Szársomlyó (Villány Hills): Botanical Excursion Guide

Abstract

Szársomlyó has the richest flora within the Villány Hills (Hungary) (approx. 800 species/3 km2). One of the most interesting species of the hill is the Vincetoxicum pannonicum, which was described by Professor Attila Borhidi in the last century. This Pannonian endemic taxon occurs exclusively on the southern slopes of the Buda Hills and the Szársomlyó Hill. The flagship species of the local flora is Colchicum hungaricum, which usually bursts into bloom at the end of winter. This perennial taxon with white perigone is distributed in the northern coasts of the Adriatic Sea, so the closest population of this relict colchicum can be found in some hundreds of kilometres away from the Villány Hills, in Dalmatia (Croatia). ( Appendix 1.: Vascular plants occurring on the Szársomlyó Hill, based on published data)

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Szársomlyó (Villány Hills): Botanical Excursion Guide
Andrea D
ÉNES
, Krisztina S
EBE
, József D
EZSİ
and János C
SIKY
Introduction
The Villány Hills (usually Villány Mountains) are situated in the
southernmost part of the Transdanubian region in Hungary. Although the
denomination of the range is frequently “Mountains”, the highest peaks are
lower than 500 metres asl. There are some smaller limestone outcrops in a
few kilometres distance which also belong to them (the Castle Hill in
Siklós, the hills of Kistapolca and Beremend), but they are small isolated
humps in the Dráva Plain. The hills cover 50 km
2
with an average height of
230-270 m above see level. The highest point is the Szársomlyó (or
Nagyharsány Hill, 442 m) (Fig. 1.). The altitudinal difference between the
floodplain of the Drava river in Siklós and the top of Szársomlyó is 342 m.
The Villány Hills are 7 km wide in north-south and 30 km in east-west
direction. Szársomlyó is 3 kilometres wide in east-west and 2 kilometres
wide in north-south direction, so it has a relatively wide and more or less
entire, bare and steep south facing slope.
Fig. 1. Location of Szársomlyó Hill (black frame) within the
Villányi Hills
Geology
The Villány Hills rise above the lower-lying landscape of South
Transdanubia like an island. The sedimentary rocks building up the
main part of them were deposited from the late Carboniferous to the
Cretaceous period. The initially horizontal beds were later thrust on
each other, so now the hills are made up of 7 southward-dipping
„shingles”. These movements happened mostly during the
Cretaceous mountain-building, which produced among others the
Eastern Alps, but probably also up to the Late Miocene (a few
millions of years ago). Due to these happenings the elder Jurassic
layers (with shrub forest on the surface) are above the younger
Cretaceous sediments (“bare” surfaces, covered by open rocky
grasslands) in the southern slopes of Szársomlyó.
On the surface only rocks of middle Triassic age or younger occur.
During the Triassic this area lied next to the German region. It was
flooded by shallow see and calcareous rocks (limestone, dolomite)
dominated sedimentation, conserving numerous fossils. In the
Cretaceous – in connection with the tectonic movements – basalt of
volcanic origin penetrated the rocks, which was partly transformed
into bauxite due to tropical weathering. In the Tertiary the north and
south forelands subsided and rivers and seas filled the resulting
depressions with sand, gravel, silt and clay. In the montaneous area
Pliocene and Pleistocene red clays were washed into the crevasses
and caves of the limestone, at places they contain huge amounts of
vertebrate remnants, mostly of small mammals. Under the inclement,
cold and windy climate of the Pleistocene ice age loess formed from
wind-blown dust, which is the base rock of the most fertile soils. 27
km
2
of the Villány Hills is open karst: bare, shining white rocks are
on the surface or just a thin layer of sediment covers them. Karren
are most spectacular on southern slopes, especially on the
Szársomlyó. The karrenfield which is almost devoid of vegetation
and where steep limestone beds crop out, is called “devil’s

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ploughland” by local people. Here the unique ecosystem adapted to
the scarcity of water.
Soils
There are three main soil types in the area of the Villány Hills.
Shallow rendzina soils are typical of the southern slopes with a high
amount of sunshine and bare rocks. They are unsuitable for
agriculture but special plant communities have developed here.
Humus carbonate soils on loess support grape and fruit cultivation.
Forest soils are found on the northern slopes. They are mostly
covered with forests, but they also provide favourable conditions for
growing some kinds of vine.
Climate
Only a narrow strip of land in the Southern Transdanubian region,
including the Villány Hills, belongs to the warm, moderately humid
climate zone in Hungary. The mean annual rainfall is 700
millimetres, the mean annual temperature is 10-11 °C. The rainfall in
this area has two peaks: there is a maximum in spring and a second
one in autumn. In the southern region of the country, in the
surroundings of the Villány Hills the prevailing climate is the so
called submediterranean type, where the second maximum can
exceed the first one. Cloud cover is favourable all around the year:
56-58%. The mean annual duration of sunshine in the Villány Hills
and its surroundings is between 2100 and 2150 hours. The sunniest
period is the end of summer (40%), in December clouds form mainly
because of fog developement (78%).
Nature conservation
Although the high natural value of the Szársomlyó Hill was well
known as early as the end of the 19th century, the area was firstly
suggested to be a Nature Reserve by Károly Kaán in 1932. However,
the local protection was realized only in 1934. Thank to the activites
of Adolf Olivér Horvát, the southern slope of the hill - the habitat of
Colchicum hungaricum - was treated as a National Protected Area
from 1944. To prevent the expansion of the limestone quarry on the
western part of the hill, the whole area of the northern slope was
designated as a protected area, while the southern slope became a
“Strictly Protected Area” in 1991 (Fig. 2.). The hill was included
into the Natura 2000 network - as a Site of Community Importance
(SCI) – in 2006. The whole area of the Villány Hills is managed by
the Danube-Drava National Park Directorate from 1996.
Landscape history
The surroundings of the Villány Hills have attracted settling people
for very long time. The foothills of the Szársomlyó were firstly
inhabited by Paleolithic people, but the first findings of farming
(sickles, potteries) date back only to the Bronze age. The Romans
invaded the Transdanubian region in 13-12 and 8 B.C. Among the
earliest archtectural monuments can be mentioned the Roman
building complex uncovered next to Nagyharsány. Since then, up to
now, the people of the area have been engaged in vine growing. Due
to this impact on the vegetation of the foothills, considerable human
activity is reckoned from that time.
The first detailed descriptions of the Szársomlyó Hill come from
Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, an Italian geographer and military
engineer of the army that kept garrison in the area in 1699. At that
time the southern slopes were bare with fairly continuous vineyards
on the foothills and expansive forests on the nothern slopes. One
hundred years later, Pál Kitaibel, one of the greatest Hungarian
botanist mentioned the Szársomlyó as a totally bare hill with some
bush on the rocky slopes (NB: “Szársomlyó” means “bare, rocky
mountain/hill with Cornus mas”). The southern slopes were grazed

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and this management was continued till the end of the 1980s. Due to
the abandonment, the grasslands became bushy and invaded by
adventive species, like Robinia pseudo-acacia, Ailanthus altissima.
The strongest human impact on the hill is the limestone quarrying.
The first quarry was opened at the eastern end of the hill in 1908, but
it was abandoned at the end of the 1960s; since then it has function
as a sculpture park. In 1912, another quarry was opend on the
western part of the Szársomlyó, which is still making disappear the
western shoulder of the hill (called “Kopaszka”, that meaning “bare
hill”) (Fig. 3.).
From the 1990s, after the changes in political life, besides the
abandonment of quarrying and grazing, spectacular development
started in the Villány wine district. Due to the expansion of
vineyards, the adjoining grasslands are exposed to the weedicides,
which are indispensable in viticulture.
Fig. 2. The area of the Szársomlyó Hill (black frame)
Fig. 3. The Kopaszka Hill above Nagyharsány at the beginning of
the 20th century

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Flora
The Villány Hills have the most significant submediterranean flora
in Hungary. The area belongs to the Sopianicum Flora District,
within the Praeillyricum Flora Region, which is a part of the
Pannonicum Flora Domain or - as a wider range - the Central
European Flora Province. No endemic species were found in the
flora district, but it has several curiosities that occur only in the
Villány Hills in Hungary (e.g. Colchicum hungaricum, Trigonella
gladiata, Medicago orbicularis, Orobanche nana, Sempervivum
tectorum). Due to the special submediterranean climate, the
Sopianicum Flora District has some thermophilous species that grow
only south of the northern borderline of Mecsek Mts. in Hungary
(e.g. Medicago arabica, Hordeum secalinum, Cuscuta approximata,
Festuca dalmatica). Five different types of submediterranean species
can be distinguished in the local flora. Certain species refer to the
relations with the Illyrian (West Balkan) Domain (e.g. Sedum acre
subsp. neglectum, Festuca dalmatica, Bromus pannonicus,
Colchicum hungaricum), others, like Ceterach javorkaeanum,
Muscari tenuiflorum or Ranunculus psilostachys are recorded as
Balkan flora elements. Common taxa of the Pannonian and Balkan
flora are the Onosma arenarium, Jurinea mollis, Tilia tomentosa etc.
A relatively high amount of these species is declared as a Pontic-
Mediterranean element (e.g. Ranunculus illyricus, Lathyrus venetus,
Dictamnus albus, Anchusa barrelieri, Crupina vulgaris). The rest
are widespread submediterranean taxa of the southern part of Europe
(e.g. Pisum elatius, Orlaya grandiflora, Reseda phyteuma,
Valerianella coronata, Convolvulus cantabrica, Fumana
procumbens, Inula spiraeifolia, Cleistogenes serotina). Rare species
like Ranunculus psilostachys or Digitalis ferruginea are common
taxa with the surrounding lowland areas, but never occur north of the
southern borderline of the Mecsek Mts, in Hungary.
Szársomlyó has the richest flora within the Villány Hills (approx.
800 species/3 km
2
). One of the most interesting species of the hill is
the Vincetoxicum pannonicum, which was described by Professor
Attila Borhidi in the last century. This Pannonian endemic taxon
occurs exclusively on the southern slopes of the Buda Hills and the
Szársomlyó Hill. The flagship species of the local flora is Colchicum
hungaricum, which usually bursts into bloom at the end of winter.
This perennial taxon with white perigone is distributed in the
northern coasts of the Adriatic Sea, so the closest population of this
relict colchicum can be found in some hundreds of kilometres away
from the Villány Hills, in Dalmatia (Croatia).
Vegetation
Grasslands
Similarly to the flora, the vegatation also has a considerable
submediterranean character, especially on the steep rocky southern
slopes, where the bare rock surface warms up heavily in daytime,
while it reradiates a part of the heat during the night, thus producing
a pleasant microclimate for the thermophilous vegetation. Therefore
the rocky grasslands are classified into the alliance of the Western
Balkan limestone-dolomite grasslands (Chrysopogono-Festucion
dalmaticae B
ORHIDI
1996) within the Stipo pulcherrimae-
Festucetalia pallentis P
OP
1968 order.
The first grassland association (Sedo sopianae - Festucetum
dalmaticae S
IMON
1964) of the Szársomlyó was described in the
second half of the 20th century. Beside the eponymous species
Artemisia alba subsp. saxatilis, Dianthus giganteiformis, Trigonella
gladiata and Sideritis montana are widespread in these stands. Some
species of the association, like Colchicum hungaricum, Onosma
arenarium and Carex liparicarpos occur only on the south facing
slopes of Szársomlyó. The mediterranean character of the

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association is strengthened by the large amount of suffrutex (e.g.
Fumana procumbens, Helianthemum canum, Thymus praecox).
Small fragments of Ceterachetum officinarum B
ORHIDI
1996 stands
with Ceterach javorkeanum, Asplenium ruta-muraria and Mannia
fragrans are widespread in limestone crevices, mainly inserted into
the patches of the Sedo sopianae - Festucetum dalmaticae stands.
On the hilltop and the upper third of the northern slope a unique
Bromus pannonicus dominated association grows, the Inulo
spiraeifoliae - Brometum pannonici D
ÉNES
1998. The flora of this
grassland is a special complex of the open rocky grassland species
and the plants typical of the north-facing crevices. The abundance of
Inula spiraeifolia and Iris variegata is the highest in these stands.
Most of the rarities live in these grasslands above (e.g. Vincetoxicum
pannonicum) and in the neighbouring woodland fringes (e.g.
Orobanche nana).
The slope steppe grassland of the hill is the Cleistogeni - Festucetum
rupicolae Z
ÓLYOMI
1958, which has four types depending on the
former land use and the type of baserock. The dominance of
Cleistogenes serotina is characteristic of the abandoned limestone
slopes covered with a thin loess layer. This species can be replaced
by Botriochloa ischemum, Stipa pulcherrima or Agropyron
intermedium. The Botriochloa ischemum type grows on the driest
and grazed places. The Stipa pulcherrima type occurs on deep loess
layer and often inhabits the abandoned vineyards and orchards. The
dominance of Agropyron intermedium is striking at the most humid,
most nutrient rich places, which often border forest fringes. Besides
the above mentioned dominant species, the following taxa are
representative for this association: Festuca rupicola, Melica ciliata,
Teucrium chamaedrys, Orlaya grandiflora, Galium lucidum,
Verbascum phoeniceum, Koeleria cristata, and several orchids, like
Orchis simia, O. militaris, O. purpurea, O. tridentata.
Forests
The karst shrub-forest (Inulo spiraeifoliae - Quercetum pubescentis
/J
AKUCS
1961/
S
OÓ
&
B
ORHIDI
in
S
OÓ
1971) is typical on the hilltop,
in the upper third of the northern slope, but mainly on the southern
slope of Szársomlyó. The expansion of the shrub-forest stands due to
the abandonment of grazing is striking on the southern slopes.
Besides Fraxinus ornus and Quercus pubescens, Tilia tomentosa is
typical in the canopy. The shrub layer is fairly rich in species (e.g.
Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus mas, Euononymus verrucosus, Crataegus
monogyna) and is often intertwined with lianas (e.g. Tamus
communis, Lonicera caprifolium). The flora of the herb layer is also
rich in species that are common with the grasslands and the
neighbouring closed forests (e.g. Aconithum anthora, Brachypodium
pinnatum, Dictamnus albus, Polygonatum odoratum, Geranium
sanguineum, Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum, Orchis simia,
Ruscus aculeatus, Iris variegata, Limodorum abortivum).
The northern slope is almost completely covered with the stand of
Asperulo taurunae-Carpinetum S
OÓ
&
B
ORHIDI IN
S
OÓ
1964, except
for some small fragments of Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni
inserted into the large stand of the oak-hornbeam forest. In the
canopy Tilia tomentosa is the absolute dominant, while the shrub
layer is more diverse (e.g. Crataegus oxyacantha, Staphylea pinnata,
Ruscus aculeatus). Galanthus nivalis, Isopyrum thalictroides,
Corydalis cava are widespread, while Asperula taurina, Orobanche
nana and Doronicum orientale are the most interesting species in the
herb layer.

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References
Borhidi A. 2003: Magyarország növénytársulásai. [Plant
associations of Hungary] - Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
Borhidi, A. & Dénes, A. 1997: A Mecsek és a Villányi-hegység
sziklagyep társulásai.- Studia phytologica jubilaria, Pécs. pp:
45-65.
Borhidi, A. & Priszter, Sz. 1966: Eine neue Cynachum-Art (C.
pannonicum n. sp.) in Ungarn - Acta Botanica Hungarica 12/3-
4: 241-254
Boros Á. 1925: A tengerpartvidéki növényzet szigete a baranyai
Harsányihegyen - Természettudományi Közlöny 57.: 165-166.
Boros Á. 1944: A Ranunculus psilostachys Griseb Magyarországon.
Botanikai Közl. 41: 144-145.
Czigány Sz.1998: A tájhasználatok változásának geoökológiai
hatásai a Villányi-hegységben. In Füleky Gy.(szerk.) 1998: A
táj változásai a Kárpát-medencében – Nyíregyházán 1998.
november 4-6-án megtartott tudományos konfernecia
kiadványa. pp.: 419-424.
Dénes, A. 1995: A new occurrence of Orobanche nana Noë on
Szársomlyó in the Villány Hills- Acta Botanica Hungarica 38
(1993-94): 171-189.
Dénes, A. 1996: Adatok a Villányi-hegység flórájához - Janus
Pannonius Múzeum Ék. 40 (1995): 5-8.
Dénes A.
1999:
A
Villányi-hegység Chrysopogono-Festucion
társulásai. - in: Csontos P (ed.) A sziklagyepek szünbotanikai
kutatása. Zólyom Bálint professzor emlékének. Scientia Kiadó,
Budapest. pp.: 58-76.
Dezsı J., Sebe K., Horváth G. (2004): Villányi-hg. útikalauz. –
Saját kiadás, Pécs, p. 159.
Erdıs L., Pál R., Kovács Gy., Tóth V., Dénes A. 2010: Adatok a
Villányi-hegység flórájának ismeretéhez. (Kézirat)
Horvát, A. O. 1942: A Mecsek hegység és déli síkjának növényzete
- A Ciszterci rend kiadása, Pécs.
Jakab Gy. 1999: Mit tehetünk a Szársomlyó megmentéséért? - Új
Pedagógiai Szemle 1999/9 - www.oki.hu.
Kevey, B. 1997: A Doronicum orientale HOFFM elterjedése
Magyarországon. - Kitaibelia II/1: 89-97.
Lehmann, A. 1975: A nagyharsányi Szársomlyó-hegy és
növényzete - MTA Dunántúli Tudományos Intézet
Közleményei, Pécs. 20: 1-185.
Nagy, I. 1959: Adatok Villány és környékének flórájához. -
Botanikai Közl. 48/1-2:100.
Priszter, Sz. 1966: Die Entdeckung der Orobanche nana Noë in
Ungarn. - Annales Universitatis Scientarium Budapestiensis de
R. Eötvös. Sect. Biol. 8: 237-240.
Priszter Sz. 1974: Sedum- és Sempervivum-vizsgálatok Botanikai
Közl. 61/3: 233-234.
Simon, T. 1964: Entdeckung und zönologie der Festuca dalmatica
in Ungarn. - Annales Univ. Scient. Budapestiensis Sect. Biol.
7: 143-156.
Udvardy L. 2004. Bálványfa (Ailanthus altissima) in. Biológiai
inváziók Magyarországon. Özönnövények – KvVM
Természetvédelmi Hivatal Tanulmánykötetei. pp.:143-160.
Vörös, L. Zs. 1971: Néhány újabb adat Baranya flórájához II. -
Botanikai Közl. 58/1: 46.
Appendix 1. Vascular plants occurring on the Szársomlyó Hill, based
on published data
Underline: extinct (†), uncertain or gows in the village (?), not in the
Nature Reserve

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Abutilon theophrastii Medik.
Acer campestre L.,
Acer platanoides L.,
Acer tataricum L.,
Achillea collina J Becker,
Achillea millefolium L.,
Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy,
Aconitum anthora L.,
Aconitum vulparia Rchb., ,
Adonis flammea Jacq.,
Adonis vernalis L.,
Adoxa moschatellina L.,
Aegilops cylindrica Host
Aegopodium podagraria L.,
Agrimonia eupatoria L.,
Agropyron intermedium (Hort.) Beauv.,
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.,
Agrostemma githago L.,?
Agrostis canina L.,
Agrostis capillaris L.,
Agrostis stolonifera L.,
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle,
Aira elegantissima Schur.,
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.,
Ajuga genevensis L.,
Ajuga reptans L.,
Alcea biennis Winterl
Alliaria petiolata (M. B.) Cavara et Grande,
Allium atroviolaceum Boiss.
Allium flavum L.,
Allium montanum F. W. Schmidt,
Allium oleraceum L.,
Allium rotundum L.,
Allium scorodoprasum L.,
Allium sphaerocephalon L.,
Allium ursinum L.,
Allium vineale L.,
Alopecurus pratensis L.,
Althaea hirsuta L.,
Althaea officinalis L.,
Althea cannabina L.,
Althea rosea (L.) Cav.
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L.,
Alyssum desertorum Stapf.,
Alyssum montanum L.,
Amaranthus crispus, (Lerp et Théven) N. Terac,
Amaranthus graecizans L. ssp. sylvestris (Desf.) Bren.,
Amaranthus retroflexus L.,
Ambrosia artemiaesifolia L.,
Amygdalus communis L.,
Amygdalus nana L.
Anagallis arvensis L.,
Anagallis femina Mill.
Anchusa azurea Mill.
Anchusa barrelieri (All.) Vitm.,
Anchusa officinalis L.
Androsace maxima L.?
Anemone ranunculoides L.
Anemone silvestris L †?.
Angelica silvestris L.,
Anthericum ramosum L.,
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Anthriscus caucalis M.B.,
Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.,
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.,
Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. polyphylla (Kit.) Nym.,
Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.,
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.,
Arabis auriculata Lam.,
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.,
Arabis turrita L.,
Arctium lappa L.,
Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh.,
Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss.,
Arenaria serpyffifolia L.,
Aristolochie clematitis L.,
Artemisia absinthium L.,
Artemisia alba Turra ssp. saxatilis (W. et K.) Soó,
Artemisia campestris L.,
Artemisia pontica L.,
Artemisia scoparia W. et K.,
Artemisia vulgaris L.,
Arum alpinum Schott et Ky.,
Arum maculatum L.,
Asarum europaeum L.,
Asparagus officinalis L.,
Asperugo procumbens L.,
Asperula cynanchyca L.,
Asperula taurina L.,
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.
Asplenium ruta-muraria L.,
Asplenium trichomanes L.,
Aster amellus L.,
Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.,
Astragalus austriacus Jacq.,
Astragalus cicer L.,
Astragalus glycyphyllus L.,
Astragalus onobrychis L.,
Asyneuma canescens (W. et K.) G. et Sch. †?
Atriplex oblungifolia W. et K.
Atriplex patula L.,
Atriplex prostrata Boucher,
Atriplex tatarica L.
Atropa belladonna L.,
Atthyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,
Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nym
Ballota nigra L.,
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.,
Bellis perennis L.,
Berteroa incana (L.) DC,
Betonica officinalis L.,
Bidens tripartitus L.,
Biscutella laevigata L.,
Botriochloa ischaemum L.,
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv.,
Brachypodium silvaticum (Huds.) Beauv.,
Briza media L.,
Bromus arvensis L.,
Bromus erectus Huds.,
Bromus inermis Leyss,
Bromus japonicus Thunbg.,
Bromus mollis L.,
Bromus pannonicus Kummer et Sendtner,
Bromus ramosus Huds.,
Bromus rigidus Roth.,
Bromus secalinus L.,
Bromus squarrosus L.,
Bromus sterilis L.,
Bromus tectorum L.,
Broussonetia papyrifera L’Hérit,
Bryonia alba L.,
Bupleurum affine. Sadl.,
Bupleurum falcatum L.,
Bupleurum praealtum Nath.,
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth.,
Calamintha menthifolia Host,
Calendula officinalis L.,
Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell.
Caltha palustris L.,
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz.,
Campanula bononiensis L.,
Campanula glomerata L.,
Campanula patula L.,
Campanula persicifolia L.,
Campanula sibirica L.,
Campanula trachelium L.,
Cannabis sativa L.,
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,
Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.) Hay.,
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.,
Carduus acanthoides L.,
Carex acutiformis Ehrh.,
Carex caryophyllea Latour.,
Carex distans L.,
Carex divulsa Stokes.,
Carex hirta L.,
Carex liparicarpos Gaud.,
Carex michelii Host.,
Carex pairae F. Schultz,
Carex pilosa Scop.,
Carex praecox Schreb.,
Carex remota Jusl.,
Carex spicata Huds.,
Carex sylvatica Huds.,
Carlina vulgaris L.,
Carpinus betulus L.,
Carthamus lanatus L.,

19
TH
I
NTERNATIONAL
W
ORKSHOP OF
E
UROPEAN
V
EGETATION
S
URVEY
Botanical Excursion Guide I. – S
ZÁRSOMLYÓ
Pécs (H
UNGARY
), April 27
th
– May 2
nd
, 2010 April 30
th
, 2010
____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
Carum carvi L.,
Castanea sativa Mill.,
Celtis occidentalis L.
Centaurea cyanus L.,
Centaurea micranthos Gmel.,
Centaurea scabiosa L. s.str.,
Centaurea solstitialis L.,
Centaurium erythraea Rafn C.,
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce,
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce,
Cephalanthera longifolia (Huds.) Fritsch,
Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Schrad.,
Cerastium brachypetalum Pers.,
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.,
Cerastium pumilum Curt.,
Cerastium semidecandrum L.,
Cerastium sylvaticum W. et K.,
Cerasus fruticosa Pall.,
Cerasus vulgaris Mill., subsp. acida (Dum.) A. et G.,
Cerinthe minor L.,
Ceterach javorkeanum (Vida) Soó,
Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lge.,
Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.,
Chaerophyllum temulum L.,
Chamaecytisus austriacus (L.) Link.,
Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeffer) Rothm.,
Chamaecytisus supinus (L.) Link,
Chelidonium majus L.,
Chenopodium album L.,
Chenopodium hybridum L.,
Chenopodium strictum Roth.
Chenopodium urbicum L.,
Chenopodium vulvaria L.,
Chondrilla juncea L.,
Chrysanthemum corymbosum L.,
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.,
Chrysopogon gryllus (Tormer) Trin.,
Cichorium intybus L.,
Circea lutetiana L.,
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.,
Cirsium canum (L.) All.,
Cirsium vulgare (Sovi.) Ten.,
Cleistogenes serotina (L.) Keng,
Clematis vitalba L.,
Clinopodium vulgare L.,
Colchicum autumnale L.,
Colchicum hungaricum Janka.,
Colutea arborescens L.,
Conium maculatum L.,
Consolida regalis S.F. Gray,
Convallaria majalis L.
Convolvulus arvensis L.,
Convolvulus cantabrica L.,
Cornus mas L.,
Cornus sanguinea L.,
Coronilla varia L.,
Corydalis cava (L.) Schw. et Körte,
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairville,
Corylus avellana L.,
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.,
Crataegus oxyacantha L.
Crepis biennis L.,
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr
Crepis nicaensis Balb.,
Crepis pulchra L.,
Crepis rhoeadifolia M.B.,
Crepis setosa Hall.,
Crocus heuffelianus Herbert
Crocus tommasinianus Herbert
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.,
Cruciata laevipes Opiz,
Cruciata pedemontana (Bell.) Ehrend.,
Crupina vulgaris Pers.,
Cucubalus baccifer L.,
Cuscuta campestris Juncker.,
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) Nath.,
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,
Cynoglossum hungaricum Simk.
Cynoglossum officinale L.,
Cynosurus cristatus L.,
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.,
Dactylis glomerata L.,
Dactylis polygama Horvátovszky
Datura stramonium L.
Daucus carota L.,
Dentaria bulbifera L.,
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.,
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb,
Dianthus armeria L.,
Dianthus armeriastrum Wolfner.,
Dianthus giganteiformis Borb.,
Dianthus pontederae Kern.
Dictamnus albus L.,
Digitalis ferruginea L.
Digitalis grandiflora Mill.,
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.,
Dipsacus laciniatus L.,
Doronicum hungaricum (Sadl.) Rchb.,
Doronicum orientale Hoffm.,
Dorycnium germanicum (Gremli.) Rikli,
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill.,
Dryopteris carthusiana (VilL.) H. P. Fuchs,
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Ecballium elaterium (L.) Rich. f.
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. B.,
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr.
Echium italicum L.,
Echium vulgare L.,
Eguisetum ramossisimum Desf.,
Epilobium angustifolium (L.) Holub,
Epilobium collinum Gmel.,
Epilobium hirsutum L.,
Epilobium montanum L.,
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.,
Epilobium tetragonum L.
Epipactis helleborine Cr.,
Equisetum arvense L.,
Equisetum palustre L.,
Equisetum telmeteia Ehrh.,
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.
Erigeron canadensis L.,
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit.,
Erophila verna (L.) Chev.,
Eryngium campestre L.,
Erysimum odoratum Ehrh.,
Erysimum repandum Höjer,
Euonymus europaea L.,
Euonymus verrucosa Scop.,
Eupatorium cannabinum L.,
Euphorbia amygdaloides L.,
Euphorbia cyparissias L.,
Euphorbia dulcis L.,
Euphorbia epithymoides L.,
Euphorbia falcata L.,
Euphorbia helioscopia L.,
Euphorbia stricta L.,
Euphorbia virgata W. et K.,
Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne,
Fagus silvatica L.,
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.,
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve,
Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub,
Festuca arundinacea Schreb.,
Festuca dalmatica (Hack.) K. Richt.,
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill.,
Festuca heterophylla Lam.,
Festuca pratensis Huds.,
Festuca rupicola Heuff.,
Festuca valesiaca Schleich.,
Ficaria verna Huds.,
Ficus carica L.
Filipendula vulgaris Mönch.,
Fragaria moschata Duch.,
Fragaria vesca L.,
Fragaria viridis Duch.,
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. pannonica
Soó et Simon
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Fraxinus ornus L.,
Fumana procumbens (Dun.) Gren.
Fumaria officinalis L.,
Fumaria rostellata K
NAF
.
Fumaria schleicheri (Say.) Will.,
Fumaria vaillantii Lois.,
Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl.,
Gagea minima (L.) Ker-Gawl.,
Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dum.,
Gagea villosa (M. B.) Duby,

19
TH
I
NTERNATIONAL
W
ORKSHOP OF
E
UROPEAN
V
EGETATION
S
URVEY
Botanical Excursion Guide I. – S
ZÁRSOMLYÓ
Pécs (H
UNGARY
), April 27
th
– May 2
nd
, 2010 April 30
th
, 2010
____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
Galanthus nivalis L.,
Galeobdolon luteum Huds.,
Galeopsis ladanum L.,
Galeopsis speciosa Mill.,
Galium aparine L.,
Galium lucidum All.,
Galium mollugo L.,
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.,
Galium schultesii Vest.,
Galium verum L.,
Genista ovata W. et K. ssp. nervata (Kit.) Soó,
Genista tinctoria L.,
Gentiana cruciata L.,
Geranium columbinum L.,
Geranium molle L.,
Geranium pusillum Burm.,
Geranium robertianum L.,
Geranium rotundifolium L.,
Geranium sanguineum L.,
Geum urbanum L.,
Glechoma hederacea L.,
Glechoma hirsuta W. et K.
Gypsophila muralis L.,
Hedera helix L.,
Helianthemum canum (L.) Baumg.,
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill.,
Helianthemum ovatum (Viv) Dun.,
Helianthus tuberosus L.
Helleborus odorus W. et K.,
Helminthia echioides (L.) Gärtm.,
Hepatica nobilis. Mill.,
Heracleum spondylium L.,
Hesperis tristis L.,
Hibiscus trionum L.,
Hieracium bauhini Schult,
Hieracium bifurcum M.B.,
Hieracium cymosum L.,
Hieracium echioides Lumn.,
Hieracium laschii (F. W. et C. H. Schulzt) Z.,
Hieracium pilosella L.,
Hieracium schultesii F. Schultz,
Himantoglossum caprinum (M.-Bieb.) Spreng.?
Holcus lanatus L.,
Holosteum umbellatum L.,
Hordelymus europaeus L.,
Hordeum murinum L.,
Humulus lupulus L.,
Hyoscyamus niger L.,
Hypericum hirsutum L.,
Hypericum maculatum Cr.?
Hypericum perforatum L.,
Hypochoeris maculata L.,
Inpatiens noli-tangere L.
Inula britannica L.,
Inula conyza DC,
Inula ensifolia L.,
Inula litoralis Borb. (I. ensifolia x I. spiraeifolia)
Inula salicina L.,
Inula spiraeifolia L.,
Iris germanica L.,
Iris graminea L.
Iris pseudacorus L.,
Iris pumila L. †?
Iris variegata L.,
Isopyrum thalictroides L.,
Juglans regia L.,
Juncus articulatis L.,
Juncus bufonius L.,
Juniperus communis L.?
Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb.,
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dun.,
Knautia arvensis. (L.) Coult.,
Knautia drymeia Heuff.,
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Koeleria glauca (Schk.) DC.,
Koeleria majoriflora Borb.
Lactuca quercina L.,
Lactuca saligna L.,
Lactuca serriola Torn.,
Lactuca viminea (L.) Presl.,
Lamium album L.,
Lamium amplexicaule L.,
Lamium maculatum L.,
Lamium purpurem L.,
Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dum.,
Lapsana communis L.,
Lathyrus aphaca L.,
Lathyrus hirsutus L.,
Lathyrus latifolius L.,
Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh.,
Lathyrus nissolia L.,
Lathyrus sphaericus Retz.,
Lathyrus sylvestris L.,
Lathyrus tuberosus L.,
Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf.,
Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.,
Lavatera thuringiaca L.,
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix
Lembotropis nigricans (L.) Gris.,
Leontodon autummalis L.,
Leontodon hispidus L.,
Leonurus cardiaca L.,
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.,
Lepidium perfoliatum L.,
Lepidium ruderale L.,
Ligustrum vulgare L.,
Lilium martagon L.,
Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw.,
Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.,
Linaria vulgaris Mill.,
Linum austriacum L.,
Linum carharcticum L.,
Linum flavum L.,?
Linum hirsutum L.,
Linum tenuifolium L.,
Linum usitatissimum L.,
Lithospermum arvense L.,
Lithospermum officinale L.,
Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum L.,
Lolium multiflorum Lam.,
Lolium perenne L.,
Lonicera caprifolium L.,
Loranthus europaeus Jacq.,
Lotus corniculatus L.,
Luzula campestris (L.) DC.,
Lycium barbarum L.,
Lycopus europaeus L.,
Lysimachia nummularia L.,
Lysimachia punctata L.,
Lythrum salicaria L.,
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.
Malva alcea L.,
Malva neglecta Wallr.,
Malva silvestris L.,
Marrubium peregrinum L.,
Marrubium vulgare L.,
Matricaria chamomilla L.,
Medicago arabica (L) All.,
Medicago falcata L.,
Medicago lupulina L.,
Medicago minima (L.) L.,
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal.,
Medicago rigidula (L.) All.,
Medicago sativa L.,
Melampyrum cristatum L.,
Melampyrum nemorosum L.,
Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke,
Melandrium noctiflorum Fr.,
Melica ciliata L.,
Melica transsilvanica Schur.,
Melica uniflora Retz.,
Melilotus albus Desr.,
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.,
Melissa officinalis L.,
Melittis melissophyllum L.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.,
Mentha pulegium L.,
Mercurialis ovata Sternb.
Mercurialis perennis L.,
Milium effesum L.,
Minuartia fastigata (Sm) Rchb.,
Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern.,
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv.,
Moenchia mantica (L.) Bartl.,
Morus alba L.,
Morus nigra L.,
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill.,
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.,
Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill.,

19
TH
I
NTERNATIONAL
W
ORKSHOP OF
E
UROPEAN
V
EGETATION
S
URVEY
Botanical Excursion Guide I. – S
ZÁRSOMLYÓ
Pécs (H
UNGARY
), April 27
th
– May 2
nd
, 2010 April 30
th
, 2010
____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch.,
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum,
Myosotis sparsiflora Mikan,
Myosotis stricta Link.,
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich.,
Nepeta cataria L.,
Nigella arvensis L.,
Nonea pulla (L.) DC.,
Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.,
Oenanthe fistulosa L.,
Omphalodes scorpioides (Hke.) Scrank,
Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) Ser.
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.
Ononis arvensis L.,
Ononis spinosa L.,
Onopordiun acanthium L.,
Onosma arenarium W. et. K.,
Onosma visanii Clem. †
Ophris apifera Huds.
Orchis militaris L.,
Orchis purpurea Huds.,
Orchis simia Lam.,
Orchis tridentata Scop.,
Origanum vulgare L.,
Orlaya grandiflora (L.) Hoffm.,
Ornithogalum pyramidale L.,
Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum Kern.,
Ornithogalum umbellatum L.,
Orobanche alba Steph.,
Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm,
Orobanche lutea Baumg.,
Orobanche minor Sm.,
Orobanche nana Noë,
Orobanche picridis F. Schultz.,
Orobanche purpurea Jacq.,
Orobanche reticulata Wallr.,
Orthantha lutea (L.) Kern.
Oxalis acetosella L.,
Panicum miliaceum L.,
Papaver dubium subsp. confine J
ORD
.
Papaver rhoeas L.,
Papver somniferum L.
Parietaria officinalis L.,
Pastinaca sativa L.,
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) Ball,
Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link.,
Peucedanum oreoselinum (L.) Mönch,
Phalaroides aundinacea (L.) Rauschert,
Phleum paniculatum Huds.,
Phleum phleoides (L.) Karsten,
Phleum pratense L.,
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.,
Physalis alkekengi L.,
Picris hieracioides L.,
Pimpinella saxifraga L.,
Pinus nigra Arn.
Pinus sylvestris L.,
Pisum elatius Stev.,
Pisum sativum L.,
Plantago argentea Chaix.,
Plantago lanceolata L.,
Plantago major L.
Plantago media L.,
Plantago stepposa Kuprianova,
Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich.,
Poa angustifolia L.,
Poa annua L.,
Poa bulbosa L.,
Poa compressa L.,
Poa nemoralis L.,
Poa pratensis L.,
Poa trivialis L.,
Polycnemum arvense L.,
Polycnemum verrucosum Láng,
Polygala comosa Schk.,
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.,
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Drice.,
Polygonum aviculare L.,
Polygonum lapathifolium L.,
Polypodium interjectum Shivas,
Polypodium vulgare L.,
Polystichum setiferum (Forskal) Moore,
Populus alba L.,
Populus nigra L.,
Populus tremula L.,
Populus x canescens (Ait.) Sm.,
Portulaca oleracea L.
Potentilla anserina L.,
Potentilla arenaria Borkh.
Potentilla argentea L.,
Potentilla inclinata VilL.,
Potentilla leucopolitana P.J. Mull.,
Potentilla reptans L.,
Primula vulgaris Huds.,
Prunella laciniata Nath.,
Prunella vulgaris L.,
Prunus domestica L.,
Prunus spinosa L.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,
Pulicaria vulgaris Gärtn.,
Pulmonaria mollis Wulf.,
Pulmonaria officinalis L.,
Pulsatilla grandis Wender †?
Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. subsp. nigricans †?
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Borkh.,
Quercus cerris L.,
Quercus dalechampii Ten.,
Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblein,
Quercus polycarpa Schur,
Quercus pubescens Willd.,
Quercus robur L.,
Quercus virgiliana Ten.,
Ranunculus acris L.,
Ranunculus arvensis L.,
Ranunculus illyricus L.,
Ranunculus polyanthemos L.,
Ranunculus psilostachys Griseb.,
Reseda lutea L.,
Reseda luteola L.,
Reseda phyteuma L.
Rhamnus catharticus L.,
Ribes uva-crispa L.,
Robinia pseudo-acacia L.,
Rorippa austriaca (Cr.) Bess.,
Rosa agrestis Savi.,
Rosa arvensis Huds.,
Rosa canina L.,
Rosa corymbifera Borkh. s. str.,
Rosa dumetorum Thuill.,
Rosa gallica L.,
Rosa livescens Bess.,
Rosa spinosissima L.,
Rubus caesius L.,
Rubus candicans Weihe.,
Rubus hirtus W. et K.,
Rubus idaeus L.,
Rumex acetosa L.,
Rumex acetosella L.,
Rumex crispus L.,
Rumex obtusifolius L.,
Rumex pulcher L.,
Rumex sanguaineus L.,
Ruscus aculeatus L.
Ruscus hypoglossum L.,
Salix alba L.,
Salix caprea L.,
Salix fragilis L.,
Salvia glutinosa L.,
Salvia nemorosa L.,
Salvia pratensis L.,
Salvia verticillata L.,
Sambucus ebulus L.,
Sambucus nigra L.,
Sanguisorba minor Scop.,
Sanicula europaea L.,
Saponaria officinalis L.,
Saxifraga bulbifera L.,
Saxifraga tridactylites L.
Scabiosa ochroleuca L.,
Scilla vindobonensis Speta,
Scleranthus annuus L.,
Scorsonera hispanica L.,
Scrophularia nodosa L.,
Scrophularia umbrosa Dum.,
Scutellaria altissima L.,
Scutellaria hastifolia L.,
Sedum acre L.,

19
TH
I
NTERNATIONAL
W
ORKSHOP OF
E
UROPEAN
V
EGETATION
S
URVEY
Botanical Excursion Guide I. – S
ZÁRSOMLYÓ
Pécs (H
UNGARY
), April 27
th
– May 2
nd
, 2010 April 30
th
, 2010
____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
Sedum neglectum subsp. sopianae Priszter,
Sedum reflexum L.,
Sedum sexangulare L.,
Sedum telephium L. ssp. maximum
(L.)
Krock.
Sempervivum tectorum L.,
Senecio erucifolius L.,
Senecio jacobaea L.,
Senecio vulgaris L.,
Serratula radiata (W. et K.) M. B.,
Seseli annuum L.,
Seseli hippomarathrum Jacq.,
Seseli osseum Cr.
Setaria pumila (Poir.) R. et Sch.,
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. B.,
Setaria viridis L.,
Sherardia arvensis L.,
Sideritis montana L.,
Silene nemoralis W. et K.,
Silene nutans L.,
Silene otites (L.) Wibel,
Silene vulgaris (Mönch) Garcke,
Sinapis arvensis L.,
Sisymbrium officinalis (L.) Scop.,
Sisymbrium orientale Torn.,
Solanum dulcamara L.,
Solanum nigrum L.,
Solidago gigantea Ait.,
Solidago virga-aurea L.
Sonchus arvensis L.,
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.,
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Cr.,
Spiraea media Schn.,
Stachys annua L.,
Stachys recta L.,
Stachys silvatica L.,
Staphylea pinnata L.,
Stellaria holostea L.,
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.,
Stenactis annua (L.) Nees,
Stipa capillata L.,
Stipa eriocaulis Borb.,
Stipa pulcherrima C. Koch,
Symphytum officinale L.,
Symphytum tuberosum L.,
Syringa vulgaris L.,
Tamus communis L.
Tanacetum vulgare L.
Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC,
Taraxacum officinale Webb.,
Taraxacum serotinum (W. et K.) Poir.,
Teucrium chamaedrys L.
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.,
Thalictrum lucidum L.,
Thalictrum minus L.,
Thesium linophyllon L.
Thlaspi arvense L.,
Thlaspi perfoliatum L.,
Thymelea passerina (L.) Coss. et Germ.,
Thymus glabrescens Willd.,
Thymus pannonicus All.,
Thymus praecox Opiz,
Thymus pulegoides L.,
Thymus serpyllum L.,
Tilia cordata Mill.
Tilia platyphyllos Scop.
Tilia tomentosa Mönch,
Tordylium maximum L.,
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link.,
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.,
Tragopogon dubius Scop.,
Tragopogon orientalis L.,
Tragus racemosus (L.) Desf.
Trifolium alpestre L.,
Trifolium arvense L.,
Trifolium aureum Poll.,
Trifolium campestre Schreb.,
Trifolium fragiferum L.,
Trifolium hybridum L.,
Trifolium incarnataum L.,
Trifolium medium Huds.,
Trifolium montanum L.,
Trifolium ochroleucum Huds.,
Trifolium pratense L.,
Trifolium repens L.,
Trifolium rubens L.,
Trifolium striatum L.,
Trigonella gladiata Stev.,
Trigonella monspeliaca L.
Trinia glauca (L.) Dinn.,
Trinia ramosissima (Fischer) Koch,
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.B.,
Turritis glabra L.,
Tussilago farfara L.,
Typha angustifolia L.,
Typha latifolia L.
Ulmus glabra Huds.,
Ulmus minor Mill.,
Ulmus procera Salisb.,
Urtica dioica L.,
Urtica urens L.,
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert,
Valerianella carinata Lois.,
Valerianella coronata (L.) DC.,
Valerianella dentata (L.) Poll.,
Valerianella locusta (L.) Latterade,
Valerianella pumila (L.) DC.,
Valerianella rimosa Bast.,
Verbascum austriacum Schott.,
Verbascum blattaria L.,
Verbascum lychinitis L.,
Verbascum nigrum L.
Verbascum phlomoides L.,
Verbascum phoeniceum L.,
Verbena officinalis L.
Veronica angallis-aquatica L.,
Veronica arvensis L.,
Veronica austriaca L.
Veronica chamaedrys L.,
Veronica hederaefolia L.,
Veronica montana L.,
Veronica officinalis L.,
Veronica orchidea Cr.,
Veronica pallens Host.,
Veronica persica Poir.,
Veronica polita Fr.,
Veronica praecox All.,
Veronica prostrata L.,
Veronica serpyllifolia L.
Veronica spicata L.,
Veronica teucrium L.,
Veronica triphyllos L.,
Viburnum lantana L.,
Vicia angustifolia Grufbg.,
Vicia cracca L.,
Vicia dumetorum L.
Vicia grandiflora Scop.,
Vicia lathyroides L.,
Vicia lutea L.,
Vicia pannonica Cr.,
Vicia sativa L.,
Vicia tenuifolia Roth,
Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.,
Vicia villosa Roth.,
Vinca herbacea W. et K.,
Vinca major L.
Vinca minor L.,
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.,
Vincetoxicum pannonicum (Borhidi) Holub.
Viola alba Bess.,
Viola arvensis Murr.,
Viola cyanea Celak.,
Viola elatior Fr.,
Viola hirta L.,
Viola kitaibeliana R. et Sch.,
Viola odorata L.,
Viola permixta Jord
Viola silvestris Lam,
Viola tricolor L.,
Viola vindobonensis Wiesb.,
Vitis vinifera L.,
Vulpia myuros (L.) Gmel.,
Xanthium spinosum L.,
Xanthium strumarium L.,
Xeranthemum annuum L.,
Xeranthemum foetidum Munch