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UDK 630* 453 Prethodno priopćenje – Preliminary communication
Šumarski list, 11–12 (2017): 577–582
Summary
Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 is an invasive bug species native to the western part of North America
and one of 16 alien Heteroptera species in Europe. Aer it was rst found in Italy in 1999, the species spread fast
across the continent, including the Balkan Peninsula. Our study conrms the species presence in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and gives data on its distribution, including the earliest records for the country. Up untill now the
species is found at nine dierent locations in the period from 2008 to 2016. e record from early spring 2008
suggests that the species was already present in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007 or even earlier. Most records per-
tain to overwintering adults. For the rst time the species is reported from Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii H.
Christ). e species is also reported from Klek village in Dubrovnik region, south Croatia.
KEY WORDS: alien species, Balkan Peninsula, conifers, Hemiptera, insect, invasive species, Pinus heldreichii, true
bugs, western conifer seed bug
Leptoglossus occidentalis HEIDEMANN,
1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) IN BOSNIA
AND HERZEGOVINA – CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
AND THE EARLIEST DOCUMENTED RECORDS
Leptoglossus occidentalis HEIDEMANN, 1910
(Heteroptera: Coreidae) U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI – RECENTNA
RASPROSTRANJENOST I PRVI DOKUMENTIRANI NALAZI
Dejan KULIJER1, Mirza DAUTBAŠIĆ2, Boris HRAŠOVEC3, Adi VESNIĆ4, Šemso ŠARIĆ5, Osman MUJEZINOVIĆ2
INTRODUCTION
UVOD
True bugs (Heteroptera) are one of the most diverse groups
of insects with approximately 40.000 described species
(Schuh and Slater 1995), out of which about 3.000 occur in
Europe (Aukema and Rieger 1995–2006). Protić and Stan-
ković (2015) estimated that the number of Heteroptera spe-
cies currently known to occur in Bosnia and Herzegovina
is roughly 750.
Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910, known also as
western conifer seed bug, is an invasive bug species native
to the area of North America west of Rocky Mts., from Bri-
tish Columbia to North Mexico (McPherson et al. 1990). It
belongs to the family Coreidae, commonly called leaf-foo-
1 Dejan Kulijer, dipl. biolog, National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zmaja od Bosne 3, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail: dejan.kulijer@gmail.com
2 Prof. dr. sc. Mirza Dautbašić, Doc. dr. sc. Osman Mujezinović, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E-mail: mirzad@bih.net.ba, osmansfs@yahoo.com
3 Prof. dr. sc. Boris Hrašovec, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25, 10002 Zagreb,
Croatia. E-mail: hrasovec@sumfak.hr
4 Doc. dr. sc. Adi Vesnić, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E-mail: vesnicadi@gmail.com
5 Šemso Šarić, šum. teh. Public Forest Enerprise of Zenica – Doboj Canton, Alije Izetbegovića 25, 72220 Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E-mail: semsosumar@gmail.com
578Šumarski list, 11–12, CXXXXI (2017), 577–582
ted bugs due to the presence of a attened, leaf-like expan-
sion on the hind legs. It is up to 2 cm long and conspicuous
in terms of coloration, characterized with reddish-brown
body, transverse white zigzag line across the centre of its
wings and leaf-like expansions of the hind tibiae (Fent and
Kment 2011).
L. occidentalis feeds on developing seeds in cones of die-
rent conifer species, with a preference for Pinaceae. It can
cause signicant damage on seeds by reducing seed fertility
(Fent and Kment 2011). In its native range, L. occidentalis
is classied as pest in conifer seed orchards (Mitchell 2000)
that has a direct impact in reduction in the yield and qua-
lity of conifer seed crops (Connely and Schowalter 1991;
Bates 2000). As the weather cools in autumn, L. occidenta-
lis searches for sheltered places suitable for hibernation and
oen hides in human dwellings. In some cases they can ag-
gregate in large numbers and become nuisance to people
in their homes (Wheeler 1992).
Western conifer seed bug is one of 16 alien Heteroptera spe-
cies introduced in Europe, 10 of which originate from North
America (Rabitsch 2010). is extremely invasive insect
species was introduced to Europe in 1999. Aer rst disco-
very in northern Italy, near Vicenza (Taylor et al. 2001) the
species spread fast throughout the country, and from Italy
to neighboring countries: e.g. Switzerland in 2002 (Co-
lombi, Brunetti, 2002), Slovenia in 2003 (Gogala 2003),
Croatia in 2004 (Tescari 2004). Few years later it was recor-
ded at several other, quite distant localities, like Barcelona-
Spain in 2003 (Ribes and Escola 2005), Le Havre-France in
2006 (Dusoulier et al. 2007), Weymouth-UK in 2007 (Ma-
lumphy and Reid 2007) and Ostend-Belgium in 2007 (Au-
kema and Libeer 2007). ese discoveries are probably re-
sult of separate introductions, possibly via sea transport
from USA, as all these observations were made in close
proximity of local ports (in Le Havre insects were discove-
red in the shipment of oak from the USA) (Dusoulier et al.
2007). Within only 15 years the western conifer seed bug
practically conquered the whole Europe. By 2013 it was re-
ported as far as Portugal, England, Norway, Turkey, Ukra-
ine and Russia (Fent and Kment 2011).
In short time L. occidentalis also has spread all over Balkan
Peninsula, reaching European part of Turkey in 2009 (Fent
and Kment 2011). It probably spread to the western Balkans
from Italy, via Slovenia (Jurc and Jurc 2005) or Croatia. In
Croatia the species was rst recorded in 2004 (Tescari 2004)
and spread fast, particularly in the southern Mediterranean
Figure 1 – The distribution of
Leptoglossus occidentalis in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. Red
dots represent new localities,
yellow dot denotes the location
of one male L. occidentalis re-
corded in 2014 and published by
Protić and Stanković (2015).
Slika 1. – Nalazi Leptoglossus oc-
cidentalis u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Crvene točke označavaju do sada
neobjavljene, nove lokalitete na-
laza, žuta točka označava publici-
rani nalaz jednog mužjaka iz 2014.
godine (Protić i Stanković 2015).
579
KULIJER, D. ET AL.: Leptoglossus occidentalis HEIDEMANN, 1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...
region of the country (Kment and Baňař 2008; Hrašovec
2013; Matošević and Pajač Živković 2013; Pajač Živković et
al. 2013). Soon it was also discovered in other countries:
Serbia in 2006 (Protić 2008); Bulgaria (Simov 2008), Bosnia
and Herzegovina (this paper), Montenegro (Hradil 2008)
and Greece (Petrakis 2011) in 2008; and recently in 2015 in
Macedonia (Kulijer 2016) and Kosovo (Kulijer and Ibra-
himi 2017).
First report on the species presence in BiH was presented
by Dautbašić et al. (2014). In 2015 additional record from
South Herzegovina was published by Protić and Stanković
(2015). In this paper we present the oldest documented n-
ding of L. occidentalis in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
current knowledge on its distribution in the country.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIJAL I METODE
L. occidentalis adults were collected from eight new locali-
ties in period between 2008 and 2016 (Fig. 1). ey were
observed casually and collected by hand. e collected spe-
cimens were preserved in 80 % ethanol. Specimens from
Zvijezda Mt., Duboštica and Igman Mt., Veliko polje, Čavle
are deposited at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Sara-
jevo, while the specimens from National Museum, Visoko
and Klek are deposited in the collections of the National
Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REZULTATI I RASPRAVA
Material examined: L. 1.: Sarajevo, National Museum
building, dead specimen in a window frame, N 43.854240°
E 18.402890°, 532 m a.s.l., 26/IV/2008, 1 adult, leg. & det.
D. Kulijer; 15/X/2015, 532 m a.s.l., 1 adult, leg. & det. D.
Kulijer; L. 2.: Ruište, Prenj Mt., at the edge of Bosnian pine
forest, N 43.464740° E 17.926777°, 1044 m a.s.l., 14/XI/2010,
1 adult, leg. & det. D. Kulijer; L. 3.: Sarajevo, Faculty of
Science building, dead specimen in an oce, N 43.854470°
E 18.395708°, 531 m a.s.l., III/2015, 1 adult, leg. & det. A.
Vesnić; L. 4.: Visoko, Monestery, dead specimen in a win-
dow frame, N 43.992843° E 18.185500°, 419 m a.s.l., 18/
VII/2013, 1 adult, leg. & det. D. Kulijer; L. 5.: Zvijezda Mt.,
Duboštica, (living specimen on leaf and caught in bottle),
N 44.238056° E 18.377500°, 562 m a.s.l., 22/VIII/2013, 1
adult, leg. & det. M. Dautbašić; L. 6.: Igman Mt., Veliko
polje, Čavle, (living specimen on stem and caught in bot-
tle), N 43.748889° E 18.268056°, 1202 m a.s.l., 15/VIII/2016,
1 adult, leg. & det. O. Mujezinović; L. 7.: Neum, city, N
42.926791° E 17.614584°, 74 m a.s.l., 30/IX/2016, 1 adult,
leg. & det. D. Kulijer; L. 8.: Banja Luka, Lauš, N 44.775735°
E 17.171385°, 175 m a.s.l., 05/XI/2016, 1 adult, leg. & det.
D. Kulijer;
Published records: L. 9.: Berkovići, Dobro Polje, Mt.
Straževica, 28/VIII/2014, 1 adult, leg. M. Stanković, det. Lj.
Protić (Protić & Stanković, 2015).
Chronologically, the rst record of L. occidentalis in the
country was one dead adult found in early spring (April
26th) 2008 in the city center of Sarajevo, in the oce of Nat-
ural History department building of the National Museum
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. e specimen was well pre-
served but seemed to be dead for some time. e fact that
it was found indoors in early spring, suggest that it entered
the building in autumn, probably seeking for suitable over-
wintering shelter. is also suggests that the species was
present in BiH at least as early as 2007. To our knowledge,
this is the oldest documented record of the species presence
in the country. In the period between 2008 and 2016 single
specimens were occasionally encountered in the buildings
of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in
the botanical garden surrounding the building, but the ex-
act dates were not recorded.
Figure 2 – Leptoglossus occidentalis found on Bosnian pine (Pinus hel-
dreichii H. Christ) at Ruište, Mt. Prenj (left) (Photo: D. Kulijer) and L.
occidentalis from Duboštica, Mt. Zvijezda, (right) (Photo: Š. Šarić)
Slika 2 – Leptoglossus occidentalis nalaz na munjiki (Pinus heldreichii H.
Christ) na lokaciji Ruište, u masivu Prenja (lijevo) (Foto: D. Kulijer) i L. occi-
dentalis snimljen u Duboštici, u području masiva Zvijezda planine (desno)
(Foto: Š. Šarić)
580Šumarski list, 11–12, CXXXXI (2017), 577–582
from BiH, among which eight (app. 10%) are considered
new for the country. is clearly illustrates a still insucient
knowledge of the BiH fauna of Heteroptera.
In the following years target research and survey of L. oc-
cidentalis in the country is needed in order to determine
the distribution, population status and potential damaging
threat to the conifer forest ecosystems and the seed produc-
tion in forestry. e monitoring program for this species
should be urgently established in Bosnia and Herzegovina
to estimate the potential risks of mass expansion in the
country.
REFERENCES
LITERATURA
• Aukema, B., Libeer, R., 2007: Eerste waarneming van Leptoglos-
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e second oldest record originates from Ruište, Prenj Mt.
A single specimen (Fig. 2 le) was collected on November
14th 2010 within the stand of endemic Bosnian pine (Pinus
heldreichii H. Christ). is nding site was surrounded by
Bosnian pines, the tree species native to mountainous areas
of the Balkans and southern Italy (Farjon 2013). Based on
published data this is the rst time that L. occidentalis is as-
sociated to this pine, this is not to big suprise as Pinaceae
are known to be its preferred host tree group..
In March 2013 dead adult was found in the building of the
Faculty of Science in Sarajevo, located in the Sarajevo city
center, while the second observation in this year was made
in August when a single specimen (Fig. 2 right) was found
at Duboštica, Zvijezda Mt. within a mixed stands of Euro-
pean black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) and Scots pine
(Pinus sylvestris L.).
In 2016, a new observation was made near Veliko polje on
Igman Mt. at the locality mostly populated by Norway
spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and European silver r
(Abies alba Mill.) forest. On September 23, 26 and 28 single
adults were also observed in Klek, small settlement on the
Adriatic coast in Croatia, less than 2 km from the border
with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and on September, 30 one
specimen was found on the building wall in Neum city in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the margin of the Klek settle-
ment, Aleppo pine forest is present, as well as in Neum and
its vicinity. According to available published data (Tescari,
2004; Kment & Baňař, 2008; Pajač Živković et al. 2013) the
record from Klek represents the southernmost observation
of the species in Croatia so far. e most recent of the nd-
ings in BiH dates from November 2016 in urban part of
Banja Luka city and represents an overwintering individual
that was found in one apartment building in Lauš settle-
ment.
Both our ndings plus the review of published cases of L.
occidentalis appearance and spread in Balkan Peninsula
demonstrate a signicant lack of spatial data connected with
the lack of collecting eort. It is therefore hard to establish
exact routes and times of invasions of alien species. As a
consequence, in some areas the species are discovered only
aer they become well established and common. e oc-
currence of L. occidentalis in BiH is probably a result of
natural spread from Croatia and/or Serbia where it was doc-
umented earlier, in Croatia in 2004 (Tescari 2004) and in
Serbia in 2006 (Protić 2008). In Bosnia and Herzegovina
little attention is given to invasive insect species and the di-
coveries are mainly accidental (e.g. Kulijer 2010). Most re-
cords of L. occidentalis from BiH refer to overwintering in-
dividuals, majority from Sarajevo, where most of the authors
reside. ese records refer to accidental discovery of adults
found in or near buildings in autumn/spring. e paper
from Protić and Stanković (2015) reported 77 bug species
581
KULIJER, D. ET AL.: Leptoglossus occidentalis HEIDEMANN, 1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...
• Hradil, K., 2008: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Corei-
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Sažetak
Sjeverno-američka stjenica, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910, jedna je od 16 neeuropskih vrsta
stjenica do danas unešenih u Europu, od kojih 10 potječe upravo iz Sjeverne Amerike (Rabitsch, 2010). Zbog
svojeg prirodnog područja pridolaska u Sjevernoj Americi, područja Pacičke obale omeđena lancem Stjen-
jaka na zapadu, Amerikanci su je nazvali „zapadnom stjenicom sjemena četinjača” (western conifer seed bug),
čime su, uz područja pridolaska, naznačili i njenu štetnost za sjeme drvenastih vrsta iz porodice Pinaceae.
Zbog osobite morfološke značajke, spljoštenog proširenja goljenice stražnjih nogu, također je poznata i kao
„stjenica listolikog stopala“ (leaf-footed bug). Slovenski autori iskoristili su ovaj naziv kao predložak i dodali
mu češer kao objekt prehrane, pa su je nazvali „storževa listonoška“ (Jurc & Jurc, 2005). U svakom slučaju,
ova se stjenica nakon dolaska na europski kontinent u Italiji 1999. godine (Taylor et al. 2001.) vrlo brzo širila
Europom, pa je u nepunih 10 godina prodrla u velik broj europskih zemalja, od Velike Britanije na zapadu,
do Ukrajine i Rusije na istoku, od Norveške na sjeveru do Turske na jugu (Malumphy & Reid, 2007; Fent &
Kment, 2011; Gapon, 2013). Među zemljama juga Europe, kojima se proširio ovaj novi invazivni štetnik, našla
se i Bosna i Hercegovina. U radu su prikazani svi provjereni i dokumentirani nalazi L. occidentalis na području
BiH, od prvog pronalaska i do sada neobjavljenog nalaza iz travnja 2008. godine (zgrada Zemaljskog muzeja
BiH u Sarajevu), pa do najsvježijih nalaza ljeti i ujesen 2016. godine (Igman, Neum, Banja Luka). Recentno
područje na kojemu je evidentirana ova nova invazivna stjenica u BiH, pregledno je prikazano prostorno
označenim podacima nalaza na slici 1. Iako očekivan, značajan je i prvi nalaz ove nove invazivne stjenice u
582Šumarski list, 11–12, CXXXXI (2017), 577–582
reliktnim sastojinama bora munjike (Pinus heldreichii H. Christ) u masivu Prenja u studenom 2010. godine.
Uvid u kronološki slijed i prostornu distribuciju nalaza L. occidentalis u Bosni i Hercegovini od 2008. do 2016.
godine ukazuju na razmjerno brzo širenje ovog štetnika i vjerojatno lokalno povećanje populacije, što je za-
sigurno rezultiralo i njenom lakšom detekcijom. Nalaze se ipak treba shvatiti u kontekstu u kojem su nastali,
a to su u velikoj većini bili neciljani, slučajni nalazi entomologa tijekom nekih drugih terenskih istraživanja.
Radi uočljivosti i krupnoće same stjenice i činjenice da se ujesen zavlači u ljudske nastambe, nije rijetkost da
se često i građanstvo pojavljuje kao „dojavljivač“ novih invazivnih vrsta. Važno je stoga ukazati na neposto-
janje sustavnog praćenja pojave i širenja L. occidentalis na ovim prostorima. Uspostava ciljanog monitoringa
i praćenja pojave, a posebice potencijalnog štetnog utjecaja L. occidentalis u borovim sastojinama i sjemen-
skim objektima u Bosni i Hercegovini, nužan su preduvjet potrajnog gospodarenja šumskim bogatstvom i
kvalitetniju organizaciju i učinkovitost sustava zaštite šuma od ovog novog invazivnog štetnika.
KLJUČNE RIJEČI: strane vrste, Balkanski poluotok, četinjače, Hemiptera, kukac, invazivni štetni organizam,
Pinus heldreichii, stjenice, stjenica listolikog stopala
