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600
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/
Turkish Journal of Botany
Turk J Bot
(2017) 41: 600-608
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-1701-56
Peucedanum guvenianum (Apiaceae), a new species from West Anatolia, Turkey
Hasan YILDIRIM1,*, Hayri DUMAN2
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
* Correspondence: hasanyldrm@gmail.com
1. Introduction
e family Apiaceae comprises 100 genera and a total of
505 taxa (477 species) in Turkey, where 167 of the taxa
are endemic (Güner et al., 2012). e genera Aegokeras
Raf., Ekimia H.Duman & M.F.Watson, Postiella Kljuykov,
Microsciadium Boiss., and Crenosciadium Boiss. & Heldr.
ex Boiss. are endemic for Turkey (Pimenov and Leonov,
1993).
e genus Peucedanum L., represented by ca. 100–120
species and mainly distributed in Eurasia and Africa,
is characterized by attened fruits with well-developed
lateral wings and without prominent dorsal ribs (Pimenov
and Leonov, 1993; Ostroumova and Pimenow, 1997). It
is a very complex and heterogeneous genus in the family
Apiaceae (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993). Menemen (2012)
specied that the genus Peucedanum included 22 taxa in
Turkey (21 species and an infraspecic taxa), and 9 of
them are endemic according to the most recent checklist
for the Turkish ora (Chamberlain, 1972; Davis et al.,
1988; Güner et al., 2000; Parolly and North, 2004; Parolly
and North, 2005; Akpulat and Akalın, 2010; Menemen,
2012).
To date, some authors have separated many smaller
genera from Peucedanum based on morphological or
molecular studies, including Cervaria Wolf; Holandrea
Reduron, Charpin & Pimenov; Imperatoria L.; Oreoselinum
Adans.; Pteroselinum Rchb.; ysselinum Adans.;
Tommasinia Bertol; and Xanthoselinum Schur (Leute,
1966; Pimenov, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c; Frey, 1989; Pimenov
and Leonov, 1993; Reduron et al., 1997; Spalik et al., 2004).
As a result of recent eldwork conducted between
the Menderes and Gümüldür districts in İzmir Province,
West Anatolia (Turkey), a population of Peucedanum
was found in maquis vegetation and Pinus brutia Ten.
openings near the Tahtalı Dam in İzmir Province. Aer
detailed macro- and micromorphological and carpological
research, it was concluded that the collected Peucedanum
specimens diered from all of the other species by their
morphological characters. It was considered a new species
without closely related species. On the other hand, it
showed some morphological similarities to Peucedanum
longifolium Waldst. & Kit., P. ruthenicum M.Bieb., and P.
vourinense (Leute) Hartvig (Tutin, 1968; Chamberlain,
1972; Hartvig, 1986).
2. Materials and methods
is study is based on eld, herbarium, and literature
surveys. e herbarium specimens of Peucedanum
(including type specimens, their photographs, or digital
images) conserved at E, EGE, GAZI, HUB, and ISTE were
studied. e material of the new species was compared
with the relevant literature (Tutin, 1968; Chamberlain,
1972; Hartvig, 1986; Rechinger, 1987; Davis et al., 1988;
Pimenov and Leonov, 1993, 2004; Pimenov, 1987a, 1987b,
1987c; Güner et al., 2000; Menemen, 2012) was examined.
e morphology of specimens was examined by
Abstract: Peucedanum guvenianum Yıldırım & H.Duman is described as a species new to science. It is endemic to the West Anatolia
region of Turkey. It is known from a single locality in İzmir Province. P. guvenianum shows similarities to P. longifolium, P. ruthenicum,
and P. vourinense. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and compared with those of closely related taxa. It is easily
distinguished from related species especially by its stem 130–220 cm tall, distinctly striate, densely branched from below the middle
to upper part; basal leaves 28–40 cm long and 20–70 cm wide; bracts linear-lanceolate and erect; petals emarginate at apex; mericarp
7.2–14 × 4.3–8 mm, oblong to oblong-orbicular, ±two times longer from pedicel.
Key words: Taxonomy, Peucedanum, İzmir, Turkey
Received: 27.01.2017 Accepted/Published Online: 16.07.2017 Final Version: 22.11.2017
Research Article
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
601
stereobinocular microscope. Pollen slides were prepared
using Wodehouse’s technique (1935) for light microscopy.
ese preparations were measured under a Leica ICC50 HD
light microscope. Measurements were taken for at least 30
pollen grains for each morphological characteristic. Fruits
were examined by stereomicroscope and scanning electron
microscope (SEM). Macromorphological observations
were done using a Leica EZ4D stereomicroscope. Twenty
mature fruits were measured for the average sizes. For SEM
studies, dried pollen grains and mericarps were transferred
onto stubs and then coated with gold. ey were observed
and photographed with a JEOL JSM 6060 SEM at 15 kV.
e pollen terminology was adopted from Faegri and
Iversen (1992) and Punt et al. (1994, 2007). e class of
pollen shape, based partly on P/E ratio, was identied
using Erdtman’s system (1969). For fruit anatomy, dried
fruit samples were placed in a boiling water for 5 min and
subsequently xed in FAA (50% ethanol, 10% formalin,
5% acetic acid) for 24 h. Samples were washed later with
water and anatomical studies were carried out on the
transverse sections of the fruit using the paran method.
ese sections were stained with safranin-fast green and
mounted using Entellan (Johansen, 1944). Photographs
were taken using a Leica ICC50 HD light microscope.
Terminology follows Barthlott (1981) and Ostroumova
and Pimenov (1997).
3. Results
Peucedanum guvenianum Yıldırım & H.Duman sp. nov.
(Figures 1 and 2)
Typ e : Turkey, İzmir, Menderes-Gümüldür yolu, Tahtalı
Baraj gölü karşısı, Gümüldür’e 40 km kala, maki içi, 237
m, 07.11.2016, H.Yıldırım 4112 (holotype: EGE 42440!,
isotypes: GAZI!, HUB!, NGBB!).
3.1. Diagnosis
P. guvenianum is related to P. ruthenicum, P. longifolium, and
P. vourinense. It diers from these species especially by its
stem 130–220 cm tall, distinctly striate, densely branched
from below the middle to upper part (not maximum to
120 cm tall, slightly striate, slightly or densely branched
from above the middle); basal leaves 28–40 cm long and
20–70 cm wide (not 5–30 long and 10–20 wide); bracts
linear-lanceolate and erect (not liform and deexed);
petals emarginate at apex (not without emarginate apex or
slightly emarginate at apex); mericarp 7.2–14 × 4.3–8 mm,
±two times longer from pedicel (not 4.5–9 × 3–4 mm,
±equal or slightly shorter).
3.2. Description
Polycarpic perennials with taproot; taproot 25–45 mm
in diameter; brous collar present. Stems 130–220 cm
tall, 6–13 mm diameter at base, completely glabrous,
striate, rounded at cross-section in lower part, from the
middle and upper part dichotomously branched. Leaves
mostly basal, with the remains of old leaf bases. Basal
leaves rosulate, outer soon withering but not falling o,
with sheaths 1–6 cm long and petioles 6–20 cm long,
leaf blade 28–40 × 20–70 cm; abellate in outline; lamina
4–6 ternate; their segments with long petiolules; terminal
lobes 2.5–10 cm long, 1–2 mm wide, linear. Middle and
upper cauline leaves acropetally decreasing in size, their
sheaths triangular, blades very reduced, almost without
blades at uppermost leaf. All umbels with peduncles,
4–19 cm long, (5–)7–16-rayed; rays unequal, 15–65(–90)
mm long, glabrous; nely furrowed; bracts 2–4, linear
to linear-lanceolate, entire, 3–7 mm long, herbaceous,
caducous in fruiting time. Umbellules 8–19-owered;
pedicels at owering 1–5 mm long, pedicel at fruiting
3–8 mm long; bracteoles 7–9, linear to linear-lanceolate,
entire, 1–3 mm long, herbaceous, inexed. Sepals up to 0.5
mm, triangular, with whitish acuminate tip. Petals bright
yellow, glabrous, 1–1.5 × 1 mm long, obovate, cuneate at
the base, emarginate at the tip, strongly incurved at apex,
attached to petal blade. Filaments 2–2.5 mm long, anthers
±oblong, 0.5–0.75 mm long. Stylopodium shortly conical,
styles up to 1 mm long, reexed. Mericarps oblong to
oblong-elliptic, 7.2–14 × 4.3–8 mm, compressed dorsally;
brown when ripe; dorsal ridges inconspicuous, liform,
lateral wings 0.8–1.2 mm wide, stylopodium shortly
conical, styles up to 1 mm long, reexed, dorsal vittae 1
per vallecula, commissural 2.
3.3. Carpological characters
Mericarps 7.2–14 × 4.3–8 mm with lateral wings, oblong
to oblong-elliptic, compressed dorsally, dorsal ribs and
vittae prominent, dorsal vittae 4, regularly 1 per vallecula,
commissural vittae 2. e exocarp is composed of thin-
walled rectangular and polygonal epidermis cells with a
thin, smooth cuticle. e mesocarp consists of thin-walled
parenchymatous cells of various sizes with lignied cells
in the ribs and lateral wings near the vascular bundles. All
vittae are situated between the vascular bundles. Collateral
vascular bundles are embedded in the ribs and at the base
of the lateral wings. Endocarp is composed of a single line
of long and thin-walled cells (Figure 3).
3.4. Pollen morphology and mericarp surface
e pollen grains of Peucedanum guvenianum are
tricolporate, radially symmetrical, and isopolar. Polar axis
(P) is 29.92 ± 0.97 µm, equatorial axis (E) is 14.83 ± 0.7 µm.
e shape of pollen grain (P/E: 2.02 ± 0.06) is perprolate.
Colpus length is 21.37 ± 1.73 µm and colpus width 0.87 ±
0.14 µm. Pore length is 4.8 ± 0.47 µm and pore width 5.76
± 0.52 µm. e intine thickness is 0.68 ± 0.15 µm and the
exine is 1.01 ± 0.09 µm. Exine sculpturing is rugulate in
the meridional and polar optical sections (Figure 4). e
mericarp surface is striate (Figure 5).
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
602
Figure 1. Peucedanum guvenianum: A- Middle and upper stem; B- basal leaf; C- umbel; D, E- ower; F- immature fruit; G- mature
fruit; H- mericarp structure (1: exocarp, 2: mesocarp, 3: endocarp, 4: seed coat, 5: endosperm, 6: embryo, 7: dorsal vittae, 8:
vascular bundles, 9: commissural vittae).
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
603
Figure 2. Peucedanum guvenianum: A- Habitus; B- owers and umbel; C- immature fruits; D- mature fruits; E- stages of
budding to mature fruit.
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
604
3.5. Etymology
e new species was named in honor of Turkish botanist
Prof Dr Güven Görk, who is an expert on the ora of
Turkey. e Turkish name of this species is given as
“Eferezenesi”, according to the guidelines of Menemen et
al. (2013).
3.6. Paratypes
Turkey, İzmir, Menderes-Gümüldür yolu, Tahtalı Baraj
gölü karşısı, Gümüldür’e 40 km kala, maki içi, 250 m,
15.10.2012, H.Yıldırım 2404; ibid, 03.05.2012, H.Yıldırım
2305.
Figure 3. A, B- Mericarp structure of Peucedanum guvenianum (ex: exocarp, ms: mesocarp, ed: endocarp, sc: seed coat, vb: vascular
bundles, dv: dorsal vittae, cv: commissural vittae, en: endosperm, em: embryo).
Figure 4. SEM micrographs of pollen grains of Peucedanum guvenianum: A- General aspect, B- exine ornamentation.
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
605
3.7. Suggested conservational status
e occupancy area (AOO) of Peucedanum guvenianum
was calculated as 7.5 km2, in which about 500 individuals
were estimated to occur. Overgrazing by sheep and goat
herds on nearby individuals to the soil level was also
observed. Moreover, the anthropogenic eects, including
littering, observed on the population had likely severely
harmed the individuals of P. guvenianum. us, from the
criteria laid out by the IUCN (2016), P. guvenianum is here
assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) B2ab (iii,v), on
account of its restricted distribution and anthropogenic
eects on the population.
3.8. Distribution and ecology
Peucedanum guvenianum is locally endemic to İzmir
Province, West Anatolia. It is an element belonging to the
Mediterranean oristic region. e new species grows in the
maquis vegetation and opening Pinus brutia area, between
220 and 270 m a.s.l. in the triangle of the Seferihisar,
Menderes, and Gümüldür districts in İzmir. Species growing
in the near vicinity include Arbutus andrachne L., Arbutus
unedo L., Asparagus acutifolius L., Centranthus calcitrapa
(L.) Dufr., Cerotonia siliqua L., Cistus creticus L., Dittrichia
viscosa (L.) Greuter, Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas,
Lavetera puctata All., Lonicera caprifolium L., Lupinus
micranthus Guss., Origanum onites L., Osyris alba L.,
Phillyrea latifolia L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Satureja thymbra
L., and Verbascum rupicola (Hayek et Siehe) Hub.-Mor.
4. Discussion
According to recent molecular studies on Peucedanum
s. str. and segregated genera from Peucedanum s. lato,
which are Xanthoselinum, Pteroselinum, Tommasinia, and
Oreoselinum, they are closely related to each other and to
Peucedanum s. str. taxa (Spalik et al., 2004). On the other
hand, the other segregated genera from Peucedanum
s. lato, Cervaria and Holandrea, distinctly dier from
Peucedanum s. str. based on molecular and morphological
evidence (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993; Reduron et al.,
1997; Spalik et al., 2004).
Furthermore, Spalik et al. (2004) revealed close
relations among the Peucedanum s. str. taxa based on
ITS sequences studies. e taxa in Peucedanum s. str. Are
similar in habit, sharing not only mericarp characters but
also linear-liform leaf lobes (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993;
Spalik et al., 2004). P. guvenianum is found in Peucedanum
s. str. based on linear-liform leaf lobes and dorsally
compressed orthospermous mericarp without prominent
dorsal ribs and with a broad commissure.
P. guvenianum morphological shows some similarities
especially to P. longifolium, P. ruthenicum, and P. vourinense.
P. guvenianum is characterized by stem 130–220 cm
tall; many-branched from near the base to the top of the
stem; ultimate leaf lobes up to 10 cm and relatively bigger
basal leaves and mericarps compared to related species.
P. guvenianum also shows some similarities to P.
ocinale L., which is the type species of Peucedanum s. str.,
distributed from Central and South Europe to SE England.
P. ocinale is easily separated from P. guvenianum by stem
60–120 cm tall (not 130–220 cm); 15–40 rays per umbel
(not 7–16); umbellules including more than 30 owers (not
8–19); pedicels 20–40 mm long (not 3–8 mm); population
found on grassy slopes at 1000–1800 m in altitude (not in
maquis and between 200–250 m in altitude). However, all
related taxa (P. longifolium, P. ruthenicum, P. vourinense,
and also P. ocinale) of P. guvenianum are distributed
from high altitudes, mostly in subalpine mountain areas.
P. guvenianum is a Mediterranean phytogeographical
area element. e population of it was found in maquis
vegetation at lower altitudes (200–250 m).
e detailed dierences among P. guvenianum and
closely related taxa P. longifolium, P. ruthenicum, and P.
vourinense are listed in the Table.
Figure 5. SEM micrographs of fruits of Peucedanum guvenianum: A- General aspect, B- surface ornamentation.
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
606
Tab l e. Morphological dierences among Peucedanum guvenianum, P. ruthenicum, P. longifolium, and P. vourinense.
Characters Peucedanum guvenianum Peucedanum ruthenicum Peucedanum longifolium Peucedanum vourinense
Stem
130–220 cm tall; green, distinctly
striate; densely branched from below
the middle to upper part
100–120 cm tall, green, slightly striate;
slightly branched from above the
middle
60–120 cm tall; green, slightly striate;
slightly branched from above the
middle
60–80 cm tall; green, slightly striate;
more branched from above the middle
Basal leaves
28–40 cm long; 20–70 cm wide; 4–6
ternate; lobes 2.5–10 cm × 1–2 mm,
linear
8–15 cm long and 10–20 cm wide; 3–4
ternate; lobes 2–9 cm × 1–5 mm, linear
10–15 cm long and 10–25 cm wide;
2–6 ternate; lobes 2–4 cm × 0.5–1 mm,
liform
5–30 cm long; 5–6 ternate; lobes 20–40
mm × 0.3–5 mm, liform
Rays 7–16 per umbel; 15–65 mm long 8–25 per umbel; 20–60 mm long 15–30 per umbel; 40–100 mm long 6–8(–10); 15–30(–40) mm long
Bracteoles 7 – 9, inexed 5–7, liform, deexed c. 10, deexed 3–6
Petals Emarginate at apex Not emarginate Slightly emarginate Slightly emarginate
Umbellules 8–19-owered 25–35-owered 25–35-owered 6–12-owered
Pedicel 3–8 mm in fruit Up to 10 mm in fruit Up to 10 mm in fruit 3–6 mm
Mericarps 7.2–14 × 4.3–8 mm, oblong to oblong-
elliptic; ±two times longer from pedicel
6–7.5 mm × 3–4 mm, ellipsoid; ±equal
or slightly shorter to pedicels
(6–)7–9 mm × 3–4 mm, oblong; ±equal
to pedicels 4.5–6 mm; ±equal to pedicels
Habitat On volcanic soil, in maquis, 200–250 m
in altitude
On calcareous soil or rarely
metamorphic soil, in meadows, rocky
edges, and slopes; 700–1550 m in
altitude
On calcareous soil or rarely on volcanic
soil, in meadows, rocky edges, and
slopes; 250–2000 m in altitude
On serpentine, dry rocky slopes, 1200–
1800 m in altitude
YILDIRIM and DUMAN / Turk J Bot
607
Additional specimens examined (similar taxa)
P. longifolium: Turkey, Çoruh: Borçka-Hopa, Borçka
yukarıları, 250 m a.s.l., 16.08.1957, Davis-Hedge (ANK!).
Erzurum: Erzurum-Bayburt yolu, Erzurum’dan 85 km
sonra, Kop Dağı, 1980 m a.s.l., 27.07.1956, K. Karamanoğlu
(ANK!). Iğdır: Tuzluca Turabi-Sürmeli arası, 1100 m a.s.l.,
30.09.2008, E. Altundağ (ISTE 85834!). Kars: Kağızman,
Paslı-Kötek arası, 1400–1650 m a.s.l., 25.07.1980, O. Güneş
1745 (HUB 17847!). Kayseri: Sarız, Keklikoluk Köyü, Işık
Dağı, 2300 m a.s.l., 12.9.1991, H. Duman 4446 & Z. Aytaç
(GAZI!); Sarız, Keklikoluk Köyü, Işık Dağı, 2400–2600
m a.s.l., 11.9.1991, H. Duman & Z. Aytaç (HUB 18339!,
GAZI!); Sarız, Yalak, Binboğa Dağı, 1500–1700 m a.s.l.,
04.08.1991, H. Duman 4333, Z. Aytaç (HUB 18340!–
18341!, GAZI!). Ordu: Ünye’nin yukarısı, c. 300 m a.s.l.,
05.09.1954, Davis, O. Polunin (ANK!). Samsun: Salıpazarı,
Gorpukale Tepesi, 800–900 m a.s.l., 10.10.2008. B. Şahin
3600 (GAZI!). Trabz on : Maçka-Meryemana arası, 700 m
a.s.l., 10.08.1969, T. Bay top (ISTE 15966!); Maçka, 350 m
a.s.l., 12.08.1981, Y. Gemici 1108 (EGE 31577!); Zafanos, c.
1000 m a.s.l., 04.10.1975, Y. Akman (ANK!). Zonguldak:
Devrek, c. 600 m a.s.l., 06.08.1984, M. Demirörs (ANK!).
P. ruthenicum: Turkey, Hatay: Dörtyol, Amanos
Dağları, Ahmetçiğin Düzü, 550 m a.s.l., 20.09.1967, Y.
Akman (ANK!); Dörtyol, Kuzuculu Kasabası, Çat köyü
altları, Atkası mevkii, 27.10.2001, E. Akalın & U. Uruşak
(ISTE 80778!); Dörtyol, Kuzuculu Kasabası, Çat köyü
yolu, Karagöl mevkii, 17.10.2002, E. Akalın & U. Uruşak
(ISTE 81360!). Kastamonu: Hanönü, Kapan Köyü’nden
anayola 2.2 km, 06.08.2009, A. A. Dönmez 16041 (HUB!);
Altunhisar-Karakapı köyleri arası, Hasandağı eteği, 1700
m a.s.l., 17.08.1996, A. A. Dönmez 5462 (HUB!). Trabz on:
Yomra, Yeşilyurt Köyü, 300 m a.s.l., yamaç, 07.08.2004. S.
Aslan 1711 (GAZI!); Yomra, Yeşilyurt Köyü, 300–400 m
a.s.l., yamaçlar, 27.07.2003. S. Aslan 1332 (GAZI!).
Acknowledgments
e authors are grateful to the curators of E, EGE, GAZI,
HUB, and ISTE for access to Peucedanum materials for this
study. We would especially like to thank Cem Çuhacıoğlu
for his kind support and helpfulness during eld studies for
Peucedanum guvenianum. We wish to thank Funda Özbek
for technical help with anatomical preparations, studies on
pollen grains, drawings of fruit sections, and the scanning
electron microscopy. Also, the authors are indebted to the
Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK), under Project Number 113Z072, for nancial
support.
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