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A Review of chemical constituents and traditional usage of Neem plant (Azadirachta Indica)
... Herbal treatments made from medicinal plants are utilized traditionally in many parts of the world (Brahmachari, 2004), according to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 80% of individuals worldwide obtain their prime medical care from traditional herbal remedies (Eid et al., 2017). Azadirachta indica (neem) is one of the utmost adaptable medicinal plants with a wide range of biological activity. ...
... Azadirachta indica (neem) is one of the utmost adaptable medicinal plants with a wide range of biological activity. Neem trees possess a diverse spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, repellent, antifeedant, inhibitor, pesticide and sterilant effects in all plant parts (Eid et al., 2017). Besides treating a range of conditions, including jaundice, ulcers in the stomach, and parasitic infections like malaria, chicken pox, and leprosy. ...
... It is common knowledge that head lice can be treated using aqueous seed extracts. Neem oil has strong antibacterial properties; India has long employed neem-based products derived from Azadirachta indica for pest-control in gardening and agriculture (Eid et al., 2017). Neem leaf have immuno-stimulatory activity for instance, Beuth et al. (2006) reported that neem leaves increased the weight of the spleen and enhanced the peritoneal macrophage activity, beside activated marker CD-44 expression Beuth et al. (2006). ...
... However, it is stated that this species is sensitive to frost [1,2]. Literature survey documented that this species originated in mainly Southern India [3][4][5]. Neem is mainly appreciated for termite-resistance first-class timber, insecticidal and pharmacological significance and responsibility for reestablishing soil yield in ruined and salt-influenced grounds [6]. ...
... Almost all parts of neem have become important to treat several syndromes in various Indian Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic medicine including Unani [5]. The neem tree is used for a variety of medical, agricultural and commercial purposes. ...
... For this reason, the US and many European countries have accepted the neem as a harmless insecticide for utilization in organic production. Apart from these medicinal and economical uses, the small twigs from the branches of neem tree are utilized for brushing teeth several times regularly by many people worldwide as it improves dental care naturally [5]. Neem trees are typically planted along the edges of gardens, parks, and roadways to offer year-round shade and protection. ...
Background
Various parts of neem (Azadirachta indica) have high demand in several industries. However, the inadequate supply of sources hampers the commercialization of different neem products. In this scenario, the current research was undertaken to produce genetically stable plants through indirect organogenesis.
Methods and results
Several explants like shoot tips, internodal segments, and leaves, were cultivated on MS media with different growth regulators. Maximum callus formation was achieved using 1.5 mg/L NAA, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L both for Kn and BAP in combination with shoot tip (93.67%). These calli showed an organogenic potentiality on MS medium having coconut water (15%) without growth regulators. This medium along with 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.1 mg/L both for BAP and NAA yielded the maximum adventitious shoot production with shoot tip-derived callus (95.24%). These calli further produced the most buds per shoot (6.38) and highest average shoot length (5.46 cm) with 0.5 mg/L both for BAP and Kn and 0.1 mg/L NAA in combination after the fifth subculture. The 1/3 strength of MS media was found to be best along with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L Kn in combination to generate maximum root response (92.86%), roots per shoot (5.86) and longest average root length (3.84 cm). The mean plant survival after initial hardening was 83.33% which increased to 89.47% after secondary hardening. The lack of variation in ISSR markers among the regenerated trees is evidence of clonal fidelity between hardened plants.
Conclusions
This protocol will accelerate the propagation of neem for utilization of its sources.
... (A. indica), also known as Neem tree, is a plant that belongs to Meliaceae family. A. indica is one of the most famous traditional plants in Asia and Africa (Eid et al., 2017). The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). ...
... A. indica is one of the most famous traditional plants in Asia and Africa (Eid et al., 2017). The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). A. indica is widely used in a variety of traditional treatments, including relieving stress, anxiety, and sleeplessness (Eid et al., 2017;Alzohairy, 2016). ...
... The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). A. indica is widely used in a variety of traditional treatments, including relieving stress, anxiety, and sleeplessness (Eid et al., 2017;Alzohairy, 2016). Investigations on the pharmacological activity and protective properties of A. indica have been conducted based on these traditional treatments. ...
... Also, flavonoids are a diverse group of phytonutrients found mainly in plants, known for their antioxidant properties [18]. They have been identified by visualizing the different extracts on the chromatographic plate using Neu's reagent as revelator. ...
... The results show that all extracts exhibited flavonoids and the various subfamilies such as flavones and flavonols were present as yellow bands in the bark extracts, while anthocyanins appeared in red-purple in all extracts. All extracts presented the isoflavones in the form of a band in blue or pink colors, or yellow or orange colours [18]. In short, the evidence of flavonoids in our different samples corroborates the studies conducted on the same plants [14,15]. ...
Anthocleista vogelii (Loganiaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine in the Cameroon, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria and Guinea for the treatment diabetes. Hallea stipulosa (Rubuaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several illnesses such as hernia, metrorrhagia and dysmenorrhea, colic, psychosomatic disorder and diabetes. This study aims to determine the level of toxicity following the protocol of OECD guideline 423 after phytochemical analysis by using screening, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and quantitative analysis of the extract’s total polyphenol contents (TPC) and total flavonoids contents (TFTs)were done using folin-ciocalteu and aluminiun trichloride test respectively. The evaluation of the hypoglycaemic activity and a hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extracts of the bark of Haleas stipulosa and Anthocleista vogelii. Combined at the concentrations 250mg / kg and 500mg / kg each at the respective proportions 50/50; 30/70; 70/30 using as a method the measurement of blood sugar every 30min for 3 hours. We obtained a yield of 11.65 for the extract of Hallea stipulosa and 10.2 for the extract of Anthocleista vogelii. The analysis of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, antocyanins and terpenoids, alkanoids and phenols. The Haleas stipulosa and Anthocleista vogelii fractions have a relatively high TPC of 95,78 ± 0,02 (mg EAG/g de ES), 169,66 ± 0,03 (mg EAG/g de ES), respectively and the TFTs of 62,93 ± 0,06 (mg EQ/g d'ES), 73,45 ± 0,05 (mg EQ/g d'ES) respectively. Acute toxicity tests in female rats at doses of 2000mg / kg and 5000mg / kg revealed no behavioral disturbances and no death. The administration of the combination of the aqueous extracts of the bark of the trunks of Hallea stipulosa at the concentrations of 250 mg / kg BW and 500 mg / kg BW produced a significant hypoglycaemic effect (P ˂0.05) in rats compared to the batches of rats positive controls. These results suggest that the combination of the aqueous extracts of the bark of the trunks of Haléas stipulosa and Anthocleista vogelii exhibits hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity at certaines concentrations.
... Because this tree is a common plant in Indonesia and is widely distributed throughout the country, it has the potential to be used as a natural biocide (bioproducts) in a variety of industries. Most A. indica plants have traditionally been used as antioxidants (Eid et al. 2017) and natural insecticides (Tulashie et al. 2021;Chaudhary et al. 2017). Based on several benefits of this plant, exploiting it comprehensively and holistically is motivating. ...
... The structure of Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Quercimeritrin, and Quercetin are reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties (Mishra et al. 2021;Li et al. 2016). The structure The study does not reveal which chemical compound is responsible for the activity Hossain et al. (2013) of Nimbidin and sodium nimbide have significant dosedependent anti-inflammatory activity (Eid et al. 2017). Nimbidin also shows antifungal activity against some human pathogens (Mahmoud et al. 2011). ...
In this study, Azadirachta indica extract was carried out to explore the potential of new eco-friendly environmental materials. Azadirachta indica leaves were extracted with various methanol solvents (50%, 75%, and 100%) at room temperature for 3 × 24 h. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the dilution method at various concentration series. Anticorrosion performance was measured by potentiodynamic polarization on mild steel. The antioxidant property of the extract was analyzed using a DPPH assay. The chemical structure of the bioactive compound present in the extract was evaluated utilizing GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques. The results revealed that the antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained at 100% methanol with 8 mg mL −1 of minimum inhibitory concentration. Azadirachta indica extract has anti-corrosion properties, which are confirmed by decreasing the corrosion rate of carbon steel by adding A. indica extract. The optimum inhibition efficiency (%η) of 91.84% was achieved at 47 °C with the addition of 1200 mg L −1 of A. indica extract. Azadirachta indica also has very strong antioxidant properties (48.45 µg/mL) from the extract with methanol solvent. Those properties are related to the phytochemical content in the extract. Azadirachta indica leaf methanol extract indicated 39 peak compounds by GC-MS analysis. At the same time, LC-MS/MS evaluation results show that the structure of the compound in A. indica leaf extract consists of Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Quercimeritrin, and Quercetin. Based on these results, A. indica extract could be employed as an antibacterial, anticorrosive, and antioxidant material source.
... Phenolic compounds, sterols, saponin, and terpenoid are found in the oil and bark of the neem tree. Due to the presence of a variety of bioactive compounds in the neem tree, it possesses antioxidant, antihistamine, anti-dermatic, anti-hyperglycemic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antiseptic, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, anti-secretory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-bacterial, cardio-tonic, anti-diabetic, antifungal, pesticidal, and other health-boosting effects (9)(10)(11)(12). Azadirachtin and Nimbidin are two active substances in neem leaf extract that help in reducing disintegration damages in fruits due to fungal infections (13). ...
... Azadirachtin and Nimbidin are two active substances in neem leaf extract that help in reducing disintegration damages in fruits due to fungal infections (13). Multiple studies have proven that plant extracts minimize the chances of decay and preserve the quality of post-harvest fruits (9,11,14,15). Due to the presence of bioactive compounds in the neem tree, it is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for treating various diseases in fifty countries, including Pakistan, Africa, Nigeria, India, and its neighboring countries. Moreover, fewer side effects have been claimed by local practitioners using neem in remedies. ...
Background: Azadirachta indica (Neem), an evergreen, temperature-tolerant flowering plant native to India and Myanmar, is often referred to as "The Village Pharmacy" or "Divine Tree." A member of the Meliaceae family, it has gained global recognition for its extensive health benefits. Almost every part of the neem tree, including leaves, blossoms, seeds, fruits, roots, and bark, finds medicinal use, both in traditional Ayurvedic practices and modern pharmaceutical preparations. Objective: This review aims to discuss the potential of A. indica and its bioactive compounds in medicine. It specifically focuses on their roles in various therapeutic applications such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-feedant, growth regulatory, dentistry, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-malarial, insect repellent, anti-hyperlepidemic, anti-cancer, and orodental protection. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, reviewing ethno-pharmacological studies and scientific research that explore the traditional and current medicinal uses of A. indica. Sources included peer-reviewed journals and scientific databases. The review focused on the analysis of studies that detailed the use of various parts of the neem tree in the treatment of different ailments. Results: The review consolidated findings from numerous studies, highlighting over 40 bioactive compounds present in various parts of the neem tree. Significant therapeutic effects were reported, with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties being the most prominent. Approximately 65% of the studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects, while around 60% supported anti-diabetic applications. Other notable findings included growth regulatory and anti-cancer properties, each supported by over 50% of the studies. Conclusion: Neem's diverse bioactive compounds demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic properties, underscoring its title as "The Village Pharmacy." The review confirms the substantial medicinal potential of neem, supporting its traditional uses and suggesting its valuable role in developing new pharmaceuticals. However, more clinical trials are recommended to validate these findings and ensure safe application.
... Traditionally neem oil is used for lightening purpose as fuel in village area. Additionally, it works well as an antiseptic for the treatment of intestinal worm infections, eczema, and furuncles (Eid et al., 2017). ...
... Neem is effective against rheumatism, malaria, intestinal worms, jaundice, tuberculosis, skin and as well as arthritis. Neem oil is an effective antiseptic for the treatment of intestinal worm infections, eczema, and furuncles on the skin (Eid et al., 2017).Calcium mining, which is a unique property, capability to neutralize acidic soils is predicted in neem (Latif et al., 2020). Beside this it is having astringent effect, bitter property is useful for loss of appetite, cough, tiredness, helpful for healing wounds and excessive thirst infestation to combat vomiting (Dixit, 2015). ...
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta in-dica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. RESULTS: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5 th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured , including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein , exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leu-kin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking , the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and-7.7 kcal/ mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with-7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta in-dica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. RESULTS: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5 th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured , including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein , exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leu-kin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking , the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and-7.7 kcal/ mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with-7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
Objective:
The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases.
Materials and methods:
In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg.
Results:
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured, including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leukin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking, the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and -7.7 kcal/mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with -7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively.
Conclusions:
In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... Therapy of infected eyes may be done by the use of neem leaves. A similar infusion may also be utilised in the treatment of sore throats (Eid et al., 2017). Neem leaves are good for blood circulation and blood purification (Bhowmik et al., 2010). ...
... Neem oil demonstrated excellent antiseptic properties. It is utilised in the treatment of such skin problems as furuncles and eczema, as well as to cure intestinal worm infections (Eid et al., 2017). Neem oil is also widely included to a range of creams and salves. ...
Plants and Environment (2023) 5(1): 1-15 Abstract: Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, it is a member of the Meliaceae family, a fast-growing evergreen popular tree found commonly in India, Africa and America. All parts of the neem tree, including the seeds, fruits, twigs, leaves, flowers, roots, and bark, have traditionally been used to treat inflammation, infections, fever, skin ailments, and dental diseases. Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, salannin, and quercetin are all useful active chemicals extracted from various plant parts. The aim of this review article provides information mainly on various pharmacological activities like Antioxidant Effect and Antisnake venom activity of neem plant and medicinal uses. Plant extracts function as both a reducing and capping agent. Neem is a well-known medicinal plant and has been studied for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. A. indica possesses many phytochemicals that can reduce metal ions. The nanoparticles are reported to exhibit good antimicrobial, and antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cells in vitro.
... Notably, these traditions embark on using several therapies using a complex of herbs and plants such as Haridra, Amla, Tulsi, Guduchi, and Nimba. [23] These mixtures nowadays represent the basis for many commercial products used in cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste, and pest repellents. By tradition, they continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders. ...
... By tradition, they continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders. [23] In this review, we are discussing the preventive efficacy of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Nimba), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Tulsi), Phyllanthus emblica L. (Amalaki), Santalum album L. (Chandana), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. ...
Melanoma skin cancer (MSC) is considered the most aggressive among all skin cancers due to its
tendency to fast growth, metastasis, and high relapse rate. Although MSC is treatable if identified
early, several side effects and aesthetic issues associated with its treatment impose a psychological
burden and compromise patients’ quality of life. Thus, there is a dire need for primary prevention by
adopting alternative remedies, which are accessible, safe, and cost-effective. The present review
emphasizes the role of selected Ayurveda herbs, viz., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Ocimum tenuiflorum
L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Santalum album L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F. and Thoms., and
Withania somnifera L. Dunal, which are long being utilized in the Indian traditional system to tackle
diverse health problems in preventing MSCs. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search
various research articles on the anti-oncogenic and chemopreventive roles of Ayurveda herbs. This
review emphasizes the beneficial effects of Ayurveda herbs so that the ordinary public includes these
herbs in their routine to prevent MSC and other cancers. The available literature clearly states that
these herbs are beneficial in preventing MSCs. However, the scarcity of clinical trials on these herbs
warrants extensive research in this area to obtain an efficacious drug.
... Several additional components found in A. indica leaves are responsible for increasing hemoglobin levels and enhancing red blood cell formation [56]. In addition, A. indica leaves are rich in biologically active compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, vitamins, and micronutrients [57]. ...
... Similar results were obtained by Abd El-Rahman et al. [50] in C. gariepinus. The modulation of the leukogram of the OXY-exposed fish by dietary supplementation with M. oleifera and A. indica leaves could be attributed to M. oleifera's micronutrient concentrations, which play a crucial role in adjusting the redox state of leukocytes, protecting them from oxidative stress [53][54][55][56][57]. Furthermore, oleic acid, the main constituent of M. oleifera, has the ability to affect the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukocytes, particularly neutrophils [60]. ...
Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) leaves in mitigating the effects of chronic oxyfluorfen (OXY) toxicity on the health status, expressions of immune and antioxidant genes, and tissue morphological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus. In this study, we used 370 healthy O. niloticus (average weight = 25.35 ± 0.29 g). We used 70 fish to study the 96 h lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of OXY. We assigned another 300 fish into six equal groups with five replicates (50 fish/group, 10 fish/replicate) to determine the chronic OXY toxicity for 60 days. The 96 h LC50 of OXY for O. niloticus was 6.685 mg/L. Exposure to 1/10 96 h LC50 of OXY (0.668 mg/L) had health impacts and pathological changes in the main tissues. In addition, the expressions of oxidant and immune genes were disrupted. Dietary supplementation with both M. oleifera and A. indica efficiently mitigated the toxic effects of OXY in the treated groups. Comparing the palliative efficiency of M. oleifera and A. indica, the results showed that M. oleifera was more potent in alleviating the toxic effects of OXY.
... Despite their longstanding use in traditional healing practices, the chemical composition of these plants and their bioactivity have remained largely understudied. Only the chemical composition of A. indica is largely documented as well as various therapeutic properties attribuited to this species [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Therefore, the inclusion of A. indica in this study has been considered in order to have a standard reference for the other understudied species. ...
Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as indigenous knowledge and practices used for maintaining health and treating illnesses, traditional medicine (TM) represents a rich reservoir of ancient healing practices rooted in cultural traditions and accumulated wisdom over centuries. Five indigenous Kenyan plant species traditionally used in African TM, named Afzelia quanzensis, Azadirachta indica, Gigasiphon macrosiphon, Grewia bicolor, and Lannea schweinfurthii, represent a valuable resource in healing practices, yet their chemical composition and bioactivity remain understudied. To depict a primary bio-chemical characterization of these plants, their antioxidant and antimicrobial features have been evaluated by the use of methods validated in this context. G. bicolor, and G. macrosiphon were found to have great potential as sources of bioactive metabolites, such as chlorophyll a (1456.29 µg/ g DW; 1104.33 µg/ g DW), chlorophyll b (712.48 µg/ g DW; 443.31 µg/ g DW), and carotenoids (369.71 µg/ g DW; 300 µg/ g DW) as well as phenols (31.78 mg GAE/g DW; 27.54 GAE/g DW), and exhibiting high antioxidant activity, according to TEAC, DPPH and FRAP assays. Additionally, L. schweinfurthii and G. macrosiphon demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, as well as against Gram-positive ones, S. aureus and B. subtilis.
... Neem is used as antifungal, antimalarial, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antigastric ulcer, antiarthritic, spermicidal diuretic and antitumor [10]. Neem is exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, immune modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic properties [11], and the potential to be a prostate cancer therapy [12,13]. ...
Neem (Azadirachta indica), a widely recognized medicinal plant, is known for its numerous therapeutic properties. People use neem leaves to increase their appetite to treat dysentery, malarial ulcers, and bacterial infections. Research on neem leaves that has been done is still focused on extracts, but not their fractions. This study aimed to extract neem leaves that separate the components based on their polarity (fractionation), analyze and identify their components, and test antioxidant and antifungal activities. The research stages caried out include (1) extraction and fractionation, (2) analysis (thin layer chromatography, bromine, visible and IR spectrophotometry), (3) phytochemical identification, and (4) assay of antioxidant and antifungal activities. The yield of extraction with methanol is 8.08%. Fractionation of the methanol extract using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and methanol-water produced yields of 13.86, 6.84, 16.58, and 48.68%, respectively. The methanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins, while each fraction contains flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds is dominant in methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and 1-butanol fraction. Both the two groups of compounds are most content in the ethyl acetate fraction, namely total flavonoid content 17.32 and total phenolic content 12.80 mg GAE/g sample. Ethyl acetate fraction shows the best antioxidant and antifungal activity. The antioxidant activity of this fraction is in the strong category with IC50 19.06 ppm, but weaker than ascorbic acid. The ethyl acetate fraction was able to withstand the growth of mold on white bread for 96 hours at 500 ppm and 120 hours at 2000 ppm. The content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds indicates that it mainly contributes to antioxidant and antifungal activity, and there is a significant relationship between antioxidant and antifungal activity. Neem leaf extract has the potential to be an antioxidant and antifungal for food, especially methanol extract, ethyl acetate, and 1-butanol fractions. Therefore, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions could be an alternative to natural additives in white bread formulations.
... The banana powder contains many functional groups and potentially adsorbs many contaminants, including heavy metals [219], neem oil, and Solonum incunum had a high percentage of microbial removal of about 99% [184,185]. Neem oil and other Neem components contain the bioactive compound called Azadirachtin [220], which disrupts the bacteria cell membrane [221]. Solonum incunum contains steroids and diosgenin, which are bioactive natural products with medicinal value and act as disinfectants [185]. ...
The working conditions during the preparation and extraction of solvents from various plant parts significantly improved plant-based coagulants used in water treatment. The study reviews the performance of plant-based coagulants in reducing turbidity, total hardness, heavy metals, and microorganisms, emphasizing dosage variations across different plant types. Utilizing specific keywords for searching plant-based coagulants status and organizing data into descriptive analysis were applied. The preparation process results of plant-based coagulants involved particle size, mixing speeds, drying temperature and time were presented. Again, performance results of the plant-based coagulants indicated the average turbidity removal performance ranged between 78 and 87.3%, heavy metal removal ranged from 59 to 98%, hardness reduction ranged from 15.45 to 43.3%, and microbial elimination ranged from 91 to 92% using solid dosage levels ranged from 0.5 to 10.3 g/L and liquid dosage level ranged from 2 to 54 mL/L, respectively. The actionable suggestions for implementing plant-based coagulants for up scaled in water treatment systems were presented. Therefore, the findings would support the optimization of dosage level from various plants for commercialization in water treatment applications.
... Neem is a well-known medicinal plant, also known as Indian lilac, has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for its medicinal properties. Neem extracts contain bioactive compounds such as Nimbin, Nimbidin Gedunin, Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin and Cyclic trisulphide, which exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens and antipyretic, anti-gastric ulcer, antifungal and immunomodulatory properties (Eid et al., 2017). Its extract can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and S. mutans. ...
Aquatic environment hosts diverse microbial communities crucial for ecosystem balance, yet some harbor pathogens dangerous to human health and the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria proliferation in water bodies challenges conventional treatments and aquaculture sustainability. To counteract this, renewed focus turns to natural antimicrobial sources including beneficial bacterial consortia and medicinal plants as potential solutions. This abstract elucidates medicinal plants’ mechanisms, effectiveness, and implications in combating bacterial infections within aquatic ecosystems, underlining their promise for sustainable aquaculture and environmental preservation. Medicinal plants provide a rich source of bioactive chemicals with a variety of modes of action against aquatic bacterial infections and can be used in conjunction with modern scientific methods ethnopharmacology, and traditional knowledge. Notable examples include neem, garlic, turmeric, basil, aloe vera, and echinacea showing significant antibacterial properties. Integrating plant-based therapies into aquaculture demands rigorous evaluation encompassing efficacy, safety and sustainable utilization including toxicity assessment and conservation efforts. Medicinal plants have great potential to combat the global problem of antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment and to maintain the resilience and health of aquatic ecosystems for future generations by appropriately utilizing natural sources.
... This group of compounds comprises Limonin, Azadirachtin, Kaempferol, Beta carotene, and Ascorbic acid. Furthermore, apart from reducing oxidative damage in the human body, these phytochemicals have the capacity to enhance the immune system, reduce inflammation, and hinder the growth of pathogenic cells [15]. The application of neem leaf extracts has been found to induce apoptosis, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of leukemia and melanoma cell lines. ...
... Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a plant species that is widely distributed and can be used as an alternative treatment. This plant's Biologically active substances include azadirachtin, the main active substance in the seeds and leaves, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenolics, carotenoids, steroids, and ketones [15]. ...
Background and Aim
Brain malaria, which results from Plasmodium falciparum infection, is responsible for substantial fatalities and health issues. These processes, including cytoadherence, rosetting, and sequestration, induce an immune response, hypoxia, brain microvascular obstruction, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and cell death. Parasitemia level can reveal the presence of infection and its association with apoptosis-related genes. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves with antimalarial properties could replace ineffective Indonesian malaria medications. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of neem leaf extract on cerebral malaria-induced parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis in mice through an in vivo approach.
Materials and Methods
13–16 weeks old C57BL mice received infection by Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Parasitemia was estimated daily from the mice’s tail blood. 8 mg, 12 mg, and 16 mg of a 96% ethanolic neem leaf extract were orally given for 6 days. Healthy, positive, and negative controls were included for treatment comparisons. On the 7th day, brain tissue was analyzed for (p > 0.05) gene expression. Through immunohistochemistry, both cell apoptosis in neurons expressing caspase-3 within a brain sample and the degree of parasitemia in a blood smear were assessed. The Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance were employed to analyze the data.
Results
Neem leaf extract reduces parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis at multiple dosages (p < 0.000). Apoptosis in brain neurons and parasitemia show a strong positive correlation (r = +0.939). Neem leaf extract at doses of 12 and 16 mg was the most effective in reducing parasitemia levels and causing cell death.
Conclusions
Neem leaf therapy significantly reduced the degree of parasitemia and cell apoptosis in C57BL mice compared with the control group without treatment (p = 0.05). This shows that neem leaves have the potential to be a candidate drug for malaria.
... Neem fruits have an oval form and drupe-like texture, much like olives. When young, the fruits are green; as they ripen, they turn yellow [40]. ...
Acne, a common skin condition affecting millions globally, is characterized by the presence of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. It is great challenge for the the dermatologist for its complexity, prevalence and also huge range of clinical expression. Due to hormonal changes 99.5% of teenage boys and 83% of teenage girls are affected by acne which may continue throughout adolescence. While conventional treatments such as topical creams, antibiotics, and oral medications exist, an increasing number of individuals seek natural remedies due to concerns about side effects and long-term sustainability. So, to give relief from acne problems and also minimize side effects it is better to use herbal plants. This review provides a comprehensive of acne and explores various natural remedies that have gained popularity in managing this skin condition. This review highlights the information about plants such as Eastern purple coneflower, green tea, German chamomile, calendula, liquorice, aloe vera, neem, turmeric, tulasi and witch hazel.Also, this review emphasis on the brief history of acne, taxonomical classification of plants, morphology of the plants, chemical constituents of plants which are responsible for various activities such as anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, moisturizing and cleaning. This review includes the different methods of application of plant by using home remedies.
... The therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum L. is well documented, particularly as an anti-asthmatic and antikaphytic medicine [39]. Azadirachta Indica A. Juss, or neem, is a popular medicinal plant in Asia and Africa, and has been used since ancient times for a variety of purposes [40]. Tribulus terrestris is also used to treat urinary disorders, hyperuricaemia and impotence, as well as being a diuretic [41]. ...
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a vegetable chemical that is present naturally in a number of edible and medicinal botanicals. It has been extensively studied by medicinal chemists and scientific researchers due to its biological activity against a wide range of diseases. A significant number of researchers have synthesized a variety of analogues of OA by modifying its structure with the intention of creating more potent biological agents and improving its pharmaceutical properties. In recent years, chemical and enzymatic techniques have been employed extensively to investigate and modify the chemical structure of OA. This review presents recent advancements in medical chemistry for the structural modification of OA, with a special focus on the biotransformation, semi-synthesis and relationship between the modified structures and their biopharmaceutical properties.
... Besides aesculetin, campesterol, 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 4α, 6α-dihydroxy-A-homoazadirone, isomeldenin, meldenindiol, 17-acetoxy-meliacin, 6-0-acetylnimbandiol, desacetylnimbin, nimocinol, isonimolicinolide and nimolinolic acid have been isolated from various parts of tree [12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
Neem (Azadirachta indica) belonging to the Meliaceae family is popular tree. In Traditional System of Medicine, bark, leaf, flower, seed, oil and other parts are used for number of aliments. Number of patents has been filed for neem for pharmacological uses. This review provides a detailed view on Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity reported so far.
... Several plants have been exploited extensively in traditional culture (Ayurveda) which are of medicinal value and have been used to treat several diseases with the least side-effects (Balunas et al., 2005). Azadirachta indica (neem) is native to the Indian sub-continent and has been used widely for centuries as medicine to cure several diseases because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-gastric ulcer, antipyretic, hypoglycemics and antitumour activities (Eid et al., 2017). ...
Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the leading causes of lung injury where co-morbidity in different organs including liver and kidney can be observed. CS contributes as one of the causes of mortality across the globe. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid is widely used as an anti-inflammatory medication despite being associated with several side effects with long-term usage. Therefore, the present study focused on the comparison between dexamethasone and Azadirachta indica leaf extract (AILE) for treating hepatic and renal injury caused by CS in mice. The phytochemical screening of AILE revealed the abundance of phytocompounds as sterols, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids and diterpenes that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In this context, Swiss mice were treated with CS, dexamethasone and AILE. CS-induced mice expressed elevated inflammatory cells, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) with higher levels of both liver and kidney function markers: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine respectively which was reversed by AILE. No mortality was observed in CS or AILE-treated group while dexamethasone-treated mice exclusively resulted in 20% mortality. Moreover, CS-induced mice also exhibited declined SOD levels in the liver and kidney and higher Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) which was modulated by AILE treatment. This is the first report demonstrating in vivo the effects of A. indica ethanolic leaf extract in treating CS-induced hepatic and renal chronic inflammation in an animal model which gave better results when compared to dexamethasone.
... Apart from other parts of the plant, neem blossoms are also beneficial to health and beauty [44,45]. It treats digestive issues such as indigestion, constipation, and bloating, as well as reducing inflammation and acting as a pain reliever [46,47]. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, it is commonly used in skin and hair treatments. ...
Highlights the enhanced antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of gold nanoparticles synthesized through green chemistry
... With diverse medicinal compounds, it also offers environmental benefits like watershed preservation. Studies suggested that powder obtained from A. indica leaves showed promise as an effective adsorbent for wastewater pollutants (Irshad et al., 2020;Irshad et al., 2023;Eid et al., 2017;Prashanth et al., 2014). This plant is common in Pakistan and other nations on the subcontinent, where it is frequently planted for agroforestry reasons in and around agricultural regions. ...
Cadmium (Cd) stress in crops has been a serious concern while little is known about the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) effects on Cd accumulation by crops. This study investigated the effectiveness of CuO NPs in mitigating Cd contamination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation through a pot experiment, presenting an eco-friendly solution to a critical agricultural concern. The CuO NPs, synthesized using green methods, exhibited a circular shape with a crystalline structure and a particle size ranging from 8 to 12 nm. The foliar spray of CuO NPs was applied in four different concentrations i.e. control, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L. The obtained data demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, CuO NPs had a beneficial influence on various growth metrics and straw and grain yields of T. aestivum. The green CuO NPs improved T. aestivum growth and physiology under Cd stress, enhanced selected enzyme activities, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the T. aestivum plants. CuO NPs lowered Cd contents in T. aestivum tissues and boosted the uptake of essential nutrients from the soil. Overall, foliar-applied CuO NPs were effective in minimizing Cd contents in grains thereby reducing the health risks associated with Cd excess in humans. However, more in-depth studies with several plant species and application methods of CuO NPs are required for better utilization of NPs for agricultural purposes.
... 29 Infusions made from leaves are useful to treat unspecified intestinal complaints. 31 Boiled leaf extracts are taken orally to treat diarrhoea. 32 ...
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under the age of five. It is a common symptom associated with gastrointestinal bacterial infections. Many antibiotics have lost their efficacy due to the rapid emergence of Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) bacterial pathogens. Traditional Ayurvedic medicinal plants are likely to play a significant role in the development of new effective and safe therapies in the fight against AMR in gastrointestinal bacteria. Recent research has reported the effectiveness of numerous different Ayurvedic medicines in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. One example is Triphala, which is a polyherbal formulation consisting of an equal mixture of dried fruit powders from the three Ayurvedic plants Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Terminalia chebula Retz. and Emblica officinalis Linn. This review discusses the principles of Ayurveda and summarises the traditional use of Ayurvedic plants in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, and stomach discomfort.
... Furthermore, it exhibits strong photocatalytic properties for water filtration. (Eid et al., 2017;Irshad et al., 2019;Hao et al., 2022;Irshad et al., 2022a;Irshad et al., 2023a;;). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recommend the use of this type of treatment to achieve the goal of providing safe drinking water. ...
Chromium (Cr) is one of the hazardous heavy metals that is naturally carcinogenic and causes various health problems. Metallic nanoparticles such as silver and copper nanoparticles (Ag NPs and Cu NPs) have gained great attention because of their unique chemical, physical, and biological attributes, serving diverse and significant role in various useful and sustainable applications. In the present study, both of these NPs were synthesized by green method in which Azadirachta indica plant extract was used. These nanoparticles were characterized by using advanced instrumental techniques such as Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope attached with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and elemental mapping. These environmentally friendly nanoparticles were utilized for the batch removal of Cr from the wastewater. For analysis of adsorption behaviour, a range of kinetic isotherm models (Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin, and Langmuir) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) were used for the Cu-NPs and Ag-NPs. Cu NPs exhibited the highest Cr removal efficiency (96%) within a contact time of 10–15 min, closely followed by Ag NPs which achieved a removal efficiency of 94% under the similar conditions. These optimal outcomes were observed at a sorbent dose of 0.5 g/L for Ag NPs and 0.7 g/L for Cu NPs. After effectively capturing Cr using these nanoparticles, the sorbates were examined through SEM-EDX analysis to observe how much Cr metal was attached to the nanoparticles, potentially for future use. The analysis found that Ag-NPs captured 18% of Cr, while Cu-NPs captured 12% from the aqueous solution. More precise experimental conditions are needed for higher Cr removal from wastewater and determination of the best conditions for industrial-level Cr reuse. Although nanomaterial exhibit high efficiency and selectivity for Cr removal and recovery from wastewater, more research is necessary to optimize their synthesis and performance for industrial-scale applications and develop efficient methods for Cr removal and recovery.
... Additionally, it has activity against drug-resistant infections, making it a potential antibiotic [70] . The active compounds (phytochemicals) present in A. indica, such as nimbin, nimbidin, azadirachtin, and gedunin, have been shown to exhibit remarkable bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties [71][72][73][74] . ...
Traditional medicines such as Azadirachta indica (A. indica) possess medicinal properties that should be explored in drug discovery to combat infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. This study provided insights into the antibacterial activities of A. indica. This narrative review utilised Google Scholar and PubMed to search for articles that were published from January 2000 to September 2023 on the antibacterial activities of A. indica. The study found that A. indica has activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria. The antibacterial activities of A. indica were reported to be due to its phytochemical content such as phenolics, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. This review found that A. indica has antimicrobial activity against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria due to the presence of phytochemicals. There is a need to increase investment in drug discovery and the integration of traditional medicine into the healthcare system.
... A. indica also provides environmental advantages such as watershed preservation and noise reduction. According to recent research, A. indica leaf powder can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for different pollutants removal present in wastewater [41,42]. Eco-friendly green nanoparticles exhibit robust photocatalytic capabilities for water filtration and heavy metal adsorption. ...
... (Biswas et al. 2002;Garg et al. 1993;Khan et al. 1992). In traditional medicine, the different parts of the plant (leaf, bark, flower, fruit, branch, gum seed pulp, oil, root) are used for the traditional treatment of several diseases including malaria, acne, infected eyes, stomach ulcers, skin ulcers, jaundice, leprosy, chicken pox, stomatitis, jaundice, asthenia, toothache, headache, eye problems, epistaxis, internal worms, anorexia, biliousness, analgesia, bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm, blood morbidity, biliary disorders, itching, asthma, diabetes, spermatorrhoea (Pankaj et al. 2011;Eid et al. 2017;Bhowmik et al. 2020;Katsayal et al. 2008;Biswas et al. 2002;Ibtihaj 2008). it has also been reported that several compounds of the Flavonoids, Steroids, Fatty acids, Coumarin and chalcones, Tetranortriterpenoids, Diterpenoids, Triterpenes, Carbohydrates and proteins, Protolimonoids familly have been isolated from the different organs of the plant (Kharwar et al. 2020). ...
Nowadays, theoretical chemistry has experienced a great advance in the search for drugs for the treatment of various human and animal pathologies. Although it is expected that medicinal plants constitute a great source for the research of compounds, the present study has been carried out to provide a list of important plants that can be explored in the research of antiviral compounds. The main objective is to search for medicinal plant(s) that can be used to treat various viral pathologies; in other words, the search for broad spectrum antiviral plants. Thus, several articles of synthesis, original research, systematic review on antiviral plants from different countries are consulted in this study. A total of 694 species of medicinal plants from 152 families were extracted from the literature against 17 virus families including Adenoviridae, Alloherpesviridae, Arteriviridae, Birnaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Nimaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae. The most cited families of plants are Fabaceae (11.38%), Lamiaceae (5.90%), Asteraceae (5.61%), Rubiaceae (3.45%) and Euphorbiaceae (3.02%). The three (3) most cited species that can treat several viral diseases are Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale. These plants can be a starting point for antiviral drug research and the compounds already isolated from these plants can be subject to molecular docking in order to explore their antiviral potential.
... It works as repellent, antifeedant, and repugnant agent and causes sterility in insects by interfering production of sperms in males and preventing oviposition in females (Chaudhary et al., 2017). A variety of other bioactive compounds have also been reported from leaves of A. indica (Eid et al., 2017;Ahmad et al., 2019;Khan and Javaid, 2021), which might be responsible for insecticidal properties. In the present study, leaf extract of E. globulus also showed remarkable insecticidal properties. ...
Plant secondary metabolites can be used for controlling different crop insect pests. Many compounds from different plant species have been reported possessing killing properties against different insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). However, plant extracts are generally not used for pest control under field conditions because farmers are mostly relying on synthetic pesticides. In the present study, extracts of four plants namely neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), garlic (Allium sativum L.),Tasmanian bluegum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and pennyroyal plant (Mentha pulegium L.) were checked and compared with the efficacy of an insecticide lambda cyhalothrin on population of insect pests and beneficial insects as well as yield of brinjal. The highest population of different pests such as aphids, jassids and leaf hoppers were recorded in the negative control treatment (no application). The maximum control of pests was recorded due to insecticide application where 96–99% reduction in population of pests was recorded over negative control. All the plant extracts significantly (P≤0.05) suppressed population of insect pests over control to different extents. Extract of A. indica showed the highest pesticidal activity followed by extracts of E. globulus, M. pulegium and A. sativum resulting in 93–97%, 87–92%, 25–73% and 8–21% reduction in population of different pests, respectively. Population of beneficial insects was drastically decreased by application of lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids while they are less effected by plant extracts. The lowest yield of brinjal in term of number of fruits (178) was recorded in negative control that was increased by 96% due to application of insecticide. Different extract treatment increased yield by 10–37% over negative control. This study concluded that extracts of A. indica and E. globulus can be as useful as lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids in controlling insect’s population and increasing yield of brinjal.
... The neem plant, Azadirachta indica, a member of the Meliaceae family, produces an oil that is recognized to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics as well as the capacity to strengthen the immune system [7,8]. This offers a helpful justification for the potential topical management of acne and helps to stop lesions from returning, leaving the skin healthy [9]. While some oils are only non-comedogenic and will not clog pores (which can result in acne), others actually have natural therapeutic capabilities that can lessen the signs of acne and possibly prevent future breakouts. ...
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder with a complicated etiology. Papules, lesions, comedones, blackheads, and other skin lesions are common physical manifestations of Acne vulgaris, but the individual who has it also regularly has psychological repercussions. Natural oils are being utilized more and more to treat skin conditions since they have fewer negative effects and are expected to provide benefits. Using network pharmacology, this study aims to ascertain if neem oil has any anti-acne benefits and, if so, to speculate on probable mechanisms of action for such effects. The neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) were collected, verified, authenticated, and assigned a voucher number. After steam distillation was used to extract the neem oil, the phytochemical components of the oil were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The components of the oil were computationally examined for drug-likeness using Lipinski’s criteria. The Pharm Mapper service was used to anticipate the targets. Prior to pathway and protein–protein interaction investigations, molecular docking was performed to predict binding affinity. Neem oil was discovered to be a potential target for STAT1, CSK, CRABP2, and SYK genes in the treatment of Acne vulgaris. In conclusion, it was discovered that the neem oil components with PubChem IDs: ID_610088 (2-(1-adamantyl)-N-methylacetamide), ID_600826 (N-benzyl-2-(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide), and ID_16451547 (N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylpropanamide) have strong affinities for these drug targets and may thus be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acne.
... Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the plants recognized for its therapeutic properties. Neem leaves are used for leprosy, bloody nose, intestinal worms, stomach upset [3], gum diseases [4], antibacterial agents [5], skin diseases [6], pain and fever [7]. Chickenpox scars can be repaired with neem leaf paste [8]. ...
... It has been accounted for that the oil ether, methanol, and watery concentrates of the leaves of Azadirachta indica were screened for their enemy of microbial movement utilizing the cup plate agar dissemination technique [25]. They were tried against six microscopic organisms, two Grampositive microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram-negative microbes (Escherichia coli, Proteusvulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) [26][27][28][29]. The powerlessness of the microorganisms to the concentrates of this plant was contrasted and one another and with chose anti-infection agents [30]. ...
Azadirachta indica phytochemicals are found to be effective against malignant growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specific examination, the coupling proficiency of five mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in silico techniques was completed. Plant removes harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cell reinforcement particles. For example, they affect the glutathione, and improving the action of cancer prevention agent chemicals. About 549 cells treated with Azadirachta indica ethanolic separated in various hours (6, 12, 24 and 36 hours). After 36 hours, the cells development was controlled. There are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the results of manufactured medications, Azadirachta Indica L. A leaf contains phytochemical intensifies that has all freer revolutionary rummaging just as anticancer exercises.
... A fresh leaf of A. indica leaves produces a maximum of 59.4% moisture, 22.9% carbohydrates, 7.1% proteins, 6.2% fiber, 3.4% minerals, and 1% fats and other chemicals [13]. A variety of chemical compounds are present in A. indica extracts, such as nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, azadirachtin, mahmoodin, cyclic trisulphide, and others are chemical components that are utilized as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-gastric ulcer, antiarthritic, spermicidal antifungal, antimalarial, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, diuretic, and anti-cancer agents [14,15]. This tree provides several environmental benefits that only a plant can give, such as protection of surrounding watersheds, enhanced stormwater management, moderation of the city heat island effect, reduction of noise pollution, and provision of social benefits. ...
The present study was conducted to treat textile industrial wastewater through the combination of green and synthetic solutions. Two case studies were applied for the treatment of wastewater. In the first case, discharged industrial effluent was reacted with Azadirachta Indica leaf extract solution for a 4 to 72 h retention time. After the reaction, some pollutants were treated but most required higher retention time and concentration of A. indica extract, which could be a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment. In the second case, the discharged industrial effluent was reacted with A. indica solution with silver nitrate AgNO3 solution and was used as a treating agent for wastewater with a 4 to 72 h retention time. The second case was found to be better than the first case as it treated a greater number of pollutants. Moreover, treatment plant design feasibilities will be required for the application of findings of the present study on an industrial scale. This study can be useful to improve industrial estate’s environmental conditions for reducing pollution by industrial wastewater. There is also a need to raise environmental awareness regarding wastewater’s health effects in local communities.
This review explores the latest developments in the use of plant extracts to promote fish wound healing. Healing from wounds is an essential part of maintaining fish health, especially in aquaculture where injuries can result in large losses. The potential therapeutic benefits of plant extracts, such as their antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory and tissue‐regenerating capabilities, have drawn attention. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art in fish wound‐healing research, focusing on important plant extracts. It discusses these extracts' mechanisms of action, how well they work to promote wound healing, and what influences how effective they are. The review also examines future directions and possible obstacles in this area, highlighting the necessity of more clinical trials and standardised research methodologies to validate the use of plant extracts for fish wound healing.
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, has been used for centuries for both medicinal and ritual purposes. This
plant’s accessibility and affordability have made it a popular choice for many individuals. Several studies have investigated
the therapeutic potential of this plant, from its leaves to its bark. Neem is utilized in many traditional treatments because of
its abundance of biologically active components. Nimbin, cyclic trisulfide, azadirachtin, nimbolide, nimbidin, mamoodin,
and gedunin, among others, are used as spermicidal, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antigastric
ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antifungal, diuretic, antimalarial and antitumor agents. Conventionally, diverse parts
of the plant have been used by residents from various nations to treat a variety of diseases, including leprosy, eye problems,
anorexia, skin ulcers, biliousness, intestinal worm elimination, epistaxis, and skin diseases such as burning consciousness,
ringworms, wounds and itching. It additionally serves as a pain reliever, substitute treatment, and cure for fever and urinary
problems. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Azadirachta indica
Bombyx mori is a monophagous insect which feeds extensively Mulberry leaves. However, the perennial plants were subjected to various pest attacks, which lead to the qualitative, and quantitative reduction of the plant. Several synthetic chemicals are used, that are harmful and toxic to the environment, and are therefore gradually being replaced by natural and more economic substitutes including the Neem extract. Azadirachta indica (Neem) has tremendous medicinal plants and also possesses insecticidal properties. The study aimed to determine the effect of 5%, 10% and 15% neem extract on growth and development of Bombyx mori larvae. The result revealed that silkworms fed with neem extract treated Mulberry leaves showed negative growth on larval body weight and length. Highest negative growth was reported for 15% extract followed by 10% and 5% respectively.
Background- Mammals' hair has a purpose beyond its physiological function. Culturally, hair is a
blank canvas on which one can express oneself and evoke previous and present fads. Today, significant
hair loss might be caused by hormonal changes, genetics, a skin problem, or old age. Between 0.2 and
4% of the world's population has this disease, which often worsens physical and mental health. Recent
research has focused on herbal hair growth remedies. Natural and alternative medicines are gaining
popularity. Methods- Natural therapies, such as plants with therapeutic properties, are being studied to
reduce hair loss and grow hair. A comprehensive analysis of plant species researched for hair loss and
growth is provided. Result- The review uses traditional knowledge and scientific studies to describe
how these plants work, their active components, and their advantages. To determine the efficacy and
safety of these plant-based interventions, standardized research protocols, and clinical trials are needed
due to differences in study methods, plant preparations, and individual responses. Conclusion- As
interest in natural hair care grows, understanding the pros and cons of different plant species is crucial
for establishing evidence-based hair fall prevention and growth solutions
The aim of this project is to develop and evaluate herbal face pack for glowing skin using natural ingredients. Natural ingredients such as multani mitti , turmeric , sandlewood , saffron, milk powder, rice powder, rose petals, banana peel powder, orange peel are bought from the local market in dry powder form. Banana peel powder , orange peel powder and neem powder are prepared by commercial shade drying method, all natural powder ingredients are sieved with #120 mesh, weighed and mixed geometrically into uniform formulation and then analyzed by morphology, physicochemical, body and structure. Phytochemical parameters ,body , phytochemical , irritation and stability control. Therefore found that the packs properties remained stable and non-irritating to the skin , een in a stable environment. The results of the scientific study confirmed that the herbal facial has enough potential to give beauty to the skin. All the research helps to support the claim of the product as it is beneficial for humans.
Chemotherapeutic drugs like cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and carboplatin can suppress both cellular and humoral immunity and decrease the activity of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow which leads to a massive reduction of blood cell components and cause a major side effect named myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is a life-threatening condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased resulting in fewer WBC, RBC, and platelets. However, due to this huge side effects most cancer patients are hesitant towards this chemotherapy approach. But, combined administration of some plant extracts along with chemotherapeutic drugs significantly reduces side effects of chemotherapy by improving immunity and blood cell counts. In this review, we have delineated the plausible roles of fifteen indigenous plants and their active components in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy.
The management of stored-grain insects, including the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae, is a challenge to ensure sound healthy grains. Botanical insecticides are safe and effective alternatives to chemical insecticides and are recommended to be used in the Integrated Pest Management program. Also, the manipulation of storage temperature is a promising tool in the management of stored-product insects. Laboratory experiments on the effects of 9 different plant powders at 5% concentration and two temperatures 20 and 25 °C, on the biology and damage potential of rice weevil are conducted. Neem Seed Kernel Powder (NSKP) was the most effective treatment recording fecundity of 3.87 and 7.42 eggs, egg to the adult stage of 41.2 and 34.9 days, adult emergence rate of 3.58 and 5.95%, male longevity of 3.0 and 2.4 days, female longevity of 3.3 and 2.8 days, mortality rate of 92.14 and 96.51%, seed weight loss of 0.62 and 1.10% and seed damage of 5.92 and 7.53% at 20 and 25 °C, respectively. Chili dried fruit and Calotropis leaf powders exhibited good results. Lantana leaf powder was the least effective at both temperatures and for all the above parameters. The use of NSKP, chili dried fruit and Calotropis leaves powders at a low temperature of 20 °C is an effective measure for controlling rice weevil while preserving the vitality and activity of the seeds as much as possible.
Malaria is a deadly disease that continues to pose a threat to children and maternal well-being. This study was designed to identify
the chemical constituents in the ethanolic fruit extract of Azadirachta indica, elucidate the pharmacological potentials of identified phytochemicals
through the density functional theory method and carry out the antimalarial activity of extract using chemosuppression and curative models.
The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic extract was carried out, followed by the density functional
theory studies of the identified phytochemicals using B3LYP and 6-31G (d, p) basis set. The antimalarial assays were performed using the
chemosuppression (4 days) and curative models. The LC-MS fingerprint of the extract led to the identification of desacetylnimbinolide, nimbidiol,
O-methylazadironolide, nimbidic acid, and desfurano-6α-hydroxyazadiradione. Also, the frontier molecular orbital properties, molecular
electrostatic potential, and dipole moment studies revealed the identified phytochemicals as possible antimalarial agents. The ethanolic extract
of A indica fruit gave 83% suppression at 800 mg/kg, while 84% parasitaemia clearance was obtained in the curative study. The study provided
information about the phytochemicals and background pharmacological evidences of the antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim of A indica fruit.
Thus, isolation and structure elucidation of the identified phytochemicals from the active ethanolic extract and extensive antimalarial studies
towards the discovery of new therapeutic agents is recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Malaria, Azadirachta indica, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, density functional theory, chemosuppression,
curative
ABSTRACT: Malaria is a deadly disease that continues to pose a threat to children and maternal well-being. This study was designed to identify
the chemical constituents in the ethanolic fruit extract of Azadirachta indica, elucidate the pharmacological potentials of identified phytochemi-
cals through the density functional theory method and carry out the antimalarial activity of extract using chemosuppression and curative models.
The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic extract was carried out, followed by the density functional
theory studies of the identified phytochemicals using B3LYP and 6-31G (d, p) basis set. The antimalarial assays were performed using the
chemosuppression (4days) and curative models. The LC-MS fingerprint of the extract led to the identification of desacetylnimbinolide, nimbi-
diol, O-methylazadironolide, nimbidic acid, and desfurano-6α-hydroxyazadiradione. Also, the frontier molecular orbital properties, molecular
electrostatic potential, and dipole moment studies revealed the identified phytochemicals as possible antimalarial agents. The ethanolic extract
of A indica fruit gave 83% suppression at 800mg/kg, while 84% parasitaemia clearance was obtained in the curative study. The study provided
information about the phytochemicals and background pharmacological evidences of the antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim of A indica fruit.
Thus, isolation and structure elucidation of the identified phytochemicals from the active ethanolic extract and extensive antimalarial studies
towards the discovery of new therapeutic agents is recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Malaria, Azadirachta indica, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, density functional theory, chemosuppression,
curative
It is widely known that tribological systems operating in vacuum environments face significant challenges. MoS2 is a well-known material for its low friction properties in both ambient and vacuum environments. However, it has a low wear resistance and a limited ability to withstand higher contact pressures. A possible alternative to MoS2 are super-hard hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings (ta-C). In normal atmospheric conditions, they have low friction and wear properties, but their performance in vacuum is limited. In this work, ta-C coatings are paired with brass in high vacuum conditions. Long-term tribological performance tests are conducted and analyzed using triboscopic imaging. It was found that the brass/ta-C friction pair exhibited an increase of the friction coefficient in the long term (up to 0.52) due to a change in wear mechanism. Different wear and healing behaviors could be found for both the brass counterbody and the ta-C discs using triboscopy.
The plant, Azadirachta indica A Juss, family Meliaceae is a native of Asia but has now naturalized in West Africa and is widely cultivated in Nigeria as an ornamental as well as medicinal plant. The plant is used extensively in Nigeria for the traditional treatment of malaria and other associated conditions in form of decoction, in which unspecified quantities are usually consumed without due regards to toxicological and other adverse effects. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of methanol extract of the leaves of A. indica on the liver and kidney of Wister rats for the period of 28 days. 20 animals were used and grouped into 4 groups of 5 rats each, in which 1, 000 mg/kg, 1, 500 mg/kg and 2, 000 mg/kg were administered to the first 3 groups and referred to as the test groups, the fourth group was administered with an equal volume of distilled water and referred to as the control group. At the end of the experiment, the animals were scarified and their livers and the kidneys excised. These organs were processed for the normal hematoxylin and eosin staining. Histological examination of the livers of the test groups revealed an apoptosis of hepatocytes, ground glass appearance of hepatocytes, presence of inflammatory cells around the portal area and congested blood vessels. Examination of the kidneys also revealed a congestion of vessels in glomerulus, presence of inflammatory cells in the interstitum and congested blood vessels and hyaline globule in collecting tubules. However, the control group revealed normal histological features of both the liver and the kidney. It could therefore be suggested that large dose consumption of the leaves of A. indica for long term should be avoided as may cause malfunction of such vital organs.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) commonly called ‘Indian
Lilac’ or ‘Margosa’, belongs to the family Meliaceae,
subfamily Meloideae and tribe Melieae. Neem is the
most versatile, multifarious trees of tropics, with
immense potential. It possesses maximum useful
non-wood products (leaves, bark, flowers, fruits,
seed, gum, oil and neem cake) than any other tree
species. These non-wood products are known to
have antiallergenic, antidermatic, antifeedent,
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipyorrhoeic,
antiscabic, cardiac, diuretic, insecticidal, larvicidal,
nematicidal, spermicidal and other biological
activities. Because of these activities neem has
found enormous applications making it a green
treasure.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica; Neem products;
Uses.
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is very useful traditional medicinal plant in the subcontinent. Each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. In this present studies the bioactivity and antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract was evaluated. For bioactivity, Brine shrimp lethality test was done for A. indica ethanolic leaf extract and determined LC50 was 37.15 mg/ml indicating that the prepared extract was rich in bioactive compounds. Ethanolic leaf extract was also used to evaluate antibacterial activity and the extract exhibited significant activity against the tested bacterial strain. However, inhibitory activity was concentration and test organism dependent. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extract compare to Gram-negative bacteria. All of the tested bacteria showed sensitivity at higher concentration (7 mg/ml) but multi drug resistant bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was very sensitive even at very low concentration (2 mg/ml). Further, the results depict that leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica could be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agents against the bacterial strains tested.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Neem (Azadirachta indica; Meliaceae) is widely known for its cold pressed seed oil, mainly used as insecticide, but also for cosmetic, medicinal and agricultural uses. The seed oil is widely employed in the Indian subcontinent, and the leaves seem to have a lower relevance, but the ethnobotanical information of Bali (Indonesia) considers the utilisation of leaves for medicinal properties.
Aim of the study:
We report ethnopharmacological information about current uses of neem, in particular of the leaves, besides the insecticidal one, we discuss on the historical background of their uses.
Materials and methods:
Ethnobotanical data were collected using both literature and scientific references and semi-structured interviews with 50 informants (ages ranged between 14 and 76 years old) through the snowball method in thirteen aga (indigenous Balinese) villages, following Ethic code procedures. The informants were asked to specify: which part of the plant was used, and how that plant part was used. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium voucher. In consideration of the high variability and complex chemical constituent of neem, a HPTLC analysis of neem leaves coming from both the Indonesian island of Bali and the Indian subcontinent was carried out.
Results:
The data on the medical use of traditional preparations from leaves of neem display a wide spectrum of applications. In the Indian subcontinent, neem leaves are used to treat dental and gastrointestinal disorders, malaria fevers, skin diseases, and as insects repellent, while the Balinese used neem leaves as a diuretic and for diabetes, headache, heartburn, and stimulating the appetite. Differences in utilisation cannot be related to chemical differences and other constituents besides limonoids must be investigated and related to the multipurpose activity of neem.
Conclusion:
This study revealed that neem leaves are believed to treat diabetes in both Balinese and Indian communities. Limonoids can not be considered the only responsible of digestive properties. Further research would be the validation of this report by enzymatic tests and the identification of active constituents.
A simple method for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using autoclave assisted gum
extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) has been investigated for the first time. Silver nanoparticles were
formed due to reduction of silver nitrate solution when mixed with the gum extract after autoclaving at
121 ◦C and 15 psi. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the biologically reduced reaction mixture showed
the surface plasmon peak at 418 nm which is characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles. The functional
biomolecules present in the gum extract and the interaction between the nanoparticles were identified
by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Average diameter of the synthesized
nanoparticles was found to be <30 nm, as revealed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered
cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial
activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the antibacterial
activity ofthe silver nanoparticles was further confirmed by degradation oftest bacterial DNA. The results
suggestthatthe gum mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles could be used as a promising antibacterial
agent against clinical pathogens.
Eight Pakistani medicinal plants were investigated for antipyretic activity in rabbits receiving subcutaneous yeast injections. Hexane- and chloroform-soluble extracts of Aconitum napellus stems, Corchorus depressus whole plant and Gmelina asiatica roots exhibited prominent oral antipyretic activity while insignificant antipyretic effects were found in the hexane- and chloroform-soluble portions of Melia azadirachta seeds, Tinospora cordifolia stems and Vitex trifolia seeds. No antipyretic actions whatsoever were produced by extracts of A. heterophyllum roots and Hedysarum alhagi aerial parts. Toxicity studies revealed no noteworthy toxic or adverse effects for any of the above plant extracts up to the highest oral doses of 1.6 g/kg except in the case of A. napellus.
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) has universally been accepted as a wonder tree because of its diverse utility. Multidirectional therapeutic uses of neem have been known in India since the Vedic times. Besides its therapeutic efficacies, neem has already established its potential as a source of naturally occurring insecticide, pesticide and agrochemicals. Safe and economically cheaper uses of different parts of neem in the treatment of various diseases and in agriculture are discussed in this article. It further deals with the active chemical constituents of various neem formulations. Commercially available neem products are also mentioned along with their respective applications. Furthermore, evaluation of safety aspects of different parts of neem and neem compounds along with commercial formulations are also taken into consideration. Systematic scientific knowledge on neem reported so far is thus very useful for the wider interests of the world community.
Chewing twigs of the mango or neem tree is a common way of cleaning the teeth in the rural and semi-urban population. These twigs are also believed to possess medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of these chewing sticks on the microorganisms Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus salivarius , Streptococcus mitis , and Streptococcus sanguis which are involved in the development of dental caries. An additional objective was to identify an inexpensive, simple, and effective method of preventing and controlling dental caries.
The sticks were sun dried, ground into a coarse powder, and weighed into 5 gm, 10 gm, and 50 gm amounts. These were added to 100 ml of deionized distilled water. After soaking for 48 h at 4 degrees C, the water was filtered. The filtrate was inoculated onto blood agar plates containing individual species of microorganisms and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h.
Mango extract, at 50% concentration, showed maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mitis . Neem extract produced the maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mutans at 50% concentration. Even at 5% concentration neem extract showed some inhibition of growth for all the four species of organisms.
A combination of neem and mango chewing sticks may provide the maximum benefit. We recommend the use of both the chewing sticks.
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