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Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms

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Abstract and Figures

It has been long known that Japan has a penchant for work and loyalty. While hard work and loyalty are generally a positive trait, there is a fine line between productivity and overwork which results in negative side effects and health issues, often leaning to premature death or suicide. This effect has been known in Japan as “karoshi”, a word meaning death due to overwork; or in the case of suicide due to overwork, “karo-jisatsu”. This paper aims to explore the surrounding causes, background, current data and prevention mechanisms that afflict Japan and its culture of “salary-man sudden death syndrome”.
Trends in suicide rate and unemployment rate (1949-99). Source: http://karoshi.jp/english/overwork2.html Japan Plans Action to Counter Death from Overwork An excerpt from The Japan News and Asia News Network Monday by Mioko Bo and Katsuro Oda, July 27, 2015 http://www.asiaone.com/business/japan-plans-measures-against-death-overwork As mentioned previously, karoshi, or "death by overwork", first became a recognized problem in the 1980's when several prominent businessmen, in the prime of their life suddenly passed-away. In the years since, death due to overwork has been on the rise in Japan, with recent figures suggesting karoshi being the cause of death for over 200 people in the past year. To cope with the rising numbers of death by overwork and claims of workers compensation, the Japanese cabinet passed a new legislation in July 2015 to investigate the causes of karoshi and other work-related problems (Bo & Oda, 2015). This legislation marks the first time in Japan, that the government has become serious in conducting research surrounding karoshi and the investigation of prevention mechanisms. The announcement of this legislation has been long sought by families and friends who have lost loved ones to karoushi, or been denied rightful settlements due to the ridged and often unfair laws defining karoushi. Such example of this can be seen the 2015 case of a 33-year-old man who suddenly died of ischemic heart failure, after working excessive hours in a phone sales company in Kobe. Because his circumstances did not meet the required laws to receive workers compensation-namely exceeding 80 hours of overtime on average, in the two to six months prior to death, the labor standards inspection office turned down the case for eligibility. Outraged, his family members filled a lawsuit with the Osaka District Court system to overturn the labor standards inspection officer's judgment regarding the case. The Osaka Dist. Court overruled the labor standards findings on
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ABSTRACT(
It#has#been# long# known#that#Japan#has#a#penchant#for#work# and# loyalty.#While#hard#work#
and# loyalty# are# generally# a# positive# trait,# there# is# a# fine# line# between# productivity# and#
overwork# which# results# in# negative# side# effects# and# health# issues,# often# leaning# to#
premature# death# or# suicide.# This# effect# has# been# known# in# Japan# as# “karoshi”,# a# word#
meaning#death#due#to# overwork;#or# in#the#case#of#suicide#due#to#overwork,#“karo-jisatsu”.#
This# paper# aims# to# explore# the# surrounding# causes,# background,# current# data# and#
prevention# mechanisms# that# afflict# Japan# and# its# culture# of# “salary-man# sudden# death#
syndrome”.#
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Japan%Plans%Action%to%Counter%Death%from%Overwork(
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Comprehensive,Industrial,Health,Service(
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F,$M3F%L#",$","%$+L%F/*1"%"2,+3%N/1A#+H%/4,13#0,%$"%N,MM%$"%3F,%21,4,+3#4,%0,$"*1,%3/%E,%
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N/1A#+H%/4,13#0,>%%)1$#+%$+L%F,$13%1,M$3,L%L#"/1L,1"%N,1,% 3$A,+%#+3/%$''/*+3%3/%L,(#+,%$%
0,'F$+#"0% /(% '$*"$M#3C% E,3N,,+% /4,1N/1A% $+L% F,$M3F% 'F$+H,">% TF,% +,U3% "3,2% N/*ML% 3/%
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F,$M3F%L#"/1L,15%$+L%3F*"%$%0/1,%M,H#3#0$3,%0,'F$+#"0%/(%L,3,'3#/+%$+L%21,4,+3#/+%'$+%E,%
",33M,L>%TF,%"*00$1C%/(%1,"*M3"%/E3$#+,L%#"%H#4,+%#+%T$EM,%98%E,M/N>%
(
Table(10.(Onset#of#Brain#and#Heart#Diseases#and#Preventive#Measures%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
[/*1',g%F332gmmNNN>0,L>/1>K2m,+HM#"Fm2L(m788Xq87m8?7q8?Z>2L(%
%
Measures'to'be'taken'by'all'different(players:(
e+%$LL#3#/+%3/%3F,%21,4,+3#4,%0,$"*1,"%"*HH,"3,L%,$1M#,1%(/1%,02M/C,1"5%#+%3F#"%",'3#/+%
N,% N#MM% 21,",+3% 0,$"*1,"% 3/% E,% 3$A,+% EC% $MM% L#((,1,+3% 2M$C,1"% /(% 3F,% 21/EM,0% "*'F% $"%
H/4,1+0,+3% /((#'#$M"5% '/02$+C% 0$+$H,1"5% M$E/1% *+#/+"5% $+L% #+L#4#L*$M% N/1A,1">% % TF,",%
0,$"*1,"%$1,%$%'/0E#+$3#/+%$+L%'/02#M$3#/+%/(%3F,%2$2,1"%NF#'F%1,(,1,+',"%'$+%E,%(/*+L%
$3%3F,%,+L%/(%3F#"%2$2,1>%!"%$%'/+3,U3%(/1%3F,%0,$"*1,"%3F$3%N#MM%E,%H#4,+%M$3,15%N,%F$4,%3/%
*+L,1"3$+L% 3F$3% D$2$+% F$"% $M1,$LC% A+/N+% $% 0#+/1% 1,L*'3#/+% /(% P/((#'#$MQ% N/1A#+H% F/*1"%
(1/0%78X7%F/*1"%#+%9??8%3/%9?_7%F/*1"%#+%9??75%3F#"%N$"%0$#+MC%L*,%3/%3F,%'/MM$2",%/(%3F,%
E*EEM,% ,'/+/0C% L*1#+H% 3F#"% 2,1#/L5% E*3% 3F#"% L#L+V3% C#,ML% 3F,% ,U2,'3,L% 1,L*'3#/+% /(%
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'/02,3#3#/+%$+L%31C%3/%,+"*1,%"$0,%N/1A#+H%1*M,"%#+%D$2$+%$"%#+%N,"3,1+%'/*+31#,"5%E*3%3F#"%
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3$EM,%"/0,%"/M*3#/+"%3/%'/*+3,1%/(%3F,%"31,""(*M%N/1A$F/M#'%"/'#,3C%3F$3%D$2$+%F$"%'1,$3,L5%
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A$1/"F#%"',+,>%
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Table(11.%Measures#to#be#taken#by#Government,#Labor#Unions,#Employers#and#Individual#
Employees%
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[/*1',g%F332gmm+,3#G,+>F30M>UL/0$#+>K2mW$1/"F#>F30M%
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CONCLUSION(
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... The first official case of karōshi was recorded in 1969, when a 29-year-old worker employed by a major Japanese newspaper publisher suddenly died at work (Asgari et al., 2016). Nevertheless, the Japanese government initially showed reluctance in recognizing karōshi as a potential issue. ...
... However, this changed in the late 1980s, when several healthy business executives abruptly died without any previous medical conditions (Der-Shin, 2012). As a result of these cases, karōshi began to receive an increase in attention from the Japanese media, prompting the Japanese government to begin publishing statistics on the issue in 1987 (Asgari et al., 2016). The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) was the Japanese governmental institution responsible for labor-related affairs, including issuing the approval of officially-recognized karōshi cases. ...
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the main contributing factors to karōshi, or death by overwork, in Japan. By identifying the main contributing factors, potential solutions to this issue can be formulated. The karōshi phenomenon first appeared during Japan’s economic miracle – a period of rapid economic growth following the end of World War II. Large Japanese corporate enterprises began recruiting white-collar workers known as salarymen. These salarymen were exposed to lengthy work weeks and rigid behavioral doctrine. A good salaryman would sacrifice himself for the benefit of the company, exposing himself to stringent corporate norms, such as sābisu zangyō, unpaid overtime as a service to the company. Japanese socio-cultural concepts made it difficult for salarymen to decline conforming to these norms, as it could negatively impact one’s appearance as a reliable worker. Several stakeholders were found the be influential in the karōshi issue. One of these stakeholders is the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). This ministry, as well as the many ministerial councils that it comprises, such as the Council for Promotion of Measures for Karōshi, etc. Prevention (CPMKP), are responsible for providing the means by which the karōshi issue can be countered. However, it was argued that a sizeable portion of the Japanese population has been overlooked in health risk assessments, mainly the workers that work between 35 and 60 hours per week. These workers were determined to face potential mental health risks. Moreover, the Japanese corporate landscape was argued to be diverse in its perspective on the karōshi issue. Whilst some companies appeared to coax their workers into accepting potentially harmful practices, such as the aforementioned sābisu zangyō system, other companies have been shown to actively propose potential solutions for the issue. One of these companies was Microsoft Japan, implementing a reduced four-day work week for its workers, which was shown to significantly reduce work times and improve overall productivity. Furthermore, from within Japanese society, several groups were found to speak up against the karōshi issue, especially the families of past-karōshi victims. These families have bonded together to form the Zenkoku Karōshi wo Kangaeru Kazoku no Kai (ZKKKK), an activist group that seeks to eliminate karōshi from Japanese society, and to bring justice for bereaved families. It was argued that the active participation of such activist groups in stakeholder-based problem-solving could have a positive effect on the formulation of effective anti-karōshi measures. To address the karōshi issue, several measures ought to be implemented, which have been based on the main contributing factors and stakeholder perspectives: a reduction of work hours, the promotion of cultural change, the promotion of Sustainable Development Goal implementation, and the active involvement of the ZKKKK in formulating anti-karōshi measures. By actively embracing these measures, an alteration of the Japanese work ethos could be achieved, paving the way for a more socially-sustainable corporate environment.
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: In the modern world, wearable smart devices are continuously used to monitor people’s health. This study aims to develop an automatic mental stress detection system for researchers based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from smart T-shirts using machine learning classifiers. We used 20 subjects, including 10 from mental stress (after twelve hours of continuous work in the laboratory) and 10 from normal (after completing the sleep or without any work). We also applied three scoring techniques: Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), Specific Fatigue Scale (SFS), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), to confirm the mental stress. The total duration of ECG recording was 1800 min, including 1200 min during mental stress and 600 min during normal. We calculated two types of features, such as demographic and extracted by ECG signal. In addition, we used Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and Logistic Regression (LR) to classify the intra-subject (mental stress and normal) and inter-subject classification. The DT leave-one-out model has better performance in terms of recall (93.30%), specificity (96.70%), precision (94.40%), accuracy (93.30%), and F1 (93.50%) in the intra-subject classification. Additionally, The classification accuracy of the system in classifying inter-subjects is 94.10% when using a DT classifier. However, our findings suggest that the wearable smart T-shirt based on the DT classifier may be used in big data applications and health monitoring. Mental stress can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and various health problems. Therefore, real-time ECG signals help assess cardiovascular and related risk factors in the initial stage based on machine learning techniques.
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This paper describes how small union and social movement support for plaintiffs in recent court cases has helped shape public discourse regarding excess work hours in Japan. Analysis of lawsuits involving two prominent Japanese corporations, Toyota and McDonald's Japan, brings to light seven common strategies Japanese firms use to extract uncompensated “service” overtime and links them with violations of labour laws and damage to worker health. These cases reveal the alignment and relative strength of forces in Japan's work-hour controversy, highlighting the role of civil society groups such as community unions and labour rights groups in supporting plaintiffs, and in keeping issues and their broader social consequences before the public. However, the cases also show the limits of activist pressure. Judges issued clear decisions favouring the plaintiffs, and the cases garnered considerable public sympathy. But even as the outcomes became front-page news, employers countered by attempting to re-legitimize the very overtime practices that had caused worker injury. Without the support and resources of major unions, political parties or government, campaigners for shorter work hours appear destined to struggle to transform overwork from a private problem into a public issue.
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As a member in the Expert Study Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (MHLW), which conducted a large-scale review of literatures as well as medical evaluations, the author (Araki), together with his co-author, summarized the rulings of the Supreme Court on karoshi (death due to overwork), the statutory revision of the standard recognizing labour accidents, the effects of overwork on the onset of brain and heart diseases, and a comprehensive industrial health service that prevents karoshi. We suggested that the mortality rate and life expectancy of Japanese males can be improved by such preventive measures as well as by promoting pathophysiological, clinical and socio-medical studies.
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Much current Japanese popular discussion centres around the sudden death, at an early age, of Japan's hard-working white-collar workers: karoshi – death from overwork – or Salaryman's Sudden Death Syndrome. Officially it does not exist as the Government and big business are hesitant to legitimatize the phenomenon because of the response which, both local and international, it would evoke. Nonetheless, it is a common phenomenon. Describes karoshi, defines the extent of the phenomenon, and analyses its future impact on Japan and the world.
Article
Karoshi, death from over-work, is usually the extreme result of acute cardiovascular events including stroke. Among 203 karoshi cases received worker compensation in Japan, sixty percent died of stroke. Karoshi is a term for social medicine originated form Japan. Literature reviews on karoshi found that long overtime at work, on duty in holidays, attending a new job with no family members around, and working at night shift are risk factors. Work stress increases secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol which is associated with progression of atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. To avoid long working hours, stress management and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are key issues in preventing karoshi caused by stroke.
Article
Although still controversial, it has been suggested that overall mortality in industrialised countries tends to rise during economic expansions and fall in recessions, attributed to the boost in traffic and industrial activity and environmental pollution during economic upturns.1 However, as Tapir Granados has demonstrated using Japanese mortality statistics, suicide increases during economic crises perhaps because suicide is usually a consequence of psychological illnesses like depression directly caused by financial hardships due to unemployment or precarious employment.1 Chang et al examined the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and found that although economic impacts were the most severe in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia, Japan showed the sharpest rise in suicide rate following the crisis and the rate has hovered at a record high to the present, despite a macroeconomic recovery afterwards.2 Here, the potential reasons for this Japanese-specific suicide trend over the past dozen years are analysed. First, the dramatically changed employment systems in Japan through the recession period may explain this. The 1997 crises increased not only unemployment but also the working poor who lost regular employment positions, creating a novel dualism in the labour market.3 4 The share …
Article
Since the collapse of Japan’s bubble economy in the early 1990’s, the Japanese economy has only recovered slightly. This has direct implications for employment. Both the seniority wage system and the lifetime employment system, which were popular during the period of economic growth in Japan, unavoidably changed to an outcome-wage system. Now there is greater mobility in employment, increased use of non-regular employees, and diversed working patterns. The problem of karoshi – a potentially fatal syndrome resulting from long work hours – has been known since the early 1980s. This problem has become more serious in recent years. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the economic and employment conditions in Japan, as well as to examine the working lifestyle of Japanese men and its connection to “karoshi.” It is argued that (1) the long work hours are not the preference of individuals, but rather the result of the adaptation to the work environment, and; (2) solving this problem requires re-conceptualization of workers’ human rights on the part of both companies and the society as a whole.
Article
It has been said that the Japanese have a “worker bee” attitude toward matters of employment. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) report (2004), 28.1 of Japanese employees worked 50 hours or more per week in 2001.1 This percentage is much higher than in European countries such as the Netherlands (1.4), Sweden (1.9), Finland (4.5) and Germany (5.3). Physicians are no exception; in fact, they may work more than other types of workers. Japanese physicians worked 66.4 hours per week on average in 2005, according to a report by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) of Japan.2 This working style may cause physical health problems, such as ischaemic heart disease and cerebral haemorrhage.3 “Karoshi”, which is sudden death due to overwork, is reported to be the most serious consequence.4 Overwork can kill if combined with high demand, low …
Japan plans measures against death from overwork from AsiaOne: http://www.asiaone.com/business/japanplans-measures-against-death-overwork Overwork, Stroke, and Karoshi-death from Overwork
  • M Bo
  • K Oda
Bo, M., & Oda, K. (2015, July 27). Japan plans measures against death from overwork. Retrieved July 7, 2016, from AsiaOne: http://www.asiaone.com/business/japanplans-measures-against-death-overwork Der-Shin, K. (2012, June). Overwork, Stroke, and Karoshi-death from Overwork. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, 21(2), 54-59.
Law as an agent of change? Governmental efforts to recue working hours in Japan. Economic success and legal system
  • D H Foote
Foote, D. H. (1997). Law as an agent of change? Governmental efforts to recue working hours in Japan. Economic success and legal system, 251-301.
Case Study: Karoshi: Death from overwork from International Labor Orginazation : http://www.ilo.org/safework Suicide and karoshi (death from overwork) during the recent economic crisis in Japan: the impacts, mechanisms and political responses
Hiroshima University, Health Service Center, Hiroshima. International Labor Orginazation. (2013, April 23). Case Study: Karoshi: Death from overwork. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from International Labor Orginazation : http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_211571/langen/index.htm Juhwan, N. K. (2010). Suicide and karoshi (death from overwork) during the recent economic crisis in Japan: the impacts, mechanisms and political responses. Journal of Epidemiology and community health, 649-650.