Abstract
This book brings together edited extracts from classic texts by the internationally renowned feminist sociologist, Ann Oakley. Many of Oakley’s early works are out of print and this collection makes them available again. There are extracts from pioneering studies such as Sex, Gender and Society, The Sociology of Housework, Becoming a Mother and Women Confined, presented alongside some of Ann Oakley’s more recent reflections on methodology, scientific method and research practice. The book illustrates how Oakley’s thinking has evolved over a period in which much in the field of gender and women’s studies has changed. Each section of the book is prefaced by Oakley’s reflections on how her original studies relate to more recent research and theoretical perspectives. There are many points of intersection with modern debates about how (and whether) to ‘do’ gender and what terms such as ‘women’ and ‘men’ really mean. The result is a valuable commentary on thirty years’ work on women, gender and social science methodology which will be of interest to many, especially undergraduate and A-level students, as well as all those grappling with current issues about the past and future of work in the contested areas of gender, women’s studies and feminist social science.
... Feminist epistemology has critiqued the masculine protocol to interviews and how people are treated as controllable, objective data sets (Oakley, 2005;Taylor, 1998). Stanley and Wise (1993, p. 203) argue 'we do not find such an approach helpful, for it separates off a particular and distinct kind of behaviour -'research'and specifies a set of ethical principles which should govern it and which are different from those that govern other kinds of social relationships'. ...
... Although time-consuming, transcription did allow for some reflection on the interview itself and some of the data produced. Once the interviews were transcribed, they were proof-read by the researcher and then emailed to the interviewee; an example of the feminist influence of reciprocity throughout the research process (Oakley, 2005;Taylor, 1998). This was especially so because anonymity would not be preserved due to the interviewees' high-profile position as either academics and/or activists in the W&SM. ...
... A variety of scholars have discussed the impact of males conducting research on females (Oakley, 2005;Stanley and Wise, 1993), especially in the sociology of 67 sport, where the previous dominance of malestream texts have angered some feminist academics in sport (see chapter two). For example, Guttmann (2005, p. 23), a man, has claimed a 'regret that some feminist historians let me know, before and after I finished my research, that they resented my intrusion into what they considered their exclusive 'turf". ...
It is widely recognised that women encounter barriers to participation and involvement in sport. How these issues have gained recognition and become legitimised within dominant sporting and non-sporting rhetoric is less well understood. The lobbying and activism of women and sport organisations has been relatively overlooked in favour of making sense of the growing awareness of how the structure and practice of sport subordinates women. Based on an interpretive thematic analysis of documents from the Anita White Foundation International Women and Sport Movement Archive and 21 semi-structured interviews with 24 key personnel from women and sport organisations, this thesis uses social movement literature to focus on the processes involved with mobilising and politicising women's activism in sport, predominantly the period 1949 to 1997. Over time, uncoordinated groups of disparate women became a collective and formalised into national, regional, and international organisations. The mobilisation of a variety of resources by these groups has helped to affect positive change for women and sport through the publication of major governmental and non-governmental discourse, for example. However, the most substantial work to have focused on this activism also provides a strong critique with regard to whether the white, Western women who have directed global advances for women and sport represented difference through their dialogue (Hargreaves, 2000). This thesis challenges this critique by using social movement literature and postcolonial feminist theory to provide reasons both for why the movement has predominantly grown in Western contexts, and, why it has struggled to connect with some non-Western areas. The thesis provides the 'Women and Sport Movement (W&SM)' as a term to encompass women and sport activism, and includes an analysis of the origins, development, and relations between different women and sport organisations nationally and internationally, the outcomes and impact of their activism, and possibilities for future directions.
... Within the last century in the Western world, the socio-cultural context of birth has altered, from one in which women supported women in birth as a natural process, to one where birth is perceived as risky and hence necessitates managing (Kirkham, 2010;Oakley, 2005). Alongside this cultural change has come an identification of birth as a potentially traumatic event, with long-term negative sequelae for women and their families (Ayers, Bond, Bertullies & Wijma, 2016;. ...
... In the last century in the developed world, there have been multiple changes in the sociocultural norms of childbirth. The model of intrapartum care women receive in the UK is influenced by the paradigm of birth as a biomedical and technological event, (Oakley, 2005). ...
... As she indicates, mothers in the UK have access to many life-saving interventions (Downe, Simpson & Trafford, 2007) -which can also become life threatening if over used (Tew, 1995). Oakley (2005) attributes this change to the introduction of men and patriarchy into what was previously an almost exclusively female concern, and describes the model of maternity care current in the UK as a 'reproductive machine model ' (p.34). Significantly she notes that it is now almost unknown to have a birth without medical intervention in the UK (Oakley, 2005). ...
https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:17083
Background: A significant number of women experience childbirth as traumatic, with long-term negative sequelae. Little is known about the choices women make in subsequent pregnancy(s)/birth(s). Understanding the choices women make, and why, is necessary to offer appropriate support to women traumatised by their previous birth(s).
Question: What choices do women make in the perinatal period, when they have previously experienced a traumatic birth?
Method: Nine pregnant UK-based women who had previously experienced a traumatic birth were recruited to a longitudinal feminist grounded theory study, via online pregnancy and parenting forums. Interviews were carried out in early pregnancy, pre-birth, and postnatally (27 interviews).
Results: Findings suggest that women gathered and analysed information from a variety of sources, often at an early stage (even pre-conception) to make choices about birth. Women made decisions throughout pregnancy in order to have the birth they wanted.
Participants expressed difficulty in trusting healthcare professionals because of their previous experiences, and needed recognition that trust had to be rebuilt. Each woman located the power to support her birthplan in someone different. Anticipating a lack of support for their plans, women prepared for appointments as though each would be a battle. When each woman met the person whom she believed could agree her choices, if they offered support for her plans, she experienced relief. If that support was denied, it was devastating.
If women were able to develop trusting relationships with healthcare professionals during pregnancy, this birth was likely to be a positive experience. Similarly, support from partners was an indicator for a positive birth experience.
Conclusions: This thesis explores relationships between women, information, birthplans and trust, and proposes a care pathway for women who have previously experienced a traumatic birth. The care pathway advocates continuity of care from a single appropriate carer, who provides information, and supports the early formulation of a birthplan.
... Understanding the effects that these experiences have on mothers and the interdependent communities to which they belong is also important to the larger ongoing study. Informed by feminist methods (Hesse-Biber, 2014;Leavy & Harris, 2019;Oakley, 2005), this qualitative study centers on participants' lived experiences. ...
... It is always important to understand participants' experiences of research processes (Oakley, 2005). Given the limited literature available on text message-based research strategies, this was especially important in the present study. ...
... Feminist researchers are also called to make conscious efforts "to include the excluded" (Jaggar & Wisor, 2015, p. 512) and text message-based data collection provides the ability to do so in ways participants feel they can engage with positively, without the need for additional equipment or downloading of an app. This method also provides a good fit within the feminist prioritization of time and place (Oakley, 2005;Varcoe et al., 2011) by offering a design that can fit into participants' daily routines. ...
The purpose of this study was to explore low-income lone mothers’ perceptions of their engagement with a text (SMS) and multimedia message (MMS) qualitative study. Study participants were asked to submit text and pictures via SMS and MMS that represented their reflections, observations, and experiences accessing community support services over a 6-week period. After engaging in the study, participants were asked to complete an evaluation questionnaire. The resoundingly positive feedback received in the evaluation—and the researchers’ satisfaction with the data collected—suggests that researchers should consider employing SMS and MMS data collection strategies to gain open-ended insights into the daily experiences of marginalized groups. This method may be particularly well suited to feminist research designs and research with populations underrepresented in the literature due to barriers presented by traditional data collection strategies.
... Постоянството на половото разделение на труда, в което жените поемат по-голяма част от домакинските задължения и грижата за деца, е констатирана и описвана в многобройни национални и кроснационални изследвания през последните почти 50 години (Oakley 2005, Coltrane 2000, Bianchi and Milkie 2010). Кроснационалните сравнения в западен контекст регистрират преобладаващ модел на поемане на 70 до 80 процента от извършаваната в дома (in-door) домакинска работа от жените (Baxter 1997) и откриват незначителни вариации между отделните държави и влияние на макро-факторите (Baxter 1997). ...
... Домашният труд не е хомогенна категория, а сбор от хетерогенни задачи и дейности (Oakley 2005:67, Hochschild 2003, всяка от които в различна степен е приписвана на мъжете и на жените, но чиято организация следва някои общи принципи. Хохшилд отбелязва, че трудът на мъжете и жените в семейството, освен количествено различен, е структуриран по различен начин. ...
... Доминиращият модел на разделение на грижата за децата освен това поставя майката в позиция на главно действащо лице в джендър социализацията, чрез която тя допринася за психическите структури, способности и нагласи, необходими за възпроизвеждането на този «цикъл на майчинство» (Oakley 2005: 181). В тази перспектива избягването на майчинството изглежда единствен начин да се избегнат неблагоприятните социални последици от джендър неравенствата в дома (Craig 2007:132), а любовта на майката -последна пречка към равенството (Oakley 2005). ...
... These sociological perspectives about medical screening amongst women could be applied to the pathways of pregnancy, childbirth, neonatal and infant screening in the UK (Armstrong and Eborall 2012;Bush 2000;Howson 1999;). Amongst health sociologists there is criticism of the biomedical focus of pregnancy and childbirth (Nettleton 2013;Oakley 2005). Mothers-to-be participate in a structured clinical antenatal pathway. ...
... This leads into the medicalisation of childbirth in the hospital environment (Oakley 2005 (Gascoigne and Whitear 1999). The findings revealed that the men considered their personal health to be a lower priority and only considered participating in medical screening if the symptoms of a health problem impacted on their day-to-day life, for example, excessive pain (Gascoigne and Whitear 1999). ...
... However, there is literature which recognises motherhood as a major 'social transition; one source and cause of life change' (Oakley 2005:117). There is also a body of research which highlights motherhood as time when a women's identity shifts, and it is transformative (Antonucci and Mikus 1988;Barclay et al 1997;Oakley 2005;Smith 1999 Mothers wanted to engage with supportive health practitioners and gain their support. ...
Background:
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is a generic term which refers to a developmental bone disorder, in which the femoral head of the femur bone and the acetabulum within the pelvis does not fully develop and dislocates. It is important to diagnose and treat DDH when a child is young, in order to prevent long-term morbidity problems which can present in adulthood, such as a walking disability or chronic back pain. The gold standard treatment for infants under six months old for DDH is the application of a Pavlik harness. Moreover, treatment at this young age gives the infant a positive prognosis. A review of the literature indicated a paucity of research focusing on the in-depth experiences of parents caring for their infant with DDH. More knowledge and understanding is required to inform health professionals how to improve the healthcare experience for parents using DDH outpatient hospital clinics.
Aim:
To explore the experiences of parents of infants who have been diagnosed with DDH and undergone treatment for the condition.
Methods: Nine mothers and nine fathers were recruited to the study through a DDH charity’s social media platform. Taking a qualitative approach, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), data was collected through semi-structured interviews.
Findings:
From the interviews with mothers, two superordinate themes, ‘struggling with empowerment and disempowerment of care over the infant’ and ‘relationship dynamics’ emerged from the data. From the fathers’ interviews, there was one superordinate theme, ‘Managing the disrupted family’. When the experiences of mothers and fathers caring for their infant with DDH were compared, seven themes encapsulated the phenomenon.
Conclusions:
This study offers original insight into the lived experience of parents with infant with DDH. It argues that parents psychologically struggled with the diagnosis and initial care of their infant in a Pavlik harness; the paternalistic model of healthcare appears to still exist in DDH outpatient clinics; mothers and fathers have differing carer support needs; fathers needed support and experienced inequality in these DDH clinics. A new conceptual term, ‘biographical revision to the new father role’ was coined to reflect the experiences of fathers in this study. Also, this study argues that by embedding the principles and practice of family centred care (FCC) could counterbalance any bio-medical power imbalance and any gender power imbalance. Health practitioners were pivotal to the parental experience. Their enhanced interpersonal skills could provide psychological support and empower self-efficacy among parents caring for an infant with DDH. Furthermore, the comparative findings of the parental experience contribute to a theoretical model of parental resilience. Realistic recommendations are offered for multi-disciplinary policy, practice and healthcare education, as well as areas for further research.
... Dolayısıyla her toplumda kültürel olarak değişmekle birlikte, bir takım davranış beklentileri, normlar ve kalıplar; toplumsal cinsiyet örüntülerini oluşturmaktadır (Cheng, 1997: 296). Oakley (2005), 1970'lerden itibaren akademik literatürde ön plana çıkmaya başlayan toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarının, cinsiyet ayrımının biyolojik olmadığı görüşüne vurgu yapmaktadır. Oakley (2005)'e göre, kadınlık ve erkeklik rolleri doğal değildir. ...
... Oakley (2005), 1970'lerden itibaren akademik literatürde ön plana çıkmaya başlayan toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarının, cinsiyet ayrımının biyolojik olmadığı görüşüne vurgu yapmaktadır. Oakley (2005)'e göre, kadınlık ve erkeklik rolleri doğal değildir. Bu roller tamamen kültürel ve sosyal olarak inşa edilmektedir. ...
... Dolayısıyla her toplumda kültürel olarak değişmekle birlikte, bir takım davranış beklentileri, normlar ve kalıplar; toplumsal cinsiyet örüntülerini oluşturmaktadır (Cheng, 1997: 296). Oakley (2005), 1970'lerden itibaren akademik literatürde ön plana çıkmaya başlayan toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarının, cinsiyet ayrımının biyolojik olmadığı görüşüne vurgu yapmaktadır. Oakley (2005)'e göre, kadınlık ve erkeklik rolleri doğal değildir. ...
... Oakley (2005), 1970'lerden itibaren akademik literatürde ön plana çıkmaya başlayan toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarının, cinsiyet ayrımının biyolojik olmadığı görüşüne vurgu yapmaktadır. Oakley (2005)'e göre, kadınlık ve erkeklik rolleri doğal değildir. Bu roller tamamen kültürel ve sosyal olarak inşa edilmektedir. ...
Bu çalışmada marka ve marka
oluşturma sürecinde işletmelerin bazı departmanlarındaki uygulamalarında
yapay zekanın kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu genel amaçla öncelikle, yapay
zekâ ve buna yönelik teknolojiler açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra yapay zekânın işletmelerde markalama sürecinde nasıl kullanıldığı üzerinde durulmaya
çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle marka kavramına yönelik açıklamalar
yapılmış, daha sonra yapay zekâya yönelik kavramsal bir çerçeve çizilmiştir.
Gelecek dönemlerde yapay zeka kullanımının daha fazla yaygınlaşması beklenmektedir.
Bu nedenledir ki, işletmeler markalaşma sürecinde yapay zeka
teknolojisine yönlendirilmeli ve bu süreci iyi yönetebilir hale gelmelidir. Günümüzde
marka ve yapay zeka alanının beraber ele alınmasının, akademik
olarak çalışmalara konu olmasının bu sürece uyumluluğu kolaylaştırıcı bir
etki oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.
... Oakley's concern about rapport here was bound up with a critique of 'scientific knowledge [that] has sustained systematic oppressions of women' (DeVault, 1999: 31) where women participants were often exploited by researchers. The 'data at all costs' logic underpinning such rapport-building practices was problematised by Oakley (2005), who instead emphasised a more 'natural' rapport built on 'power sharing, sharing life experiences, thoughts and opinions, and being honest about the messiness of the research process' (Thwaites, 2017), usually in a gendermatched interview setting. As we return to later in this article, the issue of gender matching and the need for rapport are not necessarily straightforwardly useful or even desirable (Thwaites, 2017). ...
... Feminist research methodologies have problematised the power of the male interviewer over interview participants (see e.g. Letherby, 2003;Oakley, 2005). However, this flow of power is complicated by feminist research that involves interviewing men. ...
Feminist research methodologies have challenged power imbalances in qualitative interviews and gendered inequalities more broadly. We explore the methodological and ethical complexities of, and implications for, doing feminist research with young men. We draw on two studies in which narrative interviews with young men were conducted: one in 2014 and 2015 with 28 middle-class men between the ages of 20 and 31 living in Australia and Germany; and one a longitudinal study beginning in 2009 in the southeast of England with 24 working-class men between the ages of 18 and 24. We explore the production of narratives in interviews with young men, rapport-building, and interactional issues. Balancing generosity and critique emerges as a key ethical and methodological consideration for research conducted with young men. We suggest that negotiating the tensions of this balance can hold key possibilities for research and for proliferating alternative modes of masculinity.
... Alvesson (1996) commends the use of semi-structured interviews within organisational research because of the rich account of the interviewee's experiences that can be documented, and the lesser constraint on interviewees by the researcher's preconceptions compared to more structured interviews or quantitative approaches. Interviews are also considered by feminists to be a good way to ensure that the experiences of women, and other oppressed groups, are heard (Oakley, 2005). As discussed in Section 5.2.1, this is important for feminist research because the voices of women have traditionally been excluded from social enquiry, privileging the experiences of men (Harding, 1987) I chose semi-structured interviews as the primary research method for this thesis because they allowed the experiences of both female and male leaders to be captured through long stretches of uninterrupted discourse. ...
... Transcription is a time-consuming exercise, but this time allowed for reflection on the interview and the development of greater familiarity with the data. Once the interviews were transcribed, I emailed them to the interviewees to check for error or misinterpretation and allow for reciprocity throughout the research process(Oakley, 2005).The interviews lasted between 35 and 100 minutes and were conducted using interview guides that consisted of between 15 and 30 questions (see examples in Appendices 6 and 7). The central themes of the guides for those in leadership positions included: their backgrounds/motivations for becoming a leader, their recruitment process, their experiences of being a leader, the effectiveness of targets/quotas, the culture of their NGB/sport, barriers for women leaders in sport, and strategies to increase the number of women in sport leadership. ...
Despite increased opportunities for girls and women to participate in sport, sport governance remains gender-imbalanced at all levels of sport across the world (Fasting, Pike, Matthews, & Sand, 2018). English sport governance provides no exception to this, with the majority of National Governing Bodies of sport (NGBs) having male-dominated boards and executive leadership teams (ELTs; Women in Sport, 2018). Through this research, I sought to gain an in-depth understanding of dominant gender power relations within the governance of two English NGBs, England Golf and the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA), and how they impact upon the gender balance of their leadership teams. I adopted a multi-method approach that utilised semi-structured interviews with female and male leaders and colleagues, participant observation within the headquarters of each NGB, and supporting documents.
Bourdieu’s theory of practice and its key concepts formed the theoretical framework for this thesis and provided the tools to conduct a multi-layered analysis of gender power relations at the macro- (structural), meso- (cultural), and micro- (individual) levels. These analyses revealed that there was evidence of both the conservation and resistance of gender power relations across all areas of England Golf and the LTA. Conservation strategies were found to mostly profit dominant men through gendered rules and structures, gendered recruitment processes, gendered organisational cultures, and greater opportunities for dominant men to accumulate, convert, and maintain power than women. Resistance or transformation strategies included changing governance rules, positive action towards women leaders, addressing overtly gendered cultural practices, and providing training opportunities to develop the confidence, skills, and experience of women leaders. At the end of the thesis, I recommend strategies for change to develop the governance structures, practices, and cultures of the two NGBs to be more gender-equitable.
... In many ways, it is similar to a normal conversation that is negotiated, constructed and formed as it is performed. But it is also different-it is a "pseudo-conversation" (Oakley, 2005), which bears dangers, for which the researcher is responsible. In practice, this meant continuously reminding myself of my role as a researcher and my responsibilities towards my participants (see Mortari, 2015;Roulston, 2010). ...
... In the present study, for the majority of the interviews, the gender of the participant and researcher matched, i.e., both were female. Oakley (2005), however, points out that the practices of interviewing are founded upon androcentric models of social science, which do not 'fit' when a feminist researcher interviews women. Despite such considerations, only one occasion was identified where power differences might have been an issue. ...
Increasingly, culturally and ethnically diverse environments provide an abundance of ordinary, everyday intergroup encounters, especially in public settings---often consisting of a conglomeration of positive and negative experiences. Yet few intergroup contact studies have focused on measuring and assessing contact in public settings. Reasons for this include both theoretical and methodological considerations. However, before the impact of mundane, everyday encounters on prejudice reduction can be assessed, it is necessary to examine the following questions: (1) Which situations are perceived as intergroup contact by participants? (2) How do individuals conceptualise where the boundaries for contact lie? (3) How are public and private forms of contact typically experienced? (4) Do they differ in the ways researchers have assumed in the past? and (5) Which methods are most appropriate for assessing public encounters? How can memory bias, temporality and locatedness be taken into account? Using qualitative, quantitative and near-time in-the-field methods, the following research examines these aspects in both public and private settings and provides first insights into how a novel method---the Contact Logger---can be used to assess the effects of public and private contact on attitudes.
A three-day diary/interview study (N=17) explored how contact is experienced, understood and conceptualised in a variety of everyday intergroup contexts. This was followed by a survey study (N=525) that examined the boundaries of what is typically perceived as being contact. Insights from both studies fed into the development of a context-aware mobile application, which enabled the capturing of near-time intergroup encounters in situ. The usability of the resulting research tool---the Contact Logger---was tested, leading to further refinements. Following an initial feasibility study (N=104) that explored contact between young and older people, a field experiment (N=112) examined intergenerational contact in public and private contexts. Data collected with the Contact Logger were analysed on aggregate and day-to-day levels, and where possible compared to traditional retrospective survey data.
Results from the first two studies indicated that while traditional intergroup encounters, such as contact with family and friends, are clearly conceptualised and viewed as contact, experiences and perceptions of contact in public settings are more disparate. Moreover, effects of such contact on attitudes are dependent on the idiosyncratic meaning attributed to the specific encounter as well as past experiences. Near-time data from a field-experiment (Study 5) provided evidence that intergroup encounters reported in situ compared to retrospective survey data differed in key variables (i.e., contact quality, duration, perceived status and group typicality). Correlational analyses between near-time and retrospective measures showed less correspondence than expected. Further, additional day-to-day analyses revealed that attitudes towards older people were less positive during weekends than weekdays, indicating that attitudes may be more dynamic than previously thought. Findings, as well as the different methodological and theoretical approaches, are critically discussed. Finally, a broad range of further applications for the Contact Logger are presented and important limitations are discussed.
... Melalui konsep peran gender, Oakley mengingatkan kita akan peran penting sosialisasi dan konstruksi sosial dalam membentuk persepsi dan ekspektasi terhadap laki-laki dan perempuan. Karyanya memberikan kontribusi yang berharga dalam memahami dinamika peran gender dalam masyarakat, serta menggugah kesadaran akan perlunya perubahan untuk mencapai kesetaraan gender yang lebih baik (Oakley & Greer, 2005). ...
This article aims to uncover the realities of the social construction of gender surrounding the profession of nail stylist in Pontianak City. It explores the stereotypes and stigmas associated with individuals working in the nail care industry, particularly for men in their field of profession. This research refers to the social construction of gender theory proposed by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, using an anthropological lens to examine gender and sexuality, with a focus on the characteristics and stigmas associated with being a nail technician. This research adopts a qualitative approach, employing a case study method in Pontianak City, supported by unstructured interviews, secondary data, and available research documents from the internet. The findings of this research challenge the social construction that declares nail care as suitable only for women and that only effeminate men are suitable for this profession, contrasting with the reality found through the accounts of the informants.
... Menurut Kartini dan Maulana (2019) gender merupakan perbedaan antara lakilaki dengan perempuan, namun perbedaanya dalam hal peran mereka dalam kehidupan sosial seperti dari sudut perilaku dan nilai. Sejalan dengan pendapat tersebut, Ann Oakley (2005) mendifinisikan gender sebagai perbedaan perilaku yang dimiliki oleh laki-laki dan perempuan yang disusun secara sosial yang mereka ciptakan sendiri sehingga menjadi suatu persoalan budaya. Sedangkan jenis kelamin (seks) merupakan perbedaan antara laki-laki dengan perempuan yang didasarkan pada kondisi biologis karena perbedaan kromosom embrio (Moore dan Sinclair, 1995). ...
Sastra memiliki kaitan dengan psikologi, di dalam karya sastra khususnya puisi, makna yang digambarkan oleh penulis dapat diteliti menggunakan teori psikologi. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah referensi bagi pembaca. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teori feminisme. Proses dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis naratif untuk mengumpulkan data. Proses analisis data dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data, mereduksi data, menyajikan data, dan membuat simpulan. Data dalam penelitian ini didapatkan dari buku kumpulan puisi karya Fitri Nganthi Wani dengan judul Jangan Mati Sebelum Berguna tahun 2020. Berdasarkan jenis aliran dalam feminisme, didapatkan hasil terdapat satu puisi mengandung suara-suara perempuan yang sesuai dengan aliran feminisme eksistensialisme, adapun terdapat tiga puisi mengandung suara-suara perempuan yang sesuai dengan aliran feminisme liberal, dan satu puisi mengandung suara-suara perempuan yang sesuai dengan aliran feminisme radikal. Kata kunci: psikologi, feminisme, puisi, dan penelitian.
... Gender refers to the differences in sex and societal perceptions of men and women based on their roles in the social world, where women are often seen as gentle and emotional due to their focus on feelings, while men are perceived as strong, steadfast, and rational (Dalimoenthe, 2021;Maulana et al., 2022;Adiastuty et al., 2020;Adiastuty et al., 2021). According to Oakley & Greer (2005), gender indicators are divided into two categories: male and female. ...
Lecturers in Kuningan Regency are expected to demonstrate high Organizational Citizenship Behavior to enhance organizational benefits and ensure that work is conducted more effectively and efficiently. This research aims to investigate the effect of gender as a moderating variable on the relationship between organizational commitment and OCB among these lecturers. The study employed a survey method with a quantitative approach, targeting a population of 346 lecturers from three universities in Kuningan Regency. Using a proportional random sampling technique, which divides the sample based on specific strata, a sample of 186 lecturers was selected. The findings indicate that organizational commitment has a positive and significant impact on OCB, and gender significantly moderates this relationship, enhancing the effect of organizational commitment on OCB.
... The reason for this was the discovery that social media had the power to bring together a dispersed community with limited financial resources in a short time, and digital organization was the only option during the pandemic. While feminists such as Ann Oakley (2005) emphasized full participation, there have been circumstances, such as the pandemic, that have forced limited and partial participation. During the pandemic, many HTAs organized concerts, information meetings, and language classes via social media tools such as Facebook, which allowed instant sharing and live broadcasting. ...
... The semi-structured interviews were conceived as "co-constructed" in the feminist model (Oakley, 2005), to negate, or at least work towards flattening, the power hierarchy of researcher (professional/expert) and participant (Jenkins, 2019). The interview schedule was shaped in discussion with the advisor, himself a survivor (see above), and a pilot interview with him was undertaken. ...
Survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) are known to hold silence and create distance between themselves and service providers for self-protection, as groomed behaviour or to protect the listener from vicarious trauma. Silence for many survivors has also been reinforced as a beneficial action by previous experiences of disclosing and being rejected, challenged, or disbelieved. How can researchers be sure the same dynamic is not playing out in research interviews? Generating reliable research data is an imperative and an act of epistemic justice that enables CSA survivors to testify to the suffering caused by abuse and subsequent trauma distress and to contribute to social discourse for change. Fricker, however, notes that the precursor to testimonial justice is hermeneutic justice. Hermeneutic justice pivots on the dual action of accurate understanding and interpretation, but CSA experiences may be beyond the comprehension of untraumatised listeners because their own frame of reference renders them unable or unwilling (even if unconsciously) to entertain the truth of such human depravity and cruelty. If survivors are not understood, their testimonies can be misconstrued or oftentimes excluded from the generation of epistemic knowledge, leaving the survivors unable to make sense of, and process, their experiences. These are crucial issues for researchers in the field of CSA and other crimes of sexual and gendered abuse. This study considers the operationalisation of a participatory research approach held within a lived experience research paradigm. Such methodologies advocate for peer involvement, which is becoming more widely recognised as supporting testimonial justice and the accurate understanding and interpretation of survivors’ testimonies. The issue of validating the methodology and methods is considered, exploring a rigorous data audit and researcher reflexivity as contributors to trustworthy data. Peer and participant safety when researching through lived experience is addressed. Data from a doctoral research study are used to illustrate this article.
... This field has developed so quickly that it is difficult to find an institute that does not include gender studies in its disciplines (Eagleton, 2003). Anne Oakley, a sociology professor, reveals, "The constancy of sex must be accepted, but also must the difference of gender" (Oakley, 2005). Butler (1990) states a different statement from the rest of the feminists "Sex is a socially constructed concept of culture, but in reality, it was always a gender, with these results that the difference between gender and sex is basically no difference at all". ...
The study examines language manipulation to conceal the victimization, suppression, and oppression of males. The dissembled side of the language has been dissected by qualitative data. Two female authors’ Bapsi Sidhwa and Anita Desai, texts were selected and analyzed to find the manipulation of language. Marginalized masculinity theory by Connell (1995) and Fairclough’s (1989) critical discourse analysis model were applied, and thematic analysis as an approach was used. In the second phase, data was analyzed pragmatically using inference and implicature techniques to hit on the hidden side of the story. Findings reveal that language is manipulated to highlight female victimization while concealing male victimization. Female writers frequently use their oppression to blame the male gender. The social interpretation of the text reveals that both genders suffer equally and have equal rights, which should be discussed and highlighted. This study recommends that victimization, suppression, and oppression can also be studied from the male perspective. It will be helpful for future researchers to speak out about the most ignorant and repressed gender in society.
... The problems of gathering evidence in this area might be compared Page 2 of 6 Matheson and Robertson Harm Reduction Journal (2022) 19:98 to other groups of marginalised people. Theory of Oakley and Harding and others draws attention, in the case of gender, to the need to empower oppressed groups in order to improve their situation [11,12]. This resonates strongly with the need to provide evidence sympathetic to the views and needs of people who use drugs. ...
In Scotland drug policy and consequently the progress of evidence-based treatment options has been struggling for many years. Political inaction is brought about by a complex chain of legal and operational obstructions with local authorities deferring to national Government which in turn is paralysed by international convention. Scotland represents a case study demonstrating the adverse consequences of management by non medical requirements rather than implementation of a clinically proven progressive policy. The difficulty of translating theory and evidence into practice is acknowledged but suggestions are made for pragmatic and humanitarian initiatives.
... Thus, rural females faced great educational deprivation at the same time [24,25]. According to Oakley's gender socialisation theory, gender is a concept determined by environment and culture via verbal and nonverbal signifiers (such as interpersonal relationships, media use), social value and belief, and stereotypes [26,27]. Therefore, theoretically, due to the different gender roles for females in rural and urban China in the 1990s, it is reasonable to find the distinction in female's self-esteem and mental health between rural and urban areas. ...
Many previous studies have indicated that urban adolescents show a higher level of mental health in China compared to rural adolescents. Specifically, girls in rural areas represented a high-risk group prior to the 21st century, demonstrating more suicidal behaviour and ideation than those in the urban areas because of the severe gender inequality in rural China. However, because of the urbanisation process and centralised policy to eliminate gender inequality in recent decades, the regional and gender differences in mental health might decrease. This research aimed to probe
the gender and regional differences in depressive traits among adolescent students currently in China. We adopted the national survey dataset Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in 2018. Accordingly, 2173 observations from 10–15-year-old subjects were included. CFPS utilised an eight-item questionnaire to screen individuals’ depressive traits. Two dimensions of depressive traits were confirmed by CFA, namely depressed affect and anhedonia. The measurement invariance tests suggested that the two-factor model was applicable for both males and females and rural and urban students. Based on the extracted values from the CFA model, MANOVA results revealed that, compared to boys, girls experienced more depressed affect. Moreover, rural students demonstrated
more anhedonia symptoms. There was no interaction between gender and region. The results suggest that, even though the gender and regional differences are small, being a female and coming from a rural area are still potential risk factors for developing depressive traits among adolescent students in China.
... È Ann Oakley (1972) che per la prima volta distingue il concetto di genere da quello di sesso, sostenendo che il termine sesso si riferisce alle differenze biologiche tra maschi e femmine, alla differenza visibile dei loro organi e alla differenza tra le loro funzioni procreative; mentre il termine genere si riferisce alla classificazione sociale tra maschi e femmine e, come tale, attiene alla cultura 5 . ...
La violenza di genere è un fenomeno con una lunga storia. Parte da lontano e prende forma nei luoghi delle disparità: è l’espressione delle ineguaglianze mantenute nello spazio domestico come nello spazio pubblico. Cercare di ‘spiegare’ le dimensioni e i molteplici volti di tale realtà, perlopiù sommersa, è quanto si propongono gli autori e le autrici dei saggi pubblicati in questo volume, che rappresenta il primo traguardo di un progetto di ricerca e di didattica interdisciplinare del Centro interdipartimentale per gli Studi di Genere e le Pari Opportunità dell’Università di Salerno (OGEPO). Da un capitolo all’altro, si delinea, infatti, un dialogo a più voci per raccontare tale fenomeno ai giovani universitari e a un più ampio pubblico, con un linguaggio volutamente semplice che, tuttavia, scava nei ‘fatti’ con il rigore dell’analisi scientifica. Gli autori offrono elementi di riflessione sulla natura e le caratteristiche del tema trattato: dalla soggezione economica alla violenza psicologica, dai comportamenti persecutori al ruolo dei social media, alla reticenza nel denunciare la violenza domestica. E sono attenti anche al divario di genere, alle ineguaglianze persistenti nel mondo della famiglia e del lavoro. Il genere permea tutti gli aspetti del nostro vivere individuale e collettivo, privato e pubblico, poiché definisce le opportunità e modella le identità. Al di fuori della dimensione di genere, la cultura normalizza e naturalizza comportamenti discriminatori rendendoli socialmente giustificabili: la violenza di genere è principalmente un fenomeno culturale.
... These arguments are based on the determination that female reproduction is subject to medical technology affected by patriarchy, which is why the claim that childbirth shaped by modernity is a natural -isolated from medical and social interventions-incident cannot be acceptable. The body of the woman is controlled by these interventions from abortions to Caesarean surgeries (Oakley 2005). Finally, Pateman (1988, p. 116-126) defined marriage as a contract between men and women, yet differently from the ones in the public sphere such as commercial or employment contracts. ...
In the last thirty years, and owing to the extent of global women's migration, academic research has concentrated on migrant mothers and their motherhood experiences in the transnational context. It is claimed that an academic consideration of the specific mothering experience of migrant women is missing in the feminist discipline. In order to address this, a new transnational feminist perspective is suggested on migration studies, reconceptualising motherhood. This paper analyses the historical background to the concept of motherhood and progress made therein from feminist perspectives. A response to the question of whether the radical feminist perspectives, which have shown much interest in the motherhood concept, are able to challenge today's transnational motherhood, is considered by examining the critiques of both these radical and transnational feminist perspectives towards each other.
... 3 Belirtmek gerekir ki Erzincan'da bu söylem tersine işlemiş ve kente oldukça uzak bir lokasyonda yer alan üniversite kampüsündeki erkek yurtları 2017 yılında kız yurtlarına dönüştürülmüştür. 4 (Alp, 2013, 8 Ağustos) 5 (Kara, 2017, 30 Aralık) Journal of Economy Culture and Society lık arasındaki toplumsal bakımdan eşitsiz bölünmeyi ifade etmektedir (Oakley, 2005). Bu bakımdan cinsiyet kavramı temelde kadın ve erkek arasındaki biyolojik farklılıkları ifade eden ve demografik olarak kişiyi tanımlamada kullanılan, doğuştan gelen bir kategoridir. ...
Türkiye'de 2013 yılında Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı tarafından "karma yurtların sonlandırılması" politikası uygulamaya konulmuştur. Söz konusu politika hareketli ve merkeze yakın yerlere kadın öğrencilerin; ıssız, sapa değerlendirilebilecek bölgelerdeki yurtlara ise erkek öğrencilerin yerleştirilmesini öneren ve mekânı cinsiyetlendiren fiili bir durum yaratmıştır. Mekan siyasetine işaret eden ve kentsel mekana dolaylı müdahale olarak ifade edilebilecek bu kararın yarattığı fiili durum kent hakkı, toplumsal cinsiyet, muhafazakarlık ve patriarkal politikalarla ilişkilendirilerek ele alınacaktır. Araştırmanın bulguları kentteki KYK yurtlarında kalan 459 kişilik bir örnekleme dayalıdır. Veriler SPSS programında kullanılan T testi ve ANOVA testleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular mekânın cinsiyetlendirilmesi olarak da ifade edilebilecek karma yurtların sonlandırılmasına ilişkin politikanın, toplumsal cinsiyet açısından eşitsizlik yarattığını göstermektedir. Araştırma, söz konusu politikanın muhafazakar ve patriarkal politikalarla uyumlu olacak şekilde kadın öğrencilerin kamusal-kentsel alandaki görünürlüğünü sınırlandıran ve kent hakkından faydalanmalarını kısıtlayan; erkek öğrencileri ise daha çok maddi açıdan dezavantajlı bir pozisyona iten bir durum yarattığını göstermektedir. Uygulanan politikanın kent hakkından yeterince yararlanamayan kitlesel bir boyut barındırdığı görülmektedir. ABSTRACT In Turkey "termination of a mixed university student residence" policy was put into practice by the Ministry of Youth and Sports in 2013. This policy has created an actual situation that proposes the placement of male students in the residences that are close to the center, and the female students in the student residences in locations that can be
... Ann Fausto distingue 5 tipos de sexos: machos, hembras, hermafroditas 8 , seudohermafroditas masculinos y seudohermafroditas femeninos (Fausto Sterling, 2000). Stoller incluye dentro del concepto sexo elementos físicos como son: cromosomas, genitales externos, genitales internos, gónadas, estados hormonales y caracteres sexuales secundarios, definición de sexo compartida por Ann Oakley (Oakly, 2005). Cazés incluye dentro de la definición de sexo el conjunto de características genotípicas y fenotípicas presentes en los sistemas, funciones y procesos de los cuerpos humanos (Cazés, 1998). ...
El feminismo del punto medio es un feminismo de reconocimientos positivos. Porque sin buscar justificaciones a los actos propios y ajenos intenta comprender el origen y las causas de los comportamientos humanos. Por eso incorpora la masculinidad al lado de la feminidad y analiza el origen de la separación entre los sexos, así como las causas que llevaron a la instauración del patriarcado como sistema social. Para el feminismo del punto medio es importante incorporar el análisis de la masculinidad desde el convencimiento de que el reconocimiento del otro ayuda al reconocimiento propio.
El feminismo del punto medio se basa en la superación de los pilares sobre los que se ha asentado el sistema patriarcal desde su creación y su sustitución por otros nuevos.
El poder como dominación pasaría a ser sustituido por el poder como capacidad para la acción; la competitividad por la cooperación; la jerarquización social por la igualdad de oportunidades; la desigualdad por la diversidad; la acumulación ilimitada de riqueza por la sostenibilidad; y la androcentria sería considerada como universalidad al desviar el foco antroprocéntrico hacia el universo.
Es un punto de partida para el análisis de la igualdad entre los sexos a través del análisis de la feminidad y masculinidad al unísono. Porque no se trata de que las mujeres sean iguales a los hombres, sino de que hombres y mujeres sean iguales en su reconocimiento y valoración social, en el desarrollo de sus capacidades, en sus competencias funcionales y en la manifestación de sus emociones, sin que el sexo sea el punto de partida de su distinción y clasificación social.
... 10 Cf. Bradley (2013), Collier (2004), Connell (20052009), Doka and Martin (2010), Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (2013), García Mouton (2010), Kedron (2014), Kimmel (2011), Lakoff (1973, Martín Casares (2012), Mills (2008), Oakley (2005), Talbot (2010). 11 A full list of all the excerpted and analyzed PUs is included in Annex 1. 12 Neither the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (2004) ...
In this paper the results of research on gender stereotypes underlying Spanish phraseology are presented. Its main aim is to reveal which gender stereotypes are explicitly or implicitly present in commonly used contemporary Spanish Phraseological Units (PUs). In order to achieve this goal, all PUs associated with men and women documented in the most complete dictionary of current Spanish phraseology (Diccionario fraseológico documentado del español actual: locuciones y modismos españoles) have been analysed. In order to systematize the analysis, an inventory of stereotypes has been collected and split into five main thematic categories: physical characteristics; attitude, personality and abilities; sexuality; family; activities and professions. Moreover, a sixth, transversal category has been added – the opposite male and female conceptualisations of the passing of time.
... draw into light the underrepresented lived lives of women (Oakley, 2005); recognise the humanity of the research (Stanley and Wise, 1993); challenge the binary conception of objectivity and subjectivity (Stanley and Wise, 1993); reflect on the researchers role in the production of the research findings (England, 1994); reflect on and minimise power embedded in researcher-researched relationships (Fine, 1994;McRobbie, 1982); and use research as a way to generate social change (Reinharz, 1993). The sensory ethnographic research design of this thesis provides a methodological approach that embraces these feminist principles and acts in line with them. ...
Karate is a sensuous martial art-come-sporting practice. Through a combinations of tacit exchanges of kicks and punches, sweaty touches, sweaty smells, aggressive shouts, communal laughs and helping tweaks of the body karate practitioners come to develop their practice, know their body and one-another, and assert their status in the karate hall. As a combative bodily practice, karate replicates an imagined, and often real, source of men’s power over, and distinction from, women. Yet in practice karate is an arena where women and men spar, sweat, and laugh together whereby, through inter-bodily, sensory, interactions, women can, and often do, out perform men. As such, karate presents a fruitful arena for exploring the sensory formation of gendered relations and embodiments of gender. Despite the integral role of the body and the senses to embodied participation in sport, and indeed in our gendered performances of self and distributions/assertions of power between women and men, exploration of the role of the senses in our sporting and gendered embodiment is largely absent from existing literature. This thesis argues that to understand gendered embodiment within karate requires reflection to these multidimensional, multi-sensory threads spun between sportsmen and women in embodied play. Building a sensory ethnographic framework for conducting the research, data was gathered from 9 months of ‘sensuous participation’ at 3 karate clubs engaging in mixed-sex and a women-only classes, 6 photo-elicitation interviews and 11 semi-structured interviews with women and men from across the three clubs, and reflections from my own embodied history as a karate athlete. The findings suggest that in both mixed-sex and women-only classes karate practice could ‘undo’ conventional performances of gender, and in turn gendered embodiments, through asking its participants to engage in a range of sensory bodily motions that are conventionally seen as masculine – such as combative movements and aggression – and feminine – such as control, elegance, and artistic performance. These embodied ways of being held magnified gender subversive potential in mixed-sex karate practice whereby ideas of men’s inherent superiority in sport could be challenged, and ideas of distinction between women and men could be challenged. Recognition of similarity as karate practitioners through shared physical engagements side-lined the importance of gender to practitioners embodiment. Together the findings of this thesis point towards the role of the minute, mundane, and thus often overlooked or unconscious elements of our bodily practice in ‘naturalising’, reproducing, or subverting gendered arrangements of power. In this way, this thesis contributes to sociological understandings of both embodiment and gender.
... Friðrika learned through her experience with breastfeeding that 'the mothers mental health is more important than whether the child is fed formula or breastmilk' and Sara decided that she couldn´t go on like this 'without going insane'. Even though the medical label ʻpostnatal depressionʼ has been criticized for lacking any clear definition (Oakley, 2005), and from a social constructionist standpoint, criticized for being constructed as a medical condition instead of a ʻsocial problem rooted in socioeconomic disadvantages, gender inequality and cultural ideals 14 regarding motherhoodʼ (Shaikh and Kauppi, 2015, p. 475), it has nevertheless become part of the medical discourse for new mothers and well known as such to most, if not all women. The women can therefore challenge the discourse on bonding through breastfeeding by contradicting it with another discourse that proclaims that new mothers are in a vulnerable emotional state that should be kept in check, in order for mother and child to bond. ...
Dominant discourses on breastfeeding as the optimal feeding method for infants and a way for mother and child to develop a strong bond are widely promoted and the message of ‘breast is best’ has been internalized by mothers around the world. Breastfeeding rates in Iceland and the other Nordic countries are among the highest in the world and the cultural and societal expectations for women to successfully breastfeed are therefore very high, as breastfeeding represents a strong moral and social norm. Iceland is considered a model for gender equality and feminism and this article thus examines the experiences of women who have struggled with breastfeeding, in a context which strongly promotes both breastfeeding and gender equality. By analysing the narratives of 77 Icelandic women, this article extends theorizing about rhetorical agency and resistance by demonstrating how they oppose and challenge dominant discourses on breastfeeding and good mothering and what counter-discourses they draw upon in order to make sense of their experiences. The findings indicate that feminism and feminist rhetoric have been unsuccessful in addressing and providing women with counter-discourses that challenge the highly gendered and oppressive elements of infant feeding and its link to idealized versions of motherhood.
... When brute strength mattered more than brains, men had an inherent advantage and now that brainpower has tri- umphed, the two sexes are more evenly matched (Mavhunga, 2006). However, gains in women's economic opportunities continue to lag behind, especially in matters of agency (Oakley, 2011) in terms of career choices within their social structures. It is misgivings such as these that have led Tsvangirai (2014) to argue that since the 1980 independence, the extent to which the colonial economic system created conditions for the exploitation of girls and women's labor and dependence on men in Zimbabwe has not been adequately addressed. ...
The purpose of this conceptual paper is to examine how adopting a social constructivist epistemology enhances equity pedagogy in the classroom. The paper thus adopts a Vygotskian conceptual framework in so far as it serves as an ideal model for improving learning equity among students from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. As a conceptual as opposed to empirical study, the key concepts explored in this discussion are in relation to how the social constructivist approach to teaching and learning enhances equitable learning, how mediated learning experiences (MLE), situated learning activities in the learners’ zones of proximal development (ZPD) help scaffold students skills from lower to higher psychological functions through the use of learning tools (material, psychological and semiotic tools) as well as through the use of learning conversations (LC) and some forms of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in the constructivist classrooms. Among the key findings of this study was the view that adopting a multipronged strategy that includes the use of authentic learning conversations, situated learning activities and using examples of some indigenous knowledge systems in teaching and learning situations goes a long way towards fostering social justice in the curriculum. The study recommended that classroom practitioners certainly need to take into account and adopt the many and varied benefits that can be derived from an authentic social constructivist epistemology to teaching and learning in the curriculum.
This chapter presents a genderwashing critique of UK historic universities. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, it conceptualises genderwashing and gender-based violence (GBV). Underpinned by feminist subjectivity, raising consciousness to women's situated lived experiences, examples of public declarations of gender equality by historic universities are considered alongside women's experiences of GBV. Using Walter's (2022) gender wash varieties, university hypocrisy is illustrated by women academic handmaidens; abuse of women in Professional Services; and women standing up to GBV. The chapter contributes 'Eradicating and Silencing Women' and 'Asking the Minority to Fix It' as gender wash processes, theorising how genderwashing (or genderbleaching) in UK historic universities not only perpetuate the falsehood of practicing equality but also provides a veil to conceal GBV.
Background
The use of mobile technologies in fostering health promotion and healthy behaviors is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon in global health programs. Although mobile technologies have been effective in health promotion initiatives and follow-up research in higher-income countries and concerns have been raised within clinical practice and research in low- and middle-income settings, there is a lack of literature that has qualitatively explored the challenges that participants experience in terms of being contactable through mobile technologies.
Objective
This study aims to explore the challenges that participants experience in terms of being contactable through mobile technologies in a trial conducted in Soweto, South Africa.
Methods
A convergent parallel mixed methods research design was used. In the quantitative phase, 363 young women in the age cohorts 18 to 28 years were contacted telephonically between August 2019 and January 2022 to have a session delivered to them or to be booked for a session. Call attempts initiated by the study team were restricted to only 1 call attempt, and participants who were reached at the first call attempt were classified as contactable (189/363, 52.1%), whereas those whom the study team failed to contact were classified as hard to reach (174/363, 47.9%). Two outcomes of interest in the quantitative phase were “contactability of the participants” and “participants’ mobile number changes,” and these outcomes were analyzed at a univariate and bivariate level using descriptive statistics and a 2-way contingency table. In the qualitative phase, a subsample of young women (20 who were part of the trial for ≥12 months) participated in in-depth interviews and were recruited using a convenience sampling method. A reflexive thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data using MAXQDA software (version 20; VERBI GmbH).
Results
Of the 363 trial participants, 174 (47.9%) were hard to reach telephonically, whereas approximately 189 (52.1%) were easy to reach telephonically. Most participants (133/243, 54.7%) who were contactable did not change their mobile number. The highest percentage of mobile number changes was observed among participants who were hard to reach, with three-quarters of the participants (12/16, 75%) being reported to have changed their mobile number ≥2 times. Eight themes were generated following the analysis of the transcripts, which provided an in-depth account of the reasons why some participants were hard to reach. These included mobile technical issues, coverage issues, lack of ownership of personal cell phones, and unregistered number.
Conclusions
Remote data collection remains an important tool in public health research. It could, thus, serve as a hugely beneficial mechanism in connecting with participants while actively leveraging the established relationships with participants or community-based organizations to deliver health promotion and practice.
Textbooks play a key role in shaping students' images of society and its actors. Based on the importance of this active role, in this study, third and fourth grade primary school science textbooks were examined in terms of gender equality by female pre-service primary school teachers who will become the practitioners using these textbooks. Thus, this research aims at revealing the experiences of pre-service primary school teachers based on their examination of primary school science textbooks and the evaluations used in their textbook reviews. The research was conducted using a phenomenology research design in the context of a qualitative method. Ten female pre-service primary school teachers participated in the study, which lasted seven weeks, and the data were collected through a textbook review report and a semi-structured interview form. A content analysis method was used to assess the data. The results of the study were discussed within the framework of five main themes: gender distribution, gender roles and stereotypes, the role of the teacher, the role of the textbooks, and science textbook evaluation tendencies. Suggestions were made based on these reviews.
This paper will chart the multiple ways that regulated tenants in my family home of Webb Place, a tenement building in Kensington, London, experience gentrification-induced displacement. I then discuss how community and creativity play a part in their resistance and survival. Landlords and property management companies have subjected regulated tenants, in this specific context, to a long process of ‘slow violence’ and displacement that has included negligence and harassment intended to stress, harm, anger, and ultimately push out residents. Not only does this ‘slow violence’ occur behind the closed door of the building but so does resistance to it. Communal interaction and creativity have helped regulated tenants to mock power structures and repurpose space while also trying to survive the gentrification of their home. While this displacement is not unique to regulated tenants, this paper adds to much-needed theoretical work that centres on regulated tenants—indeed, in-depth analysis of gentrification and displacement among this subfield is essentially non-existent in the UK, until now.
The topic of women’s and girls’ rights, access and inclusion in sport and physical activity has become a mainstay of sporting and non-sporting organisational discourse. Notwithstanding, there is little published on why, how and who enabled these topics to become politicised to this extent. For example, academic texts state key moments for the advancement of women and sport, such as conferences and resolutions, but rarely provide further detail. By explaining how transnational women and sport advocacy groups lobbied the United Nations (UN) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) into actions for women and sport in the mid-1990s, this article adds to knowledge about how advocacy groups in international sport succeeded in working together to collectively effect change despite demonstrating contention amongst one another. Data from archival analysis of papers and correspondence of key agents involved in these processes were complemented with semi-structured interviews with some of the same individuals decades later. Using terms and concepts from social movement studies, the article shows how the International Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG) and WomenSport International (WSI) developed in relation to each other and the political environment in which they were playing a key role in shaping. Their relationship was not straightforward, due in part to the formations and structure of each group, but their purposive efforts with other agents contributed to a collective endeavour that achieved milestones for the political legitimacy of women and sport.
This chapter draws together my methodological and theoretical perspectives to consider how the practice of carrying out research with girls constituted both myself and the participants as “bodies that matter” (Butler, Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex, Routledge, 1993). I elaborate the longitudinal process of carrying out research with girls over a period of time and describe the ways in which longitudinal research can provide insightful diachronic analyses of change over time not rooted in static portraits of the subject as somehow fixed. I draw on Butler’s concept of legitimacy to consider how constructions of gender, sport and physical ability were manifest in the research process as dynamic illustrations of the subject in process as located within relationships.
Academics’ career trajectories follow diverse paths, and understanding them is challenging. Animal metaphors, notably the contrast between hedgehogs and foxes, have helped to distinguish patterns but need reappraisal as universities change. Reflecting on prominent sociologists’ careers, the argument is developed that academic trajectories differ according to whether work is blue skies or applied, and how it relates to innovation and consolidation. Four types of academic animals are identified: bears, beavers, jackdaws and eagles. Ann Oakley’s career is used to illustrate how individuals’ trajectories may move between these. For researchers anticipating how their academic futures may unfold, role models framed in these terms offer alternative scenarios.
This chapter addresses the question of how historical knowledge can help one to make sense of communities like Rotherham. It first considers what counts as ‘historical knowledge’, and examines the limitations of historiography in producing histories at a local level, where issues of class, gender, and ethnicity are played out in people's everyday lives. The chapter then explores how historians are expanding what counts for historical knowledge — in particular, the co-production of research, which can be defined as research with people rather than on people. It also provides some real-world examples of co-production in action. Finally, the chapter provides some arguments as to why historical knowledge matters.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın okul yöneticilerinin karşılaştıkları kurumsal kariyer engellerini, okul yöneticisi kadınların görüşleri doğrultusunda incelenmek ve karşılaştıkları kurumsal kariyer engellerini yenmek için hangi yollara başvurduklarını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Ankara ili merkez ilçelerine bağlı okullarda görev yapmakta olan okul yöneticileri arasından maksimum çeşitleme yapılarak belirlenen 10 kadın okul müdürü oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerindenfenomenolojikullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda kadın okul yöneticililerinin üst yönetimleve özellikle kadın öğretmenlerle çeşitli sorunlar yaşadıkları ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu sorunları çözümlemek için ise iletişim kurmaktan mahkeme yoluna gitmeye kadar uzanan bir çözüm sürecine başvurdukları belirlenmiştir.Katılımcıların tümünün, kadınların Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı bünyesindeki yönetim kademelerinde temsil edilme oranlarını yetersiz bulduğu belirlenmiştir.Bu durumun ise sadece kadınların kendi bireysel çabaları ve isteklilikleri sonucunda ortadan kaldırılabileceğini belirttikleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Katılımcıların tamamına yakınına göre, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’nda kadınların okul yöneticiliğine seçilmesi sürecinde kadına yönelik pozitif ayrımcılık işlememekte, tersine erkeklere yönelik pozitif ayrımcılık bulunmaktadır.
Higher education institutions have been identified as inequitable for historically marginalised student and staff populations. Student–staff partnership has recently emerged as one approach to redressing such inequities. To what extent are institutional partnership schemes considering or achieving this goal? Using two phases of qualitative data collection, we explored the perceptions of staff administering student–staff partnership schemes regarding the inclusion of diversity across eight UK higher education institutions. Results highlight conceptual and practical challenges for and strategies to striving for equity in student–staff partnership initiatives. These results are discussed by drawing on the identities of the research team to highlight intersectional approaches to inclusion in partnership.
This paper explores the extent of the involvement of African traditional healers in HIV prevention in southern Africa, with special reference to Eswatini (Swaziland). It proceeds from the premise that in southern Africa, as in most emerging economies, traditional healers are the leading, accessible and more approachable health care providers in society when compared with modern health practitioners. The paper notes, however, that there is paucity of literature that examines the degree of the involvement of African Traditional healers in the recently adopted global campaign to scale down and eliminate HIV infection through, inter alia, social and behaviour change. Primary data for the paper was gathered through semi-structured and open-ended interviews and focus group discussions with selected Swazi tangoma (diviners/spirit-mediums); while secondary data was drawn from a range of disciplinary perspectives on the subject of the role of religion in the global fight against HIV AIDS. The paper contends that there are strong pointers that in our day and era African traditional healers play a modest but meaningful advisory role in supporting current strategic interventions spearheaded by modern health practitioners and allied partners to contain the spread of HIV by fostering behavioural change among its clients.
Key Words: Traditional healers, traditional health practitioners, tangoma (diviners), HIV and AIDS, HIV prevention, modern health practitioners, behavioural change, Swaziland.
Leadership has traditionally been associated with men; however, some women have elevated themselves above the socially enforced constrictions caused by gender expectations. These gender expectations specifically pertain to women's roles as mothers and wives and, as such, present particular implications for women to establish a constructive work-life balance in their careers. A general increase in women appointed in leadership positions, particularly in academic contexts, indicates that contemporary women desire a balance between their private and domestic spheres, avoiding a spill-over between the two. The main objective of this qualitative sociological study was to explore how the “spill-over model” influences white female academics in leadership positions at a South African university. The research revealed the challenges associated with establishing a work-life-balance for female academic leaders. It can also be concluded that de-traditionalisation and re-traditionalisation are interrelated factors that influence the way in which female leaders execute their dual responsibilities.
The last chapter describes the research context as well as the multimethodological approach that the book uses. The book has sought to combine everyday experiences, with planners’ ideas on cities, and media representations of city life. In doing so it has showed that spaces in the city do not only exist because of their shape and form, but also emerge through use and practices (Jarvis et al. 2001, 40), as well as through the notions of that space (Lefebvre 1991). The chapter will discuss observation and subjectivity, as well as thoroughly explain how time-spaces diaries, interviews and photographs, as well as planning documents and popular media articles are used in the book.
L'arrivée des hommes dans la profession de sage-femme a fait apparaître un nouveau critère de choix pour les patientes suivies par une sage-femme libérale : son genre. La question du genre comme critère de choix semble être subjective et doit s'accompagner de nouvelles hypothèses, telles que l'identification des représentations sociales, des stéréotypes et des préjugés associés à l'homme sage-femme, et la mise en évidence de facteurs socio-culturels propres à la patientèle des hommes sages-femmes. Pour cela, nous avons effectué une étude descriptive observationnelle transversale auprès de 76 patientes suivies par différents hommes sages-femmes libéraux. Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier des représentations sociales et des facteurs socio-culturels communs à ces patientes, pouvant expliquer leur choix d'être suivies par un homme sage-femme.
According to the cognitive linguistics approach to phraseology, the majority of idioms are not linguistic but conceptual in nature. Moreover, they have to be seen mainly as a cultural product and, consequently, they are a splendid device for revealing the values of a given society. The aim of this study is to reveal the notion of the passing of time, as it is differently conceptualized for women and men in Spanish phraseology. Additionally, their dissimilar representations via linear structures based on the TIME IS SPACE conceptual metaphor will be proposed. The main conclusion of the study is that, according to Spanish idioms, men’s lives can be represented by a single-line structure divided into two opposite, isolated periods – childhood and maturity. On the contrary, women’s linear representation looks more like a continuous line that becomes a “forked” path a short time after women leave childhood behind. Finally, the relationship between the contemporary functioning of PUs and the endurance of the etymological stereotypes underlying these expressions will be considered.
This paper tackles the formation of identity of a group of first generation Iraqi women in the diaspora, who went to the northern city of Kingston upon Hull in England, after 2003. The paper, therefore, focuses on three identity categories, viz. religious, cultural, and linguistic to see how the diaspora women negotiate the terms of their subject position as a first generation diaspora group in the United Kingdom, UK. The researcher used ethnography and interviewing in the study. Fifteen Iraqi women were interviewed in order to understand what ‘home’ means to them. The paper also examined the Iraqi women’s understanding of ‘citizenship’ and the role social media sites had played in creating virtual spaces for them, especially by feeding into their personal and cultural identities in the diaspora. The research is situated within the sphere of feminist political philosophy of diaspora in connection with the women’s rights to have identities different from the dominant culture in their host countries. Moreover, the researcher reviews three hypotheses bearing on intercultural relations: the multiculturalism hypothesis, the integration hypothesis, and the contact hypothesis. (Berry, John W. 2013. “Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies: Research Derived from Multiculturalism Policy.” Acta De Investtigacion Psicologica 2 (3), 1122–1135) By testing the three intercultural hypotheses against the results of the conducted research, the study concludes that the Iraqi diaspora community is not a homogenous entity as it includes minorities within the minority. Therefore, there needs to be a system that respects diversity, hence the researcher supports the continuation of multiculturalism policy in hope of developing better intercultural relations.
neglected. The focus of much sociological research has switched to women employed in the labour force and to the analysis of their occupational position and prospects. Relatively less attention has been given to women who are not in, nor seeking, paid employment. Yet women not in, nor seeking, paid employment are a substantial element of the adult population. Thirty per cent of the Women and Employment sample were not in paid work nor looking for work (Martin and Roberts 1984: 9); and between a third and a quarter of the female respondents aged between 20 and 60 fell into this category in each of the 1,000 persons sampled in each Economic and Social Research Council Change and Economic Life Initiative locality (Aberdeen, Kirkcaldy, Coventry, Rochdale, Swindon and Northampton). With the rising rates of employ ment participation by younger women and the earlier return to work of female workers following upon maternity, associated breaks in employ ment are increasingly seen as temporary interruptions in life-long em ployment trajectories in the labour market (Martin and Roberts 1984: chapter 13). Nonetheless, substantial proportions of women still with draw from the labour market when they have young children. Forty-five per cent of mothers with young children of age 4 or under in 1989, and 30% of mothers among couples with dependent children, were not in paid employment or currently seeking it (Breeze, Trevor and Wilmot 1991: 70, Table 3.21). Nor do all women currently absent from the labour market plan, anticipate or experience a return to paid employ ment; twenty-six per cent of women in their forties in 1989 were, for instance, not in paid employment (ibid: 71). Older women, and perhaps some younger ones, may still see their major role as domestic and not
In a sample of affluent manual and routine white-collar workers it was found that the answers to a series of questions on conjugal roles were not related in such a way as to suggest the presence of an underlying dimension of jointness/segregation. This could be accounted for in various ways: the special characteristics of the sample, discrepancies between norms and reported behaviour, or inadequacies in the questions asked. It is concluded that further research is needed, but that until this has been done the universal existence of jointness/segregation of conjugal roles as a general dimension summarizing discrete items of behaviour must be doubted. Some conclusions on method are drawn.
Faced with a difficult decision about awarding a scholarship yesterday, I shocked my academic social science colleagues by proposing that we should toss a coin. We had agreed that two candidates were equal in terms of need and merit, so what could be fairer than random allocation as a method of determining who would get the scarce resource of the scholarship?The look on my colleagues' faces reminded me of the time some years ago when, as a member of the Economic and Social Research Council's research grants board, and faced with what we all recognise to be the ever imminent collapse of the peer referee system, I suggested a randomised controlled trial. Grant applications would be reviewed by the council's office staff to weed out any obvious non-runners, half would be allocated to the normal, cumbersome peer referee system, and half to a system of funding allocation by random numbers. Outputs would be easy to measure—completion of the project on time within budget, publications, other dissemination. I …