O objetivo da pesquisa é mostrar que a análise econômica do Direito é instrumento fundamental para determinar o custo do encarceramento em suas diferentes vertentes. Constatou-se que o cálculo do custo da privação da liberdade no Brasil incorre na omissão de aspectos relevantes que comprometem a veracidade das informações utilizadas, invariavelmente, em propostas de políticas públicas na área da segurança. Para demonstrar essa discrepância, comparam-se dados colhidos em fontes variadas, com ênfase a informações colhidas em instituições oficiais e análise crítica da realização da justiça por meio do encarceramento.
Economic theories of the firm have important lessons for the theory of the marketing firm. They arise from the internalisation of contracting, asset-specificity and transaction costs, the intermediating function of the firm, goal separation as the definitional criterion of the firm, entrepreneurial encapsulation as the raison d’être of the marketing firm and the quest for the completion of the productive process. The marketing firm is treated generally as a profit-maximising organisation, but the possibility is raised here that it may be better represented as pursuing profit-constrained sales-revenue maximisation.
The marketing firm differs from consumer organisations such as non-profits, co-operatives, partnerships and state-owned enterprises in terms of goal separation, metacontingency and the entrepreneurial pursuit of marketing completion. Consumer organisations do not pursue a goal that is separate from those of their stakeholders, nor produce an output that is over and above that of the combined behavioural inputs of their members, not yet seek to expand the scope of their operations by moving into new markets or even divesting themselves of existing missions. In all of these matters, they are vastly different from the marketing firm.
This chapter summarises the nature of the marketing firm with particular reference to collective intentionality and metacontingency. The firm, especially in the form of the contemporary corporation, is often accused of ‘managerialism’, the pursuit by managers of their own interests at the expense of those of their workers and consumers. The firm is said to have superseded the market and its managers to have the discretion to ignore stakeholders other than themselves, notably shareholders, employees and consumers, so that the pursuit of narrow managerial interests can absorb the resources of the firm and the energies of its personnel. The chapter argues that in the light of what has been said about the marketing firm, it is difficult to sustain this view. Firms operate within the market as is apparent from the nexus of markets for which they are a conduit for contracting with shareholders, employees and consumerate. The inevitability of differing interests among stakeholders is tempered by the wants of the consumerate which enforces discipline of the external marketplace on all of the individuals and groups within the enterprise. Stakeholder groups provide one another with resources they could not otherwise obtain, notably the expertise and skill of the firm’s entrepreneurial managers in ensuring the creation and use of a profitable portfolio of marketing mixes. This is the basis of the cardinal relationship of the marketing firm.
The reality of the administration of justice has changed over the last few decades through massive intervention of international and supranational actors within national judicial systems. Though state-centrism has progressively been eroded, the national State remains the “master of the game” in adjudication. A proper application of European private international law is the cornerstone of civil justice. It goes without saying that judicial training (in a wider sense, including the training of judges, practitioners, and other stakeholders) is important in order to achieve an adequate and unified application of European private international family and succession law. The EUFams II findings further highlight that education and training of professionals in this area of law are of paramount importance when it comes to fostering predictability and legal certainty. This contribution commences by explaining EU policy on judicial training and presenting the main training facilities and their features. The contribution then turns to methodological aspects of the transfer of knowledge in legal discourse. The second part of the contribution presents the EUFams II project results relevant to judicial training. It seeks to establish a direct link with EU justice policy objectives, methodologies, performance of judicial training at European training centers and national training academies that serve the system of justice in European family and succession law. Quantitative and qualitative analyses lead to conclusions and proposals in respect of future training policy and its desired performance in cross-border family and succession matters. Several methodological approaches are combined and presented in the contribution. The attempt to conceptualize pro futuro the judicial and legal professionals’ training in European family and succession law relies on all case law and legal instruments researched within the EUFams II Project, different questionnaires, published studies, evaluations and communications, and various scholarly contributions primarily in the fields of law and education. It has yielded the following ten practice-oriented and hands-on recommendations (rather than commandments) addressed to the EU and Member States alike. Summary of theses: 1. Training needs to continue being guided at the EU level. 2. Judicial training should be made a priority. 3. A study of training needs should be conducted in general, for each Member State, and for each legal instrument. 4. A model curriculum should be adopted at the EU level. 5. The training curriculum should be designed on several levels and ranked based on EU criteria. 6. Training should be based on modern teaching methodology. 7. EU funded material should follow an open access policy and remain available on a single webpage administered by the EU, even after the expiry of the respective project. 8. Training should be delivered to specific target groups. 9. Access to high quality training should be made available to all eligible judges. 10. International and national training should be kept in balance.
Hệ thống đánh giá chất lượng giáo dục bắt đầu phát triển vào năm 1996 [1]. Trong những năm gần đây, một số khóa học nghề cũng như các chương trình đào tạo đại học đang được đánh giá tại nhiều quốc gia. Chương trình đào tạo đóng vai trò rất quan trọng đối với chất lượng của nguồn nhân lực lao động. Nghiên cứu này sẽ đề cập đến các lý thuyết về chất lượng đào tạo, các mô hình đánh giá chương trình đào tạo. Bên cạnh đó, nhóm nghiên cứu đã thực hiện khảo sát với SVchuyên ngành Quản trị dịch vụ du lịch và lữ hành của Khoa Du lịch về chất lượng chương trình đào tạo. Kết quả cho thấy, phần lớn sinh viên đánh giá cao chất lượng chương trình đào tạo nhưng vẫn có những hạn chế cần được khắc phục. Nghiên cứu đã đề xuất các giải pháp nhằm hoàn thiện chất lượng chương trình đào tạo chuyên ngành Quản trị dịch vụ du lịch và lữ hành của Khoa Du lịch.
O artigo objetiva discutir as recentes propostas de alterações legislativas sobre processo coletivo: projetos de lei nº 4.441/2020 e nº 4.778/2020. Especificamente, o tema do estímulo às soluções consensuais dos conflitos. A abordagem se faz necessária devido ao fato de que o movimento de promoção das ADRs [Alternative Dispute Resolution] não pode ser ingênuo e romanticamente compreendido. Assim, o artigo propõe contextualizar o incentivo de uso de ADRs aos avanços da política neoliberal de Estado, bem como enfatizar a importância que as audiências públicas podem adquirir no processo de formação das deliberações públicas de autocomposição de litígio coletivo.
The number of the legal regulations is increasing, which implies additional administrative burdens for entrepreneurs. Evaluation of the legal acts efficiency in terms of administrative burdens, is usually conducted after the adoption of provisions. Improvement of existing legislation is a difficult and time-consuming task. Therefore, the aim of conducted research was to develop a method permitting the assessment of administrative burdens in the course of law-making. We propose to apply techniques of business process modelling and reengineering to improve quality of law during law-making. The main contribution of the article is a method based on application of Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to design processes introduced by the legal acts. The presented method, due to application of modeling and simulation analysis, permits to precisely assess administrative burdens following from the regulations. The method enables to compare different variants of a legal regulation planned to be established. The presented method was practically applied to the process of registration of a civil law partnership in Poland. It was proved within the conducted research that the process redesigning permits to cut significantly the costs and duration of process both for entrepreneurs and public administration. Due to application of the proposed method the precise data was received, which enabled to compare the costs of burdens in the different variants of the regulations implementation. This case empirically confirmed that application of our method could enhance the quality of public processes regulated by legislation.
br />This article examines what criminal policy chosen at each stage of law enforcement against criminal acts industrial production of goods that do not meet the Indonesian National Standards mandatory and research is an interdisciplinary law with the assumption (paradigm) legal research is not just seen as the rules / norms but also as a value containing economic calculations. The nature of the research is descriptive research with a form of evaluative research. The approach uses qualitative research approach secondary and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques in this study using library research (literature study) and study the documentation. Data processing techniques in this study the data obtained is presented qualitatively then be analyzed using descriptive analysis. And data analysis techniques in the study of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion.The result of that criminal policy in law enforcement against criminal acts that violate the provisions of SNI started in the formation of legislation by the legislature, At the level of investigation and prosecution were carried out by investigators, police investigators and prosecutors of the Attorney as the authority of state government (executive), criminal policy in law enforcement against criminal acts that violate the provisions of SNI no special policies. The criminal policy of judicial power which is run by the Supreme Court and judicial bodies underneath, law enforcement against criminal acts that violate the provisions of SNI can be done in three (3) aspects of function invocations ultimum remedium criminal law, proof materially application for the goods and / or services are subjected to compulsory SNI and the imposition of criminal optimal.
Abstrak
Tulisan ini mengkaji apa kebijakan kriminal yang dipilih pada setiap tahapan penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana perindustrian memproduksi barang yang tidak memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia wajib kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum interdisiplin dengan asumsi (paradigma) penelitian hukum tidak hanya dilihat sebagai aturan/norma tetapi juga sebagai nilai yang mengandung kalkulasi ekonomi.Sifat penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan bentuk penelitian evaluative.Pendekatannya menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan sumber data bahan pustaka di bidang hukum yakni bahan hukum primair, bahan hukum skunder dan bahan hukum tersier.Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan library research (studi kepustakaan) dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik pengolaan data dalam penelitian ini data yang diperoleh disajikan secara kualitatif kemudian akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis diskriptif. Dan teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil bahwa Kebijakan kriminal dalam penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana yang melanggar ketentuan SNI wajib dimulai dari tingkat pembentukan undang-undang oleh lembaga legislatif, Di tingkat penyidikan dan penuntutan yang dilaksanakan oleh PPNS, Penyidik Polri, dan Penuntut Umum pada Kejaksaan RI sebagai kekuasaan pemerintahan negara (eksekutif), kebijakan kriminal dalam penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana yang melanggar ketentuan SNI wajib tidak ada kebijakan khusus. Kebijakan kriminal kekuasaan kehakiman yang dijalankan oleh Mahkamah Agung RI dan badan peradilan di bawahnya, tercermin dari putusan hukum terhadap tindak pidana yang melanggar ketentuan SNI wajib dapat dilakukan dalam 3 (tiga) aspek yaitu penjalanan fungsi ultimum remedium hukum pidana, penerapan pembuktian secara materiil atas barang dan/atau jasa yang diberlakukan SNI wajib dan penjatuhan pidana yang optimal.
O trabalho é uma revisão bibliográfica de três textos representativos da Filosofia do Direito norte-americana, na busca por associações e dissociações neles registradas acerca da metodologia da pesquisa aplicada ao Direito. O método empreendido é o das aproximações sucessivas, com a desconstrução de matriz derridariana. A resenha é utilizada para aproximação com as técnicas propostas discursivas, a fim de produzir asserções comuns aos autores examinados. Conclui-se com a sinalização crítica da relevância dos trabalhos e da corrente jusfilosófica para o estudo da Filosofia do Direito, considerando a vocação dos seus cultores para a solução concreta das questões da vida.
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