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A Review of chemical constituents and traditional usage of Neem plant (Azadirachta Indica)
... However, it is stated that this species is sensitive to frost [1,2]. Literature survey documented that this species originated in mainly Southern India [3][4][5]. Neem is mainly appreciated for termite-resistance first-class timber, insecticidal and pharmacological significance and responsibility for reestablishing soil yield in ruined and salt-influenced grounds [6]. ...
... Almost all parts of neem have become important to treat several syndromes in various Indian Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic medicine including Unani [5]. The neem tree is used for a variety of medical, agricultural and commercial purposes. ...
... For this reason, the US and many European countries have accepted the neem as a harmless insecticide for utilization in organic production. Apart from these medicinal and economical uses, the small twigs from the branches of neem tree are utilized for brushing teeth several times regularly by many people worldwide as it improves dental care naturally [5]. Neem trees are typically planted along the edges of gardens, parks, and roadways to offer year-round shade and protection. ...
Background
Various parts of neem (Azadirachta indica) have high demand in several industries. However, the inadequate supply of sources hampers the commercialization of different neem products. In this scenario, the current research was undertaken to produce genetically stable plants through indirect organogenesis.
Methods and results
Several explants like shoot tips, internodal segments, and leaves, were cultivated on MS media with different growth regulators. Maximum callus formation was achieved using 1.5 mg/L NAA, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L both for Kn and BAP in combination with shoot tip (93.67%). These calli showed an organogenic potentiality on MS medium having coconut water (15%) without growth regulators. This medium along with 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.1 mg/L both for BAP and NAA yielded the maximum adventitious shoot production with shoot tip-derived callus (95.24%). These calli further produced the most buds per shoot (6.38) and highest average shoot length (5.46 cm) with 0.5 mg/L both for BAP and Kn and 0.1 mg/L NAA in combination after the fifth subculture. The 1/3 strength of MS media was found to be best along with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L Kn in combination to generate maximum root response (92.86%), roots per shoot (5.86) and longest average root length (3.84 cm). The mean plant survival after initial hardening was 83.33% which increased to 89.47% after secondary hardening. The lack of variation in ISSR markers among the regenerated trees is evidence of clonal fidelity between hardened plants.
Conclusions
This protocol will accelerate the propagation of neem for utilization of its sources.
... (A. indica), also known as Neem tree, is a plant that belongs to Meliaceae family. A. indica is one of the most famous traditional plants in Asia and Africa (Eid et al., 2017). The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). ...
... A. indica is one of the most famous traditional plants in Asia and Africa (Eid et al., 2017). The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). A. indica is widely used in a variety of traditional treatments, including relieving stress, anxiety, and sleeplessness (Eid et al., 2017;Alzohairy, 2016). ...
... The flower and leaf of Neem are commonly utilized in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic, Chinese, and Unani medicine to treat a variety of ailments in the world (Eid et al., 2017). A. indica is widely used in a variety of traditional treatments, including relieving stress, anxiety, and sleeplessness (Eid et al., 2017;Alzohairy, 2016). Investigations on the pharmacological activity and protective properties of A. indica have been conducted based on these traditional treatments. ...
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta in-dica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. RESULTS: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5 th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured , including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein , exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leu-kin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking , the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and-7.7 kcal/ mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with-7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta in-dica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. RESULTS: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5 th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured , including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein , exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leu-kin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking , the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and-7.7 kcal/ mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with-7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... In Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda, Neem (A. indica) is a well-known plant utilized for various ailments, including bacterial and viral infections 16 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% population uses medicinal plants regularly to treat various diseases, and about 40% population is using such plants in pharmaceutical activities 19 . It is a natural source of many medicinal compounds that possess effective immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects through biochemical pathways 20 . ...
... Inflammation is the body's first immune response and a complicated biological mechanism to cell injury and vascularized tissue; however, uncontrolled, and chronic inflammation can be harmful to tissues 19 . Inflamma-tion is a pathological response in which plasma fluids and blood cells assemble locally in living organisms. ...
Objective:
The aim of the present study is to determine the in vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) in carrageenan-induced rats and its blood biomarkers. A. indica (Neem) is a widely used medicinal plant across the world, especially in Pakistan. Neem leaves have been traditionally used for the synthesis of drugs and treatment of a wide variety of diseases.
Materials and methods:
In this study, sixty albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (group I), standard (group II), ethanolic and aqueous (group III and IV) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg.
Results:
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition in paw size at the 5th hour (400 mg/kg). Similarly, biomarkers measured, including Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg in both experimental groups but were more distinct in the group treated with ethanolic extracts. Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and inter-leukin-6 (IL-6) showed positive correlation in group III, while negative in group IV. Similarly, positive and negative correlations were observed between CRP biomarkers and paw size in group III and IV, and the same results were also shown in the case of IL-6 and paw size. In molecular docking, the binding energy value of protein CRP and IL-1β with the identified ligands quercetin and nimbosterol showed (-8.2 kcal/mol and -7.7 kcal/mol) the best binding affinity as compared to standard drug diclofenac with -7.0 kcal/mol binding energy respectively.
Conclusions:
In conclusion, in silico and in vivo analysis revealed that the extracts of A. indica leaves can be used as an effective drug to manage inflammation.
... Therapy of infected eyes may be done by the use of neem leaves. A similar infusion may also be utilised in the treatment of sore throats (Eid et al., 2017). Neem leaves are good for blood circulation and blood purification (Bhowmik et al., 2010). ...
... Neem oil demonstrated excellent antiseptic properties. It is utilised in the treatment of such skin problems as furuncles and eczema, as well as to cure intestinal worm infections (Eid et al., 2017). Neem oil is also widely included to a range of creams and salves. ...
Plants and Environment (2023) 5(1): 1-15 Abstract: Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, it is a member of the Meliaceae family, a fast-growing evergreen popular tree found commonly in India, Africa and America. All parts of the neem tree, including the seeds, fruits, twigs, leaves, flowers, roots, and bark, have traditionally been used to treat inflammation, infections, fever, skin ailments, and dental diseases. Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, salannin, and quercetin are all useful active chemicals extracted from various plant parts. The aim of this review article provides information mainly on various pharmacological activities like Antioxidant Effect and Antisnake venom activity of neem plant and medicinal uses. Plant extracts function as both a reducing and capping agent. Neem is a well-known medicinal plant and has been studied for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. A. indica possesses many phytochemicals that can reduce metal ions. The nanoparticles are reported to exhibit good antimicrobial, and antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cells in vitro.
... Notably, these traditions embark on using several therapies using a complex of herbs and plants such as Haridra, Amla, Tulsi, Guduchi, and Nimba. [23] These mixtures nowadays represent the basis for many commercial products used in cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste, and pest repellents. By tradition, they continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders. ...
... By tradition, they continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders. [23] In this review, we are discussing the preventive efficacy of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Nimba), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Tulsi), Phyllanthus emblica L. (Amalaki), Santalum album L. (Chandana), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. ...
Melanoma skin cancer (MSC) is considered the most aggressive among all skin cancers due to its
tendency to fast growth, metastasis, and high relapse rate. Although MSC is treatable if identified
early, several side effects and aesthetic issues associated with its treatment impose a psychological
burden and compromise patients’ quality of life. Thus, there is a dire need for primary prevention by
adopting alternative remedies, which are accessible, safe, and cost-effective. The present review
emphasizes the role of selected Ayurveda herbs, viz., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Ocimum tenuiflorum
L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Santalum album L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F. and Thoms., and
Withania somnifera L. Dunal, which are long being utilized in the Indian traditional system to tackle
diverse health problems in preventing MSCs. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search
various research articles on the anti-oncogenic and chemopreventive roles of Ayurveda herbs. This
review emphasizes the beneficial effects of Ayurveda herbs so that the ordinary public includes these
herbs in their routine to prevent MSC and other cancers. The available literature clearly states that
these herbs are beneficial in preventing MSCs. However, the scarcity of clinical trials on these herbs
warrants extensive research in this area to obtain an efficacious drug.
... Several additional components found in A. indica leaves are responsible for increasing hemoglobin levels and enhancing red blood cell formation [56]. In addition, A. indica leaves are rich in biologically active compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, vitamins, and micronutrients [57]. ...
... Similar results were obtained by Abd El-Rahman et al. [50] in C. gariepinus. The modulation of the leukogram of the OXY-exposed fish by dietary supplementation with M. oleifera and A. indica leaves could be attributed to M. oleifera's micronutrient concentrations, which play a crucial role in adjusting the redox state of leukocytes, protecting them from oxidative stress [53][54][55][56][57]. Furthermore, oleic acid, the main constituent of M. oleifera, has the ability to affect the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukocytes, particularly neutrophils [60]. ...
Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) leaves in mitigating the effects of chronic oxyfluorfen (OXY) toxicity on the health status, expressions of immune and antioxidant genes, and tissue morphological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus. In this study, we used 370 healthy O. niloticus (average weight = 25.35 ± 0.29 g). We used 70 fish to study the 96 h lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of OXY. We assigned another 300 fish into six equal groups with five replicates (50 fish/group, 10 fish/replicate) to determine the chronic OXY toxicity for 60 days. The 96 h LC50 of OXY for O. niloticus was 6.685 mg/L. Exposure to 1/10 96 h LC50 of OXY (0.668 mg/L) had health impacts and pathological changes in the main tissues. In addition, the expressions of oxidant and immune genes were disrupted. Dietary supplementation with both M. oleifera and A. indica efficiently mitigated the toxic effects of OXY in the treated groups. Comparing the palliative efficiency of M. oleifera and A. indica, the results showed that M. oleifera was more potent in alleviating the toxic effects of OXY.
... • VI: Plates of selected plants. 85 ...
... Hydrocarbons, PhenolicCompounds,Terpeniods, Alkaloids, Glycosides , Flavonoids, Cyclic Trisulphides [83][84][85]. ...
Northern State is one of the 18 States of The Sudan. It lies approximately between Latitudes 16° and 22° N and Longitude 20° and 32° E. The State is bounded by Egypt in the North, Libya and Northern Darfur State in the west, Northern Kordofan State in the south, Khartoum State in the southeast and River Nile State in the east. The State has an area of about 348 765 km2 and an estimate population of 699 065 according to 2008 census. Dongola is the capital of the State and the State comprises seven localities (Dongola, Merawi, Wadi Halfa, Ed Dabba, Dalgo, Al Golid and Borgaig).
The relief of the State can be divided into two distinct parts transected by the Nile valley. Nubian Desert occupies the eastern part, whereas the Libyan Desert lies to the west of the Nile valley. These Deserts are stony, with sandy dunes drifting over the landscape. In the Nubian Desert there is no oases, whereas in the Libyan Desert, there are few small watering holes (e.g. Bir Natroun or the Natroun Depression) and oases (e.g. Selima Oasis), where the water table reaches the surface. The State has a minimum elevation of 126 m.a.s.l. and maximum elevation of 2061 m.a.s.l represented by the mountain range of Jebel Uweinat, located at the Sudan-Libya-Egypt border.
Northern State comprises a hyper-arid stretch of the Sahara, with two seasons; a hot summers from April to September and cold winters from October to March. The highest mean maximum temperature recorded is 43° C in Dongola, while the absolute maximum is 49° C recorded in Wadi Halfa. The mean minimum recorded temperature is 8° C and absolute minimum is 1° C both recorded at Wadi Halfa. The State is characterized by its short rainy seasons in January and February. The average total annual rainfalls are 3, 16 and 37 mm recorded in Wadi Halfa, Dongola and Karima respectively. The relative humidity is low, with the highest evaporation recorded in May and the lowest recorded in January. Based on the contents of secondary calcium carbonate and soil texture, five units were recognized in Northern State. These units are alluvial, wind blown sand and Wadi deposits, Nile high-terrace, Desert plain and Nubian formation soils.
The vegetation in the study area is restricted to the banks of River Nile and the floors of the big seasonal streams such as Wadi El Meilk, Wadi Al Mugaddam, Khor Abu Sunnut and Khor Masur. In these stream beds grasses, Sayyal (Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne), "Kitir" (A. mellifera (Vahl) Benth.) and "Talh" (A. seyal Del.) are found. Along both sides of the Nile valley, "Date Palms" (Phenix dactylifera L.) are intensively farmed. Some isolated trees of "Sider" (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) and "Haraz" (A. albida Del.) are found.
A total number of 51 wild species belonging to 45 genera and 25 families were compiled as having medicinal folkloric uses in the State. The plants studied are arranged alphabetically under their subsequent families. In addition to the medicinal folkloric uses of each species, the study was supplemented with updated Latin names, synonyms and vernacular (Vern.) names. Notes on their habit, habitat and brief active chemical constituents and line illustrations were also included for each plant species. An appendix is also attached including list of herbalists contributed to the questionnaires conducted, list of folkloric uses and their Arabic translation, index to Latin names, index to vernacular names and plates of selected plants.
... They reported the activity of neem methanolic extract only on S. aureus but not on E. coli. This variation could be due to differences in neem plants' active constituents and due to differences in environment, genetic factors, and climates [50,51]. The lowest concentration of neem extract reported with bacterial activity was 3.125%, which showed zones of inhibition of more than 10 mm on P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., and E. coli, and 8 mm on Proteus spp. ...
... Our finding is in concordance with a previous study conducted in Sudan, in which the 6.25 mg/dl concentration was more active on P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae [45]. This could be due to the presence of the same phytoconstituents in neem plants grown in our environment [18,50,51]. ...
Background
Antimicrobial resistance became the leading cause of death globally, resulting in an urgent need for the discovery of new, safe, and efficient antibacterial agents. Compounds derived from plants can provide an essential source of new types of antibiotics. A. indica (neem) plant is rich in antimicrobial phytoconstituents. Here, we used the sensitive and reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) approach, for the quantitative and quantitative determination of bioactive constituents in methanolic extract of neem leaves grown in Sudan. Subsequently, antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties were utilized using in silico tools.
Results
The methanolic extract of neem leaves was found to have antibacterial activity against all pathogenic and reference strains. The lowest concentration reported with bacterial activity was 3.125%, which showed zones of inhibition of more than 10 mm on P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., and E. coli, and 8 mm on Proteus spp., E. faecalis, S. epidermidis , and the pathogenic S. aureus. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 30 chemical compounds, including fatty acids (11), hydrocarbons (9), pyridine derivatives (2), aldehydes (2), phenol group (1), aromatic substances (1), coumarins (1), and monoterpenes (1). In silico and in vitro tools revealed that.beta.d-Mannofuranoside, O-geranyl was the most active compound on different bacterial proteins. It showed the best docking energy (-8 kcal/mol) and best stability with different bacterial essential proteins during molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. It also had a good minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (32 μg/ml and 64 μg/ml) against S. aureus (ATCC 25,923) and E. coli (ATCC 25,922) respectively.
Conclusion
The methanolic extract of A. indica leaves possessed strong antibacterial activity against different types of bacteria. Beta.d-Mannofuranoside, O-geranyl was the most active compound and it passed 5 rules of drug-likeness properties. It could therefore be further processed for animal testing and clinical trials for its possible use as an antibacterial agent with commercial values.
... 8,9 Over 140 compounds have been identified in different parts of this plant including terpenes, limonoids, meliacin, margocin, margocilin, isoazadirolide, azadirachtin, salanin, gedunin, valssin, nimbin, nibonolone, gallic acid and others. 4,10,11 In agriculture, neem-based products are highly effective, easily biodegradable, cheap, easy in preparation with less or no hazardous effects. The registered neem formulations such as Neemark, Nimbicidine, Bioneem, Achook, Neemix, Margosan, Nim-76, Nim-20 and Azatin are in practice for the management of plant diseases. ...
... 12,13 On the other hand, all parts of this plant are potentially beneficial for human health and are used traditionally for the treatment of jaundice, indolent ulcer, intestinal wounds, syphilitic sores, blood morbidity, itching, skin ulcer, rheumatism, leprosy, indigestion, pthysis, constipation, burning sensations, intestinal helminthiasis, pleuropneumonia, asthma, ringworm, urticaria, throat and respiratory disorders. 10,14,15 In West African counties, neem leaves and bark aqueous extracts are enriched with gedunin, an active anti-malarial component used particularly resistant to chloroquine strains. 16 Furthermore, neem bark possesses strong antiseptic properties that is used in the preparation of herbal tooth paste and dental gel to reduce the bacterial count and oral plaque index. ...
Objective: Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is an important tree species that is known to posses anthelmintic, contraceptive, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and sedative properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify various compounds present in the leaf extract of neem and to enlist various biological activities of these compounds through literature survey.
Methodology: Extract of neem was obtained by soaking 100 g dry powdered leaves in 1000 mL methanol followed by filtration. This was successively fractioned using n-hexane and chloroform.
Results: GC-MS analysis of the chloroform fraction was performed and 7 compounds namely 2-pentanol, acetate (9.72%); decane (8.96%); 11-oxa-dispiro[4.0.4.1]undecan-1-ol (6.56%); nonanoic acid, 9-(3-hexenylidenecyclopropylidene)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (7.13%); quinoline-4-carboxamide, 2-phenyl-N-n-octyl- (9.79%); nonacosane (44.27%) and tetratriacontane (13.43%) were identified.
Conclusion: Literature survey showed that the identified compounds possessed antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties.
... It works as repellent, antifeedant, and repugnant agent and causes sterility in insects by interfering production of sperms in males and preventing oviposition in females (Chaudhary et al., 2017). A variety of other bioactive compounds have also been reported from leaves of A. indica (Eid et al., 2017;Ahmad et al., 2019;Khan and Javaid, 2021), which might be responsible for insecticidal properties. In the present study, leaf extract of E. globulus also showed remarkable insecticidal properties. ...
Plant secondary metabolites can be used for controlling different crop insect pests. Many compounds from different plant species have been reported possessing killing properties against different insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). However, plant extracts are generally not used for pest control under field conditions because farmers are mostly relying on synthetic pesticides. In the present study, extracts of four plants namely neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), garlic (Allium sativum L.),Tasmanian bluegum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and pennyroyal plant (Mentha pulegium L.) were checked and compared with the efficacy of an insecticide lambda cyhalothrin on population of insect pests and beneficial insects as well as yield of brinjal. The highest population of different pests such as aphids, jassids and leaf hoppers were recorded in the negative control treatment (no application). The maximum control of pests was recorded due to insecticide application where 96–99% reduction in population of pests was recorded over negative control. All the plant extracts significantly (P≤0.05) suppressed population of insect pests over control to different extents. Extract of A. indica showed the highest pesticidal activity followed by extracts of E. globulus, M. pulegium and A. sativum resulting in 93–97%, 87–92%, 25–73% and 8–21% reduction in population of different pests, respectively. Population of beneficial insects was drastically decreased by application of lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids while they are less effected by plant extracts. The lowest yield of brinjal in term of number of fruits (178) was recorded in negative control that was increased by 96% due to application of insecticide. Different extract treatment increased yield by 10–37% over negative control. This study concluded that extracts of A. indica and E. globulus can be as useful as lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids in controlling insect’s population and increasing yield of brinjal.
... The neem plant, Azadirachta indica, a member of the Meliaceae family, produces an oil that is recognized to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics as well as the capacity to strengthen the immune system [7,8]. This offers a helpful justification for the potential topical management of acne and helps to stop lesions from returning, leaving the skin healthy [9]. While some oils are only non-comedogenic and will not clog pores (which can result in acne), others actually have natural therapeutic capabilities that can lessen the signs of acne and possibly prevent future breakouts. ...
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder with a complicated etiology. Papules, lesions, comedones, blackheads, and other skin lesions are common physical manifestations of Acne vulgaris, but the individual who has it also regularly has psychological repercussions. Natural oils are being utilized more and more to treat skin conditions since they have fewer negative effects and are expected to provide benefits. Using network pharmacology, this study aims to ascertain if neem oil has any anti-acne benefits and, if so, to speculate on probable mechanisms of action for such effects. The neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) were collected, verified, authenticated, and assigned a voucher number. After steam distillation was used to extract the neem oil, the phytochemical components of the oil were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The components of the oil were computationally examined for drug-likeness using Lipinski’s criteria. The Pharm Mapper service was used to anticipate the targets. Prior to pathway and protein–protein interaction investigations, molecular docking was performed to predict binding affinity. Neem oil was discovered to be a potential target for STAT1, CSK, CRABP2, and SYK genes in the treatment of Acne vulgaris. In conclusion, it was discovered that the neem oil components with PubChem IDs: ID_610088 (2-(1-adamantyl)-N-methylacetamide), ID_600826 (N-benzyl-2-(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide), and ID_16451547 (N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylpropanamide) have strong affinities for these drug targets and may thus be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acne.
... Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the plants recognized for its therapeutic properties. Neem leaves are used for leprosy, bloody nose, intestinal worms, stomach upset [3], gum diseases [4], antibacterial agents [5], skin diseases [6], pain and fever [7]. Chickenpox scars can be repaired with neem leaf paste [8]. ...
... It has been accounted for that the oil ether, methanol, and watery concentrates of the leaves of Azadirachta indica were screened for their enemy of microbial movement utilizing the cup plate agar dissemination technique [25]. They were tried against six microscopic organisms, two Grampositive microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram-negative microbes (Escherichia coli, Proteusvulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) [26][27][28][29]. The powerlessness of the microorganisms to the concentrates of this plant was contrasted and one another and with chose anti-infection agents [30]. ...
Azadirachta indica phytochemicals are found to be effective against malignant growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specific examination, the coupling proficiency of five mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in silico techniques was completed. Plant removes harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cell reinforcement particles. For example, they affect the glutathione, and improving the action of cancer prevention agent chemicals. About 549 cells treated with Azadirachta indica ethanolic separated in various hours (6, 12, 24 and 36 hours). After 36 hours, the cells development was controlled. There are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the results of manufactured medications, Azadirachta Indica L. A leaf contains phytochemical intensifies that has all freer revolutionary rummaging just as anticancer exercises.
... A fresh leaf of A. indica leaves produces a maximum of 59.4% moisture, 22.9% carbohydrates, 7.1% proteins, 6.2% fiber, 3.4% minerals, and 1% fats and other chemicals [13]. A variety of chemical compounds are present in A. indica extracts, such as nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, azadirachtin, mahmoodin, cyclic trisulphide, and others are chemical components that are utilized as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-gastric ulcer, antiarthritic, spermicidal antifungal, antimalarial, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, diuretic, and anti-cancer agents [14,15]. This tree provides several environmental benefits that only a plant can give, such as protection of surrounding watersheds, enhanced stormwater management, moderation of the city heat island effect, reduction of noise pollution, and provision of social benefits. ...
The present study was conducted to treat textile industrial wastewater through the combination of green and synthetic solutions. Two case studies were applied for the treatment of wastewater. In the first case, discharged industrial effluent was reacted with Azadirachta Indica leaf extract solution for a 4 to 72 h retention time. After the reaction, some pollutants were treated but most required higher retention time and concentration of A. indica extract, which could be a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment. In the second case, the discharged industrial effluent was reacted with A. indica solution with silver nitrate AgNO3 solution and was used as a treating agent for wastewater with a 4 to 72 h retention time. The second case was found to be better than the first case as it treated a greater number of pollutants. Moreover, treatment plant design feasibilities will be required for the application of findings of the present study on an industrial scale. This study can be useful to improve industrial estate’s environmental conditions for reducing pollution by industrial wastewater. There is also a need to raise environmental awareness regarding wastewater’s health effects in local communities.
... Previous studies showed that neem oil has over 100 active compounds of which triterpenes or limonoids are the most prominent. Its biological activity can be attributed to azadirachtin that the most active compound along with others such as nimbin, meliantriol, nimbidin, nimbinin, salannin, nimbolides and fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, and oleic) (Campos et al., 2016;Eid et al., 2017;Nicoletti et al., 2012). Moreover, a study reported that the major active volatile compounds in the neem EO include terpinenen-4-ol, allyl isopropyl sulfide, 1,2,4-Trithiolane, 3,5diethyl, and cycloisolongifolene (Swapna sonale et al., 2018). ...
Controlling vector borne disease insects control such as mosquitoes and reducing the use of synthetic insecticides is a major public health challenge. Green nanoinsecticides are suitable alternatives to synthetic insecticides, enabling effective and safer insect control. This study aimed to develop neem oil-based nanoemulsions using Tween 80 and/or gum arabic (GA) as a natural emulsifiers and to study their larvicidal, and adulticidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae. The fatty acids in the oils were identified using gas chromatographs-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also studied the acute oral toxicity on male rats and its ecotoxicological effects using the Microtox® assay. We fabricated neem oil nanoemulsions with and without GA at different ratios and performed physicochemical, stability, and characterization studies. The results showed that the major fatty acids in neem oil were oleic acid (44.79%), linoleic acid (18.41%), palmitic acid (18%), and stearic acid (16.64%). We created two highly stable nanoemulsions, i.e., samples 2C and 6C with a droplet sizes of 87.4 and 146.7 nm by mixing neem oil, GA, and Tween 80 at a ratio of 1:0:1.5, and 1:1.5:0, respectively, followed by high-speed homogenization for 10 min. The lethal concentration (LC50) of neem oil, 2C and 6C were 9.36, 6.45, and 8.01 μg/ml for the Culex pipiens larvae and 21.7, 8.8 and 17.2 μg/ml for the adults. The toxicity time (T50) was 40.7, 10.0, and 28.9 min for normal neem oil, samples 2C and 6C, respectively. The nanoemulsions altered the toxifying-detoxifying enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) without showing any toxicity in the male rats or the Microtox assay. The neem oil nanoformulations with Tween 80 or GA were highly stable and effective against larval and adult Culex pipiens. GA is a natural-surfactant and hence, is excellent emulsifier alternative to synthetic surfactants. The nanoemulsions did not display any toxic and eco-toxic effects. Therefore, these nanoemulsions can be considered potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling vector-borne disease insects.
... Azadirachta indica, the tree for which the common name "neem" refers, is indigenous to India. Ayurvedic, Chinese, homoeopathic, and unani medicines all use this plant as a traditional medicine (Alzohairy, 2016;Eid et al., 2017) in Asia and Africa. To reduce as well as cap/stabilize, the bark extract contains a variety of phytochemicals (Saini et al., 2022). ...
Targeted release of drugs in the upper intestines can be achieved by using floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). A. indica has been the most commonly used traditional medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers in rural India. This study's A. indica bark extract floating tablets are designed to keep drug in the stomach longer, boost its bioavailability, and target the ulcer in the stomach. Hydrocolloids (such as HPMC and carbopol 934P were employed to expand an FDDS, as were sodium bicarbonate (NaCl) and citric acid. They were examined for their pre-compression properties, physical qualities, buoyancy, lag time, in vitro release, and swelling index before compression. It was determined which formulations worked best for the various HPMC viscosity grades, carbopol 934P concentrations and mixtures. Experiment results showed that F2 was able to maintain drug release (95 percent) for 12 hours and remained buoyant at the same time. The improved formulation (F2) did not alter buoyancy time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution after three months at 40°C/75 percent RH. Tablets are cost-effective and may solve absorption issues. A. indica bark extract significant reduced ulcer index and percentage of ulcer formation in animals.
... Our findings illustrated that the extracts of A. indica and E. camaldulensis can manage the population of citrus mealybug. The toxicity of these plants against mealybug could be due to fact that their leaves are rich in metabolic compounds that have insecticidal properties as reported previously byEid et al. (2017). ...
... This plant can grow up to 18 m high and 30m wide, and its leaves contain an array of biologically active compounds. These include triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, ketones, and steroids (Eid et al., 2017). ...
Smallholder farmers in underdeveloped countries, such as Nepal, frequently experience substantial grain storage losses, which contribute significantly to food insecurity. Wheat is one of the necessary needs of humans, these crops are particularly grown in the winter season. Humans preserve grains throughout the year. Approximately 10-20% of grain is lost to pests (insects, rats), and diseases (rotten) cobs in Nepal. As a preventative measure, farmers often used botanical insecticides in the past, which are now being replaced by modern chemical fumigants. These fumigants residue is highly toxic and causes health hazards to humans when used continuously and indiscriminately. Thus, the objective of this review is to assess the traditional plant-based grain storage practices for smallholder farmers in developing countries and highlight their most promising features and drawbacks. Research studies on neem and other botanical plants, their constituents as fumigants i.e., compounds acting on target insects against stored-grain crops insects have been reviewed. Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of botanical insecticides. This plant's fruit, seeds, oil, leaves, roots, and bark are used for pest management, insecticidal properties, insect repellents, pesticides properties, have antiretroviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and medicinal properties for grain crops. Neem extracts can be used against over 250 pests including whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, mites, and termites. This review summaries the wide range of botanical activities of the neem along with other botanical plants as a grain protectant.
... This plant can grow up to 18 m high and 30m wide, and its leaves contain an array of biologically active compounds. These include triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, ketones, and steroids (Eid et al., 2017). ...
Smallholder farmers in underdeveloped countries, such as Nepal, frequently experience substantial grain storage losses, which contribute significantly to food insecurity. Wheat is one of the necessary needs of humans, these crops are particularly grown in the winter season. Humans preserve grains throughout the year. Approximately 10-20% of grain is lost to pests (insects, rats), and diseases (rotten) cobs in Nepal. As a preventative measure, farmers often used botanical insecticides in the past, which are now being replaced by modern chemical fumigants. These fumigants residue is highly toxic and causes health hazards to humans when used continuously and indiscriminately. Thus, the objective of this review is to assess the traditional plant-based grain storage practices for smallholder farmers in developing countries and highlight their most promising features and drawbacks. Research studies on neem and other botanical plants, their constituents as fumigants i.e., compounds acting on target insects against stored-grain crops insects have been reviewed. Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of botanical insecticides. This plant's fruit, seeds, oil, leaves, roots, and bark are used for pest management, insecticidal properties, insect repellents, pesticides properties, have antiretroviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and medicinal properties for grain crops. Neem extracts can be used against over 250 pests including whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, mites, and termites. This review summaries the wide range of botanical activities of the neem along with other botanical plants as a grain protectant.
... (A. indica), commonly known as "Neem" or "Sadao" in Thailand, is a member of the Meliaceae family. It is a widely used traditional medicinal plant in Ayurvedic, Chinese, Homeopathic and Unani medicines, particularly in Asia and Africa (Alzohairy, 2016;Eid et al., 2017). In Thailand, young leaves and flowers of A. indica are extensively consumed as vegetable and used as a traditional medicine in household remedies for a variety of ailments, including headaches, insomnia, and stress relief. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (A. indica) flower had anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in the stressed rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of two experimental groups: control or stress. The stress groups were received restraint stress for 3 h. The stressed rats were administered a vehicle, diazepam, fluoxetine, and A. indica at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW for 30 days. The elevated plus-maze test (EPMT), the forced swimming test (FST), and the open field test (OFT) were used to assess anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behaviors. In the EPMT, the percentage of the number of open arm entries and the duration spent in open arms were measured. These measurements were considerably enhanced in the stressed rats treated with diazepam and A. indica flower extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW. Furthermore, the stressed rats given fluoxetine and A. indica flower extract at all doses employed in this study showed a significant reduction in the amount of time the rats were immobilized in the FST. However, there was no significant difference in spontaneous locomotor activity between any of the groups. Additionally, the stressed rats treated with either positive control medications or A. indica flower extract exhibited significantly higher brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, but lower blood cortisol levels as compared to the stressed rats treated with vehicle. Moreover, A. indica flower extract had no harmful effect on the stressed rats’ liver tissue.
... Several plants have been exploited extensively in traditional Indian culture (Ayurveda) which are of medicinal value and have been used to treat a number of diseases with least side-effects (Balunas et al. 2005). Azadirachta indica (neem) is native to Indian sub-continent and has been used widely for centuries as medicine to cure number of diseases because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-in ammatory, antigastric ulcer, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic and anti-tumor activities (Eid et al. 2017). There are several bioactive compounds present in leaf extract of neem such as tannins, sterols, alkaloids, avonoids, diterpenes, and proteins (Benisheikh et al. 2019). ...
Cigarette smoke induces cytokines and lipid peroxidation in liver cells contributing to one of the causes for mortality across the globe. Dexamethasone is widely used for medication yet it decreases the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in macrophages. Therefore, present study focused on the comparison between dexamethasone and Azadirachta indica leaf extract for treating hepato-injury caused by cigarette smoke in mice. The phytochemical screening of A. indica ethanolic leaf extract revealed the abundance of sterols, proteins, alkaloids, flavanoids and diterpenes that could have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this context, Swiss mice were treated with cigarette smoke, dexamethasone and A. indica leaf extract. Dexamethasone treated mice exclusively resulted in mortality rate of 20%. These mice expressed elevated inflammatory cells with higher levels of liver markers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 56.00 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 64.90 IU/L). Moreover, these mice revealed the prevalence of relative oxygen species (ROS) at 32500 RFU and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) level at 1.97 absorbance units with declined superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of 4.3 n kat/mg. Whereas, tissue recovery was spotted in the mice treated with A. Indica leaf extract with highly declined levels of liver markers, AST (10.20 IU/L) and AST (15.90 IU/L). Furthermore, these mice resulted in lesser amount of ROS at 21900 RFU and EPO levels at 1.08 absorbance unit with increased SOD levels of 7.17 n kat/mg. This is the first report demonstrating in vivo effects of Azadirachta indica ethanolic leaf extract in treating cigarette smoke induced hepatic chronic inflammation in animal model which gave better results when compared to dexamethasone.
... They also comprise all essential amino acids except glycine, histidine, and arginine. Large concentrations of asparagines are present while glycine and proline occur in a reasonable amount [42]. The lotus leaf possesses pharmacologic and physiologic compounds, which including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiobesity effects. ...
Gas clathrates or the gas hydrates are the solid ice particles encapsulating gas molecules (commonly methane - CH 4 and carbon dioxide - CO 2 ) within the water cavities, at moderately high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. The petroleum extraction process from the deep-sea environment favours the occurrence of hydrates, and CO 2 hydrates require milder p, T conditions than CH 4 hydrates. Thus, chocking the pipeline network and obstructing the petroleum flow; leading to a substantial economic loss and hazardous. Conventional hydrate inhibitors (methanol, ethanol, glycols, Amino acids, and ionic liquids, etc.) are used, which are chemically toxic, costly, and required in large volumes (30-50 wt %). Therefore a suitable additive preventing plug formation is on high demand. The present study disclosures the use of three green leaf extracts Azadirachta indica (Neem - NL), Piper betel (betel - BL), and Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus - LL) in low dosage (0.5 wt %) on the CO 2 hydrate formation. Experiments are conducted in the isochoric method, with 0.5 wt % green-additives. The hydrates nucleate at higher subcooling (̴ 7-9 K), and the conversion is about ̴ 33-40 %. The induction time is nearly the same both pure- H 2 O and H2O with LL, whereas, it is ̴3 and 4 times higher for NL and BL. The hydrate growth kinetics also indicate significant retardation (2 – 4 times). Thus, these bio-additives, in low-dosage, could be an effective THI and also KHI for preventing the CO 2 hydrates plugs.
... A. indica shows therapeutics potential in healthcare and management as herbal remedies 10 activities and medicinal properties 3 and the others are nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, and quercetin. Leaves contain Limonoids 13-15 such as nimbin, nimbanene, 6desacetylnimbinene, nimbandiol, nimbolide, ascorbic acid, nhexacosanol and amino acid, 7-desacetyl-7benzoylazadiradione, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, 17hydroxyazadiradione, nimbiol [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and Tetranortriterpenoids from the seeds 15,23 . Awolu et al. 24 Optimized solvent extraction protocol for oil from neem Azadirachta indica and characterised the compounds. ...
Neem (Azadirachta indica) a member of Meliaceae plays an immense role in human health and disease which is attributed to its composition of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites (BASM). It has been widely used in Indian Traditional Systems of Medicine that includes Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and other Folklore Systems of Medicine practiced in the Indian Subcontinent for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Current global health perspectives and medical practice in the post COVID era has no other way but to seek to merge alternative systems of medicine with evidence-based therapeutic aspects for a better understanding of the metabolic process and its effects in the human body. The studies based on animal model established that neem and its chief constituents play pivotal role in anticancer management through the modulation of various molecular pathways including p53, pTEN, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF. Besides, NEEM plays a vital role in the management of diabetics and its associated long term complication through ROS scavenging and ameliorative potentials to restore oxidative injury/ inhibit enzymes linked to. Overall NEEM is considered as GRAS medicinal plant that modulates metabolic inflammations without side effects. Though it has been confirmed that neem and its constituents play role in the scavenging of free radical and prevention of disease pathogenesis, a clear scientific basis of its pharmacoinformatics is still lacking. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of the fractions revealed the presence of 62 metabolites. Keywords: Azadirachta indica; NEEM; GCMS; Bioactive Secondary Metabolites; GRAS; Medicinal Plants
... Most of the parts of a neem tree such as leaves and wood can be used as pesticides, in medicine, and as organic fertilizers. 69 The neem and mahua oil annual productions in Pakistan and India are 100,000 and 180,000 tons, respectively. 70 Mahua kernels have 50% oil, 53 which comprises around 20% of FFAs making the production of biodiesel process from such oils to be very important and feasible. ...
The energy demand of the world is skyrocketing due to the exponential economic growth and population expansion. To meet the energy requirement, the use of fossil fuels is not a good decision, causing environmental pollution such as CO2 emissions. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources like biofuels can meet the energy crisis especially for countries facing oil shortages such as Pakistan. This review describes the comparative study of biodiesel synthesis for various edible oils, non-edible oils, and wastes such as waste plastic oil, biomass pyrolysis oil, and tyre pyrolysis oil in terms of their oil content and extraction, cetane number, and energy content. The present study also described the importance of biodiesel synthesis via catalytic transesterification and its implementation in Pakistan. Pakistan is importing an extensive quantity of cooking oil that is used in the food processing industries, and as a result, a huge quantity of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated. The potential waste oils for biodiesel synthesis are chicken fat, dairy scum, WCO, and tallow oil that can be used as potential substrates of biodiesel. The implementation of a biodiesel program as a replacement of conventional diesel will help to minimize the oil imports and uplift the country’s economy. Biodiesel production via homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification is more feasible among all transesterification processes due to a lesser energy requirement and low cost. Therefore, biodiesel synthesis and implementation could minimize the imports of diesel by significantly contributing to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although, waste oil can meet the energy needs, more available cultivation land should be used for substrate cultivation. In addition, research is still needed to explore innovative solvents and catalysts so that overall biodiesel production cost can be minimized. This would result in successful biodiesel implementation in Pakistan.
... Numerous auxiliary metabolites of plant are industrially signifi cant and discover use in various drug compounds [2]. Individuals have been reliant on plants for their medical services needs since the start of development [3]. The 2,50000 higher plant species on earth, more than 80,000 are restorative in Nature [4]. ...
Article ID: JBRES1244 Nowadays, nanotechnology is used as a way to increase bioavailability and decrease the side effects of drugs and nutrients. Micronutrients and nutraceuticals such as vitamins, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are classes of food ingredients that are essential for human health and well-being. These compounds are rarely added purely to the targeted food application but rather in encapsulated, solid, dry product forms with added functionalities such as improved stability, bioavailability or handling. Development of new strategies, like nanocarriers, that help to promote the access of neuroprotective molecules to the brain, is needed for providing more effective therapies for the disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, encapsulating vitamin D3 and vitamin K2, with improved features in terms of stability, loading and mucoadhesiveness were produced for potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Recently, nanoformulations that include nanovesicles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles have shown promising outcomes in improving the effi cacy and bioavailability of vitamin E. Active targeting of nanoparticles loaded with vitamin D to cancer cells. ABSTRACT RESEARCH ARTICLE
... Phytochemistry screening of neem leaf extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, and polyphenols. 63 The betel leaf named P. betel belongs to the Piperaceae family. Betel leaves contain reasonable amounts of vitamins, particularly nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, and carotin. ...
Prevention of hydrate plugs during transportation of oil and natural gas in the pipeline network is challenging. Certain additives are often introduced into the process to eliminate/delay plug formation. Dominantly synthetic inhibitors are deployed in large volumes (∼20 to 30% by volume) to counter the problem and are highly expensive and, in some circumstances, toxic. The search for novel additives that are eco-friendly and act as inhibitors is in demand. The present study reports the thermodynamic inhibition (THI) capacity of some vastly available natural biopowders, such as Azadirachta indica (neem), Piper betel (betel), and Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus) in low dosage (0.5 wt %), on methane hydrate (MH) formation. Since the gas flow is dynamic, experiments are conducted in stirred geometry by varying the speed range from 0 to 1000 rotations per minute (rpm). All of the studies are performed in the isochoric method procedure. The biopowders act as efficient thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors. Once the nucleation triggers, they act as kinetic hydrate promoters. Since sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an excellent kinetic hydrate promoter in both stirred and nonstirred geometries, the obtained results are compared with the SDS system. Hydrate nucleation is triggered at higher subcooling (∼8 to 10 K) in the presence of water-soluble bioextracts. The neem leaf extracts showed a ∼30% lower hydrate conversion than SDS in identical experimental conditions. Two-stage hydrate nucleation occurred at higher stirring speeds, and the hydrate conversion is inferior (∼6%) between the primary and secondary stages. The addition of biopowder extracts is useful in controlling hydrate formation. A small quantity of biopowders provides higher inhibition and reduces synthetic chemicals used in real-time applications.
... Uma das espécies vegetais mais estudadas quanto à sua microbiota é Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), o nim, em virtude da sua importância como planta medicinal, já que é utilizada por cerca de 80,0% das nações em desenvolvimento (EID et al., 2017;CHUTULO & CHALANNAVAR, 2018), além da sua importância como planta inseticida (VERMA et al., 2011). Todas as partes dessa planta já foram avaliadas para uso no controle de insetos e todas elas se mostraram nocivas às pragas. ...
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a patogenicidade de bactérias isoladas da planta nim, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), sobre os adultos de Spodopterafrugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Todas as suspensões bacterianas avaliadas foram calibradas para a concentração de 5,0 x 108 células/mL. Os adultos avaliados foram os sobreviventes de lagartas que ingeriram folhas de milho tratadas com as suspensões bacterianas. Com esses adultos sobreviventes se constituíram casais, que foram mantidos em gaiolas. Verificaram-se a longevidade de machos e fêmeas, o período de pré-oviposição e fértil, o número total de posturas, a fecundidade e a fertilidade das fêmeas. Do total de isolados avaliados, 64,0% deles causaram algum efeito adverso aos adultos, a ponto de afetarem uma ou mais das variáveis observadas. A ingestão das bactérias pelas lagartas reduziu a longevidade de adultos (macho e fêmea). As fêmeas tiveram redução no período fértil, no número de posturas, na fecundidade e na fertilidade. Somente o período de pré-oviposição não foi afetado. Os isolados Bacillus sp. Epi 9, Bacillus subtilis e Nim 10 são destaque, pois afetam o maior número de variáveis avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são promissores e importantes, pois este é o primeiro relato de bactérias isoladas de nim com ação patogênica a S. frugiperda.
... They also comprise all essential amino acids except glycine, histidine, and arginine. Large concentrations of asparagines are present while glycine and proline occur in a reasonable amount [42]. The lotus leaf possesses pharmacologic and physiologic compounds, which including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiobesity effects. ...
... Interestingly, these mixtures nowadays represent the basis for many commercial products used in cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste, and pest repellents. In addition, by tradition they also continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders (Eid, Jaradat, & Elmarzugi, 2017;Heyman et al., 2017;Joshi, Bhat, Kothiwale, Tirmale, & Bhargava, 2010;Saleem, Muhammad, Hussain, & Bukhari, 2018). Over time, these proposed complexes of herbs and plants have been in more detail studied. ...
Global health and medical practice seek to merge alternative medicine with evidence-based medicine for a better understanding of the metabolic process and its effects in the human body. An example is the use of complementary medicine like phytotherapy. Azadirachta indica (Neem), a tree originally from India and Myanmar, called by many "The village pharmacy" or "Divine tree" because of its many health properties. In recent times, Neem-derived extracts have been shown to work from anywhere from insect repellent, to supplements to lower inflammation, diabetic control, and even to combat cancer. Herein, we state the health benefits found in diverse compounds and extracts derived from Neem, highlighting the mechanisms and pathways in which Neem compounds produce their effects, while warning that the improper and unstandardized conditions to produce extracts can lead to health issues, particularly certain compounds might have damaging effects on the liver and kidneys.
... Interestingly, these mixtures nowadays represent the basis for many commercial products used in cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste, and pest repellents. In addition, by tradition they also continue as treatments for chickenpox, fever, headache, leprosy, jaundice, constipation, respiratory problems, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders (Eid, Jaradat, & Elmarzugi, 2017;Heyman et al., 2017;Joshi, Bhat, Kothiwale, Tirmale, & Bhargava, 2010;Saleem, Muhammad, Hussain, & Bukhari, 2018). Over time, these proposed complexes of herbs and plants have been in more detail studied. ...
Global health and medical practice seek to merge alternative medicine with evidence-based medicine for a better understanding of the metabolic process and its effects in the human body. An example is the use of complementary medicine like phytotherapy. Azadirachta indica (Neem), a tree originally from India and Myanmar, called by many "The village pharmacy" or "Divine tree" because of its many health properties. In recent times, Neem-derived extracts have been shown to work from anywhere from insect repellent, to supplements to lower inflammation, diabetic control, and even to combat cancer. Herein, we state the health benefits found in diverse compounds and extracts derived from Neem, highlighting the mechanisms and pathways in which Neem compounds produce their effects, while warning that the improper and unstandardized conditions to produce extracts can lead to health issues, particularly certain compounds might have damaging effects on the liver and kidneys.
... At 2500 mg/Kg, Dorababu et al didn't observe any mortality either [36]. This suggests the safe nature of A. indica, as it correlates with the traditional use for centuries [2,37]. However, our results were different from the overall results obtained by Ashafa et al, who found out that at all doses used, the ethanolic extract of A. indica demonstrated toxicity [38][39][40]. ...
... The plant is also known to have diverse medicinal values. Constituents of extracts from the leaves and other parts of the plant have been reported to exhibit antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antiarthritic, antimalarial, spermicidal, antifungal, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties [5][6][7][8] . A. indica leave extracts and some other leaves are active against certain dermatophytes, microorganisms and parasitic insects such as bacteria, fungi and mosquitoes [9][10][11] . ...
This work identifies the chemical components of Azadirachta indica (neem plant) leave extracts. A. indica is a vascular plant which belongs to the Meliaceae family and its use as herb in folk medicine is widely acclaimed. Essential oils were extracted from leaves of A. indica. Steam and solvent extraction methods were used with two solvents: Ethanol and Hexane. The crude oil extracted using both extraction methods were analyzed using GC–MS. The result of the analyses show that the major constituents were Eicosane (9.7662%), Diacenaphtho[1,2-j:1′,2′-l]fluoranthene (11.301%), Phenol, 4-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]amino]- (11.84%) and (3Ar,6S,9ar)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9a-octahydro-8-methyl-3a,6-methano-3ah-cyclopentacycloocten-10-one (36.883%) in steam extracted oil; Eicosane (10.259%), Diacenaphtho[1,2-j:1′,2′-l]fluoranthene (13.51%) and Butanamide, N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo- (16.615%) in the ethanol extracted oil, and (3Ar,6S,9ar)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9a-octahydro-8-methyl-3a,6-methano-3ah-cyclopentacycloocten-10-one (10.72%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.688%) and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (34.719%) in the hexane extracted A. indica essential oil.
Nowadays, theoretical chemistry has experienced a great advance in the search for drugs for the treatment of various human and animal pathologies. Although it is expected that medicinal plants constitute a great source for the research of compounds, the present study has been carried out to provide a list of important plants that can be explored in the research of antiviral compounds. The main objective is to search for medicinal plant(s) that can be used to treat various viral pathologies; in other words, the search for broad spectrum antiviral plants. Thus, several articles of synthesis, original research, systematic review on antiviral plants from different countries are consulted in this study. A total of 694 species of medicinal plants from 152 families were extracted from the literature against 17 virus families including Adenoviridae, Alloherpesviridae, Arteriviridae, Birnaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Nimaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae. The most cited families of plants are Fabaceae (11.38%), Lamiaceae (5.90%), Asteraceae (5.61%), Rubiaceae (3.45%) and Euphorbiaceae (3.02%). The three (3) most cited species that can treat several viral diseases are Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale. These plants can be a starting point for antiviral drug research and the compounds already isolated from these plants can be subject to molecular docking in order to explore their antiviral potential.
Malaria is a deadly disease that continues to pose a threat to children and maternal well-being. This study was designed to identify
the chemical constituents in the ethanolic fruit extract of Azadirachta indica, elucidate the pharmacological potentials of identified phytochemicals
through the density functional theory method and carry out the antimalarial activity of extract using chemosuppression and curative models.
The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic extract was carried out, followed by the density functional
theory studies of the identified phytochemicals using B3LYP and 6-31G (d, p) basis set. The antimalarial assays were performed using the
chemosuppression (4 days) and curative models. The LC-MS fingerprint of the extract led to the identification of desacetylnimbinolide, nimbidiol,
O-methylazadironolide, nimbidic acid, and desfurano-6α-hydroxyazadiradione. Also, the frontier molecular orbital properties, molecular
electrostatic potential, and dipole moment studies revealed the identified phytochemicals as possible antimalarial agents. The ethanolic extract
of A indica fruit gave 83% suppression at 800 mg/kg, while 84% parasitaemia clearance was obtained in the curative study. The study provided
information about the phytochemicals and background pharmacological evidences of the antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim of A indica fruit.
Thus, isolation and structure elucidation of the identified phytochemicals from the active ethanolic extract and extensive antimalarial studies
towards the discovery of new therapeutic agents is recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Malaria, Azadirachta indica, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, density functional theory, chemosuppression,
curative
ABSTRACT: Malaria is a deadly disease that continues to pose a threat to children and maternal well-being. This study was designed to identify
the chemical constituents in the ethanolic fruit extract of Azadirachta indica, elucidate the pharmacological potentials of identified phytochemi-
cals through the density functional theory method and carry out the antimalarial activity of extract using chemosuppression and curative models.
The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic extract was carried out, followed by the density functional
theory studies of the identified phytochemicals using B3LYP and 6-31G (d, p) basis set. The antimalarial assays were performed using the
chemosuppression (4days) and curative models. The LC-MS fingerprint of the extract led to the identification of desacetylnimbinolide, nimbi-
diol, O-methylazadironolide, nimbidic acid, and desfurano-6α-hydroxyazadiradione. Also, the frontier molecular orbital properties, molecular
electrostatic potential, and dipole moment studies revealed the identified phytochemicals as possible antimalarial agents. The ethanolic extract
of A indica fruit gave 83% suppression at 800mg/kg, while 84% parasitaemia clearance was obtained in the curative study. The study provided
information about the phytochemicals and background pharmacological evidences of the antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim of A indica fruit.
Thus, isolation and structure elucidation of the identified phytochemicals from the active ethanolic extract and extensive antimalarial studies
towards the discovery of new therapeutic agents is recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Malaria, Azadirachta indica, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, density functional theory, chemosuppression,
curative
It is widely known that tribological systems operating in vacuum environments face significant challenges. MoS2 is a well-known material for its low friction properties in both ambient and vacuum environments. However, it has a low wear resistance and a limited ability to withstand higher contact pressures. A possible alternative to MoS2 are super-hard hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings (ta-C). In normal atmospheric conditions, they have low friction and wear properties, but their performance in vacuum is limited. In this work, ta-C coatings are paired with brass in high vacuum conditions. Long-term tribological performance tests are conducted and analyzed using triboscopic imaging. It was found that the brass/ta-C friction pair exhibited an increase of the friction coefficient in the long term (up to 0.52) due to a change in wear mechanism. Different wear and healing behaviors could be found for both the brass counterbody and the ta-C discs using triboscopy.
Objective:
Herbal therapies are utilized to treat a broad diversity of medical complaints all over the globe. Although no clinical studies have been conducted to demonstrate the antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiplaque characteristics of these plants, this does not imply that they are ineffectual as periodontal treatments or anti-cariogenic drugs. However, there is a scarcity of research confirming their efficacy and worth.
Subject:
Herbs are utilized in dentistry as antimicrobial, antineoplastic, antiseptic, antioxidant, and analgesics agents as well as for the elimination of bad breath. In addition, the application of herbal agents in tissue engineering improved the regeneration of oral and dental tissues. This study reviews the application of medicinal herbs for the treatment of dental and oral diseases in different aspects.
Methods:
This article focuses on current developments in the use of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in oral and dental health. An extensive literature review was conducted via an Internet database, mostly PubMed. The articles included full-text publications written in English without any restrictions on a date.
Conclusion:
Plants have been suggested, as an alternate remedy for oral-dental problems, and this vocation needs long-term dependability. More research on herbal medicine potential as pharmaceutical sources and/or therapies is needed.
Recent in-silico models for wear calculation in total hip replacements
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone) is the one among the bioactive secondary metabolite (BASM) in neem seed of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Quercetin (Que) and its derivatives hold promising pharmacological effects. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer’s, antiarthritic, cardiovascular, and wound-healing effects of Que have been extensively investigated, recently lot of work has been carried out on its anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines. Recently, in silico/ in vitro studies have demonstrated that Que interferes with different stages of coronavirus entry and replication cycle (PLpro, 3CLpro, and NTPase/helicase). Due to its pleiotropic effects in human health and disease and lack of systemic toxicity, Que and its derivatives could be tested for their efficacy on human target system in future clinical trials. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical, druggable properties of Que from A. indica to prospect its ADMET properties. Keywords: NEEM; Azadirachta indica; Quercetin; Pharmacoinformatics; ADMET; Drug-Likeness; Toxicology
Azadirachta indica phytochemicals growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specific research, the mixture ability of five mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in the silico techniques was done. Plant extricates ensure against harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cancer prevention agent atoms, for example, glutathione, and improving the action of cell reinforcement chemicals. A. indica leaves methanolic extricate GC-MS analysis 47 bioactive compounds present mixes distinguishing proof uncovered the presence of R.T.(3.36) dl-Homoserine, (3.73) 2-Furanmethanol, (4.65) (+-)-4-Amino-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-Furanone, (6.34) Aziridine, 2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-, trans-(19.39) 5-Bromopentanoic acid, 2-isopropoxyphenyl ester. In-vitro anti-oxidant activity of maximum and minimum value. DPPH IC150 Values. The after effects of this examination offer a foundation of utilizing A. indica leaves as home grown option for different sicknesses. As there are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the symptoms of manufactured medications, the mission to discover new and one of a kind sub-atomic constructions of plant root as significant constituents of some regular items, and those of current medications as methods for battling obstinate sicknesses is likewise on the expansion.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an important member of the Meliaceae family and its role as health-promoting effect is attributed to it is rich source of phytoconstituents. It has been widely used in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Unani medicines worldwide particularly in Indian Subcontinent in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Earlier finding confirmed that neem and its phtoconstituents play a key role to scavenge free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and regulates the various biological processes without any adverse effect. In this current review, the role of Azadirachta indica is summarized in the prevention and treatment of diseases via the regulation of various physiological and biological pathways.
Article ID: JBRES1225 Azadirachta indica phytochemicals are found to have against malignant growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specifi c examination, the coupling profi ciency of fi ve mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in silico techniques was completed. Plant removes ensure against harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cell reinforcement particles, for example, glutathione, and improving the action of cancer prevention agent chemicals. A549 cells treated with Azadirachta indica ethanolic separate in various hours (6, 12, 24 and 36 hours) after the 36 hours the cells development are controlled. As there are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the results of manufactured medications, Azadirachta Indica L. a leaf contains phytochemical intensifi es having all the more free revolutionary rummaging just as anticancer exercises. ABSTRACT ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Background: The incidence of dermatophytosis has increased in recent years in spite of the availability of antifungal drugs. Faced with all the above, medicinal plants could be an alternative. So, this work aimed at evaluating antidermatophytic activities of some medicinal plants used in Cameroon against dermatophytoses. Methods: An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out by interview of traditional healers in six villages of Bafou locality. Nine plants were selected and methanol extracts were prepared therefrom. The in vitro antidermatophytic activities of these extracts were tested using microdilution method. The degree of dermal irritation of the extract from leaves of Ageratum conyzoides was determined in Cavia porcellus using the occluded dermal irritation test method. This extract was subjected to an acute dermal toxicity test using C. porcellus as animal model. For that, animals were randomly divided into four groups: Groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively received single doses of extract at 8000 mg/kg, 4250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight while control group received distilled water. Results: Among the tested extract, that of leaves of A. conyzoides showed the best antidermatophytic activity (32≤MIC≤512 μg/mL). Dermal administration of the single dose of this extract led to skin irritation, weakness and less motor activities at the dose of 8000 mg/kg. The lethal dose fifty (LD50) was defined as greater than 8000 mg/kg. In general, biochemical as well as hematological parameters of animals were normal. Conclusions : These results show that A. conyzoides is the most effective against dermatophytes without adverse side effects at reasonable doses. Keywords: Dermatophytes; Ageratum conyzoides; irritation; acute toxicity
The plant, Azadirachta indica A Juss, family Meliaceae is a native of Asia but has now naturalized in West Africa and is widely cultivated in Nigeria as an ornamental as well as medicinal plant. The plant is used extensively in Nigeria for the traditional treatment of malaria and other associated conditions in form of decoction, in which unspecified quantities are usually consumed without due regards to toxicological and other adverse effects. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of methanol extract of the leaves of A. indica on the liver and kidney of Wister rats for the period of 28 days. 20 animals were used and grouped into 4 groups of 5 rats each, in which 1, 000 mg/kg, 1, 500 mg/kg and 2, 000 mg/kg were administered to the first 3 groups and referred to as the test groups, the fourth group was administered with an equal volume of distilled water and referred to as the control group. At the end of the experiment, the animals were scarified and their livers and the kidneys excised. These organs were processed for the normal hematoxylin and eosin staining. Histological examination of the livers of the test groups revealed an apoptosis of hepatocytes, ground glass appearance of hepatocytes, presence of inflammatory cells around the portal area and congested blood vessels. Examination of the kidneys also revealed a congestion of vessels in glomerulus, presence of inflammatory cells in the interstitum and congested blood vessels and hyaline globule in collecting tubules. However, the control group revealed normal histological features of both the liver and the kidney. It could therefore be suggested that large dose consumption of the leaves of A. indica for long term should be avoided as may cause malfunction of such vital organs.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) commonly called ‘Indian
Lilac’ or ‘Margosa’, belongs to the family Meliaceae,
subfamily Meloideae and tribe Melieae. Neem is the
most versatile, multifarious trees of tropics, with
immense potential. It possesses maximum useful
non-wood products (leaves, bark, flowers, fruits,
seed, gum, oil and neem cake) than any other tree
species. These non-wood products are known to
have antiallergenic, antidermatic, antifeedent,
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipyorrhoeic,
antiscabic, cardiac, diuretic, insecticidal, larvicidal,
nematicidal, spermicidal and other biological
activities. Because of these activities neem has
found enormous applications making it a green
treasure.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica; Neem products;
Uses.
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is very useful traditional medicinal plant in the subcontinent. Each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. In this present studies the bioactivity and antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract was evaluated. For bioactivity, Brine shrimp lethality test was done for A. indica ethanolic leaf extract and determined LC50 was 37.15 mg/ml indicating that the prepared extract was rich in bioactive compounds. Ethanolic leaf extract was also used to evaluate antibacterial activity and the extract exhibited significant activity against the tested bacterial strain. However, inhibitory activity was concentration and test organism dependent. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extract compare to Gram-negative bacteria. All of the tested bacteria showed sensitivity at higher concentration (7 mg/ml) but multi drug resistant bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was very sensitive even at very low concentration (2 mg/ml). Further, the results depict that leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica could be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agents against the bacterial strains tested.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Neem (Azadirachta indica; Meliaceae) is widely known for its cold pressed seed oil, mainly used as insecticide, but also for cosmetic, medicinal and agricultural uses. The seed oil is widely employed in the Indian subcontinent, and the leaves seem to have a lower relevance, but the ethnobotanical information of Bali (Indonesia) considers the utilisation of leaves for medicinal properties.
Aim of the study:
We report ethnopharmacological information about current uses of neem, in particular of the leaves, besides the insecticidal one, we discuss on the historical background of their uses.
Materials and methods:
Ethnobotanical data were collected using both literature and scientific references and semi-structured interviews with 50 informants (ages ranged between 14 and 76 years old) through the snowball method in thirteen aga (indigenous Balinese) villages, following Ethic code procedures. The informants were asked to specify: which part of the plant was used, and how that plant part was used. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium voucher. In consideration of the high variability and complex chemical constituent of neem, a HPTLC analysis of neem leaves coming from both the Indonesian island of Bali and the Indian subcontinent was carried out.
Results:
The data on the medical use of traditional preparations from leaves of neem display a wide spectrum of applications. In the Indian subcontinent, neem leaves are used to treat dental and gastrointestinal disorders, malaria fevers, skin diseases, and as insects repellent, while the Balinese used neem leaves as a diuretic and for diabetes, headache, heartburn, and stimulating the appetite. Differences in utilisation cannot be related to chemical differences and other constituents besides limonoids must be investigated and related to the multipurpose activity of neem.
Conclusion:
This study revealed that neem leaves are believed to treat diabetes in both Balinese and Indian communities. Limonoids can not be considered the only responsible of digestive properties. Further research would be the validation of this report by enzymatic tests and the identification of active constituents.
A simple method for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using autoclave assisted gum
extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) has been investigated for the first time. Silver nanoparticles were
formed due to reduction of silver nitrate solution when mixed with the gum extract after autoclaving at
121 ◦C and 15 psi. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the biologically reduced reaction mixture showed
the surface plasmon peak at 418 nm which is characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles. The functional
biomolecules present in the gum extract and the interaction between the nanoparticles were identified
by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Average diameter of the synthesized
nanoparticles was found to be <30 nm, as revealed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered
cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial
activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the antibacterial
activity ofthe silver nanoparticles was further confirmed by degradation oftest bacterial DNA. The results
suggestthatthe gum mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles could be used as a promising antibacterial
agent against clinical pathogens.
Eight Pakistani medicinal plants were investigated for antipyretic activity in rabbits receiving subcutaneous yeast injections. Hexane- and chloroform-soluble extracts of Aconitum napellus stems, Corchorus depressus whole plant and Gmelina asiatica roots exhibited prominent oral antipyretic activity while insignificant antipyretic effects were found in the hexane- and chloroform-soluble portions of Melia azadirachta seeds, Tinospora cordifolia stems and Vitex trifolia seeds. No antipyretic actions whatsoever were produced by extracts of A. heterophyllum roots and Hedysarum alhagi aerial parts. Toxicity studies revealed no noteworthy toxic or adverse effects for any of the above plant extracts up to the highest oral doses of 1.6 g/kg except in the case of A. napellus.
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) has universally been accepted as a wonder tree because of its diverse utility. Multidirectional therapeutic uses of neem have been known in India since the Vedic times. Besides its therapeutic efficacies, neem has already established its potential as a source of naturally occurring insecticide, pesticide and agrochemicals. Safe and economically cheaper uses of different parts of neem in the treatment of various diseases and in agriculture are discussed in this article. It further deals with the active chemical constituents of various neem formulations. Commercially available neem products are also mentioned along with their respective applications. Furthermore, evaluation of safety aspects of different parts of neem and neem compounds along with commercial formulations are also taken into consideration. Systematic scientific knowledge on neem reported so far is thus very useful for the wider interests of the world community.
Chewing twigs of the mango or neem tree is a common way of cleaning the teeth in the rural and semi-urban population. These twigs are also believed to possess medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of these chewing sticks on the microorganisms Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus salivarius , Streptococcus mitis , and Streptococcus sanguis which are involved in the development of dental caries. An additional objective was to identify an inexpensive, simple, and effective method of preventing and controlling dental caries.
The sticks were sun dried, ground into a coarse powder, and weighed into 5 gm, 10 gm, and 50 gm amounts. These were added to 100 ml of deionized distilled water. After soaking for 48 h at 4 degrees C, the water was filtered. The filtrate was inoculated onto blood agar plates containing individual species of microorganisms and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h.
Mango extract, at 50% concentration, showed maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mitis . Neem extract produced the maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mutans at 50% concentration. Even at 5% concentration neem extract showed some inhibition of growth for all the four species of organisms.
A combination of neem and mango chewing sticks may provide the maximum benefit. We recommend the use of both the chewing sticks.
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