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Fruth & Teuteberg, Cogent Business & Management (2017),
4: 1411066
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1411066
OPERATIONS, INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Digitization in maritime logistics — What is there
and what is missing?
Markus Fruth
1
* and Frank Teuteberg
1
Abstract:The global seaports are of pivotal importance for the world economy.
Since 1990, global container trac has grown by an average of 10% annually.
Equally, the steady growth of ship sizes poses major logistical and technical prob-
lems worldwide. Given these facts, shipping and maritime logistics would largely
benefit from Big Data as well as the emerging digital technologies. Apart from the
many positive eects of digitization in maritime logistics with respect to eciency,
safety and energy saving, there are, however, also risks (e.g. data abuse, cyber-
crime). Based on a systematic literature review, this article provides an overview
of the current state of digitization in maritime logistics, discusses existing problem
areas, and shows potential for improvement. The results show that it is essential to
capture the development potential in order to be able to benefit from the advantages.
However, research is still in its initial stages, and there is a lack of theoretical and
empirical work as well as explanatory approaches to appropriate recommendations
for action and restructuring.
Subjects: Environment & Economics; IT Security; Hacking &; Viruses; Management
of IT; Computer Engineering; Information &; Communication Technology (ICT);
CommunicationTechnology
Keywords: Big Data; digitization; maritime logistics; container terminal operations, port
operations
*Corresponding author: Markus Fruth,
Accounting and Information Systems,
Osnabrueck University, Moerikestreet
1, Osnabrueck D-73110, Hattenhofen,
Germany
Email: mfruth@uni-osnabrueck.de
Reviewing editor:
Shaofeng Liu, University of Plymouth,
UK
Additional information is available at
the end of the article
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Markus Fruth is a research associate at the chair
of Accounting and Information Systems, which is
part of the Institute of Information Management
and Corporate Governance at the University of
Osnabrueck, Department of Economics and Business
Administration. He is currently carrying on his PhD
in Information Systems. His research interests lie in
the field of digitization in maritime logistics with a
special focus on optimizing ship arrival times and
the sustainable reduction of ship emissions.
Frank Teuteberg is a full professor at the
University of Osnabrueck in Germany. Since
2007 he has been head of the research group
in Accounting and Information Systems. He is
the project leader of the project eCoInnovate IT
which is funded more than 1.77 million Euros by
VolkswagenStiftung (www.ecoinnovateit.de). He
is author of more than 260 papers in the fields
of cloud computing, sustainable supply chain
management, human computer interaction, and
business process management.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
In maritime logistics, automation and digitization
are constantly advancing, which noticeably aects
all involved as business models and processes
will change dramatically in the coming years.
Against the background of the transformation
process, this paper analyzes the status quo,
discusses existing problem areas and identifies
the arising future challenges. Furthermore, it
provides recommendations for action in research
and practice. A comprehensive and systematic
literature analysis equally considering scientific and
practical literature serves as a solid basis for this
contribution. The results show that it is essential
to identify the development potential in order to
take full advantage of the opportunities in practice.
However, research in this area is still in its initial
stages. There is a lack of theoretical and empirical
work as well as alternative explanatory approaches
for appropriate recommendations for action and
restructuring.
Received: 28 June 2017
Accepted: 23 November 2017
First Published: 29 November 2017
© 2017 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
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1. Introduction and motivation
Today, more than 90% of the world’s goods transport is handled by sea. Every year around 8 million
tons of goods are transported across the sea by container ships, tankers, and bulk carriers (Göpfert
& Braun, 2008). While in 2013 some 9.5 billion tons of sea freight have been loaded at seaports
around the world, the total capacity of the global container fleet increased to approximately 20.5
million TEU1 in 2015 (Grote et al., 2016). Apart from the decline in 2009, which was due to the eco-
nomic crisis, there has been a steady increase in the global container trac every year. In view of the
adv ancing global ization as well as the further progress in the containerization of general cargo
transport, a fur ther increase in container transport is expected (Fruth, 2016). Compared with the
world gross domestic product and the world trade, sea trade has shown twice as fast growth in re-
cent years. Container transport thereby accounts for less than a third, but was the fastest growing
market segment within the maritime logistics sector (N.U., 2011). Maritime logistics is thus one of
the key sectors for digital transformation. With its high degree of networking and its large number
of interfaces, maritime logistics oers a broad range of applications for digital technologies.
Therefore, digitization and logistics 4.0 provide a great potential for maritime shipping companies
(Binder, 2016c). Trac, port logistics, and just-in-time shipping will change as an electronic revolu-
tion takes shape with Big Data and the increasing networking of technologies (Berg & Hauer, 2015).
Already today large amounts of data are gathered on each individual ship, although most of them
still remain unused. However, given the multitude of new digital business models, data usage will
inevitably change within the coming years (Fruth, 2016). The International Maritime Organization
(IMO) supports the introduction of electronic data exchange from ship to ship and from land to ship,
to improve the eciency, safety, and data security of navigation and communication (Berg & Hauer,
2015). For the ports and thus for the digital linking of complete value chains in maritime logistics,
there are numerous developments in the area of Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, more
accurate ship arrival times, weather data in real-time feeds, and smart container technology to
name only a few of the possibilities. Likewise, there is a mathematical model currently being devel-
oped that predicts earlier and more accurately ship arrival times, based on AIS2, weather, tide, and
maritime trac data (Kuchta, 2016).
The interaction of all actors in the maritime supply chain as well as the sequence of the related
processes is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Interplay of the actors
of the maritime supply chain.
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The actors involved include senders, logistics providers (e.g. forwarders, port and terminal opera-
tors, and shipping companies) as well as the receivers. Some of the stakeholders (e.g. senders, recipi-
ents, shipping agents, trac control centers, port operators, but also price regulation authorities,
banks and transaction brokers) use new ICT (e.g. GPS navigation, electronic seacharts (ECDIS), RFID
technologies, AIS and Big Data). In this way, the actors in the maritime transport chain, e.g. terminal
operator, ship brokers, tugboats, pilots and forwarders, can bundle and, in case the time of arrival
changes, adapt their resources appropriately (Fruth, 2016). Further, all parties concerned, e.g. the
terminal operators, can be informed about the loaded goods prior to the ships’ docking. Sea contain-
ers are equipped with radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips and thus become intelligent con-
tainers. Through smart containers and a suitable networking of single information systems, it is
possible to fully digitize and globally network the entire maritime transport in order to render trans-
parent the respective processes (Berg & Hauer, 2015). All terminal vehicles, machines and devices
that are involved in the transportation, loading and unloading of goods are interconnected and
communicate with each other, which is enabled by means of suitable information, communication
and automation technologies. Such an inclusion in higher order systems leads to cyber-physical
systems (Bai, Zhang, & Shen, 2010). In the case of forward and hinterland transport, the synchro-
nous modality is based on the idea that the optimal transport mode and route combination can be
selected based on real-time information. For example, the transport of smart containers is carried
out depending on the respective availability of trucks, railcars, feeder ships3 or inland waterway ves-
sels. Synchronous modality thus allows significant transport cost reductions and an optimum utiliza-
tion of transport means while adhering to the respective delivery conditions (Lee et al. 2016). Based
on the “Internet of Things” concept, machines and equipment on board ships can be equipped with
sensors and transmitters that transmit performance data as well as early signs of errors to the ship
computer via WiFi so that any necessary repairs or replacements of a defective system can be exe-
cuted in the home port, which can save time as well as avoid considerable costs of flying technicians
and parts to a ship in transit (Berg & Hauer, 2015).
In this paper, we address the following research questions (RQ):
RQ 1: What is the current status quo of digitization in maritime logistics?
RQ 2: What are the future challenges of digitization in maritime logistics?
To answer these research questions, a systematic literature analysis is carried out in various litera-
ture databases and specialist journals with the purpose to equally capture the scientific as well as
practical status quo. The contribution at hand is structured as follows: In the second section, con-
ceptual foundations and technologies in the area of digitization in the maritime logistics are dis-
cussed in order to obtain a primary basis. The third section describes the methodological approach.
In the fourth section, the results of the literature analysis are presented in a concept matrix and
recommendations for research and practice are given in a PESTEL matrix. The work concludes in sec-
tion 5 with a final consideration, as well as implications for science and practice.
2. Background
New technologies and concepts such as big data, cloud computing, mobile computing or self-steer-
ing processes and services are more and more penetrating the areas of social life and are becoming
increasingly important in economic processes. This results in the fourth industrial revolution linked
to the term industry 4.0 (Broy, 2010, p. 17 ). Industry 4.0 focuses on the linking of industrial pro-
cesses and technologies, as well as the related business processes with the new information and
com munication technologies (ICT) (Keller, Pütz, & Siml, 2012). As in industry, the maritime sector
also provides artificial intelligence to the digitized objects by means of programmability, storage
capacity, sensors, and networking, which will allow an increase in the eciency of ship operation
(Bo sse & Schwi entek, 2011). With AIS-log files, weather data, and fuel-sampling data, large data
sources are available to the shipping industry, which can be processed using big data analyses and
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compared with other companies. In the field of maritime logistics, multimodal transport processes
in the ports require an optimal networking of the individual actors who coordinate their activities in
the transport chain in order to optimize trac and goods flows (Berg & Hauer, 2015). With the use of
Big Data and digital transformation, the fleet controls can be optimized, whereby costs are reduced
and the environmental protection is improved. Trac control and trac flows can be optimized by
using the ship’s operating data, thereby avoiding critical situations and thus reducing the risk of ac-
cidents. All ship data, e.g. machine, aggregate, weather and cargo data, are transmitted to the on-
shore management in real time, who can, if necessary, enter into a direct dialog with the ship’s
management (Arndt, 2016). The current digital transformation is also regarded critically. Technology
and information ethics ask for the gain and loss of personal and informational autonomy and the
dependency of the customers on information technology and information companies. Moral and
ethical problems arise, especially in the field of technology, information and economic ethics (Bendel,
2015). The digital transformation of maritime logistics is successful if the topics of data protection
and data security are given a central role in the implementation strategy. The handling with digital
applications and technologies does not only require competent users who are familiar with the digi-
tal innovations, but also secure systems that guarantee the protection of the company’s internal
infrastructure and operating systems from cyberattacks (Schweer & Sahl, 2016).
3. Research approach
The present research contribution consists of a systematic literature analysis to identify the status
quo of digitization in maritime logistics. The systematic literature analysis is employed, since in sci-
entific research it is an adequate means to determine the current state of research (Fettke, 2006). It
avoids redundant investigations and leads to important contributions in the corresponding research
field. The three essential characteristics of a literature analysis are: systematics, explicitness, and
reproducibility. The literature analysis in this article summarizes the research work on digitization in
maritime logistics. For the analysis of the relevant literature, we decided on a concept matrix based
on the five-step concept described by vom Brocke et al. (cf. Figure 2).
Figure 2. Framework concept
for systematic literature
analysis (following Vom Brocke
et al., 2009).
Figure 3. Classification
scheme for literature searches
according to Cooper (1988).
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https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1411066
The definition of the investigation framework, the development of a research concept and the lit-
erature search with keyword search are described in the section The literature analysis as a survey
method: documentation. The analysis and synthesis of the results of the literature analysis are given
Table 1. Literature base and search results
Databases Results Relevant References
EBSCOhost
(S)
143 1 De Tugny (2016)
(1)
Science Direct
(S)
223 16 Lind, Hägg, Siwe, and Haraldson (2016)
(2)
, An et al. (2016)
(3)
, Yao Yu and ChangChuan (2011)
(4)
,
Haraldson (2015)
(5)
, Cisic, Hadzic and Tijan (2009)
(6)
, Martin-Soberon, Montfort, Sapina, Monterde,
and Calduch (2014)
(7)
, Bechtsis, Tsolakis, Vlachos, and Iakovou (2016)
(8)
, Christiansen, Fagerholt,
Nygreen, and Ronen (2013)
(9)
, Sumic, Perakovic, and Jurcevic (2015)
(10)
, Psaraftis (2016)
(11)
, Stevens
et al. (2015)
(12)
, Cheng, Lai, and Sarkis (2015)
(13)
, Davarzani, Fahimnia, Bell, and Sarkis (2016)
(14)
,
Von Lukas (2010)
(15)
, Cha, Roh, and Lee (2010)
(16)
, Back, Lee, Shin, and Woo (2016)
(17)
Taylor & Francis Online
(S)
129 5 Poulis, Poulis, and Dooley (2013)
(18)
, Lee et al. (2016)
(19)
, Caniels, Cleophas, and Semeijn (2016)
(20)
,
Chyssolouris, Makris, Xanthakis, and Mourtzis (2004)
(21)
, Banomyong (2005)
(22)
Google Scholar
(S)
647 10 An et al. (2016)
(23)
, Biccario, Annese, and de Vanuto (2014)
(24)
, Diwan (2015)
(25)
, Karlsson,
Haraldson, and Holmberg (2015)
(26)
, Min (2008)
(27)
, Lam (2011)
(28)
, Acciaro and Wilmsmeier (2015)
(29)
, Van Leeuwen (2015)
(30)
, Wuisan, van Leeuwen, and van Koppen (2012)
(31)
, Sen (2016)
(32)
SpringerLink
(S)
3393 9 Brouer, Karsten, and Pisinger (2016)
(33)
, Yang et al. (2016)
(34)
, Haasis, Landwehr, Kille, and Obsadny
(2014)
(35)
, Isaias and Duarte Macedo (2007)
(36)
, Kim, Huh, and Kim (2016)
(37)
, Lee and Lee (2016)
(38)
, Jiang, Chew, and Lee (2014)
(39)
, Xiang (2010)
(40)
, Bendel (2015)
(41)
International Journal of
Innovation and Sustainable
Development
(S)
235 0 0
European Journal of
Operations Research
(S)
49 1 Grazia Speranza (2016)
(42)
Maritime Economics &
Logistics
(S)
425 2 Gharehgozli, Roy, and de Koster (2016)
(43)
, Kim et al. (2016)
(44)
Maritime Policy & Manage-
ment
(S)
129 5 Birtchnell (2016)
(45)
, Lee, Park, and Lee (2003)
(46)
, Jafari, Taghavifard, Rouhani, and Moalagh (2010)
(47)
,
Roumboutsos et al. (2005)
(48)
, Keceli (2011)
(49)
Asian Journal of Shipping
(S)
156 0 0
International Journal of
Shipping and Transport
Logistics
(S)
222 2 Prokop (2012)
(50)
, Harder and Voß (2012)
(51)
Asia Insurance Review
(S)
36 1 Berg and Hauer (2015)
(52)
THB – Deutsche Schifahrts-
Zeitung
(P)
379 11 Fabarius (2017a)
(53)
, Fabarius (2017b)
(54)
, Fabarius (2017c)
(55)
, Arndt (2017)
(56)
, Binder (2016a)
(57)
,
Binder (2016b)
(58)
, Binder (2017)
(59)
, Binder, Oldenburg, and Breuer (2017)
(60)
, Lüders (2016)
(61)
,
Kleinort (2017)
(62)
, Germann (2017)
(63)
Schi&Hafen – Internatio-
nale Fachzeitschrift für
Schifahrt und maritime
Technik
(P)
73 7 N.U. (2016a)
(64)
, Bruhn (2017)
(65)
, Kretschmann and Schlegel (2016)
(66)
, Von Lukas (2017)
(67)
, Von
Lukas (2016)
(68)
, Von Lukas, Staack, and Köhler (2016)
(69)
, N.U. (2016b)
(70)
DVZ – Deutsche Verkehrs-
Zeitung
(P)
341 12 Reimann (2017)
(71)
, Naumann (2017a)
(72)
, Granzow (2017)
(73)
, De Jong (2017a)
(74)
, De Jong (2017b
(75)
, Naumann (2016)
(76)
, Naumann and Reimann (2016)
(77)
, De Jong (2016)
(78)
, Zapp (2015)
(79)
,
Naumann (2014)
(80)
, Naumann, (2017b)
(81)
, Kloss (2016)
(82)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
(P)
201 14 N.U. (2017)
(83)
, Selzer (2017a)
(84)
, Selzer (2017b)
(85)
, Selzer (2017c)
(86)
, Meyer (2017)
(87)
, Kuster
(2017)
(88)
, Leira (2016)
(89)
, Selzer (2016)
(90)
, Meyer (2016)
(91)
, Bertram (2011)
(92)
, Bertram (2016)
(93)
,
Bertram (2017)
(94)
, Bertram (2015)
(95)
, Hochhaus (2011)
(96)
,
Maritime Logistics
Professional
(P)
357 4 Doyle (2017)
(97)
, Keefe (2017)
(98)
, Keefe (2016)
(99)
, Keefe (2014)
(100)
,
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
(P)
3128 24 Muccin (2015)
(101)
, Trauthwein (2017a)
(102)
, Trauthwein (2017b)
(103)
, Bobys (2017)
(104)
, Berge (2017)
(105)
,
Grucza (2017)
(106)
, Pekkanen (2017)
(107)
, Pribyl (2016)
(108)
, Segercrantz (2016a)
(109)
, Muccin (2016)
(110)
,
Stoichevski (2016)
(111)
, Haun (2015)
(112)
, Segercrantz (2016b)
(113)
, Hartmann and Remick (2015)
(114)
,
Rhodes and Soccoli (2015)
(115)
, Segercrantz (2015a)
(116)
, Weigel and Singleton (2014)
(117)
, Bryant
(2017)
(118)
, Haynes (2016)
(119)
, Stoichevski (2015)
(120)
, Driver (2015)
(121)
, Segercrantz (2015b)
(122)
,
Baldauf (2013)
(123)
, Trauthwein (2013)
(124)
Total relevant contributions of scientific
and practical literature:
124
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in the sections Results and Discussion. Finally, limitations are discussed in the section Conclusion and
a final Closing Considerations and Implications for Science and Practice are given in the last section.
3.1. Definition of scope of investigation
According to vom Brocke et al., the classification scheme for literature searches, according to Cooper
(1988) with six features, is suitable as a tried-and-tested tool and is shown in Figure 3. The high-
lighted fields illustrate the scope of this paper. The focus lies on the identification of the available
literature, shows its degree of coverage, and cites from the identified literature.
3.2. Research concept
According to the definition of the scope of the investigation, the search concept has to be explained.
First, the keywords used for the search are named, then the selection of the literature databases and
magazine libraries is explained and subsequently the quantitative results of the literature search are
presented. The keyword search was performed in the databases EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Taylor &
Francis Online and SpringerLink. In order to reach a wide base of literature, we completed the search
through the service Scholar of the search engine Google. The EBSCO literature database was used to
search for scientific journals as well as specialist magazines from maritime transport and logistics.
For high-quality contributions, “A”-based journals, which are not listed in EBSCO, were considered
according to VHB-Jourqual3 part ranking logistics. In addition, a supplementary manual search was
carried out in the specific journals of the International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable
Development, European Journal of Operations Research, Maritime Economics & Logistics, Maritime
Policy & Management, Asian Journal of Shipping, International Journal of Shipping and Transport
Logistics and Asia Insurance Review. Furthermore, an additional manual search was carried out for
the analysis of practical literature in the following journals, newspapers and reports: Schi&Hafen
– Internationale Fachzeitschrift für Schifahrt und maritime Technik, DVZ – Deutsche Verkehrs-
Zeitung, THB – Deutsche Schifahrts-Zeitung, HANSA International Maritime Journal, Maritime
Logistics Professional and Maritime Reporter and Engineering News. The following keyword combi-
nations were used in the search engines of the literature databases, the specialist journals and the
practical literature: <(Digital*) AND (Maritime* Logistics)>, <(Big Data) AND (Martime* Logistics)>,
<(Digital*) AND (Shipping Industry) >, <(Digitalisation OR Digitalization OR Digitization) AND
(Maritime* Logistics)>, <(Digital Transformation) AND (Maritime* Logistics)> as well <(Big Data) AND
(Maritime*Logistics) AND (Maritime* Transportation)>. For all identified contributions from science
and practice, we additionally carried out a forward and backward search, which led to three further
papers. Although we specifically searched in the listed journals and magazines, in a next step we
conducted an additional open Google search (forward and backward search) to broaden the search
frame.
Table 1 shows the search results using all keyword combinations in the respective sources. The
information in brackets behind the respective sources indicates the source of literature (P for prac-
tice and S for science).
A source is considered as relevant when it deals with digitization or transformation technologies
in the maritime logistics. The review was executed by sorting the contributions by title, keywords and
the abstract. After reading title and content specification, we decided whether or not we further
analyze a contribution by reviewing the content or the abstract. A total of 124 contributions were
identified as relevant and analyzed closer. Table 2 shows the list of publications title, grouped by
major topic and subtopic(s).
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Table 2. Publications
Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
De Tugny (2016)
(1)
Oshore Magazine Digital technology to
transform AIMS
Automation Digital technology
Big Data Transform aims
Simulation and
modelling
Technologies to transform aims
Software Communication technology
AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Lind et al. (2016)
(2)
Transportation Research
Procedia – 6th Transport
Research Arena
Sea Trac Management –
Beneficial for all Maritime
Stakeholders
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Community stakeholders
Automation in seaports
Big Data Fleet optimization
Cloud-based eBusiness
Transform aims
Research to reduce emissions
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
VTS
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Carlan, Sys and Vanelslander (2016)
(3)
Research in Transporta-
tion Business &
Management
How port community systems
can contribute to port compet-
itiveness: Developing a
cost-benefit framework
Automation Alarm system
Research and development
Big Data Cloud-based eBusiness
Competitive advantages
Cost-benefit analysis
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Software Simulation and research
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Development in supply chain
Smart container strategies and
research
Yao Yu and ChangChuan (2011)
(4)
Procedia Engineering A preliminary scheme of the
online monitoring system for
the ship discharging pollution
at harbour based on AIS
information
Automation Alarm system
Energy optimization
Simulation and
modelling
Development simulation
Software AIS
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Haraldson (2015)
(5)
21st Americas
Conference on
Information Systems
(AMCIS)
Digitalization of sea transports
– enabling sustainable
multi-modal transports
Automation Alarm system
Energy optimization
Software Sustainable transport models
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Sustainable maritime transport
Green port operations
Cisic et al. (2009)
(6)
MIPRO 2009, 32nd
International
Convention
The ecnonomic impact of
e-Business in seaport systems
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Big Data Economic impacts
Martin-Soberon et al. (2014)
(7)
Procedia – Social and
behavioral sciences
Automation in port container
terminals
Automation Control monitoring
Automatisation in supply chains
Cloud-based eBusiness
Automatisation in seaports
Bechtsis et al. (2016)
(8)
Journal of Cleaner
Production
Sustainable supply chain
management in the
digitalisation era: the impact
of automated guided vehicles
Automation Automatisation in seaports
Automatisation in supply chains
Energy optimization
Big Data Networking
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Christiansen et al. (2013)
(9)
Europan Journal of
Operations Research
Ship routing and scheduling in
the new millenium
Big Data Fleet optimization
Networking
Shiptrac
ETA
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
ETA
Sumic et al. (2015)
(10)
Procedia Engineering Optimizing Data Trac Route
for Maritime Vessels
Communications
Automation Control monitoring
Big Data Fleet optimization
Reporting
Simulation and
Modelling
VTS
Psaraftis (2016)
(11)
Transportation Research
Procedia, 6th Transport
Research Arena
Green maritime logistics: the
quest for win-win-solutions
Big Data Research to reduce emissions
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Green supply chain
Energy eciency
Stevens et al. (2015)
(12)
Research in Transporta-
tion Business &
Management
Is new emission legislation
stimulation the implementa-
tion of sustainable and
energy-ecient maritime
technologies?
Automation Energy optimization
Big Data Air quality
Atmospheric environment
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Green shipbuilding industry
Emissions
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Cheng et al. (2015)
(13)
Transportation Research
Part E: Logistics and
Transportation Review
Sustainability in maritime
supply chains: Challenges and
opportunities for theory and
practice
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Green supply chain
Energy eciency
Green port operations
Research studies
Davarzani et al. (2016)
(14)
Transportation Research
Part D: Transport and
Environment
Greening ports and maritime
logistics: A review
Big Data Air quality
Atmospheric environment
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Energy eciency
Green port operations
Von Lukas (2010)
(15)
8th IFAC Conference on
Control Applications in
Marine Systems
Virtual and augmented reality
for the maritime sector – ap-
plications and requirements
Simulation and
modelling
Production processes
Software Simulation and research
Cha et al. (2010)
(16)
Journal of Robotics and
Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing
Integrated simulation
framework for the process
planning of ships and oshore
structures
Simulation and
modelling
Optimization
Simulation
Back et al. (2016)
(17)
International Journal of
Naval Architecture and
Ocean Engineering
A study for production
simulation model generation
system based on data model
at a shipyard
Automation Research and development
Simulation and
modelling
Optimization
Simulation
Simulation studies
Software Simulation and research
Poulis et al. (2013)
(18)
The Service Industries
Journal
Information communication
technology – innovation in a
non-high technology sector:
achieving competitive
advantage in the shipping
industry
Automation Digital technology
Big Data Real-time
Cloud computing
Sustainable cost-reduction
VOIP
Competitive advantages
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Software Communication technology
Lee et al. (2016)
(19)
Maritime Policy &
Management
Port e-Transformation,
customer satisfaction and
competitiveness
Big Data Fleet optimization
Competitive advantages
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Transactional data
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Caniels et al. (2016)
(20)
Maritime Policy &
Management
Implementing green supply
chain practices: An empirical
investigation in the shipbuild-
ing industry
Big Data Implementing green supply chain
practices
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Green shipbuilding industry
Implementing
Chyssolouris et al. (2004)
(21)
International Journal of
Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
Towards the Internet-based
supply chain management for
the ship repair industry
Automation Supply chain management
Software Control systems
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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(Continued)
Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Banomyong (2005)
(22)
Maritime Policy &
Management
The impact of port and trade
security initiatives on maritime
supply-chain management
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
An et al. (2016)
(23)
22nd Americas
Conference on
Information Systems
(AMCIS)
Configuring Value with
Service-Dominant Logic: the
Case of Marine Informatics
Technology
Automation Research and development
Simulation and
modelling
Simulation studies
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Real-time tracking of global aid
transports
Biccario et al. (2014)
(24)
TETHYS 2014 – Toward
Emerging Technology for
Harbour systems and
Services
Wireless Remote Environmen-
tal Monitoring and Control of
Perishable Goods in Maritime
Transportation
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Big Data Fleet optimization
Cloud-based eBusiness
Software Services for port systems
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Smart container (RFID technology)
Real-time control of perishable
cargo
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Smart container strategies and
research
Diwan (2015)
(25)
The International
Maritime & Logistics
Conference (MARLOG 4)
Cloud community in e-clusters:
Towards sustainable logistics
clusters
Automation Energy optimization
Big Data Fleet optimization
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Sustainable maritime transport
Logistics clusters
Karlsson et al. (2015)
(26)
21st Americas
Conference on
Information Systems
(AMCIS)
Co-using Infrastructure for
Sustainable in Maritime
Transports
Automation Energy optimization
Big Data Infrastructure
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Sustainable maritime transport
Green port operations
Green shipbuilding industry
Legislation infrastructure
Min (2008)
(27)
IFAC Proceedings of the
17th World Congress
Automation and Control
Systems Technology in Korean
Shipbuilding Industry: The
State of the Art and die Future
Perspectives
Automation Control system
Research and development
Big Data Control systems
Software Control systems
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Lam (2011)
(28)
Journal of Transport
Geography
Patterns of maritime supply
chains: Slot capacity analysis
Automation Automatisation in supply chain
Automatisation in seaports
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Cloud-based eBusiness
Control systems
Software Control systems
Acciaro and Wilmsmeier (2015)
(29)
Research in Transporta-
tion Business &
Management
Energy eciency in maritime
logistics chains
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Green supply chain
Green port operations
Energy eciency
Van Leeuwen (2015)
(30)
Ocean & Coastal
Management
The regionalization of
maritime governance: Towards
a polycentric governdance
system for sustainable
shipping in the European
Union
Big Data Air quality
Atmospheric environment
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Sustainable maritime transport
Governance
Wuisan et al. (2012)
(31)
Marine Policy Greening international
shipping through private
governance: A case study of
the Clean Shipping Project
Big Data Air quality
Atmospheric environment
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Sustainable maritime transport
Development in supply chain
Governance
Sen (2016)
(32)
Maritime Security (2nd
Edition)
Cyber and Information Threats
to Seaports and Ships
Risks Cyber-attacks
Terrorist attacks
Brouer et al. (2016)
(33)
Emrouznejad, A. (ed.)
Big Data Optimization:
Recent Developments
and Challenges
Big Data Optimization in
Maritime Logistics
Big Data Fleet optimization
Shiptrac
Reporting
ETA
Optimization of administrative
procedures
Simulation and
modelling
VTS
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
ETA
Smart container strategies and
research
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Yang et al. (2016)
(34)
Peer-to-Peer - Network-
ing and Applications
Resource allocation in
cooperative cognitive radio
networks towards secure
communications for maritime
big data systems
Big Data Ship operating
Machine / aggregate
Fleet optimization
Simulation and
modelling
VTS
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
ETA
Control systems
Haasis et al. (2014)
(35)
Dethlo, J., Haasis, H. D.,
Koper, H., Kotzab, H.,
Schönberger, J. (eds.)
Logistics Management
Cloud-Based eBusiness
Standardization in the
Maritime Supply Chain
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Big Data Networking
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Reporting
Isaias and Duarte Macedo (2007)
(36)
Smith, M. J., Salvendy, G.
(eds.) Human Interface
and the Management of
Information
Web services as a solution for
maritime port information
interoperability
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Big Data Shiptrac
ETA
Web services
Software ETA
Services for port systems
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
ETA
Kim, Huh et al (2016)
(37)
Kim, K. J., Joukov, N.
(eds.) Information
Science and Applica-
tions (ICISA)
Design and Implementation of
Drone for Wideband
Communication and
Long-range in Maritime
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Simulation and
Modelling
Communication
Lee and Lee (2016)
(38)
Lee, P. T. W., Cullinane, K.
(eds.) Dynamic Shipping
and Port Development
in the Globalized
Economy
New Concepts in the
Economics of Flow, Connec-
tion, and Fusion Technology in
Maritime Logistics
Simulation and
Modelling
Development in new technologies
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Jiang et al. (2014)
(39)
Lee, C. Y., Meng, Q. (eds.)
Handbook of Ocean
Container Transport
Logistics
Innovative Container
Terminals to Improve Global
Container Transport Chains.
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Infrastructure
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Smart container (RFID technology)
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Xiang (2010)
(40)
Marine Science &
Technology in China: A
Roadmap to 2050
Status and Opportunities of
Chinese Marine Science &
Technology Development
Automation Technology development
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Simulation
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Bendel (2015)
(41)
HMD Praxis der
Wirtschafts-informatik
Die Industrie 4.0 aus ethischer
Sicht
Risks Loss of workplaces
Digital ethical risks
Social risks
Grazia Speranza (2016)
(42)
European Journal of
Operations Research
Trends in transportation and
logistics
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Energy eciency
Gharehgozli et al. (2016)
(43)
Maritime Economics &
Logistics
Sea container terminals: New
technologies and OR models
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Simulation and
modelling
New port facilities
Simulation
Development in new technologies
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Kim et al. (2016)
(44)
Maritime Economics &
Logistics
The impact of RFID utilization
and supply chain information
sharing on supply perfor-
mance: Focusing on the
moderating role of supply
chain culture
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Smart container (RFID technology)
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Smart container strategies and
research
Real-time tracking of globald aid
transports
Birtchnell (2016)
(45)
Applied Mobilities
Journal
The missing mobility: friction
and freedom in the movement
and digitization of cargo
Software Cargodata
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Smart container (RFID technology)
Real-time control of perishable
cargo
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Smart container strategies and
research
Lee et al. (2003)
(46)
Maritime Policy &
Management
A simulation study for the
logistics planning of a
container terminal in view of
SCM
Automation Research and development
Simulation and
Modelling
New port facilities
Development
Simulation studies
Software Simulation and research
Jafari et al. (2010)
(47)
Maritime Policy &
Management
E-commerce development
experiences in world′s leading
container ports and oering a
model for Shahid Rajaee Port
Automation Research and development
Simulation and
Modelling
New port facilities
Development in new technologies
Simulaton
Software Simulation and research
Roumboutsos et al. (2005)
(48)
Maritime Policy &
Management
Information technology
network security risk
assessment and management
framework for shipping
companies
Big Data Networking
Risk assessment and management
Risks Data misuse
Sabotage
Cyber-attacks
Terrorist attacks
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Keceli (2011)
(49)
Maritime Policy &
Management
A proposed innovation
strategy for Turkish port
administration policy via
information technology
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Big Data Port admnistrations
Simulation and
Modelling
Innovation strategies for future
port administrations
Administrations
Prokop (2012)
(50)
International Journal of
Shipping and Transport
Logistics
Smart containers and the
public goods approach to
supply chain security
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Green supply chain
Smart container (RFID technology)
Energy eciency
Green port operations
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Real-time tracking of global aid
transports
Risks Cyber-attacks
Research on the risks of security of
the supply chain
Security of the supply chain
Harder and Voß (2012)
(51)
International Journal of
Shipping and Transport
Logistics
A simple RFID cost model for
the container shipping
industry
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Smart container (RFID technology)
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Smart container strategies and
research
Real-time tracking of global aid
transports
Berg and Hauer (2015)
(52)
Asia Insurance Review Digitalisation in shipping and
logistics
Risks Loss of workplaces
Digital ethical risks
Social risks
Abolition of workplaces
Fabarius (2017a)
(53)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Maritime Wirtschaft erfindet
sich neu
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Supply chain management
Big Data Control systems
Risks Cyber-attacks
Fabarius (2017b)
(54)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Digitale Häfen brauchen mehr
Sicherheit
Risks Cyber-attacks
Terrorist attacks
Fabarius (2017c)
(55)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Digitalisierung braucht
rechtlichen Rahmen
Big Data Legislation on competitive
advantages
Risks Data misuse
Security of the supply chain
Arndt (2017)
(56)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Digitalisierung bedingt auch
Investitionen
Big Data Cost-benifit analysis
Simulation and
modelling
Development in new technologies
Binder (2016a)
(57)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
AK Küste: CyberSicherheit
verbessern
Risks Data misuse
Security of the supply chain
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Binder (2016b)
(58)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
VDR: Reeder packen
Digitalisierung
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Digital technology
Big Data Fleet optimization
Control systems
Software Communication technology
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Binder (2017)
(59)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Chancen für smart shipping
und Big Data
Big Data Cloud-based eBusiness
Ship operating
Machine/Aggregate
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Simulation and
Modelling
Development
Simulation
Binder et al. (2017)
(60)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Die `Tesla` der Meere wird ein
Boxcarrier
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Risk assessment and management
Autonomous / smart shipping
Lüders (2016)
(61)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Digitalisierung reduziert Kosten Big Data Competitive advantages
Economic impacts
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Energy eciency
Reduction of emissions
Kleinort (2017)
(62)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Daten-Plattform für maritime
Branche
Automation Control system
Research and development
Big Data Cloud-based eBusiness
Port administration
Web services
Reporting
Software Simulation and research
Germann (2017)
(63)
THB – Deutsche
Schifahrts-Zeitung
Schifahrt trit Raumfahrt Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
N.U. (2016a)
(64)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Prozessoptimierung durch
Digitalisierung im Seehafe-
numschlag
Automation Automation in seaports
Big Data Port admnistration
Control systems
Software Services for port systems
Cargodata
Bruhn (2017)
(65)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Maritime Wirtschaft – an der
Schwelle zur autonomen
Schifahrt
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Kretschmann and Schlegel (2016)
(66)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Service 4.0 als Chance für die
maritime Zulieferindustrie
Big Data Ship operating
Machine/aggregate
Networking
Economic impacts
Software Service for port systems
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Green shipbuilding industry
Von Lukas (2017)
(67)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Maritime Data Space:
Mehrwert durch sichere
Verknüpfung von Daten
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Economic impacts
Infrastructure
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Von Lukas (2016)
(68)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Zur Rolle des Menschen in der
Zukunftsvision 4.0
Automation Cloud-based
eBusiness
Control monitoring
Control system
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Networking
Optimization of administrative
procedures
Simulation and
modelling
Administration
Communication
Von Lukas et al. (2016)
(69)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
3D-Technologie als Grundlage
für die digitale Transformation
der maritimen Wirtschaft
Simulation and
modelling
Simulation studies
Production processes
Optimization simulation
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Green shipbuilding industry
Software
N.U. (2016b)
(70)
Schi&Hafen – Interna-
tionale Fachzeitschrift
für Schifahrt und
maritime Technik
Technology Outlook 2025:
Ausblick auf die Schifahrt der
Zukunft
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Green supply chain
Reduction of emissions
Green shipbuilding industry
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Reimann (2017)
(71)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Ab 2020 werden Schie
ferngesteuert
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Autonomous / smart shipping
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Naumann (2017a)
(72)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Digitale Modelle setzen sich
durch
Automation Automatisation in supply
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Control systems
Simulation and
modelling
Development in new technologies
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
Granzow (2017)
(73)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Maritime Logistik wird digitaler Automation Automatisation in supply chain
Supply chain management
Big Data Fleet optimization
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Competitive advantages
Software Communication technology
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Energy eciency
De Jong (2017a)
(74)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Der Seetransport wird
transparenter
Automation Alarm system
Control monitoring
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Reporting
Simulation and
modelling
Communication
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Energy eciency
De Jong (2017b)
(75)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Praxisnahes Projekt berechnet
Schisankunftszeiten in
Seehäfen
Big Data Shiptrac
ETA
Simulation and
modelling
VTS
Software ETA
AIS
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Naumann (2016)
(76)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Mehr Ezienz und Sicherheit
auf See
Big Data Networking
Fleet optimization
Shiptrac
ETA
Simulation and
modelling
VTS
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Cargodata
Naumann and Reimann (2016)
(77)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Besser planen dank Bits und
Bytes
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Supply chain management
Automatisation in seaports
Big Data Fleet optimization
Shiptrac
ETA
Control systems
Software AIS
Service for port systems
De Jong (2016)
(78)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Automatisierung an der
Kaikante
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Automatisation in seaports
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Simulation and
modelling
New port facilities
Develoment
Simulation
Zapp (2015)
(79)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Technik ersetzt Mannschaft Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Technology development
Big Data Ship operating
Machine / aggregate
Autonomous / smart shipping
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Reduction of emissions
Energy eciency
Naumann (2014)
(80)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Die Zukunft gehört dem
Smartport
Automation Automatisation in seaports
Supply chain management
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Port administration
Simulation and
modelling
New port facilities
Simulation studies
Innovation strategies for future
port administrations
Software Service for port systems
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Naumann (2017b)
(81)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Digitalisierung verändert
Schifahrtsbranche
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Digital technology
Supply chain management
Big Data Cloud-based eBusiness
Real-time
Cloud-computing
Software VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Reporting
Kloss (2016)
(82)
DVZ – Deutsche
Verkehrs-Zeitung
Und Iris knipst am laufenden
Band
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Digital technology
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Simulationand
modelling
Development in new technologies
N.U. (2017)
(83)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Schifahrt soll mit digitalen
Start-ups zusammen arbeiten
Automation Research and development
Big Data Networking
Economic impacts
Software Competitive advantages
Selzer (2017a)
(84)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Aufbruch ins Ungewisse Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Governance
Risks Data misuse
Security of the supply chain
Sabotage
Selzer (2017b)
(85)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Autonomy – virtually real? Automation Digital technology
Technology development
Simulation and
modelling
Production processes
Software
Selzer (2017c)
(86)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
The human factor in cyber
security
Risks Cyber-attacks
Security of the supply chain
Meyer (2017)
(87)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Neue Cyber-Allianz mit
bewährter Wae
Big Data Reporting
Risk assessment and management
Risks Data misuse
Cyber-attacks
Kuster (2017)
(88)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Intelligent durch `smarte`
Verdrahtung
Automation Digital technology
Control system
Big Data Control systems
Simulation and
modelling
Communication
Production processes
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Leira (2016)
(89)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Neue Ära der Kommunikation
auf See
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Communication
Software Communication technology
Selzer (2016)
(90)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Ohne Mann und Maus Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Meyer (2016)
(91)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
DNV GL will Innovationstreiber
sein
Automation Digital technology
Big Data Control systems
Simulation and
modelling
Production processes
Risks Cyber-attacks
Bertram (2011)
(92)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
IT-Trends in Schibau und
Schifahrt
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Development
Simulation
Production processes
Software Control systems
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Energy eciency
Bertram (2016)
(93)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Smart connected and bigger Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Simulation and
modelling
Optimization simulation
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Bertram (2017)
(94)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
Get smart! Autonomy now! Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Internet of Things
Virtual reality
Autonomous / smart shipping
Simulation and
modelling
Optimization simulation
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Bertram (2015)
(95)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
IT for smarter ship design and
operation
Big Data Shiptrac
ETA
Virtual reality
Simulation and
modelling
VTS
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Hochhaus (2011)
(96)
HANSA – International
Maritime Journal
IT-Lösungen für die Schifahrt Big Data Control systems
Augmented reality
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Simulation and research
Doyle (2017)
(97)
Maritime Logistics
Professional
Cyber attacks threaten
shipping & dominate maritime
news
Risks Cyber-attacks
Keefe (2017)
(98)
Maritime Logistics
Professional
Cloud-based global trade
Management: The sky is the
limit
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Cloud-based eBusiness
Reporting
Networking
Software Control systems
Keefe (2016)
(99)
Maritime Logistics
Professional
Cyber security: Wake up call Risks Cyber-attacks
Research on the risks of security of
the supply chain
Keefe (2014)
(100)
Maritime Logistics
Professional
Optimize performance via
data analytics
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Competitive advantages
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Sustainable maritime transport
Energy eciency
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Muccin (2015)
(101)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Combatting maritime cyber
security threats
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Ship operating
Machine / aggregate
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Optimization
Simulation
Sofware AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Commnication technology
Risks Data misuse
Cyber attacks
Trauthwein (2017a)
(102)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Rolls-Royce blue ocean team
looks to the future
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Autonomous / smart shipping
Supply chain management
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Trauthwein (2017b)
(103)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Software solutions: Monitor &
Track
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Economic impacts
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Simulation
Optimization
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Communication technology
Sustainable transport models
Bobys (2017)
(104)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
A case for maritime cyber
security capability
Risks Data misuse
Cyber-attacks
Berge (2017)
(105)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Maritime cyber security: Good,
better & best
Big Data Networking
Risks Data misuse
Cyber-attacks
Research on the risks of security
of the supply chain
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Grucza (2017)
(106)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Industry 4.0 on the high seas Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Research to reduce emissions
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Energy eciency
Pekkanen (2017)
(107)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Big Data & a level playing field Big Data Fleet optimization
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Shiptrac
ETA
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Cargodata
Control systems
Communication technology
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Pribyl (2016)
(108)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Drones: Is the maritime
industry ready?
Automation Automatisation in seaports
Research and development
Technology development
Control system
Big Data Competitive advantages
Economic impacts
Cost-benefit analysis
Legislation on competitive
advantages
Infrastructure
Risks Security of the supply chain
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Segercrantz (2016a)
(109)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Cyber security in shipping &
oshore ops
Big Data Control systems
Transactional data
Simulation and
modelling
Communication
Risks Cyber-attacks
Sabotage
Security of the supply chain
Muccin (2016)
(110)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Cyber world: Safer seas via
phantom ships
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Control systems
Autonomous / smart shipping
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Control systems
Risks Cyber-attacks
Social risks (loss of workplaces)
Research on the risks of security of
the supply chain
Stoichevski (2016)
(111)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
The `paperless` ship Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Digital technology
Technology development
Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Cloud-based eBusiness
VOIP
Autonomous / smart shipping
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Communication
Development in new technologies
Technologies to transform aims
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Haun (2015)
(112)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
E-Procurement streamlined via
the cloud
Automation Cloud-based eBusiness
Digital technology
Big Data Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Cloud-based eBusiness
Reporting
Web services
Simulation and
modelling
Optimization
Simulation
Development in new technologies
Segercrantz (2016b)
(113)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Big Data & big savings for
maritime ops
Automation Automatisation in supply chains
Cloud-based eBusiness
Digital technology
Technology development
Big Data Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Cloud-based eBusiness
Control systems
Web services
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Communication
Development in new technologies
Software Communication technology
Hartmann and Remick (2015)
(114)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Cyber security & the challenge
to maritime networks
Big Data Networking
Simulation and
modelling
Communication
Technologies to transform aims
Software Communication technology
Risks Cyber-attacks
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Rhodes and Soccoli (2015)
(115)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Big Data: Big value or big risk? Big Data Transform aims
Internet of things
VOIP
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Control systems
Communication technology
Risks Cyber-attacks
Terrorist attacks
Segercrantz (2015a)
(116)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
DNV GL: `Big Data` evolving
fast; LNG slower than
expected
Big Data Internet of things
Research to reduce emissions
Implementing green supply chain
practices
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Development in new technologies
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Reduction of emissions
Energy eciency
Green shipbuilding industry
Weigel and Singleton (2014)
(117)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Electronic navigation & dispute
resolution: Coming of age
Simulation and
modelling
Development in new technologies
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Control systems
Simulation and research
Bryant (2017)
(118)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Balancing eciency & security
as maritime goes digital
Simulation and
modelling
Development in new technologies
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Control systems
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Risks Cyber-attacks
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Haynes (2016)
(119)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Unmanned surface vessels:
From concept to service
Automation Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Control systems
Research to reduce emissions
Simulation and
modelling
Production processes
Technolologies to transform aims
Simulation studies
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Stoichevski (2015)
(120)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
The maritime launch of Big
Data
Big Data Networking
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Reporting
VOIP
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Communication
Driver (2015)
(121)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Big IT: How fast, how far will IT
drive maritime?
Big Data Networking
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Internet of things
Research to reduce emissions
Port administration
Competitive advantages
Simulation and
modelling
Development in new technologies-
Simulation
Segercrantz (2015b)
(122)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Unmanned vessel: The future
is now
Automation Control system
Autonomous / smart shipping
Big Data Autonomous / smart shipping
Sensor-chip-technology
Impact on maritime logistics
Fleet optimization
Sustainable
Maritime Transport
Energy eciency
Risks Cyber-attacks
Security of the supply chain
Baldauf (2013)
(123)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Standartization for safer
shipping of e-navigation &
training
Software AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Control systems
Communication technology
Simulation and research
Table 2. (Continued)
(Continued)
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Author, year of publication,
reference number Publication outlet Publication title Major topic Subtopic(s)
Trauthwein (2013)
(124)
Maritime Reporter and
Engineering News
Software solutions picking up
steam
Big Data Fleet optimiziation
Real-time
Cloud-computing
VOIP
Sustainable cost-reduction
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
Development in new technologies
Simulation studies
Software Control systems
Communication technology
Sustainable transport models
AIS
GPS-navigation
Routeplanning
ETA
Sustainable
maritime
transport
Energy eciency
Table 2. (Continued)
4. Analysis
4.1. Results
The results of the literature analysis are depicted in the concept matrix in Table 3.
In the following, we assigned the publications to subject-specific clusters and analyzed them ac-
cordingly. Before explaining the defined clusters in more detail, it must be pointed out that the indi-
vidual contributions do not always allow for a clear assignment, since they often refer to aspects of
dierent clusters. Therefore, the respective thematic main focus of each contribution was decisive
for its clustering.
In the practical as well as the scientific literature of the years 2003 through 2017, a total of 124
relevant contributions covering the topic of digitization in maritime logistics were identified. The
publications cover a broad spectrum and show the areas in need of development. It is striking that
in the analyzed literature there is no systematic literature review on digitization in maritime logistics
and it must be assumed that no literature review has been carried out on this topic until now. The
majority of the identified contributions (88%) stems from IS-, maritime- and management-related
journals or conferences, the remaining contributions (12%) are book publications. Furthermore, 22%
of the articles originate from the general transport and logistics sector, 33% are IS or management-
related articles and almost half of the identified contributions (45%) stem from the maritime logis-
tics sector. Almost all publications are written in English (98%), which is related to the fact that the
keyword search in the search engines of the literature databases and trade journals was carried out
in English. In addition to the search in the literature, we carried out an open Google search (forward
and backward) by applying all keyword combinations. In comparison to the scientific contributions,
all 72 practical contributions were published in maritime- and transport-related journals. Of these,
39 contributions (54%) were written in German, the remaining 33 contributions (46%) in English.
Furthermore, we looked at the countries of origin of the respective leading authors in the scientific
literature, or rather their institutions. As to the scientific literature, there is a strong concentration of
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Table 3. Stakeholders and artifacts in scope of digitization in maritime logistics
Who? Logistics providers Infrastructure and
service providers Maritime industries Research
and scientific
community
Governments
What? Example Reference Example Reference Example Reference Example
Reference Example
Reference
Automation Control monitoring
(7), (10), (68), (74)
Cloud-based eBusiness
(2), (6),
(7), (24), (35), (36), (43), (62), (68), (98), (111),
(112), (113)
Digital Technology
(1), (18), (58), (81),
(82), (85), (88), (91), (111), (112), (113)
Research and
development
(3), (23), (46),
(47), (27), (17), (62), (83), (108)
Energy
optimization
(4), (5),
(25), (26), (8), (12)
Alarm system
(3), (4), (5), (74)
Automation in seaports
(7), (8),
(2), (28), (63), (77), (78), (80), (108)
Control system
(27), (62), (68), (88), (108),
(122)
Technology
development
(40), (79),
(85), (108), (111), (113)
Community
Stakeholders
(2)
Supply chain management
(21),
(53), (73), (77), (80), (81), (102)
Automatisation in supply
chains
(39), (49), (7), (8), (22), (28), (53), (58),
(72), (73), (77), (78), (81), (102), (113)
Autonomous / smart shipping
(60), (65), (70), (71), (79), (82), (90), (101), (102),
(110), (111), (119), (122)
Infrastructre
(39)
Big Data Ship operating, Machine/
Aggregate
(34), (59), (66), (79), (101)
Cloud-based eBusiness
(2), (3),
(24), (28), (59), (62), (81), (98), (111), (112), (113)
Transform aims
(1), (2), (115)
Optimization of
administrative
procedures
(33), (68)
Air quality,
Atmospheric
environment,
(12),
(14), (30), (31)
Fleet optimization
(2), (19), (24), (25),
(33), (34), (9), (10), (58), (73), (76), (77), (107), (122),
(124)
Reporting
(33), (35), (10), (62), (74), (81),
(87), (98), (112), (120)
Control systems
(27), (28), (53), (58), (63),
(72), (77), (88), (91), (96), (109), (110), (113), (119)
Research to reduce
emissions
(2), (11), (105),
(116), (119), (121)
Legislation on
competitive
advantages
(2), (3),
(18), (19), (55), (84), (108)
Networking
(35), (48), (8), (9), (66), (68),
(76), (83), (98), (105), (114), (120), (121)
VOIP
(18), (35), (37), (89), (111), (115), (120)
Implementing green supply
chain practices
(20), (116)
Web services
(36), (62),
(112), (113)
Infrastructure
(26),
(67), (108)
Sensor-chip-technology,
impact on maritime logistics
(8), (22), (59), (63), (67), (70), (71), (72), (73), (74),
(78), (80), (84), (93), (94), (100), (103), (105), (107),
(110), (113), (120), (122)
Shiptrac, ETA
(33), (36), (9), (75),
(76), (77), (95), (103), (107)
Internet of Things (IoT)
(94), (115),
(116), (121)
Cost-benefit analysis
(3), (56), (108)
Transactional
data
(19), (109)
Compet. advantages
(3), (18),
(19), (61), (73), (83), (100), (108), (121)
Virtual Reality (VR)
(94), (95)
Real-time, cloud-computing,
VOIP, sustainable cost-reduc-
tion
(18), (35), (37), (28), (68), (81), (89), (98),
(103), (105), (107), (111), (112), (113), (121), (124)
Port administration
(49), (62), (63),
(80), (121)
Augmented Reality (AR)
(96)
Risk assessment and
management
(48), (60), (87)
Economic impacts
(6), (61), (67),
(83), (103), (108)
Autonomous / smart shipping
(60), (65), (70), (71), (79), (90), (94), (101), (110),
(111), (119), (122)
Simulation and
modelling
Technology development
(2),
(40), (42), (22), (67), (92), (101), (103), (111), (113),
(116), (120), (124)
Development, Simulation
(4),
(40), (43), (46), (47), (59), (78), (92), (103), (121)
Production processes
(15), (69), (85),
(88), (91), (92), (119)
Simulation studies
(23),
(46), (17), (69), (80), (119), (124)
Innovation
strategies for
future port
administrations
(49), (80)
VTS
(2), (10), (33), (34), (75), (76), (95)
Optimization, simulation
(16), (17),
(69), (93), (94), (101), (103), (112)
New port facilities
(43), (46), (47), (78),
(80)
Administration
(49), (68)
Technologies to transform
aims
(1), (111), (114), (119)
Development in new
technologies
(38), (40), (43),
(47), (56), (72), (82), (91), (101), (111),
(112), (113), (117), (118), (121), (124)
Communication
(37), (68), (74), (88),
(89), (109), (111), (113), (114), (120)
Software AIS, GPS-Navigation,
routeplanning, ETA
(1), (2), (19), (33),
(34), (38), (43), (9), (22), (58), (71), (76), (90), (93),
(95), (96), (101), (103), (107), (110), (115), (117),
(118), (123), (124)
ETA
(33), (36), (9), (75), (103), (107), (118),
(123)
Control systems
(27), (21), (28), (34), (92),
(98), (107), (110), (115), (117), (118), (123), (124)
Simulation and
research
(3), (46), (47), (15),
(17), (62), (96), (117), (123)
Sustainable
transport models
(5), (103), (124)
AIS
(4), (75), (77), (93), (101), (103), (107),
(117), (118), (123)
Cargodata
(45), (64), (76), (107), (115)
Services for port systems
(24),
(36), (64), (66), (77), (80)
Communicat. Technology
(1), (18),
(58), (73), (89), (101), (103), (107), (113), (114),
(115), (123), (124)
(Continued)
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authors from the EU (55%), followed by authors from Asia (31%), North America, and Australia (6%)
as well as Egypt (2%). Considering the identified practical contributions, the share of authors from
the EU is similarly high (62%). The remaining articles originate from North America (38%).
Given the fact that artifacts such as big data, simulation and modeling and sustainable maritime
transport play an important part in the digitization of maritime logistics, and thus are equally es-
sential for all involved stakeholders, it is comprehensible that many of the identified contributions
address such artifacts as well as the corresponding ICT. It is, however, surprising that only few pub-
lications stem from the maritime industry (i.e. shipbuilding and oshore industry). From the above
results, it is clear that within the scientific community the research field digitization of maritime lo-
gistics is still in its initial stage. In practice literature, the situation is dierent as can be seen from
the following contributions: The optimization of processes in the maritime logistics chain by new
technologies and the resulting reduction of costs (Lüders, 2016), the transparency of the sea trans-
port by sensor chip technologies (De Jong, 2017a) and the autonomous navigation and the subse-
quent reduction in ship occupancies (Selzer, 2016) are often discussed topics. Nevertheless, the
analyzed publications show a clear homogeneity regarding the benefits of digitization for maritime
logistics.
Sustainable
Maritime
Transport
Reduction of emissions
(12), (14),
(31), (61), (70), (79), (105), (116)
Energy eciency
(11), (13), (14),
(50), (61), (73), (74), (79), (93), (100), (105),
(116), (118)
Energy eciency
(42), (61), (73), (74),
(79), (92), (100), (102), (105), (107), (116), (118),
(119), (122), (124)
Research studies
(13)
Emissions
(12)
Legislation
infrastructure
(26)
Sustainable maritime
transport
(5), (25), (26), (30), (31), (100)
Green port operations
(5), (26),
(50), (13), (14), (29)
Green shipbuilding industry
(26),
(20), (12), (66), (69), (70), (116)
Development in
supply chain
(3), (31)
Implementing
(20)
Energy eciency
(29)
Green supply chain
(50), (11), (13),
(29), (70)
Logistics clusters
(25)
Smart container
strategies and
research
(3), (45), (24), (33),
(44), (51)
Governance
(30),
(31), (84)
Smart container (RFID
technology)
(45), (24), (39), (44), (50), (51)
ETA
(9), (33), (36), (71), (75), (76), (77), (93),
(95), (103)
Real-time
tracking of global
aid transports
(23),
(44), (50), (51)
Real-time control of
perishable cargo
(45), (24)
Conditions of cargo (RFID)
(45), (24), (39), (44), (50), (51), (72)
Risks Cyber-attacks
(32), (48), (53), (54), (86),
(87), (97), (99), (101), (104), (105), (110), (114),
(115), (118), (122)
Cyber-attacks
(48), (50), (32), (53),
(54), (86), (87), (97), (99), (101), (104), (105),
(114), (115), (118), (122)
Cyber-attacks
(48), (32), (53), (54), (86),
(91), (97), (99), (101), (104), (105), (109), (110),
(114), (115), (118), (122)
Research on the risks
of security of the
supply chain
(50), (99),
(105), (110)
Abolition of
workplaces
(52)
Data misuse
(48), (55), (57), 84), (87),
(101), (104), (105)
Loss of work-places
(41), (52)
Social risks (loss of workplaces)
(41), (52), (110)
Terrorist attacks
(48), (32), (54), (115)
Loss of workplaces
(41), (52), (110)
Digital ethical risks
(41), (52)
Digital ethical risks
(41), (52)
Data misuse
(48),
(55), (57), (84)
Digital ethical risks
(41), (52)
Sabotage
(48)
Sabotage
(48), (109)
Security of the
supply chain
(50),
(55), (57), (84), (86), (108),
(109), (122)
Sabotage
(48), (84)
Sabotage
(48), (84),
(109)
Table 3. (Continued)
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Table 4. PESTEL-Matrix with recommendations for digitization in maritime logistics
Digitization in maritime logistics: Perspective
Recommendations for action: P E S T E L
Challenge 1: Compliance with future stricter environmental requirements: Environmental
The maritime logistics chain will change as a result of increasingly stringent environmental directives. The environmental directives limit the sulfur content of bunker oil at 3.5% from
January 2020 to 0.5% (Gilbert, 2014). Since 2015, 0.1% has already been applied to areas which are particularly protected. A climate friendly and forward-looking fuel is, among other
things, liquid natural gas (LNG), in its use in the long term hardly anyone will pass by (Brandt, 2016). However, when a shipping company converts to low-emission engines is an
individual decision. CO2 emissions and noise can be avoided in the ports by feeding eco-friendly electricity from ashore side into the onboard network.
Challenge 2: Digital transformation of the maritime logistics chain + Data security and data protection Technological
Digitization will change maritime logistics through intelligent networking of logistical processes and automation, and will contribute to increasing eciency in shipping, management
and service (Brouer et al., 2016), in which business models and their processes will be changing significantly in the foreseeable future:
• Real-time tracking of cargo and cloud-based monitoring of ship systems are no longer a future issue (Biccario et al., 2014).
• The remote controlled or fully automatic ship operation will become reality in the foreseeable future (Maluck, 2016).
• Digital players will enter the market as competitors and support the digital conversion of maritime logistics with technical solutions (Brandt, 2016).
The stakeholders of maritime logistics should adapt themselves to new competitors, invest in digital business models and in the future assume more tasks in the maritime
supply chain in order to remain viable. Digitization will force shipping companies to deepen their service portfolios and cover the entire supply chain, not just at sea but also
increasingly on land (Brandt, 2016).
The growing volume of data, the demand for mobility in logistics and the exchange of information also lead to a growing need for data security and data protection in maritime
logistics in order to prevent manipulations of sensitive systems. Existing defensive concepts (defense-in-depth models) are increasingly reaching their limits. Companies should
protect their data against unauthorized access and any kind of abuse by cloud-based user systems, access management, device management and data backup, and make
appropriate investments in IT security.
Challenge 3: Big Data in maritime logistics + Process optimization Economic
The use of Big Data holds potentials and risks at the same time:
• Operational planning and control processes can be improved in the maritime supply chain (Brouer et al., 2016).
• Based on mathematical algorithms, based on real-time data from ship operation, ship arrival times can be predicted earlier and more accurately.In the future the stake-
holders, involved in the maritime logistics chain, will be able to adjust their resource dispositions flexibly in an early stage to adapt to the ships arrival time.
The significant volume growth in the area of container trac, as well as other maritime transport services, poses major challenges for the logistics chain. The actors of the maritime
logistics chain should present and model the existing processes in a process optimization software and then optimize them. In addition to the development of meta-simulation
models, for example for container terminals in the seaports, with a discreet, event-oriented character, optimization methods from other economic sectors could also be taken into
account and these would then be made use of for maritime logistics. Examples of Lean Management, from the further development of the term Lean Production, should be
mentioned here. This creates opportunities for improving the quality of the maritime supply chain as well as increasing productivity and optimizing the process as a whole. Ship arrival
times can be optimized and more accurately predicted, using new technologies as well as reduced waiting times in ports (Fruth, 2016). Equipped with RFID technologies, the path of
a product can be tracked and monitored in a container, from the consignor to the consignee, without any gaps (Bai et al., 2010). The goods are cross linked across borders. Operating
conditions and coordinates of goods can be interchanged and communicated.
(Continued)
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Digitization in maritime logistics: Perspective
Recommendations for action: P E S T E L
Challenge 4: Financial support: Political
For years sea shipping has been in one of its most severe crises. There is no fresh capital to modernize fleets or to implement other large scale projects, because for many banks an
engagement in shipping is no longer an option. In dicult times like these, many maritime companies hesitate to invest in new technologies due to high investment costs. One of the
most important challenges is to motivate and promote maritime companies for the introduction of new technologies, for example through financial support measures by the Federal
Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) and through government sponsored funding programs for the maritime economy and research.
Challenge 5: Regulatory compliance: Legal
The use of the AIS (Automatic Identification System) and RFID technologies requires the automated recording of personal data in some applications. When using the AIS technology,
ships have a transponder on board, identify themselves among themselves, as well as with trac control centers on land, and make relevant static, travel related and dynamic data
clearly known. Personal data of the watchkeeping ocer or captain are also transmitted. In these cases there are ethical and legal concerns regarding the privacy of the respective
crew members. These data are available for everyone who has a corresponding receiver and can therefore pose a threat to the ship and its crew members when the ship is, for
example in driving areas, aected by pirates or other criminal acts. Prior to the implementation of these technologies, restrictions on privacy and data protection should be reviewed
by legislation.
In addition reliable and political framework conditions, especially in the course of digitization and automation in the maritime logistics chain, are recommended so that seaports can
continue to function as logistical hubs. Regulatory guidelines, on the part of the governments, could make the economic development of port cities and entire coastal regions more
dicult. Uniform conditions of competition, as well as an environmental policy that would allow for future development opportunities for seaports, would be a possible approach.
Challenge 6: Social impact of digitization on the qualification and competencies of specialists in
maritime logistics:
Social
Through the digitization and automation of many areas maritime logistics will change. Smart-Shipping will create more attractive and responsible jobs onshore for the monitoring
and remote maintenance of ships (Binder, 2016c). However, the use of new technologies requires appropriate expertise and the need for advanced skills. An increasing need for
training and development in the field of new technologies will be necessary in the future. The major challenge is therefore to create and develop new competencies, to optimize
project organizations and to gain new talents. Experience, willingness to integrate and technical knowledge are among the most important issues that should be considered.
Companies should work with their employees to develop ideas, for example on the basis of “planning games”, how they can implement these things and introduce ideas for the
creation of innovations. This enables eective analysis of business processes as well as the disclosure of existing improvement potentials by realizing company processes. Further-
more, interdisciplinary groups could be formed to work together to increase the eciency of the companies.
Table 4. (Continued)
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In the area of new technologies and Big Data Analytics, the authors analyzed an eciency in-
crease in the area of ship operations, as well as an optimization of the maritime trac through the
exchange of data between ship–ship and ship–land actors and the use of ICT (Haraldson, 2015;
Roumboutsos, Nikitakos, & Gritzalis, 2005). Port Community Systems (Carlan, Sys, & Vanelslander,
2016) and e-transformation systems based on IT transform and enhance the internal and external
value chains as well as the transshipment activities in the ports (Lee et al., 2016). The smart, RFID-
equipped container contributes to the sustainability of sea transport and significantly improves the
transparency and security of international intermodal container trac (Haraldson, 2015). In addi-
tion, RFID technologies enable the involved stakeholders to ensure a complete transparency along
the entire process chain (Prokop, 2012).
Based on the AIS technology, real-time monitoring can be used to prevent pollution and protect
the environment, as AIS technology optimizes maritime trac, reduces the risk of accidents and
minimizes environmental pollution (Yao Yu & ChangChuan, 2011). The fact that sustainability in the
field of sea transport is a central and forward-looking theme, the actors of the entire maritime logis-
tics chain are faced with corresponding challenges (Psaraftis, 2016; Stevens, Sys, Vanelslander, &
van Hassel, 2015). The topic of cyberattacks and data misuse is also given much consideration in
practical literature (Segercrantz, 2016a), as there is consensus that digitization is supposed to im-
prove cybersecurity (Binder, 2016a) and needs a legal framework (Fabarius, 2017c).
As in other areas of the economic world, the analyzed literature shows that digitalization does not
only bear chances but also risks, such as data misuse, cyberattacks as well as the loss of certain jobs
for the maritime industry ( Bendel, 2015; Sen, 2016), which must also be considered.
4.2. Discussion
The results indicate that research in the digitization of maritime logistics is still in its initial stages.
Our wide-ranging search revealed only a small number of scientific literature and shows that digiti-
zation in the maritime logistics chain is currently being addressed and considered rather in practical
than scientific literature. With regard to our research questions, we come to the following conclu-
sion: Digitization has already reached in maritime logistics in some areas and its potential to change
the maritime industry is huge. Automation and digitalization are progressing and have changed
processes in ship operation and in port handling. Smart container technologies (RFID) and real-time
tracking of cargo, for example, increase the transparency on the transport route from the sender to
the recipient. Shipping companies are already in a position to operate their own tracking apps in the
near future, where the location of the container can be determined by means of a GPS signal (Brandt,
2017). By using modern sensor chip technologies, a large number of data are already recorded at
sea and analyzed onshore, which allows the optimization of process flows on board as well as in the
handling in ports. Further, it reduces waiting times and costs (De Jong, 2016). The focus of the identi-
fied papers is on the optimization of ship operation and terminal transshipment procedures by
means of GPS, ICT as well as closely networked stakeholders. However, the areas of sustainability,
emissions reduction, use of alternative fuels, as well as the risks of cyberattacks find little considera-
tion in the identified literature. A growing volume of data in the area of the optimization of maritime
trac, port handling operations, and smart container technologies (e.g. RFID and sensor technolo-
gies) is expected.
Digital technologies will ensure shorter waiting times for ships and faster processing at the termi-
nal. Besides, ship crews will be able to adapt their navigation using real-time updates to weather,
wind, and ocean currents, which involves reduced energy consumptions (Lee et al., 2016). In view of
the MARPOL4 guidelines on climate protection and stricter environmental requirements, the shipping
companies will have to equip their fleets with more environmentally friendly marine propulsion sys-
tems in order to be able to use alternative fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LNG) in the future
(Brandt, 2016). Although the emissions in ports are already being slightly reduced by the use of
marine diesel instead of heavy oil, CO2, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and sulfur oxides are the
main sources of the environmental pollution. To reduce such pollution, electric energy could be fed
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into the ship’s network from onshore, which would require appropriate connections and converters
(Winkel, Weddige, Johnsen, Hoen, & Papaefthimiou, 2016). Thanks to the digitization, it is further
already technically possible to monitor the system ship from a central station onshore. In the future,
the technical know-how will be needed rather onshore than on board of the ships (Binder, 2016c).
The digitalization in the maritime logistics sector oers a multitude of opportunities and chal-
lenges. For example, companies could take advantage of the digital transformation and position
themselves on the market with applicable products, services or innovative business models (Brandt,
2017). On the whole, one can safely assume that there will be fundamental changes in ship opera-
tion and ICT. The shipping companies are assuming that, as a result of digitization, companies such
as Google and Amazon will support the digital conversion of the shipping industry through technical
services and will have to confront an increasing number of new competitors. Given this dramatically
changing performance spectrum, also the shipping companies are forced to increasingly assume
new tasks in order to remain competitive (Brandt, 2016).
As in aviation, the unmanned operation of ships is also feasible in maritime shipping. Experts pre-
dict the use of autonomous feeder ships that will transport containers on particular routes with
limited reach. However, their opinions diverge as to when the first unmanned seagoing vessel will
travel over the world’s sea. On the industry side, it is assumed that the first autonomous ship will
become a reality at the end of this decade (Maluck, 2016). According to the IT industry, however, it
will still take 15 to 20 years (Kuchta, 2016). Given the high complexity of variables, many of them
being unknown or dicult to predict (e.g. tide, weather, terrorism, emergency situations, increasing
ship trac), it is rather unlikely that large seagoing vessels can entirely be operated without sta
(Berg & Hauer, 2015). And yet, the electronic on-board systems are in a position to take over a large
part of the tasks and provide support so that the crew sizes will be further reduced (Burmeister,
Bruhn, Rødseth, & Porathe, 2014).
As any networked data system, ships are also an attractive target for hacker attacks. The real-
time data transmission of the smart, RFID-equipped container renders transparent the container’s
position, its content, and the state of goods at all times. Likewise, it can be traced whether the con-
tainer was opened illegally or not. This transparency can indeed conceal immense dangers, such as
criminal cyberattacks or unintentional data leaks (Berg & Hauer, 2015). The digital navigation sys-
tems of the ships could be manipulated so that they sheer o or run aground. Also a single power
failure can have far-reaching consequences in a networked and digital environment (Kuchta, 2016).
In maritime logistics, a large number of mostly international stakeholders are involved in transport
processes. The increase in digitization and networking between ships, shipping companies, port
companies, oshore installations, authorities and other communication partners onshore increase
the risk of cyberattacks for all stakeholders involved. Therefore, all players in the maritime supply
chain will have to ensure the best possible protection in order to ward o cyberattacks, which has to
be ensured by consequently investing in the future development as well as expansion of IT security
systems (Segercrantz, 2016a).
Due to the resulting logistics processes, the information requirements and the requirements for
the logistical planning and control processes are high. As a result, protected and eective ICT gain in
importance in maritime logistics as they contribute to increasing safety and eectiveness in mari-
time transport and port management (Jahn, Bosse ,& Schwientek, 2011). The results of the literature
analysis indicate that the digitization of maritime logistics is still at the beginning of its development.
So far, only sub areas have been investigated which hardly provide a basis for developing well-
founded recommendations for the maritime logistics. For this reason, the authors propose recom-
mendations for action that are structured in the PESTEL matrix (Kaplan & Norton, 2008) summarized
in Table 4 in six dimensions (political, economic, social, technological, ecological and legal).
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5. Conclusion
5.1. Limitations
Like all other scientific papers, this article also has limitations. There is thus the possibility that not
all relevant articles in the selection phase were filtered by means of keywords. There are various
reasons for this, e.g. the incompleteness of the defined key words, the alternative concept names in
the articles and the limitation to predefined publication outlets. The categorization of the articles
also requires a substantive examination and evaluation, in which a distortion by the authors’ subjec-
tivity is never completely excluded. This article, however, provides important new insights and dis-
cusses the current state of research on digitization in maritime logistics.
5.2. Closing considerations and implications for science and practice
By means of a systematic literature analysis, it is possible to cope with the confusing amount of
practical and scientific literature in the research process. Research gaps can be identified on the
basis of the current state of science, and the corresponding research needs can be formulated. In
this article, the status quo of digitization in maritime logistics was discussed by means of a system-
atic literature analysis of published articles from scientifically representative trade magazines, books,
web pages and conferences, with regard to content and methodology dealing with digitization in
maritime logistics. To the best of our knowledge there is, up to now, no systematic literature analysis
on digitization in maritime logistics, neither in maritime specialist publication outlets, nor in a VHB-
ranked journal, although the research topic proved to be relevant. In the area of sustainable mari-
time transport aiming at the reduction of ship emissions by means of alternative ship propulsion,
there is a corresponding need for development, since it is the topic of the future in sea transport with
only a few publications in the scientific literature. The majority of the publications are research re-
sults in specialist journals and specific conference volumes. A large part of the publications was also
found in the so called grey literature. The study and its results show that practi ce recognized the
development potential. Nevertheless, research is still at an early stage. On the one hand, there is a
lack of theoretical studies that examine in more detail the future behavior of actors in the maritime
logistics chain. On the other hand, alternative explanatory approaches to recommend appropriate
action and restructuring are missing. We therefore recommend to expand this research into areas
where information and big data projects have already been implemented. The aim of the research in
this area is to provide robust contributions to theory that are characterized by high and clear predic-
tive power of expression and as well as theoretical interpretations. These artifacts could be achieved
by methodological and theoretical triangulation.
Funding
We acknowledge support by Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and Open Access
Publishing Fund of Osnabrück University.
Author details
Markus Fruth
1
E-mail: mfruth@uni-osnabrueck.de
Frank Teuteberg
1
E-mail: frank.teuteberg@uni-osnabrueck.de
1
Accounting and Information Systems, Osnabrueck University,
Moerikestreet 1, Osnabrueck D-73110, Hattenhofen Germany.
Citation information
Cite this article as: Digitization in maritime logistics — What is
there and what is missing? Markus Fruth & Frank Teuteberg,
Cogent Business & Management(2017), 4: 1411066.
Notes
1. Twenty foot Equvalent Unit. Abbreviation TEU. 1 TEU cor-
responds to a 20-foot standard ISO container.
2. AIS=Automatic Identification System is a radio system
that improves the safety and control of ship trac by
exchanging navigation and other ship data.
3. A feeder ship (from the english word to feed) is a cargo
vessel specially built for container and car transporta-
tions, which acts as a supplier and distributor for large
seagoing vessels and seaports.
4. Marine Pollution—International Convention for the
Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships.
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