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Evaluation of antimicrobial and dyeing properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extract for cosmetics
Abstract
Walnut green husk is one of the main waste products from walnut and could be used as a source of natural dyeing compounds such as juglone. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effective use of walnut green husk extract as a natural hair dye. Dyeing properties, fastness and antimicrobial behaviours of dyed hair and also a skin irritation test for natural hair dye on rat skin were examined. When the extract was mixed with ascorbic acid as a developer, ferrous sulfate as a mordant agent, and Aloe vera extract used as a secondary mordant and also a cosmetic ingredient, the reaction resulted in a dark-brown colour on hair samples. The dyed hair exhibited appropriate colour strength having excellent morphology for a hair surface coated with dye molecules. In addition, the dyed hair possessed good resistance to washing and daylight fastness, without any irritant properties as shown in a rat model, although high concentrations of iron-based mordant may be problematic for long-term usage. This paper also suggests the use of natural mordants such as lactic and oxalic acids to avoid any probable risks. Walnut green husk extract was an appropriate natural hair dyeing agent in practice and showed maximum antimicrobial activity compared with semi-synthetic and commercial hair dyes. The results demonstrated that walnut green husk can be used as an economical, valuable, eco-friendly and safe source of dyeing and antimicrobial agents for cosmetic products.
Supplementary resource (1)
... Natural dyes derived from various parts of plants (e.g., fruits, flowers, leaves, seeds and roots) are generally regarded as low-irritating, less allergenic, sustainable and eco-friendly green products with additional health benefits (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties) [10]. Natural dyes have been used since ancient times, when they were used not only for hair coloration, but also for medicinal, decoration and religious purposes [11,12]. In the early days, hair dyes were obtained from metallic compounds, plant extracts, dried plants or their mixtures [13]. ...
... Today, the renascence of natural botanical ingredients in cosmetics and health care products has led to research work into the phytochemistry and coloring potential of these traditionally used hair dye plants. Compounds including quinones, tannins, flavonoids, indigo, curcuminoids and carotenoids were identified as the dominant naturally-occurring hair coloring matters and some plants accumulating these phytochemicals, such as Lawsonia inermis (henna) [16][17][18], Juglans regia (walnut) [11,12,16], Curcuma longa (turmeric) [19,20], Haematoxylon campechianum (logwood) [16,19,21] were extensively investigated. Natural dyes used in commercial cosmetics are mainly extracted from plants by solvent extraction [19], ultrasonic assisted extraction [22], microwave assisted extraction [10], supercritical fluid extraction [23], and enzyme-assisted extraction [24] etc. ...
... Besides, the condition of hair fibers also affects the absorption and diffusion of external dye substances. For example, the use of hydrogen peroxide in hair dye formulation can destroy the disulfide bonds of hair keratin, causing CMC breakage and damages to the cuticle and cortex components, resulting in swelling loose hair fibers and lifted cuticles, thus facilitating deeper penetration and stronger bonding of dyestuffs to the hair exterior shaft [12,19]. ...
There is an on-going demand in recent years for safer and “greener” hair coloring agents with the global consumer awareness of the adverse effects of synthetic hair dyes. The belief in sustainability and health benefits has focused the attention of the scientific community towards natural colorants that serve to replace their synthetic toxic counterparts. This review article encompasses the historical applications of a vast array of natural plant hair dyes and summarizes the possible coloration mechanisms (direct dyeing and mordant dyeing). Current information on phytochemicals (quinones, tannins, flavonoids, indigo, curcuminoids and carotenoids) used for hair dyeing are summarized, including their botanical sources, color chemistry and biological/toxicological activities. A particular focus is given on research into new natural hair dye sources along with eco-friendly, robust and cost-effective technologies for their processing and applications, such as the synthetic biology approach for colorant production, encapsulation techniques for stabilization and the development of inorganic nanocarriers. In addition, innovative in vitro approaches for the toxicological assessments of natural hair dye cosmetics are highlighted.
... Walnuts are mainly cultivated in order to obtain the kernels, and other parts of fruit such as the shell and husk are produced as waste crops during the fruit harvesting and processing [8,9]. It has been well documented that in addition to the kernel [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], different parts of the tree and fruit, including the green young walnut fruit [22][23][24][25][26][27], husk [28][29][30][31][32][33], shell [8,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], skin [43,44], even bark [45][46][47][48][49][50][51], root [52], shoot [53][54][55][56], branch [57], and leaves [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] can be employed in different industries as low-cost materials [78]. Similar to other agricultural waste crops, the walnut husk has been comprehensively investigated to characterize its chemical constituents and define new applications for it. ...
... The main by-products derived from the walnut fruit are the walnut green husk and the hard shell. The walnut husk can be used as a natural dyeing source, such as juglone [29]. Juglone is a brown pigment with a chemical formula of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, which occurs naturally in different parts of walnut trees such as the leaf, root, husk, and bark in the Juglandaceae family, especially in the Persian walnut [120]. ...
... ± 4.6 13 3610 ± 55 28 84.46 13 4610.00 ± 262.73 1 6.95 ± 0.21 24 166.44 ± 1.87 5 89.07 ± 0.22 27 6.27 27 95.2 ± 6.29 16 9.17 ± 0.20 31 58.66 ± 0.37 24 1 mg GAEs/L extract; 2 mg QEs/L extract; 3 mg TEs/L extract; 4 mg /100 g DW; 5 mg GAEs/g extract; 6 mg CEs/g extract; 7 Determined by HPLC method as CAEs; 8 Determined by HPLC method as QEs; 9 Determined by HPLC method as GAEs; 10 Determined by HPLC method as EAEs; 11 Determined by HPLC method as MGEs; 12 µmol TEAC/g extract; 13 mg GAEs/g extract; 14 mg CEs/g extract; 15 EC50 (mg/mL); 16 mg GAEs/g DE; 17 mg CEs/g DE; 18 mg leucocyanidin/g extract; 19 mg Res/g sample; 20 SC50 (µg/mL); 21 mmol TEs/g sample; 22 mmol Fe 2+ /g DS; 23 Inhibition (%); 24 mg GAEs/g DW; 25 IC50 (µg/mL); 26 Abs; 27 mg GAEs/g sample; 28 mg GAEs/100 g sample; 29 mg CEs/100 g sample; 30 mg CEs/g sample; 31 mg GAEs/g wet sample; 32 mg QEs/g extract; 33 mmol Fe 2+ /g DE. ...
The walnut (Juglans spp.) is an appreciated nut that belongs to the Juglandaceae family. The fruit includes four main parts: the kernel, the skin, the shell, and the green husk. It is widely cultivated due to its edible kernel. In walnut production centers, high amounts of the husk as an agro-forest waste product are produced and discarded away. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the walnut green husk could be valued as a source of different natural bioactive compounds with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Regarding this respect, in this contribution, the current scientific knowledge on the antioxidant and antiradical activities, various identified and isolated individual chemical constituents, as well as the functional applications of the walnut husk with more emphasis on the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) are reviewed.
... process was performed at physiologically acceptable temperature and pH. [10][11][12] Several works reported that the fastness that is, affinity to hair fibers of many plant colorants can be improved by using appropriate mordants (eg, ferrous sulfate) and/or developers. [10][11][12] However, these studies were limited to use wool, bleached black hairs or yak hairs as the dyeing substrates while in practice, especially in Asian countries, temporary or semi-permanent plant hair dyes are more often applied on unbleached gray hairs for covering gray. ...
... [10][11][12] Several works reported that the fastness that is, affinity to hair fibers of many plant colorants can be improved by using appropriate mordants (eg, ferrous sulfate) and/or developers. [10][11][12] However, these studies were limited to use wool, bleached black hairs or yak hairs as the dyeing substrates while in practice, especially in Asian countries, temporary or semi-permanent plant hair dyes are more often applied on unbleached gray hairs for covering gray. Altogether, this may result in limited reproducibility of the dyed color for consumers. ...
... High doses of heavy metals and some irritating ingredients (eg, benzyl alcohol) have been previously reported as mordant or developer in the dye bath or hair dye formulas. 10,14 However, the possible side effects such as irritation are largely ignored. Today, safety evaluation of eye and/or skin irritation potential is required for new cosmetic ingredients or formulas prior to market. ...
Background
The interest toward dyeing hairs with plant colorants has grown in popularity considering its low‐toxic nature. However, researches reporting plant hair dyes are limited and the potential adverse effects of irritation are unclear.
Objectives
This study is aimed to provide an avenue by which to more accurately assess the dyeing efficiency and irritation potentials of plant hair dyes.
Methods
Four extracted plant colorants were incorporated in hydrogel hair dyes that were directly applied on unbleached gray human hairs. Their dyeing performances and the effect of an iron (Ⅱ) mordant were photometrically measured in CIELab coordinates and color strength. The eye and skin irritancy was assessed by combining various in vitro methods, including bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay in combination with histopathological analysis, Hen’s egg test on chick chorioallantoic membrane (HET‐CAM) and a test on reconstructed human epidermis models.
Results
The investigated hair dyes exhibited desirable dyeing efficiency on human hairs. Post‐treatment with the iron (Ⅱ) mordant caused a significant increase in color strength with subtle changes to the hue of dyed color. In the irritation testing, the four hair dyes were categorized as slight‐to‐mild eye irritants but possessed no skin irritation potential, while the mordant was determined as a non‐irritant.
Conclusions
The results demonstrate the efficacy of a multi‐analytical approach for in vitro assessment of various plant colorants for hair dyeing. The investigated plant extracts are suitable for producing viable colors on human hairs and may serve as a low‐irritating alternative to the synthetic hair dyes.
... Natural dyes were used for coloration of various textile industry, as well as cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, etc. (Yusuf et al., 2017). The green husk, containing valuable phenolics (natural colorants) and quinonoids which are widely dis-tributed and occurs in large numbers in nature ranging from yellow to red, was used as a natural source of dye of long standing (Beiki et al., 2018). Further, several studies indicated that all parts of walnuts could also be used as a dye. ...
... Moreover, as the dyed hair exhibited appropriate color strength and had excellent morphology, Frontiers in Environmental Science frontiersin.org walnut green husk could be used in practice as a natural hair dyeing agent that demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity compared with semi-synthetic and commercial hair dyes (Beiki et al., 2018). It has also been reported that it is used as a natural dye, and researchers always extract the juglone from walnut green husk using ultrasonic radiation (Han et al., 2018). ...
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is considered one of the most valuable plants, with a global production of 3.5 million tons of dried fruit yearly. Throughout the past two millennia, its allelopathic effects have been widely recognized. Black walnuts produce a natural naphthoquinone called juglone, which occurs naturally in all parts of the tree, particularly the green husk, and contributes significantly to the allelopathic effects of black walnut. Except for the fruit’s edible nature, the walnut green husk (Pericarpium Juglandis) has been used for centuries to make wine, natural dyes, and traditional medicines to cure certain diseases. Within the extracts of walnut green husk, 1,4-naphthoquinones, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and quercitrin were separated and characterized. Among these compounds, the major active ingredient with a good application prospect is juglone, which has proven to be a natural chemical compound with anticancer, antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, especially the strong anticancer activity. Juglone is also an environmentally friendly biological pesticide and herbicide. Certainly, the environmental impact of juglone also needs to be considered. Significant quantities of walnut green husk are currently produced as a byproduct of walnut production; however, its value has not been fully utilized and explored, which raises environmental concerns. This review attempts to: 1) summarize the origin and historical use of walnut and walnut green husk; 2) introduce the structure, biosynthesis pathway, extraction method, biological activity, and potential applications of juglone, as well as its environmental impact assessment.
... Found in walnuts, juglon can be applied in cosmetic formulas such as hair dyes. Walnut extract with the addition of iron sulfate, aloe extract and ascorbic acid was used by Beiki et al. [54] to color hair. In this study, dark brown dyed hair was resistant to light and washing. ...
... In this study, dark brown dyed hair was resistant to light and washing. Color strength was acceptable, and the hair dye obtained did not cause irritation [54]. ...
This review provides a report on properties and recent research advances in the application of plant-derived colorants in food, cosmetics and textile materials. The following colorants are reviewed: Polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavonol-quercetin and curcumin), isoprenoids (iridoids, carotenoids and quinones), N-heterocyclic compounds (betalains and indigoids), melanins and tetrapyrroles with potential application in industry. Future aspects regarding applications of plant-derived colorants in the coloration of various materials are also discussed.
... Ferrous sulphate, tea, coffee, pomegranate rind, sumac extracts, oxalic acid, lactic acid, ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA), alum and copper sulphate have been used as mordants. The dark-brown colour of hair samples obtained with the use of ferrous sulphate exhibited appropriate colour strength (18), good washing resistance (4.5 after 15 number of washes) and good resistance to sunlight (4.5, after 72 h of sunlight) while maintaining its original morphology [220]. The same application procedure has also been used successfully with quinones to colour hides and skins and in histological staining [8,220] In the food and pharmaceuticals industry, quinones are used as food and medicine colourant in either liquid or solid state for various reasons, such as improving the product's natural colour, restoring and standardising the colour and appearance of food and medicine lost during processing or cooking, and to add a novel sensory attraction [25]. ...
... The dark-brown colour of hair samples obtained with the use of ferrous sulphate exhibited appropriate colour strength (18), good washing resistance (4.5 after 15 number of washes) and good resistance to sunlight (4.5, after 72 h of sunlight) while maintaining its original morphology [220]. The same application procedure has also been used successfully with quinones to colour hides and skins and in histological staining [8,220] In the food and pharmaceuticals industry, quinones are used as food and medicine colourant in either liquid or solid state for various reasons, such as improving the product's natural colour, restoring and standardising the colour and appearance of food and medicine lost during processing or cooking, and to add a novel sensory attraction [25]. In Japan, for example, anthraquinone extracts from madder root are used as colourants for confectionery, boiled fish and soft drinks [73,221]. ...
Synthetic dyes are by far the most widely applied colourants in industry. However, environmental and sustainability considerations have led to an increasing efforts to substitute them with safer and more sustainable equivalents. One promising class of alternatives is the natural quinones; these are class of cyclic organic compounds characterized by a saturated (C6) ring that contains two oxygen atoms that are bonded to carbonyls and have sufficient conjugation to show color. Therefore, this study looks at the potential of isolating and applying quinone dye molecules from a sustainable source as a possible replacement for synthetic dyes. It presents an in-depth description of the three main classes of quinoid compounds in terms of their structure, occurrence biogenesis and toxicology. Extraction and purification strategies, as well as analytical methods, are then discussed. Finally, current dyeing applications are summarised. The literature review shows that natural quinone dye compounds are ubiquitous, albeit in moderate quantities, but all have a possibility of enhanced production. They also display better dyeability, stability, brightness and fastness compared to other alternative natural dyes, such as anthocyanins and carotenoids. Furthermore, they are safer for the environment than are many synthetic counterparts. Their extraction, purification and analysis are simple and fast, making them potential substitutes for their synthetic equivalents.
Graphic Abstract
... Ellagitannins are characterized by gallic acid and hexahydroxydiphenolic acid (HHDP) and they are relatively more stable compared to gallotannins because carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in ellagitannins can form covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. Most quinones have an unsaturated cyclic dione structure in the molecule, and anthraquinone and its derivatives are particularly important in traditional Chinese medicine (Beiki et al. 2018). These four types of biologically active substances have been proved to have strong functions and can also represent the substances with different functions in walnuts. ...
... For example, the sugar content in the walnut obtained from the west is usually higher than that obtained from the east, while the sugar content in the south is higher than in the north. The content of fat and linoleic acid in the west is often lower than in the east (Beiki et al. 2018). The difference in nutrients leads to a functional gap, but overall, the nutritional value of walnuts is very high. ...
Traditionally, walnuts have occupied an imperative position in the functional food market with consistently recognized nutritious and functional properties. In the past years, the lipid profile of walnuts has brought much scientific attention via linking a cascade of biological attributes and health-promoting effects. Over time, researchers have focused on diversified composition (polyphenols and vitamins) of different parts of walnut (flower, pellicle, and kernel) and emphasized their physiological significance. Consequently, a plethora of reports has emerged on the potential role of walnut consumption against a series of diseases including cancer, gut dysbiosis, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we accumulated the updated data on composition and classification, extraction methods, and utilization of different parts of walnuts as well as associated beneficial effects under in vivo and clinical studies. Altogether, this review summarized the ameliorative effects of a walnut-enriched diet in chronic diseases which can be designated to the synergistic or individual effects of walnut components mainly through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory role.
... Ceviz (Juglans regia L.), de Juglans cinsine ait bir bitki olup, başta Çin, ABD ve İran olmak üzere dünya genelinde yaygın olarak yetişmekte ve bu ülkelerden sonra en fazla ceviz üretimi ülkemizde gerçekleşmektedir (Bayazit vd., 2016;Kadiroğlu ve Ekici, 2018). Ceviz çoğunlukla meyve olarak tüketilmekte olup, yeşil kabukları, yaprakları kozmetik ve ilaç sanayide etken madde, tekstilde ise boyar madde olarak kullanılmaktadır (Beiki et al., 2017). Geleneksel tedavide ise yeşil kabukları ya da yapraklarının özellikle venöz yetmezlik ve hemoroit semptomlarının giderilmesinde antidiaretik, antihelmintik özelliklerinden yararlanıldığı bilinmektedir (Pereira et al., 2007). ...
... Geleneksel tedavide ise yeşil kabukları ya da yapraklarının özellikle venöz yetmezlik ve hemoroit semptomlarının giderilmesinde antidiaretik, antihelmintik özelliklerinden yararlanıldığı bilinmektedir (Pereira et al., 2007). Ceviz bitkisinin farklı dokuları ile yapılmış birçok antibakteriyel aktivite çalışması olup, yapılan bir çalışmada ceviz ekstraktlarının kozmetik ürünler içerisinde kimyasal bazlı koruyucular yerine potansiyel doğal koruyu olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir (Beiki et al., 2017). Bitkilerin tedavi edici özellikleri yapılarında bulunan fitokimyasallar sayesinde olup, bu bileşenler ile antibakteriyel, antioksidan, antikanser ya da insan sağlığı için önem arz eden birçok özellik göstermektedirler. ...
Abstract
Treatment with plants has gained more importance because of reaching critical limits to antibiotic resistant. In
this study phenolic compounds of walnut membrane was analyzed using by HPLC. Antibacterial activity of methanol and
ethanol extracts of juglans fruit membranes were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (Bacillus
cereus ATCC 11778, Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and clinical Staphylococcus spp. As a results;
it was observed that all extracts had antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains different rate (12 mm to 19 mm). The
lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was detected 1,01 mg/ml for reference strains. HPLC analysis
showed walnut membrane extracts have some phenolic acids and flavonoids such as gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin,
rutin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid.
Key words: Walnut membrane, phenolic, HPLC, antibacterial
... WH found its use in the cosmetic industry and natural and non-irritant hair dye. Beiki et al. [96] developed hair dye using WH as a dye, aloe vera as second, ferrous sulfate as the primary mordant, and ascorbic acid (developer). The hair dye resulted in dark brown color when applied to hair samples. ...
Walnut is among the four most consumed dry fruits around the globe. Apart from the edible walnut kernel, walnut fruit consists of a walnut shell (WS) and walnut husk/hull (WH), usually discarded in walnut processing and consumption. These walnut by-products are filled with beneficial compounds that find their use in different fields. This review summarizes recent developments and research on functional aspects of walnut waste (shell and husk/hull) in various fields. WS has many important bioactive compounds, including lignin, cellulose, oleic, and palmitic acids. The creation of WS and carbon-based materials, such as activated carbons and unmodified/modified WS, as adsorbents have been explored. Possible uses for WS-derived by-products include all-natural but powerful adsorbents for eliminating hazardous substances, such as heavy metals, dangerous compounds, and synthetic industrial colors. Similarly, WH also has many beneficial compounds like juglone. WH has antioxidant properties and can be used as textile and protein strainers. These wastes are used in agriculture, laboratory, medical, and food industries, which can be employed as sustainable and environment-friendly alternatives.
... The chemical degradation of sample matrices in solution involves wet digestion methods, usually to increase solubility with a combination of acids. Hydrogen peroxide is a vigorous oxidizing agent and is mainly used for the extraction of tissue samples (Beiki et al., 2018). This can be used for sufficient oxidation in conjunction with appropriate acids, and organic matter decomposition usually takes place at atmospheric pressure without the risk of an explosion in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids. ...
Micro (nano)plastics (MNPs) are pollutants of worldwide concern for their ubiquitous environmental presence and associated impacts. The higher consumption of MNPs contaminated commercial food can cause potential adverse human health effects. This review highlights the evidence of MNPs in commercial food items and summarizes different sampling, extraction, and digestion techniques for the isolation of MNPs, such as oxidizing digestion, enzymatic digestion, alkaline digestion and acidic digestion. Various methods for the characterization and quantification of microplastics (MPs) are also compared, including μ-Raman spectroscopy, μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis and Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we share our concerns about the risks of MNPs to human health through the consumption of commercial seafood. The knowledge of the potential human health impacts at a subcellular or molecular level of consuming mariculture products contaminated with MNPs is still limited. Moreover, MNPs are somewhat limited, hard to measure, and still contentious. Due to the nutritional significance of fish consumption, the risk of exposure to MNPs and the associated health effects are of the utmost importance.
... They reported same antibacterial activity against tested Gram positive bacteria including B. subtilis, S. aureus. [13] Moghaddam et al., showed ethyl acetate extract of J. regia husk were able to prevent the growth of S. aureus and B. cereus. In contrast with other studies they reported that aqueous extract has no antibacterial effect against B. cereus, S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). ...
Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the anti-bacterial effect of the Juglans regia dry husk ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Methods: A quantity of 200 g of dry husk was ground into powder and sieved until no large particles were found, then mixed with 1 L of 70% ethanol, yielding 20 g of J. regia paste after ethanol exclusion by vacuum evaporator and lyophilization. The Agar well diffusion method was used to detect the antibacterial activity. Statistical analysis was carried out using Welch’s t-test (unequal variances t-test) via R software. Results: The J. regia dry husk extract showed statistically significant higher bacterial growth inhibition in comparison with prophylaxis pumice paste for both S. mutans and Lactobacillus. Conclusion: Ethanolic dry husk extract has antibacterial activity against both S. mutans and Lactobacillus.
Keywords: antibacterial, dry husk, ethanolic extract, Juglans regia, Lactobacillus, Streptococus mutans
... Likewise, mordanting promotes color fastness and fixes dye in hair fibers. The most popular metal salts used as mordant agents are ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, and alum, although these substances are considered metal pollution sources (Beiki et al., 2018). Oxalic acid and tea water extract (tannin), which have the added benefit of being safe for human health, have also been employed as natural mordants for dyeing. ...
Almost all of the current hair dye products today contain synthetic chemicals which may cause allergic reactions in some users. Phycocyanin (PC), a non-toxic cyanobacterial pigment, has been used in the food and cosmetics sectors. There are however, been a few reports on the application of phycocyanin as a hair colorant. This study aimed to assess the biological qualities of phycocyanin for use in natural hair dye product. Phycocyanin was tested for use against anti skin-pathogen ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DMST 20625, Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916, Candida albicans DMST 21424, and Malassezia furfur M21), cytotoxicity of human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and tested for color fastness when used as a shampoo wash. According to the findings, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis phycocyanin has not shown the potential for use against anti-skin pathogenic microorganisms. While testing phycocyanin at the maximum doses of 2.5 mg/mL, the cytotoxicity test revealed that it is not hazardous to HaCaT cells. Bleached hair was dyed with a mixture of phycocyanin, natural developers, and mordants. A chroma meter was used to monitor color changes after shampoo washing. The findings revealed that phycocyanin has dyeability potential. 50% of the dyed hair color remained after 5 shampoo washes. The stability and color degradation of phycocyanin in hair dye powder formulation demonstrated good physical stability along with four cycles of heating/cooling. As a result, we can see that this pigment has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in natural hair dyes.
... Use of walnuts and walnut trees has a long history. Therefore, green husk, kernel, shell, or other parts such as flowers or leaves of walnut have always drawn attention and not only found place in conventional medicinal systems but they are also used in pharmaceutical and beauty industries [11][12][13]. ...
Objectives: Walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernel septum (or septa) (WKS), a traditional nutraceutical material in China, has not been explored in detail. In this study, antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant-oxidant status of WKS was investigated in case it may be clinically important in the management of various complications. Methods: The WKS was extracted with ethanol in a Soxhlet device. TPC of WKS was analysed by using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method. Antioxidant activity was obtained by using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. The antimicrobial activity of WKS was evaluated against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), one Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and one fungus (Candida albicans) strains using the agar diffusion method. Results: The TPC of WKS was found to be 119.42 ± 2.39 mg GAE/gDW. It was determined that total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were 7.542 ± 0.389 mmol/L, 3.718 ± 0.287 µmol/L and 0.049 ± 0.001, respectively. WKS selectively inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and fungus, while S. aureus was the most susceptible one with 16 mm of inhibition zone. Gram-negative bacteria was resistant to the extract. Conclusions: As far as we know, this paper is the first work that demonstrates the antioxidant-oxidant status of WKS by using the method described above, and moreover there are no scientific reports which have examined WKS in such a multidisciplinary experimental design. This study strongly supports the reported traditional use of WKS. Results indicated that WKS can be used as a pharmacological natural agent due to its high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
... Email: khawla.alzurfi@uokufa.edu.iq anti-inflammatory 10,11 , in addition to the antimicrobial activity 12 . Juglan regia tree normally known as walnut is considered as one of the important medicinal plants that have proven to be effective in therapeutic and beauty fields 13). ...
... Examples of natural colouring compounds include: Lawsone in Henna leaves Lawsonia inermis, carotenoids from Saffron flowers Crocus sativus, juglone from walnut Juglans regia, anthocyanin from flowers and calyxes of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa, anthocyanins from blackcurrant Ribes nigrum. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Using rhubarb for its colouring properties has modest scientific research confined to textile dyes either by itself or with the addition of colour mordant. [16][17][18] Regarding rhubarb safety profile, low to negligible toxicities were reported with the use of the oral extract. ...
Context: Dyeing hair with natural components derived from plant material is a common practice since ancient time. Variable colour shadows obtained from different plant extracts. The folkloric practices need optimization to find alternatives for the chemical dyes, which carry loads of health hazards. For decades, people use Rhubarb roots extract in treating chronic constipation and other minor health disorders. The pharmacological effects refer to their active constituents; anthraquinone glycosides. Hair dyeing properties of Rhubarb roots extracts need further scientific investigations. Aims: To evaluate the hair-dyeing properties of rhubarb's aqueous extract as an eco-friendly alternative to the commercially available hair dyes and to measure the fastness of the produced colour in different conditions. Methods: Identification of the plant material was done according to international specifications. Wool pieces dyed by aqueous extracts of rhubarb's roots and rhizomes under different conditions. Variables that might be affecting the dyeing process such as concentration, pH, using colour mordant, swelling agent, and dyeing time were studied. Spectroscopic methods used to record colourfastness measurements. Results and Conclusion: The extract of rhubarb roots and rhizomes show good dyeing properties. The obtained colours were pale yellow, intense yellow and pink. Colour fastness is enhanced and optimized using 2 mg/ml concentration, 2 h dyeing time, acidic pH, adding mordant and pretreating the fibres with a swelling agent.
... Examples of natural colouring compounds include: Lawsone in Henna leaves Lawsonia inermis, carotenoids from Saffron flowers Crocus sativus, juglone from walnut Juglans regia, anthocyanin from flowers and calyxes of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa, anthocyanins from blackcurrant Ribes nigrum. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Using rhubarb for its colouring properties has modest scientific research confined to textile dyes either by itself or with the addition of colour mordant. [16][17][18] Regarding rhubarb safety profile, low to negligible toxicities were reported with the use of the oral extract. ...
Context: Dyeing hair with natural components derived from plant material is a common practice since ancient time. Variable colour shadows obtained from different plant extracts. The folkloric practices need optimization to find alternatives for the chemical dyes, which carry loads of health hazards. For decades, people use rhubarb roots extracts in treating chronic constipation and other minor health disorders. The pharmacological effects refer to their active constituents; anthraquinone glycosides. Hair dyeing properties of Rhubarb roots extracts need further scientific investigations. Aims: To evaluate the hair-dyeing properties of rhubarb's aqueous extract as an eco-friendly alternative to the commercially available hair dyes and to measure the fastness of the produced colour in different conditions. Methods: Identification of the plant material was done according to international specifications. Wool pieces dyed by aqueous extracts of rhubarb's roots and rhizomes under different conditions. Variables that might be affecting the dyeing process such as concentration, pH, using colour mordant, swelling agent, and dyeing time were studied. Spectroscopic methods used to record colourfastness measurements. Results and Conclusion: The extracts of rhubarb roots and rhizomes show good dyeing properties. The obtained colours were pale yellow, intense yellow and pink. Colour fastness is enhanced and optimized using 2 mg/ml concentration, 2 h dyeing time, acidic pH, adding mordant and pretreating the fibres with a swelling agent.
... In addition, considering the presence of juglone, a natural dye, this byproduct can be used as a hair dye. It is also a profitable, valuable, environmentally friendly compound [23]. For the food industry, it is described as a natural antioxidant that could replace the use of synthetic additives [24] and can be also used as a functional additive in the meat industry as a low-cost source of valuable source of phytochemicals [24]. ...
The scarcity of natural resources and a higher incidence of diseases related to inappropriate eating habits have focused research on the search for food and nutraceutical products with functional properties that are respectful of the environment. Agro-industrial by-products are a profitable source for obtaining bioactive compounds, with various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, which contribute to immunity and reduce the negative effects of infections, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the case of the walnut oil industry, various by-products are generated, among which we can mention pomace, green shell, shell, skin and leaves. Therefore, there is an opportunity for the recovery of waste, the recovery of target molecules and the formulation of new products, whether they are nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, or food additives, contributing to the circular economy and consumer health. The nut is commonly characterized by its high content of lipids (58 - 65%), mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. In addition, the current literature states that its by-products are rich in phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids, for example total phenolic concentrations in the range 74 to 410 mg/g of GAE/FW are reported. In accordance, it is reported that the antioxidant potential of different extracts of nuts, shells and leaves was studied using different methods such as the reduction potency assay, scavenging effect of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and inhibition of lipid oxidation by β-carotene linoleate system, with EC50 values less than 1 mg/mL. The results obtained showed that all walnut extracts have a strong antioxidant capacity against ROS species. For this reason, this work focuses on the bibliographic review of the bioactive compounds present in the by-products of the walnut (Juglans regia) industry, as well as mentioning their biological properties and possible applications in the food industry.
... Walnut green husk contains a large amount of quinines (Maleita et al., 2017); (Meshkini and Tahmasbi, 2017). Most quinones have an unsaturated cyclic dione structure in the molecule, and anthraquinone and its derivatives are particularly important in traditional Chinese medicine (Beiki et al., 2018). The main quantity of phenolic compounds of walnuts is mostly presented in the hull (Fukuda and Yoshida, 2003). ...
... Accordingly, hair dye manufacturers and researchers have been investigating new sources of natural dyes and identifying their biological activities, colour characteristics, dyeing properties, formulations and safe use. [3][4][5] Natural dyes are colourants derived from plants, animals or minerals. Plants are the largest source of a wide variety of dyes given their extreme biodiversity, and many plants have traditionally been used as hair dyes in many different cultures. ...
There is now a preference for hair dye products containing natural dyes because they are safer for human use. Teak leaves contain flavonoids, anthraquinones and naphthoquinones, and their extracts can be used as natural dyes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of teak leaf extracts as natural hair dyes. This research was carried out on both young and mature teak leaves that were extracted either with water or with ethanol-water mixtures using the decoction method. The colour substances in the extracts were studied by quantifying the flavonoid and anthraquinone content, and identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); the colour values were measured with the CIELab system. The solubility, stability and hair dyeing efficacy of the extracts were assessed. The results showed that young leaf extract is redder with a higher total flavonoid content than mature leaf extract. Fifty percent ethanol was the best solvent for extracting the high flavonoids from teak leaves. Polysorbate 20 significantly increased the water solubility of both young and mature leaf extracts. Hair dyed with young leaf extract became reddish brown, while hair dyed with mature leaf extract became brown. Stability testing found some flavonoid degradation of the extracts, but only slight colour changes occurred in the extracts. The LC-MS profiles showed high-intensity flavonoid peaks that could be applied to control the colour quality of the extracts with other parameters. These results demonstrate that teak leaf extracts are effective natural hair dyes that can be used in the development of hair dye products.
... The influence of solvents of varying polarity on the extraction yields of phenolic extracts from walnut husks has been described in the literature [6] and the effects of geographical and climatic conditions on their phenolic and flavonoids contents were studied [7]. The walnut husk contains natural dyes, such as juglone which is a brown pigment [8], but also a potent antimicrobial and anticancer agent [9][10][11]. Several agricultural food wastes, such as pomegranate Akko peels [12], Vicia faba L. [13], banana peels [14], coffee pulp waste [15], mango peel and cocoa pod husk [16], were found to be potential sources of glucans and pectins. ...
Walnut green husk is an agricultural waste produced during the walnut (Juglans regia L.) harvest, that could be valued as a source of high-value compounds. In this respect, walnut green husks from two areas of Southern Italy (Montalto Uffugo and Zumpano), with different soil conditions, were investigated. Glucans and pectins were isolated from dry walnut husks by carrying out alkaline and acidic extractions, respectively, and then they were characterized by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The colorimetric method for the enzymatic measurement of α- and β-glucans was performed. The maximum total glucan yield was recovered from Montalto walnut husks (4.6 ± 0.2 g/100 g DM) with a β-glucan percentage (6.3 ± 0.4) higher than that calculated for Zumpano walnut husks (3.6 ± 0.5). Thermal analysis (DSC) confirmed the higher degree of crystallinity of glucans from Zumpano. The pectin content for Montalto husks was found to be 2.6 times that of Zumpano husks, and the esterification degree was more than 65%. The results suggested that J. regia L. green husks could be a source of glucans and pectins, whose content and morphological and thermal characteristics were influenced by different soil and climate conditions.
... They investigated dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial properties of dye samples. The results show that the extraction of walnut sources can be used as bio-dye without cosmetic effect (Beiki, Najafpour, and Hosseini 2018). Shahmoradi et al. dyed wool fabrics with walnut shell extract. ...
Reducing pollution in various industries such as textile is very important. In this study, the important approach was selected to reduce the pollution of dyeing process’s pollution, namely the selection of plant-based dyes and mordants. The dyes and mordants were extracted from ultrasonic media to obtain maximum efficiency with the least pollution. The extraction efficiency of madder, Reseda, and walnut husk in water with the ultrasound-assisted method was 23%, 33%, and 36%, respectively. The pre-mordanting method was used for mordanting, and to compare the results, Fe (ferrous) salt was selected as the mineral mordant. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) as analysis techniques were employed to investigate the extracts obtained and the changes in the fibers. The study of K/S (color strength) content of dyed samples showed that increasing the dye concentration of the dye increases the amount of K/S. The colorfastness properties of all samples were investigated using the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards. The wash, light, and rub fastness of dyed yarns were good, moderate, and good, respectively.
... Email: khawla.alzurfi@uokufa.edu.iq anti-inflammatory 10,11 , in addition to the antimicrobial activity 12 . Juglan regia tree normally known as walnut is considered as one of the important medicinal plants that have proven to be effective in therapeutic and beauty fields 13). ...
Juglans regia is one of the medicinal plants widely applied in many applications due to its pharmacological value and desirable characteristics of its parts. Hence, there is a motivation of medicinal and cosmetics applications. In this paper, the crude aqueous extracts from Juglan regia bark were screened for in vitro antibacterial properties against clinical isolates of Periodontitis bacterial causative agents (Granulicatella adiacens, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Kocuria spp. The antibacterial test was carried out using the Kirby Bauer method. The tested extract from this medicinal plant with the different concentrations (100 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml) were screened. The standard antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (5 μg/ml) and Cefotaxime (30µg/ml) were used as controls. The extract of 250 mg/ml being more effective in action as compared to the others. Furthermore, Kocuria spp showed the most isolate affected by the extract. This research has revealed the active inhibitory effect of bark extract against all the tested isolates. This extract contains active chemical components that contribute to biological activity thereby assisting to combat bacterial infections. However, many studies need to be carried out to identify the responsible constituents for growth inhibition.
... Yellow-brown dye [58,59] Indigofera tinctoria Indigotin Indigo dye [60] Green or environment-friendly cosmetics are manufactured from organically grown plant and fruit extracts and their concentrates [61]. The main reason for increasing consumer preferences toward these products is related to an increase in health awareness and environmental consciousness [62]. ...
Bioprospecting is a methodical search for natural ingredients and genes in wildlife that have the potential to be turned into industrial products by biological, genetic, and chemical manipulation and without harming nature. Bioprospecting in cosmetics has made leaps from utilizing plant seeds to fungi, from traditional and herbal cosmetics to vegan and natural products made from seaweed and oats. The undiscovered potential of our ecosystem and diverse species has never-ending possibilities of biological value. The chapter aims to outline the various aspects of bioprospecting in cosmetic industry addressing the need to keep in line with various ethical guidelines and enlisting various natural products in use in cosmetic industry.
... Several studies on specialized metabolites of J. regia L. documented the occurrence of primarily naphthoquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids, and diarylheptanoids (Amaral et al., 2004;Pereira et al., 2007;Wagner and Bauer, 1999). Although green husk, a waste from walnut (fruits) was not explored much for specialized metabolites however it had been studied as a natural source of dyeing and as antimicrobial agent for cosmetic products (Beiki et al., 2018). It was also studied as additives in meat processing (Salejda et al., 2016) and to preserve the quality of fresh walnuts during storage (Chatrabnous et al., 2018). ...
An undescribed anthraquinone assigned as 1-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone (compound 1) was isolated from ethylacetate extract of Juglans regia. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY), ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies of compound 1 indicated similar molecular interactions as that of co-crystalized inhibitor. Compound 1 showed hydrogen bonds with residues PHE295, GLY121, π-σ interactions with TYR 341, π-π interactions with HIS 447 residues, and π-alkyl with TRP86 and TYR 337. On the basis of in-silico interaction studies of compound 1 with proteins, it was tested using acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity test of zebrafish larva, and scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit model of adult zebrafish. The compound 1 showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity, prevented acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and improved learning and memory functions in T-maze test. The results established compound 1 to be a potential neuroprotective natural product for amelioration of cognitive impairment.
... Besides, it is a great replacement for sand in removing paints from various surfaces, Graffiti removal, and restoration of old buildings, ships, status, etc. [23]. As shown in Fig. 4, walnut shell commonly used in cosmetics industry for face and body scrubbing [24,25]. Moreover, utilizing its shell in oil well drilling prevents jamming and facilitate water circulation by injecting shell powder into well ( Fig. 4-d). ...
In the history of sustainable development, logistics has been thought of as one of the key factors in the supply chain network. In the meantime, the issue of Closed-loop Supply Chain (CLSC) has received considerable attention as it ensures many diverse industries toward sustainability. But many industries including agricultural section often fail to address and fulfill these requirements. In this study, a new CLSC network is designed for the walnut industry as a part of agricultural crop by conducting a complete review of the past studies. Therefore, a new Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) for the proposed network is developed minimizing the overall costs of the walnut industry. The designed network considers both forward and reverse flow not only to meet the demands of various markets, but also to prepare the returned products for the second use. In order to solve the proposed model, a set of exact, metaheuristics, and hybrid metaheuristics are employed. Finally, the best solutions are obtained by assessing the finest initial answers using Taguchi method. The results notoriously illustrated the excellent consistency between the proposed network and the employed algorithms along with its applicability and efficiency.
... Juglone and plumbagin can effectively kill cotton bollworms and cabbage caterpillars [18], as shown in Fig. 3. In addition, the green husks of walnuts have unique applications in the preparation of biomass fertilizers and the extraction of high-quality colorants and natural edible pigments [19,20]. ...
The walnut varieties in China are rich, the planting area in the country is wide, and the yield ranks at the forefront of the world. Walnut kernel is the most important application part of the walnut fruit. An in-depth study found that the by-products of walnut, such as green husk and walnut shell, also have great application potential and are cheap raw materials for the extraction of important medical ingredients and the production of industrial products. However, the by-products are often burned or discarded as waste during processing, which not only wastes resources but also causes environmental pollution. To realize the high value-added application of the walnut fruit, a deep processing of each part of the walnut should be considered. Preliminary processing is the key link before walnuts enter the field of intensive processing and consumption. The advanced level of the required technological equipment can help to determine the quality of the walnut products. The preliminary processing of walnuts in China is mainly divided into six steps: green husk removal, walnut drying, walnut size classification, walnut shell-breaking, walnut shell–kernel separation, and walnut kernel skin removal. This paper starts with a presentation of the importance of each link and the existing bottleneck. Then, the paper systematically discusses the analysis of the current situation and the development of devices required for each link. The working mechanism of each link type and its influence on the design of a corresponding device are summarized. On the basis of the corresponding working mechanism, this study classifies and summarizes the characteristics of the core mechanism of the devices for each preliminary process link; then, it evaluates and analyzes the existing typical mechanical devices according to their types. Finally, the influence rule of the various devices for each link in the preliminary processing is analyzed as a means of ensuring high-quality walnuts.
... Walnut husks have been proposed as a source of natural compounds as phenols that exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [1,[16][17][18], while studies on their potential as a substrate to produce biochar are lacking. The carbonized biomass obtained from the walnut husks can be used as an organic amendment and a soil improver, able to promote water and nutrient retention, thus reducing the need for water and chemical fertilizers. ...
... (Hydrogen peroxide reacts with polypeptide to form the cysteic acid) [26]. This band responded to the symmetric S-O stretch mode n(S-O) of the sulfonic group of cysteic acid formed by cysteine oxidation [27]. The shift in the peaks for amide III in all samples demonstrated the interaction of hair protein with H 2 O 2 molecules. ...
In order to investigate the relationship between breaking stress and whiteness in a bleaching treatment with laccase, hair samples from three biogeographically distinct populations were characterized by various chemical and physical techniques. Factors affecting whiteness and breaking stress were investigated by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that whiteness and breaking stress after bleaching are primarily influenced by the diversity of concentration of metal ions and functional groups in the hair. The hair samples with lower content of metal ions obtain better whiteness and higher stress retention. The presence of OH functional group increases the final whiteness of the hair sample, while lack of that not only decreases the whiteness but also leads to more stress loss. In addition, the presence of the C-C functional group also decreases the whiteness.
... Das et al. (2011) reported antimicrobial activity of dyes obtained from Acacia catechu, Pterocarpus marsupium, Toddalia asiatica and Ventilago denticulate against four bacterial strains Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. Beiki et al., (2017) successfully utilized main waste product obtained from walnut i.e. walnut husk as a source of dye which is capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria and fungus, proving its antimicrobial ability. ...
In recent years growing concerns about hazardous effects of synthetic dyes made researchers to focus more on reliable natural resources of dyes and to evaluate variability available. In present study, aqueous, ethanolic and alcoholic extracts of flowers of Pyrostegia venusta were used for dyeing cotton and silk in two ways – without mordanting and with two different chemical mordants i.e. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate and Copper Sulphate. As compared to aqueous extract, ethanolic extract exhibit darker color shade. Alcoholic extract fails to generate any color shade in both dyeing procedures. In dyeing without mordant procedure darkest and lightest colors obtained were Colonial sage and Ivory resp. It was found that Ferrrous ammonium sulphate exhibit darker coloration on cotton than the Copper sulphate. Dark husk gold was the darkest shade obtained by dyeing with mordant Ferrous ammonium sulphate. While silk exhibit two most lighter coloration i.e. Light sand and Coconut by dyeing with mordant Copper sulphate.
Keywords: Natural resources, Pyrostegia venusta, Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate, Copper Sulphate, mordants etc.
... Das et al. (2011) reported antimicrobial activity of dyes obtained from Acacia catechu, Pterocarpus marsupium, Toddalia asiatica and Ventilago denticulate against four bacterial strains Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. Beiki et al., (2017) successfully utilized main waste product obtained from walnut i.e. walnut husk as a source of dye which is capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria and fungus, proving its antimicrobial ability. ...
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... That is the case of the green 46 husks of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), a common species in Portugal (Pereira et al., 47 2007) and the most widespread nut tree in the world (Martínez et al., 2010). They are part 48 of the resulting waste from walnut (fruits) production and their extracts were already 49 proposed as a natural source of dyeing and antimicrobial agents for cosmetic products 50 (Beiki et al., 2018) or the reducing and stabilizing agents in the biosynthesis of gold 51 nanoparticles (Izadiyan et al., 2018). In the food area, walnut green husks were studied 52 as additives with functional properties in meat processing (Salejda et al., 2016) and their 53 extracts were applied to preserve the quality of fresh walnuts during storage (Chatrabnous 54 et al., 2018). ...
Juglans regia L. (walnut) green husks are an important fraction of waste resulting from the walnut production, thus representing an interesting natural matrix to explore as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the hydroethanolic extract of walnut green husks was studied considering the phytochemical composition and the biological activity using different cell model assays, most of them evaluated for the first time for this matrix.
From the HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSⁿ analysis, sixteen compounds were identified, being the extract mostly composed of naphthalene derivatives (including tetralone derivatives) and less abundant in phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols). The cytotoxic potential of the extract was assessed against tumour (MCF-7, NCI–H460, HeLa and HepG2) and non-tumour (PLP2) cell lines. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by inhibition of the oxidative haemolysis (OxHLIA) and the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the anti-inflammatory potential by the inhibition of the NO production by the RAW264.7 cell culture. The antibacterial effects of the extract were also evaluated against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The results obtained represent a stepping stone for the development of future applications using walnut green husks as a source of added value compounds with bioactive potential.
... Many medicinal plants are also excellent sources of pharmaceutical ingredients [5]. Lots of plant extracts have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-tumor activity, such as Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts having obvious effect on treating coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and hyperlipidemia [6,7]. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has the effects of inhibiting fungi, anti-allergy, unblocking blood vessels, improving brain function, delaying brain aging, enhancing memory, treating alzheimer's disease. ...
Walnut (Juglans regia) is an important economic tree specie, and has unique aroma in its leaf. In order to investigate the bioactive and bioenergy characteristic of compounds in ethanol and benzene extracts from fresh walnut leaf by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that ethanol and benzene extracst fresh walnut leaf contain abundant alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, phenols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, alkanes, esterscompounds, especially including dl-.alpha.-Tocopherol, juglone, squalene andlupeol, which are important bioactive components. The functional analytic result suggested that compounds from fresh walnut leaf extracts can be developed into raw materials for industries of biofuel, biomedicine, cosmetic, spices and food additive. The ethanol extract of fresh walnut leaf is more rich in biomedicine and food additives components, such as ketones, alkanes, aldehydes, amines, and acides compounds. The benzene extract of fresh walnut leaf is more rich in biofuels, spices, and cosmetic components, such as phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, olefines and quinones compounds.
... 33,34 However, a more detailed mechanistic study is required to substantiate this hypothesis. It is noted that applying excessive amounts of iron salts might pose a possible risk to consumers, 35 and therefore further work is required to determine the acceptable dosage of ferrous mordant in natural hair dyeing, or to find a safer alternative. ...
Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) leaves have been widely used as a natural plant colorant for hair dyeing and body art. However, the utilisation of henna dye extract in commercial colour cosmetics is compromised by its potential harmful effects to humans. This study demonstrates that spray‐drying encapsulation using maltodextrin and gum arabic as biocompatible polymeric carriers can be used as a promising strategy to detoxify henna dye extract while maintaining its hair dyeing efficiency for cosmetics. Henna extract‐loaded microcapsules with an average particle size of 4.1 μm were prepared with an excellent encapsulation efficiency (98.4%) and a negative zeta potential (−34.4 mV). The morphology and physicochemical properties of the microcapsules were characterised by comparison with a spray‐dried sample of neat henna extract. The in vitro toxicological results showed that the microencapsulation process significantly reduced the contact toxicity of henna extract towards human epidermal keratinocytes as well as to the eyes and skin. The encapsulated henna extract also exhibited improved storage stability at three different temperatures (4, 25 and 50°C) for 14 days. Furthermore, the microcapsules demonstrated satisfactory hair dyeing efficiency as natural colorants with good colour fastness towards light and washing.
The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the most grown nut tree crop in Central Europe. The aim was to study the full Hungarian walnut assortment with a distinct early spring phenology to detect the difference in phenolic profile in their green husks. Furthermore, the relationship between the presence and concentration of phenolic compounds and the tolerance/resistance of the observed cultivars to walnut bacterial blight was investigated. Examining the samples, significant differences were found between the concentrations of the different groups of phenolic compounds. Walnut blight immunity tests were also performed to clarify the role of phenolic compounds in the nut derived from a non-irrigated orchard. The Hungarian-bred local cultivars contained phenolic compounds in higher concentrations than the domesticated ones. There was a significant correlation between the budburst, as well as the pistillate flowers’ receptivity and the concentration of juglone. Cultivars with a low concentration of phenolic compounds were the most susceptible to walnut bacterial blight, except ‘Bonifác’.
Juglans regia L. commonly known as walnut is used as the most extensive and economical tree in the world. This review aims to study the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological potential of walnut. The literature has been collected from different online sources like science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, PubMed, etc. based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. An ethnomedicinal survey has also been conducted to document the traditional knowledge and uses of walnut among the local peoples of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. On surveying the local peoples in the different major walnut-producing areas, it has been followed that the walnut is locally used as a medicinal, nutritional, and commercial plant to treat common diseases and disorders in the locality. The survey has been conducted first time in the area and no study has been reported till now in the Jammu Division while some work has been reported in the Kashmir Division. Among the many bioactive compounds present in various plant parts, Juglone has been reported a significant anti-cancer compound in treating deadly cancer. This systematic review describes the significant knowledge and traditional information collected on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, habitat, macro-morphology, area of distribution, and pharmacological importance.
The aim of this work was to develop active packaging film by using chitosan/guar gum (CG) film matrix and walnut green husk extract (WE), for preservation of fresh-cut apple. WE was used as cross-linking agent to improve physicochemical properties, and as active substances to enhance antioxidant activity of CG films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results showed WE formed intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions with the film matrix, and microstructures of the film were more compact. With the increase of WE content (0–4 wt%), the mechanical properties of composite films were significantly enhanced, while permeability of water vapor and oxygen was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). When the amount of extract reached 4 wt%, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of composite film was significantly increased to 94.59%. CG-WE and CG films were used as active packaging materials to preserve fresh-cut apple. When stored at 4 °C for 10 days, CG-WE films showed better performance in reducing firmness, weight loss, total soluble solids and inhibiting browning and microbial growth of fresh-cut apples. Therefore, as a new type of active food packaging material, CG-WE films have good physical properties, and great potential in ensuring food quality and extending shelf life.
Green walnut husk (GWH) contains abundant active compounds and is valued as a potential source of natural antioxidants. This study aimed at assessing the impact of electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatment on the extraction yield and antioxidant activity of active compounds in GWH. The ultrasonic extraction of active substances was optimized by response surface method (RSM). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction revealed physical structure changes in GWH powder. After EBI pretreatment, the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenes in GWH increased by 18.88%, 43.00%, and 11.08%, respectively. Irradiation doses up to 30 kGy, DPPH, OH, and ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the crude extract were enhanced by 9.56%, 15.62%, 15.60%, and 36.98%, respectively. This was significantly different (P < 0.05) than the non-irradiated GWH. Therefore, EBI is a new pretreatment technology with potential application in the extraction and utilization of GWH.
The growing number of people in the world forces, among others increasing agricultural production. The benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops used as food and feed additives appear to outweigh the possible disadvantages of such crops. It is advantageous to improve the qualitative characteristics and the yield of GM plants in relation to unmodified crops. By interfering with the plant genome using genetic engineering, it is possible to quickly enrich or improve, for example, the taste and visual qualities, as well as the durability and/or protection of crops against pathogens, pests or herbicides, compared to traditional selection methods. In the European Union countries, there are legal regulations restricting or not allowing the cultivation and marketing of food products containing GM plants, mainly due to the high social aversion and controversy regarding the spread of GM plants in open crop systems, which is associated with potential interference with the natural ecosystems surrounding crops and a possible threat to biodiversity. In the United States, which is the world leader in the cultivation of genetically modified plants, there are no legal restrictions in this regard, except for the so-called Good Manufacturing Practice. The most widely grown GM crops in the world are soybean, maize, rice and canola, but also tomatoes and potatoes. For example, the transgenic cultivars of Roundup Ready™ soybean and TruFlex™ Roundup Ready® canola have enhanced resistance to the herbicide glyphosate, known under the trade name Roundup®. One of the transgenic maize cultivars grown is the Bt MON 810 cultivar, which exhibits pest resistance. It should be emphasized that agricultural production based on the cultivation of transgenic plants can bring economic benefits to both producers and consumers, while helping to reduce the problem of hunger, especially in developing countries.
Wheat and oilseed rape crops have always been exposed to a number of harmful environmental factors, but the changing climate intensifies the impact of these factors and poses a serious threat to their yield. The climatic and soil conditions have the greatest and decisive influence on the development of plants. Winter varieties of cultivated plants often struggle with spring frosts. Frozen soil in this period hinders the uptake of water and nutrients, which results in freezing. Plants damaged in this way are prone to fungal diseases. Brown rust is very common in winter wheat, and blackleg disease in oilseed rape. The greatest losses in wheat and oilseed rape crops in Poland are recorded due to the long-term water deficit and high temperatures. High temperatures in the spring and summer season increase the occurrence of weeds and pests, which also transmit serious diseases. Drought causes a reduction in the number of grains in the ears of wheat and a decrease in the fat content of oilseed rape seeds. Oilseed rape, due to the higher biomass production, is more susceptible to water deficit than wheat. The impact and severity of symptoms caused by individual biotic factors depend on the variety of wheat and oilseed rape, their development phase and the degree of infection. However, even small damage to oilseed rape and wheat caused by pests and diseases can result in a final reduction in their yield.
In this contribution, walnut green husk extract (WGHE) is explored to be inhibitor for the magnesium alloys in the NaCl solution. According to the electrochemical measurements, the optimal inhibition efficiency is only 44.8% with 1.0 g L⁻¹ WGHE. Moreover, it could not be further improved by increasing the concentration of WGHE. If the magnesium alloys samples are immersed in 1.0 g L⁻¹ WGHE solution for 48 h, the inhibition efficiency is enhanced to 92.5% under the same corrosive environment. The menadione, one of components in WGHE, makes the major contribution for the corrosion resistance. The elements and chemical groups included in the corrosive products are confirmed by the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) along with the molecular dynamics simulations and first principle calculations. The improved corrosion resistance is attributed to the complicate items including the adsorption of WGHE, the rupture of WGHE, and other reactions. This work is helpful to discover the green and biodegradable inhibitor from the agricultural waste for the magnesium alloys.
This chapter concerns the use of bioactive natural extracts as antimicrobial finishing for textiles to develop antimicrobial textiles. Recent concern about hygiene, to prevent passing of disease by clothing, and concern about toxicity and environmental damage from artificial finishes, has created a large market for, and great research and development interest in, natural antimicrobial finishes. Researchers need to make the clothing safe—for the wearer and for the Earth—without damaging the properties of the textiles that make the clothing enjoyable to wear. The Indian subcontinent is especially rich in herbal antimicrobials which accomplish all these goals. In recent research, the antibacterial activity of natural plants like seaweed, Terminalia chebula, Mirabilis jalapa, pomegranate rind and other natural bioactive plant-treated textiles have been reviewed.
In this paper, the response surface method was used to study the technology of dyeing wool fiber with walnut green peel pigment under the microwave-assisted method. The optimized pigment extraction process were: ethanol volume fraction 60%, extraction time 1 min, liquid-material ratio 24:1, microwave power 450 W, and the optimized mordant fixation process were: mordant fixation time 3 min, microwave power 270 W, amount of mordant fixing agent 7%, reducing agent dosage 22 g/L. The results showed that the use of microwave-assisted and new mordant fixing agent lanthanum chloride greatly improved the extraction efficiency of pigments, saved extraction costs, and significantly shortened the mordant fixation time, resulting in an environmentally friendly mordant fixation process.
Interest in natural hair dyes is continuously growing as these are green alternatives to synthetic dyes. A single natural dye may not be the right color for many people. In this study three different mixtures of famous natural hair dye Lawsonia inermis with different other plants were evaluated for their new shades and dyeing properties. Color strengths of naturally dyed hair were also compared with synthetic dyes and individual plants as well. Mordanting was carried out using some metals and a natural mordant which increased the color strength and wash durability of natural dyes. Colorimetric properties of dyed hair were obtained in terms of CIEL*a*b* and K/S values. Maximum value of K/S was obtained by postmordanting of dyed hair with ferrous sulfate. Yellowish brown to brown shades were obtained by natural dye combinations which were changed to black after application of mordants. The color strength was acceptable even after twenty washes. Overall color strength values of naturally dyed hair with plant mixtures were much higher than individual plants extract. However, these color strength values are very comparable with the synthetic hair dyes proving natural dye combinations be successful candidates for natural hair dyeing with good performance and properties.
Abstract: Background: With today’s increasing life expectations, the desire to look youthful plays
a bigger role than ever. The use of plants for this purpose has a history as old as that of mankind
himself. In the Traditional Persian Medicine, many herbal formulations have been reported for hair
growth promotion as well as improvement in the quality of hair.
Objective: The aim of this study is to introduce effective medicinal plants in Traditional Persian
Medicine for gray hair that can be used in new products.
Methods: The present study is an overview study and codified by the Library search method in the
main sources of Traditional Persian Medicine.
Results: After reviewing the selected book, we discovered that three types of formulations recommended for gray hair by traditional healers contain preventive, treatment, and dying compounds.
Our research indicated that the parts of the plants used most frequently in the treatment and preventive compounds are leaves, seeds, and fruit that are more often used as a topical oil or oral compound (electuaries). The majority of plant parts used in hair dyes are leaves, fruit, and gum which
all are used topically.
Conclusion: Synthetic-based formulations may cause several side effects on human health and
with the increasing popularity of the herbal drugs in hair care products, it is worthwhile to carry out
the systemic investigation on the efficacy of these formulations and their preparations. We hope
that this study could show a way of using Traditional Persian Medicine in hair care products in the
future.
Keywords: Gray hair, hair dying, hair growth, herbal medicine, traditional iranian medicine, traditional persian medicine.
In our previous work, we demonstrated that the dyeing of polyamide and wool fibers with methanolic extract of Juglans Regia fractions depended on several experimental conditions. In the current investigation, Fuzzy logic and response surface methodologies were compared and used to predict the dyeing behavior of wool and polyamide fibers with Juglans R. extract. The operational conditions studied here were: Juglans extract concentration (0.05-0.5%), time of dyeing (5-45 min), and temperature (50–95 °C) as input variables. Data was checked by measuring the color strength (K/S) as an output variable. To carry out the best suitable model, the root mean square error (RMSE), the relative mean absolute error (RMAE), and the mean relative percent error (MRPE) were used as performance criteria. Results indicated that MRPE values ranged between 0.25% and 0.6% which could be considered low and significant, according to literature. The RMSE values were less than K/S standard deviation. Overall, both methodologies proved their ability to predict the color strength measurement. Comparing their performance criteria, fuzzy logic methodology gave the least errors values suggesting that this method was more powerful than response surface methodology.
Natural dyes are environmentally friendly and have become important alternatives to synthetic dyes in some dyeing products. Therefore, better extraction and dyeing techniques need to be developed for the dyeing process of natural dyes. In this work, cotton fabric was dyed using turmeric extraction solution under an ultralow liquor ratio (materials to liquor ratio of 1:5) and ultrasonic-assisted conditions. Dye extraction using different dispersants and pH values has been investigated and three-factor-three–level Box–Behnken design was employed to explore the dyeing conditions. It was found that sodium dodecyl sulfate systems and ultrasonic waves can effective improve the dyeing depth under neutral condition. The K/ S value can reach 2.53 with ultrasonic power of 200 W, dyeing time of 30 min and temperature of 40℃. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the application of ultrasound did not cause obvious fiber damage. The developed technique could be used in the textile industry to make dyeing cotton fibers with natural dyes more sustainable than it is at present.
Background:
The presence of hair plays an important role in people's overall physical appearance and self-perception. As a result of increased life expectancy, the desire to look youthful plays a bigger role than ever.The use of medicinal plants is as old as mankind and the market will face many new products containing natural oils and herbs in coming years. In traditional Iranian medicine, many plants and herbal formulations are reported for hair growth as well as the improvement in hair quality. The aim of this article is to introduce effective medicinal plants in traditional Iranian medicine to prevent gray hair and advocate them as the new products.
Methods:
The present investigation is an overview study and has been codified by library search in the main sources of traditional Iranian medicine.
Results:
In traditional Iranian medicine, three types of formulations are proposed to prevent gray hair, namely (i) treatment compounds, (ii) preventive compounds, and (iii) hair dyes to color gray hairs. Our search showed that the main parts of a plant that is used in the treatment and preventive compounds are seeds and fruits. These are primarily in the form of topical oil or oral compound (electuary). The majority of plant parts used in hair dyes is from the fruit and/or leaves.
Conclusion:
Natural products are highly popular and the use of plant extracts in formulations is on the rise. This is because synthetic based product may cause health hazards with several side effects. Considering the increased popularity of herbal drugs in hair care, it is worthwhile to conduct systemic investigation on the production and efficacy of these drugs. We trust that our investigation would encourage the use of traditional Iranian medicine in future hair care products.
Acid and disperse dyes are two well-known synthetic materials that are primarily used for dyeing of nylon 6 fibres. Despite their good performance, several negative impacts on the environment, including air and water pollution, are major concerns to researchers. An alternative ecofriendly approach to the dyeing of nylon 6 is the use of natural dyes, given their abundant natural sources, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-allergic responses, and non-carcinogenic effects on human life. Based on these advantages, we extracted polyphenolic dyes from henna leaves, pomegranate rind, and Pterocarya fraxinifolia leaves and studied the dyeability on nylon 6 fabric using three compounds of aluminium sulfate, tannic acid, and tin chloride as toxic and non-toxic mordants before dyeing. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the nylon 6 fabric confirmed the coordination complexes and π–π bonding between the mordants and the dyes. Colorimetric and fastness results showed that the mordants increased the colour strength and improved the fastness properties of the fibres. Our results suggest that tin chloride and aluminium sulfate as metal mordants can be successfully replaced with tannic acid as a biomordant in the natural dyeing of nylon 6. Also, cost assay showed that dyeing of nylon 6 with extracted natural dyes from waste leaves could be a sustainable and economical substitute for synthetic dyeing.
In many countries, the search for new sources of natural colourants has recently been intense. This paper deals with the extraction procedure, dyeing behaviour, antifungal activity, and ultraviolet protection of Pterocarya fraxinifolia as a new natural source of dyes. Juglone was found as the main extracted compound after characterisation by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mordanting and subsequent dyeing of wool with extracted juglone were then performed to study the dyeability and antifungal activities. Three metal salts, aluminium sulfate, copper sulfate, and iron sulfate, were used as chelating materials. The colorimetric properties of samples were evaluated using a reflectance spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the washing and light fastness properties were tested according to ISO 105-CO3:1989 and ISO 105-B01:2014. Interestingly, we found P. fraxinifolia to be a source of strong antifungal compounds against microorganisms. Extracted juglone also exhibited strong protection activity against solar ultraviolet rays.
Natural dyes and enzymes have attracted a lot of attention due to their non-hazardous nature. In this research, wool fabrics were pretreated with the commercial protease at different concentrations over various times. The dyeing process was then carried out on the treated fabrics with the commercial madder and cochineal. Also, the central composite design analysis was used to design the relation between dye exhaustion and some properties of dyed wool including tensile strength, alkaline solubility, water drop absorption, and weight loss based on Design of Expert software. The response surface methodology was also applied to find the optimum conditions for the wool fabric pretreatment. The scanning electron microscopy was employed to indicate the influences of proteases on the fabric surface. The optimized proteases pretreatment on the wool surfaces has considerably improved the absorption of madder and cochineal and minimized the damage to appropriate physical properties. The adsorption kinetic of madder and cochineal on enzymatic wool fiber was fitted with a pseudo-second-order model. The rate of dyeing at different temperatures, as well as the values of standard affinity, entropy, and enthalpy, was calculated. The activation energy of dyeing with madder and cochineal at different temperatures are 23.79 and 30.96 kJ/mol, respectively, considering that these values are in the typical activation energy for physisorption. It was also found that wash, light, wet and dry rub fastness properties of the samples dyed along with protease have not changed significantly. This can be easily scaled up in the industry as a simple method using the commercial materials.
Natural dyes have attracted increasing worldwide attention because of the carcinogenicity and
environmental effects of synthetic dyes. In this study, wool fabric was treated with tannin-rich extracts of
Punica granatum peel and walnut shell in combination with some mordants. The effect of various
mordants on the colorimetric and antibacterial properties of wool fabrics was investigated. The results
showed that pretreatment with metallic mordants substantially improved the dyeing and fastness
properties of wool fabrics. The extracts of Punica granatum peel and walnut shell showed a significant
antibacterial activity at 5% concentration. In addition, antibacterial activity was dramatically enhanced
using metallic salts. The antibacterial activity of samples dyed with natural dyes and without any mordant
was not good, while the mordanted samples with copper, aluminum and tin salts obtained considerable
antimicrobial properties following lightening and washing fastness. The extracts of Punica granatum peel
and walnut shell can be considered as viable alternatives instead of artificial antibacterial agents for
hospital textiles as well as an effective anti-odour agent for sports and household textiles.
Today, natural colorants are emerging globally due to their safety and environmentally-friendly properties. Natural dyes have been employed in dyeing Persian carpet piles for many years. Food and fruit industry wastes are one of the main sources of colorants which can be employed for coloration of textiles. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), a member of the family Solanaceae, is used in food recipes. Anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the dark purple color of its skin. In this research, dyeing wool fibers was carried out using skin of eggplant powders. For this purpose, the Iranian wool was first treated with some metal salts including Fe(II), Sn(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and Al(III). These salts are commonly used as mordant to improve the wash and light fastness of natural dyed textiles. Wool fiber was then dyed with 50% owf powdered skin of eggplant. The colorimetric properties of the dyed yarns were evaluated with a reflectance spectrophotometer. The wash and light fastness of the samples were also measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. Results showed that skin of eggplant is a susceptible source for dyeing wool fibers.
Extraction of dyes from walnut using Soxhlet apparatus has been studied. The color components extracted and isolated from walnut shells were characterized by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and infrared (IR) techniques. Natural dye extract obtained from the walnut was used in dyeing polyamide fabrics with different mordants. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. As such, the relationship between antibacterial activity and dye concentration is investigated. Durability of antibacterial activity to laundering is also discussed. Results indicate that the polyamide dyed with walnut displayed excellent antibacterial activity in the presence of ferric sulfate, cupric sulfate, and potassium aluminum sulfate and exhibited good and durable fastness properties.
In the present study, microwave-assisted extraction was compared with conventional approaches for the efficient extraction of juglone and other phenolics from Juglans regia bark. The effect of different solvents was also studied and ethyl acetate was found to be a better solvent in terms of juglone yield and stability. Further, a simple and fast RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of juglone and other bioactive phenolics like gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, myricetin, and quercitrin in these extracts. In addition, the extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against 16 microorganisms where all the extracts showed broad spectrum activity.
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy, and approximately 100 different hair dye chemicals are allowed.
To examine whether PPD is an optimal screening agent for diagnosing hair dye allergy or whether other clinically important sensitizers exist.
Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine consecutive patients in 12 dermatology clinics were patch tested with five hair dyes available from patch test suppliers. Furthermore, 22 frequently used hair dye ingredients not available from patch test suppliers were tested in subgroups of ∼ 500 patients each.
A positive reaction to PPD was found in 4.5% of patients, and 2.8% reacted to toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD), 1.8% to p-aminophenol, 1% to m-aminophenol, and 0.1% to resorcinol; all together, 5.3% (n = 156). Dying hair was the most frequently reported cause of the allergy (55.4%); so-called 'temporary henna' tattoos were the cause in 8.5% of the cases. p-Methylaminophenol gave a reaction in 20 patients (2.2%), 3 of them with clinical relevance, and no co-reaction with the above five well-known hair dyes.
Hair dyes are the prime cause of PPD allergy. PPD identifies the majority of positive reactions to PTD, p-aminophenol and m-aminophenol, but not all, which justifies additional testing with hair dye ingredients from the used product.
Different cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves (Cv. Lara, Franquette, Mayette, Marbot, Mellanaise and Parisienne) grown in Portugal, were investigated in what concerns phenolic compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Phenolics analysis was performed by reversed-phase HPLC/DAD and 10 compounds were identified and quantified: 3- and 5-caffeoylquinic acids, 3- and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acids, p-coumaric acid, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-pentoside derivative, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-xyloside and quercetin 3-rhamnoside. The antimicrobial capacity was screened against Gram positive (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungi (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans). Walnut leaves selectively inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria, being B. cereus the most susceptible one (MIC 0.1mg/mL). Gram negative bacteria and fungi were resistant to the extracts at 100mg/mL. Lara walnut leaves were also submitted to antibacterial assays using 18 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus sp. Antioxidant activity was accessed by the reducing power assay, the scavenging effect on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and beta-carotene linoleate model system. In a general way, all of the studied walnut leaves cultivars presented high antioxidant activity (EC(50) values lower than 1mg/mL), being Cv. Lara the most effective one.
We present the case of a 72-year-old woman observed for dermatitis on the legs followed by apperance of erythema on the eyelids. She had a past history of peripheral venous insufficiency and had been using self home-made Aloe vera juice over the legs for relief from pain. Patch tests showed positive reactions to the leaf of Aloe, the macerated Aloe jelly, and nickel sulfate. Although most manufacturers process Aloe products avoiding its irritant extracts, and probably as a consequence reports of allergic reactions are rare, one must remember that the growing popularity on the use of Aloe products may stimulate its use 'as is' by the patients. Furthermore, it is important to specifically ask patients about the use of these products, because they consider it as innocuous and thus would not spontaneously provide such information.
Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) has been widely used as a red dye throughout history. Acid-sensitive colorants present in madder, such as glycosides (lucidin primeveroside, ruberythric acid, galiosin) and sensitive aglycons (lucidin), are degraded in the textile back extraction process; in previous literature these sensitive molecules are either absent or present in only low concentrations due to the use of acid in typical textile back extraction processes. Anthraquinone aglycons alizarin and purpurin are usually identified in analysis following harsh back extraction methods, such those using solvent mixtures with concentrated hydrochloric acid at high temperatures. Use of softer extraction techniques potentially allows for dye components present in madder to be extracted without degradation, which can potentially provide more information about the original dye profile, which varies significantly between madder varieties, species and dyeing technique. Herein, a softer extraction method involving aqueous glucose solution was developed and compared to other back extraction techniques on wool dyed with root extract from different varieties of Rubia tinctorum. Efficiencies of the extraction methods were analysed by HPLC coupled with diode array detection. Acidic literature methods were evaluated and they generally caused hydrolysis and degradation of the dye components, with alizarin, lucidin, and purpurin being the main compounds extracted. In contrast, extraction in aqueous glucose solution provides a highly effective method for extraction of madder dyed wool and is shown to efficiently extract lucidin primeveroside and ruberythric acid without causing hydrolysis and also extract aglycons that are present due to hydrolysis during processing of the plant material. Glucose solution is a favourable extraction medium due to its ability to form extensive hydrogen bonding with glycosides present in madder, and displace them from the fibre. This new glucose method offers an efficient process that preserves these sensitive molecules and is a step-change in analysis of madder dyed textiles as it can provide further information about historical dye preparation and dyeing processes that current methods cannot. The method also efficiently extracts glycosides in artificially aged samples, making it applicable for museum textile artefacts.
An attempt was made to print cotton fabric with pigments using a new thickening agent based on Aloe vera gel in combination with sodium alginate. The results were compared with the standard conventional printing recipe containing synthetic thickener, and a favourable effect of Aloe vera introduction was achieved. The results show that the properties of the printed fabric (sharpness, colour yield, overall fastness properties, softness, and water vapour transmission) are dependent on the percentage of Aloe vera gel in the thickener combination, the concentration of printing auxiliaries, and the curing conditions. Optimal printing properties were achieved by using a printing paste containing 80% Aloe vera/20% sodium alginate (700 g kg−1), pigment (50 g kg−1), binder (145 g kg−1), fixer (10 g kg−1), and ammonium sulfate (5 g kg−1), followed by drying at 85 °C for 5 min and curing at 150 °C for 3 min. The sample printed with the new recipe showed superior rubbing fastness and handle properties, with a slightly lower colour yield, when compared with the sample printed with synthetic thickener. Finally, economic issues arising from synthetic thickener substitution are highlighted.
Metal mordanting, or the application of metal salts, is a common method of improving the light fastness in dyeing with natural colourants. This review presents the results from a survey of the literature on metal mordanting to assess what levels of correlation exist between mordant-induced effects (changes in colour and colour depth) and the changes in light fastness, what is known about the mechanisms of mordant-induced improvements of light fastness, and how the salt levels used in coloration processes compare with the limits on metal levels in wastewater and on the dyed substrates. No strong interrelationships are found between the mordant-induced effects and light fastness improvements. Knowledge about mechanisms of mordant effect on light fastness appears, in large part, to be derived from empirical correlations. However, as light fastness is affected by a multitude of factors, the correlations do not always hold true. It is found that residual metal contents in spent dye/mordanting liquors are generally not reported. However, with rough calculations, it is estimated that, with even the lowest reported salt concentrations, the metal contents in spent liquors exceed environmental release limits. The metal contents on dyed substrates are also not generally reported, but similar estimations show that the contents of heavy metal on dyed substrates (when copper and chromium salts are used as mordants) also exceed limits. On the basis of these observations, the authors make suggestions for elements to be included in investigations on furthering the use of natural colourants in textile dyeing.
In the present study an attempt has been made to propose the application of natural dye from Ixora coccinea L., commonly known as Jungle geranium, in the field of textiles and cosmetics. Dyeing with I. coccinea colourant with different combinations of mordants resulted in different shades, such as pink, lilac, and grey shades. The dyed samples were tested according to ISO standard test methods. The samples dyed with combinations of stannous chloride/ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride/ammonium ferrous sulphate were found to have good wash, rubbing, and light fastness properties. Moreover, an effort was made to formulate lip balm. The formulation was evaluated for its stability at 25 and 40 °C for 90 days. The colour of the product was assessed by measuring the L*a*b* values. The product offers excellent properties of smoothness, spreadability, and stability at 25 °C.
Cosmetics, preparations repeatedly applied directly to the human skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails, should be safe for health, however, recently there has been increasing concern about their safety. Unfortunately, using these products in some cases is related to the occurrence of unfavourable effects resulting from intentional or the accidental presence of chemical substances, including toxic metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic and nickel, as well as aluminium, classified as a light metal, are detected in various types of cosmetics (colour cosmetics, face and body care products, hair cosmetics, herbal cosmetics, etc.). In addition, necessary, but harmful when they occur in excessive amounts, elements such as copper, iron, chromium and cobalt are also present in cosmetic products. Metals occurring in cosmetics may undergo retention and act directly in the skin or be absorbed through the skin into the blood, accumulate in the body and exert toxic effects in various organs. Some cases of topical (mainly allergic contact dermatitis) and systemic effects owing to exposure to metals present in cosmetics have been reported. Literature data show that in commercially available cosmetics toxic metals may be present in amounts creating a danger to human health. Thus, the present review article focused on the problems related to the presence of heavy metals and aluminium in cosmetics, including their sources, concentrations and law regulations as well as danger for the health of these products users. Owing to the growing usage of cosmetics it is necessary to pay special attention to these problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigments from six species of Thai plants were water extracted at various temperatures and pH levels to generate eco-friendly dyes intended for application in alternative natural hair dyeing products. Sappan tree extracts gave greater yield than beleric myrobalan, false daisy, thao yanang, kae lae, and turmeric. False daisy, kae lae and thao yanang extracted with water at 100 °C-pH 9, sappan tree extracted with water at 25 °C-pH 9, beleric myrobalan extracted with water at 25 °C-pH 7, and turmeric extracted with water at 4 °C-pH 5 obtained the greatest yields within its species. The hue angle of extracts from all species ranged from yellowish, brownish and greenish color, and their absorption wavelengths ranged from 400 to 666 nm. The extracted pigments were peridinin, 19-but-fucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin and DV chlorophyll b. When these extracts were applied for hair dyeing, the extracts of false daisy, kae lae, beleric myrobalan, and sappan tree mixed with ascorbic acid (a natural developer) and ferrous sulfate (a mordant agent), gave a dark reddish-brown to orangish-brown color. The dyed hair revealed excellent color strength, a smooth hair surface morphology, high-affinity interaction, and color fastness up to fifteen shampoos.
The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of using a bentonite-type clay as a promising substitute for mordants in the natural dyeing of wool with madder. Wool yarn was treated with nanoclay by using three conventional methods of pretreatment (before dyeing), simultaneous dyeing with madder in the presence of clay, and aftertreatment (after dyeing). Madder was used as a natural source of colorant. The scientific methods employed in this study included Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, moisture regain measurement, tensile strength tests, reflectance spectrophotometry, and fastness evaluation. The intensity of the major peaks in the Fourier Transform-infrared spectra of the nanoclay-treated wool yarn indicated chemical changes in the polypeptide functional groups in the wool structure. Madder exhibited higher dyeing properties on clay-pretreated samples compared with untreated wool. The results of colour measurements showed that the colour strength of the dyed samples improved with an increasing amount of clay in the pretreatment baths.
Walnut green husk is an agro-forest waste generated in the walnut (Juglans regia L.) harvest that could be valued as a source of natural compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. At this respect, the effect of the solvent (water, methanol, ethanol and 50% aqueous solutions of methanol and ethanol) on the extraction yields and extracts bioactive properties was analysed. Total phenols content of the extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method. Extract antioxidant activity was evaluated using the reducing power assay and by the ability of the extracts to scavenge the DPPH radical. The scavenging effect of the aqueous extracts on the nitric oxide radical was also evaluated. The highest extraction yield was achieved with water (44.11%) and high bioactive potential was shown by the samples extracted with water/ethanol (1:1) (84.46 mg GAE/g extract; EC50 = 0.95 mg/mL for reducing power and EC50 = 0.33 mg/mL for DPPH assay). All the antioxidant properties analysed showed a concentration-dependent activity. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extracts was assessed and showed ability to inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of the walnut green husk as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.
Indigo carmine can be used as a source of blue dye for wool and hair dyeing. The option to use indigo carmine in combination with other natural dyes in a one-bath procedure as a hybrid dyeing concept is of interest both for natural dyeing and for coloration of hair. The present study shows that indigo carmine dyeing on wool exhibits the substantial sorption in the range of pH 4–5 and temperature between 40 and 60°C. Experiments with human hair samples indicate that the experiments on wool can serve as a model that can be applied for hair dyeing. Comparisons of the energy, water and chemical consumption between two-bath dyeing with indigo and natural dyes separately and a one-bath dyeing using indigo carmine together with other natural dyes demonstrates the advantages of the one-bath hybrid dyeing concept.
Calls for the use of natural colorants on textiles has been just one of the consequences of increased environmental awareness. However, these demands are often misguided because, whereas the dyes themselves are harmless, the necessary fixatives can be very pollutive. Gill Dalby has focussed her attention on this problem. Here she offers some recipes for ‘cleaner’ mordants which she says also improve light and wash fastness as well.
A novel method for dyeing human hair fibres using coloured silica nanoparticles of 206 nm has been developed. Diffusion of coloured silica nanoparticles into hair fibres has been investigated; silica nanoparticles do not penetrate at all, or do so only sparingly, into the structure of Caucasian virgin hair. However, coloured silica nanoparticles diffused readily into bleached hair fibres. Scanning electron microscopy showed that coloured silica nanoparticles were present mainly in the outer regions of the hair structure (the inner layers of the cuticle and the outer region of the cortex). It was found that the silica nanoparticles were physically entrapped in the hair fibres and results showed a good shampoo fastness to washing.
This work is an attempt to examine the effect of Rheum emodi L as dye and its dyed wool yarns against two bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) species. The dyeing was carried out using 5% and 10% o.w.f. dye concentration in presence and absence of ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride and alum mordants. The colour strength, CIELab values and fastness properties of dyed samples were also assessed. FTIR spectra of untreated, mordanted and dyed wool yarn were investigated to study the interaction between fibre, mordant and dye. The structural morphology of wool yarn was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The susceptibility tests for R. emodi L were carried out in terms of disc diffusion, growth curve and viability assays against all the tested microorganisms. Dyed samples showed very effective antimicrobial properties showing more than 90% microbial reduction in both bacterial as well as fungal population.
In recent years, the use of low-environmental impact biotechnology giving rises to new types of treatment in the textile industry. The use of protease enzymes to improve some physical and mechanical properties such as smoothness, drapeability, dyeing affinity and water absorbency is particularly interesting. In this research, wool yarns were first treated with different concentrations of protease enzymes in water solution including 1, 2, 4 and 6% o.w.f. for 60 min. The dyeing process was then carried out on the treated yarns with madder (50% o.w.f.). Tensile strength of treated yarns was decreased due to enzyme treatment and it continued to decrease with an increase in enzyme concentration in solution. The L* values decreased for the samples treated with enzyme. The wash and light fastness properties of samples were measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. The washing fastness properties of treated samples were not changed. In the case of light fastness properties, it was increased a little for 4% and 6% enzyme treated samples.
We attempt to review the safety assessment of personal care products (PCP) and ingredients that are representative and pose complex safety issues. PCP are generally applied to human skin and mainly produce local exposure, although skin penetration or use in the oral cavity, on the face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure. In the EU, US and Japan, the safety of PCP is regulated under cosmetic and/or drug regulations. Oxidative hair dyes contain arylamines, the most chemically reactive ingredients of PCP. Although arylamines have an allergic potential, taking into account the high number of consumers exposed, the incidence and prevalence of hair dye allergy appears to be low and stable. A recent (2001) epidemiology study suggested an association of oxidative hair dye use and increased bladder cancer risk in consumers, although this was not confirmed by subsequent or previous epidemiologic investigations. The results of genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies suggest that modern hair dyes and their ingredients pose no genotoxic, carcinogenic or reproductive risk. Recent reports suggest that arylamines contained in oxidative hair dyes are N-acetylated in human or mammalian skin resulting in systemic exposure to traces of detoxified, i.e. non-genotoxic, metabolites, whereas human hepatocytes were unable to transform hair dye arylamines to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. An expert panel of the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is no evidence for a causal association of hair dye exposure with an elevated cancer risk in consumers. Ultraviolet filters have important benefits by protecting the consumer against adverse effects of UV radiation; these substances undergo a stringent safety evaluation under current international regulations prior to their marketing. Concerns were also raised about the safety of solid nanoparticles in PCP, mainly TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreens. However, current evidence suggests that these particles are non-toxic, do not penetrate into or through normal or compromised human skin and, therefore, pose no risk to human health. The increasing use of natural plant ingredients in personal care products raised new safety issues that require novel approaches to their safety evaluation similar to those of plant-derived food ingredients. For example, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising tool to assess the safety of substances present at trace levels as well as minor ingredients of plant-derived substances. The potential human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients is increasingly estimated on the basis of in vitro skin penetration data. However, new evidence suggests that the in vitro test may overestimate human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients due to the absence of metabolism in cadaver skin or misclassification of skin residues that, in vivo, remain in the stratum corneum or hair follicle openings, i.e. outside the living skin. Overall, today's safety assessment of PCP and their ingredients is not only based on science, but also on their respective regulatory status as well as other issues, such as the ethics of animal testing. Nevertheless, the record shows that today's PCP are safe and offer multiple benefits to quality of life and health of the consumer. In the interest of all stakeholders, consumers, regulatory bodies and producers, there is an urgent need for an international harmonization on the status and safety requirements of these products and their ingredients.
We studied the effect of ascorbic acid on histamine-induced airway constriction in 17 healthy subjects; we also investigated its effect on guinea pig tracheal strips in vitro. Ventilatory function was measured by recording partial expiratory flow-volume (PEFV) curves on which maximum flow rates at 50 per cent VC and at 25 per cent VC were calculated. Following oral administration of 500 mg. ascorbic acid, the mean reductions of V̇max at 50 per cent VC and V̇max at 25 per cent VC after histamine inhalation were significantly smaller in comparison with placebo administration (P < 0.01). In the guinea pig trachea preparation, ascorbic acid reduced contractions induced by histamine and relaxed this tissue in the absence of other agents. Propranolol did not block the effect of ascorbic acid in man (80 mg. orally), but in vitro relaxations of tracheal strips by ascorbic acid were reduced by 2.5 μg propranolol. Ascorbic acid probably has a direct effect on airway smooth muscle; in the guinea pig trachea its effect may be mediated by γ-adrenergic receptors.
Scientific investigations on Aloe vera have gained more attention over the last several decades due to its reputable medicinal properties. Some publications have appeared in reputable Scientific Journals that have made appreciable contributions to the discovery of the functions and utilizations of Aloe--"nature's gift." Chemical analysis reveals that Aloe vera contains various carbohydrate polymers, notably glucomannans, along with a range of other organic and inorganic components. Although many physiological properties of Aloe vera have been described, it still remains uncertain as to which of the component(s) is responsible for these physiological properties. Further research needs to be done to unravel the myth surrounding the biological activities and the functional properties of A. vera. Appropriate processing techniques should be employed during the stabilization of the gel in order to affect and extend its field of utilization.
The total phenols content and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were studied in walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husks aqueous extracts of five different cultivars (Franquette, Mayette, Marbot, Mellanaise and Parisienne). Total phenols content was determined by colorimetric assay and their amount ranged from 32.61 mg/g of GAE (cv. Mellanaise) to 74.08 mg/g of GAE t (cv. Franquette). The antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts was assessed through reducing power assay, scavenging effects on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and beta-carotene linoleate model system. A concentration-dependent antioxidative capacity was verified in reducing power and DPPH assays, with EC50 values lower than 1 mg/mL for all the tested extracts. The antimicrobial capacity was screened against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and fungi. All the extracts inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria, being Staphylococcus aureus the most susceptible one with MIC of 0.1 mg/mL for all the extracts. The results obtained indicate that walnut green husks may become important in the obtainment of a noticeable source of compounds with health protective potential and antimicrobial activity.
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