Weather Forecasting in India: A Review

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Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.070
Weather Forecasting in India: A Review
Vijay Kumar Didal1*, Brijbhooshan1, Anita Todawat2 and Kamlesh Choudhary2
1Department of Agronomy, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2Department of Soil Science, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Weather forecasting is the prediction of what
the atmosphere will be like in a particular
place by using technology and scientific
knowledge to make weather observations. In
other words, it's a way of predicting things
like cloud cover, rain, snow, wind speed and
temperature before they happen (Cahir, 2013).
Weather forecasters use all kinds of tools to
achieve this goal. We have instruments called
barometers to measure air pressure, radar to
measure the location and speed of clouds,
thermometers to measure temperature and
computer models to process data accumulated
from these instruments. However, to this day,
humans with good experience can still do a
better job at predicting the weather than
computer models alone because humans are
often involved in picking the most appropriate
model for a situation (Craft, 2010).
The main ways the weather can be forecast
include looking at current weather conditions,
tracking the motion of air and clouds in the
sky, finding previous weather patterns that
resemble current ones, examining changes in
air pressure and running computer models
(Banerjee et al., 2003).
The environment in which crops are grown
dictates their final yield. Of these
environmental factors, climate and weather,
the uncontrollable factors have maximum
influence on crop productivity (Cahir, 2013).
Vagaries of weather subject the crops to
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 577-590
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict
the state of the atmosphere for a given location and they are made by
collecting quantitative data. Soft computing is an innovative approach to
construct computationally intelligent systems that are supposed to possess
humanlike expertise within a specific domain, adapt themselves and learn
to do better in changing environments, and explain how they make
decisions. Soft computing techniques are Fuzzy logic, Neural Network,
Evolutionary computing, Genetic Algorithm etc. In this paper description
about status, scope, types, role, significance, limitations, techniques and
ITKs of weather forecasting in India.
Ke ywor ds
Weather forecasting,
Indigenous
Technological
Knowledge (ITK).
Accepted:
07 September 2017
Available Online:
10 November 2017
Article Info

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different ecological situations from year to
year leading to differential responses of crops
to input use. This situation limits use of costly
inputs for realising optimum yield. Therefore,
the primary requirement for initiating
agronomic measures against weather hazards
is foreknowledge of weather situation that is
likely to develop in an area (Venkataraman,
2002).
Significance of weather forecasting
Weather forecasting can help agricultural
activities in the following ways:
Planning for necessary inputs during the
season
Timely land preparation to take advantage of
earliest rain for timely sowing.
Selection of crops and cultivars.
Efficient use of fertilizers.
Predicting pests and diseases incidence for
timely action.
Timing of weeds, pests and disease control.
Planning for mitigation adverse effects of
weather hazards.
Adjustments in crop harvest timing to reduce
the losses at harvest.
Problems of weather forecasting
The problems of weather forecasting, as seen
from the standpoints of mechanics and
physics. If, as every scientifically inclined
individual believes, atmospheric conditions
develop according to natural laws from their
precursors, it follows that the necessary and
sufficient conditions for a rational solution of
the problems of meteorological prediction are
the following:
The condition of the atmosphere must be
known at a specific time with sufficient
accuracy.
The laws must be known, with sufficient
accuracy, which determine the development
of one weather condition from another.
Forecast requirements during different
seasons
To a large extent, crop production in our
country depends on rainfall vagaries. Long
range forecasts needed for kharif and rabi are:
Kharif
Onset and withdrawal of monsoon.
Breaks in monsoon rainfall, and
Occurrence of heavy rainfall.
Rabi
Rainfall and cold waves during winter.
Onset of heat waves and strong winds in
spring, and
Hail storms at commencement of summer.
Organizations involved in weather
forecasting
Several organizations all over the world
measure weather elements and forecast
weather conditions. Accepted norms are
developed for measuring, assigning values
and codes for different countries. India
Meteorological Department was established
in 1975 with headquarters at Pune.
Agricultural Meteorological Division was
started in 1932 for conducting research on
crop weather relationships. A major step was
taken in the early forties to set up specialized
meteorological observatories in crop
environment to inculcate weather
consciousness among farmers and to develop

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farm environment climatology. This has
resulted in steady growth of observatories,
besides agromet observatories, synoptic
weather stations also record data such as
rainfall, temperature, radiation, wind velocity,
evaporation, etc. The National Commission
on Agriculture recommended establishment
of Principal Agromet Observatories in each of
the Agricultural Universities.
The synoptic observatories collect
information on various weather elements on
the basis of which daily forecasts, warnings
and weather reports are prepared by five
regional forecasting centres situated at
Chennai, Nagpur, Mumbai, Delhi and
Kolkata. The regional centres also prepare
forecast of weather known as weather
bulletins indicating the probable date to onset
of monsoon, intensity, duration, breaks in
rainfall and other adverse weather
phenomenon. The bulletins are broadcasted in
the regional languages through radio and
television along with rural programmes.
Need for and requirements of weather
forecasts for agriculture
Climate-based strategic agronomic-
planning
Weather plays an important role in
agricultural production. It has a profound
influence on the growth, development and
yields of a crop, incidence of pests and
diseases, water needs and fertilizer
requirements in terms of differences in
nutrient mobilization due to water stresses
and timeliness and effectiveness of
prophylactic and cultural operations on crops.
Weather aberrations may cause (i) physical
damage to crops and (ii) soil erosion. The
quality of crop produce during movement
from field to storage and transport to market
depends on weather. Bad weather may affect
the quality of produce during transport and
viability and vigour of seeds and planting
material during storage.
Thus, there is no aspect of crop culture that is
devoid of the impact of weather. However, (a)
the weather requirements for optimal growth,
development and yield of crops, incidence,
multiplication and spread of pests and
diseases and susceptibility to weather-induced
stresses and affliction by pests and diseases
vary amongst crops, with the same crop with
the varieties and with the same crop variety
with its growth stages. Even on a
climatological basis weather factors show
spatial variations in an area at a given time,
temporal variations at a given place and year
to year variations for a given place and time.
For cropping purposes weather over short
time periods and year-to-year fluctuations at a
place over the selected interval have to be
considered. For any given time-unit the
percentage departures of extreme values from
a mean or median value, called the coefficient
of variability, is a measure of variability of
the parameter The shorter the time-unit, the
greater is the degree of variability of a
weather parameter.
Again, intensity of the above three variations
differ amongst weather factors. Over short
periods of time, rainfall is the most variable of
all parameters, both in time and space. In fact
for rainfall the short-period inter-year
variability is large, which necessitates
expressing variability in terms of percentage
probability of realizing a given amount of rain
or specify the minimum assured rainfall
amounts at a given level of probability.
For optimal productivity at a given location
crops and cropping practices must be such
that while their cardinal phased weather
requirements match the temporal march of the
concerned weather element(s), endemic
periods of pests, diseases and hazardous
weather are avoided. In such strategic

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planning of crops and cropping practices,
short-period climatic data, both routine and
processed (like initial and conditional
probabilities), have a vital role to play.
Essentials of weather forecasting
Essential features of weather forecasting are:
Proper recording of data.
Careful study of synoptic charts.
Search for similar situation from the historical
data.
Preparation of the weather condition chart as
may be possible in next 24 hours, and
Drawing quick, correct levels and definite
conclusions regarding future weather
phenomenon.
Elements included in weather forecasting
From another side, the elements of
agricultural weather forecasts vary from place
to place and from season to season, but they
should refer to all weather elements, which
affect farm planning and/or operations, and
they ideally would include (WMO, 2001):
Sky coverage by clouds
Precipitation
Temperature (maximum, minimum and dew
point)
Relative humidity
Wind Speed and direction
Extreme events (heat and cold waves fog,
frost, hail, thunderstorms, wind squalls and
gales, low pressure areas, different intensities
of depressions, cyclones, tornados, …)
Bright hours of sunshine
Solar radiation
Dew
Leaf wetness
Pan evaporation
Soil moisture stress conditions and
supplementary irrigation for rainfed crops
Advice for irrigation timing and quantity in
terms of pan evaporation
Specific information about the evolution of
meteorological variables into the canopy layer
in some specific cases
Micro-climate inside crops in specific cases.
Types of weather forecasting
Based on time or duration of forecasting
period, the weather forecasting can be divided
into six categories:
Now-casting (NC)
Very short range weather forecasting
Short range weather forecasting
Medium range weather forecasting
Extended range weather forecasting
Long range weather forecasting
Now-casting (NC)
Current weather variables and 0-6 hour’s
description of forecasted weather variables. A
relatively complete set of variables can be
produced (air temperature and relative
humidity, wind speed and direction, solar
radiation, precipitation amount and type,
cloud). Prerequisite is the operational
continuity and the availability of an efficient
broadcasting systems (e.g. very intense

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showers affecting a given territory must be
followed with continuity in provision of
information for final users). Accuracy is very
high and potential usefulness is low (Table 1
).
Very short range weather forecasting
Up to 12 hours description of weather
variables. A relatively complete set of
variables can be produced (air temperature
and relative humidity, wind speed and
direction, solar radiation, precipitation
amount and type, cloud). Prerequisite is the
availability of an efficient broadcasting
systems (e.g. frost information must be
broadcasted to farmers that can activate
irrigation facilities or fires or other systems of
protection). Accuracy is very high and
potential usefulness is moderate.
Short range weather forecasting
Short range weather forecasts are for a period
of 12 hours to 72 hours. These daily forecasts
are useful to irrigation engineers and farmers.
A relatively complete set of variables can be
produced (air temperature and relative
humidity, wind speed and direction, solar
radiation, precipitation amount and type,
cloud). In SRF the attention is centred on
meso scale features of different
meteorological fields. SRF can be
broadcasted by a wide set of media
(newspapers, radio, TV, web, etc.) and can
represent a fundamental information for
farmers. Accuracy and potential usefulness
are high.
Agricultural applications of short range
weather forecasting
Timing of field operations.
Soil workability.
Drying rate of soil.
Irrigation scheduling.
Spray applications.
Insect disease effects.
Livestock protection from cold and heat.
Medium range weather forecasting
Medium range weather forecasts are for
periods of 3 to 10 days. A relatively complete
set of variables can be produced (air
temperature and relative humidity, wind
speed and direction, solar radiation,
precipitation amount and type, cloud). In
MRF the attention is centred on synoptic
features of different meteorological fields.
MRF can be broadcasted by a wide set of
media (newspapers, radio, TV, web etc.) and
can represent a fundamental information for
farmers. Accuracy is high or moderate until 5
days; lower after and potential usefulness is
very high.
Agricultural applications of short range
weather forecasting
Determine depth of sowing for optimal
seedling emergence.
Decide whether to sow or not.
Plan irrigation based on expected rainfall.
Ensure maximum efficiency of spraying.
Decide to harvest or not to harvest.
Management of labour and equipment.
Plan for animal feed requirement.
Livestock protection from cold and heat.
Extended range weather forecasting
Extended range weather forecasts are for
periods of 10 to 30 days. Forecast is usually
restricted to Temperature and precipitation.

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Long range weather forecasting
The long range weather forecasts are issued
thrice in year. Validity period of long range
weather forecast is 10 to 30 days. The long
range forecasts are useful for choosing
cropping patterns.
Agricultural Applications of long range
weather forecasting
Crop Planning – Marginal crops Vs Normal
Crops
Choose crop varieties to suit the expected
weather
Determine expected crop yield
Plan area to be cultivated to get the required
crop produce
Methods of weather forecasting
The nature of modern weather forecasting is
not only highly complex but also highly
quantitative. The various methods used in
forecasting the weather are as follows:
Synoptic weather forecasting,
Numerical methods, and
Statistical methods.
Synoptic weather forecasting
The first method is the traditional approach in
weather prediction. This primary method
continued to be in use until the late 1950s.
Synoptic" means that the observation of
different weather elements refers to a specific
time of observation. Thus, a weather map that
depicts atmospheric conditions at a given time
is a synoptic chart to a meteorologist. In order
to have an average view of the changing
pattern of weather, a meteorological centre
prepares a series of synoptic charts every day.
Such synoptic charts form the very basis of
weather forecasts.
As stated earlier, the task of preparing
synoptic charts on a regular basis involves
huge collection and analysis of observational
data obtained from thousands of weather
stations. From the careful study of weather
charts over many years, certain empirical
rules were formulated. These rules helped the
forecaster in estimating the rate and direction
of the movement of weather systems.
Synoptic methods involved detailed analysis
of current weather reports from a large area.
The current weather patterns are related with
the past analogous situations and forecasts are
prepared on the assumption that a current
weather situation will behave on the lines of
the past analogous situations.
Often selection of the past analogous
situations is based on the experience and
memory of the forecast, but with the advent of
computers, picking analogues has become
faster and more objective. This method is
useful for short range forecasts.
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)
Uses the power of computers to make a
forecast. Complex computer programs, also
known as forecast models, run on
supercomputers and provide predictions on
many atmospheric variables such as
temperature, pressure, wind, and rainfall. A
forecaster examines how the features
predicted by the computer will interact to
produce the day's weather.
The NWP method is flawed in that the
equations used by the models to simulate the
atmosphere are not precise. If the initial state
is not completely known, the computer's
prediction of how that initial state will evolve
will not be entirely accurate.

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In this technique the behaviour of atmosphere
is represented by equations based on physical
laws governing air movement, air pressure
and other information. This technique is
found suitable for medium range forecasts.
Accurate meteorological data coupled with
modern weather prediction techniques and
transmission of data through telemetric
network with suitable backing agricultural
support systems, will imply a sea-chamber in
ability to plan agriculture in an optional way
for a given set of weather conditions.
Statistical methods
Statistical methods are used along with the
numerical weather prediction. This method
often supplements the numerical method.
Statistical methods use the past records of
weather data on the assumption that future
will be a repetition of the past weather. The
main purpose of studying the past weather
data is to find out those aspects of the weather
that are good indicators of the future events.
After establishing these relationships, correct
data can be safely used to predict the future
conditions. Only overall weather can be
predicted in this way. It is particularly of use
in projecting only one aspect of the weather at
a time. At macro level, weather forecasting is
usually done using the data gathered by
remote sensing satellites. Weather parameters
like maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, extent of rainfall, cloud
conditions, wind streams and their directions,
are projected using images taken by these
meteorological satellites to assess future
trends.
The satellite-based systems are inherently
costlier and require complete support system.
Moreover, such systems are capable of
providing only such information, which is
usually generalized over a larger geographical
area. The variables defining weather
conditions like temperature (maximum or
minimum), relative humidity, rainfall etc.,
vary continuously with time, forming time
series of each parameter and can be used to
develop a forecasting model either
statistically or using some other means like
artificial neural networks.
Regression equations or other sophisticated
relationships are established between different
weather elements and the resulting climate.
Normal selection of predictors of weather
parameters is based on possible physical
relationship with the predictant. These
techniques are useful for short as well as for
long range forecasting. Multiple regression
equation developed to provide annual rainfall
based on 16 parameters is quite successful in
India.
Table.1 Accuracy and usefulness of weather forecasting for agriculture
S. No.
Forecast type
Accuracy
Potential usefulness
1.
Now-casting (NC)
Very high
Low
2.
Very Short Range Forecast (VSRF)
Very high
Moderate
3.
Short Range Forecast (SRF)
High
High
4.
Medium Range Forecast (MRF)
High
Very high
5.
Extended Range Forecast (ERF)
Moderate
Poor
6.
Long Range Forecast (LRF)
Very low
Poor

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Table.2 Terms used in rainfall forecasting
Descriptive Term used
Rainfall amount in mm
No Rain
0.0
Very light Rain
0.1- 2.4
Light Rain
2.5 – 7.5
Moderate Rain
7.6 – 35.5
Rather Heavy
35.6 – 64.4
Heavy Rain
64.5 – 124.4
Very Heavy Rain
124.5 – 244.4
Extremely Heavy Rain
>244.5
Exceptionally Heavy Rain
When the amount is a value near about the highest
recorded rainfall at or near the station for the month
or season. However, this term will be used only
when the actual rainfall amount exceeds 12 cm.
Table.3 Weekly/seasonal rainfall distribution on regional scale
Category
Percentage departure of actual rainfall from normal rainfall
Excess Rainfall
+ 20% or more
Normal Rainfall
- 19 % to + 19 %
Deficient Rainfall
– 20 % to - 59 %
Scanty Rainfall
– 60 % to - 99 %
No rain
– 100 %

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Fig.1 The Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS)
Fig.2 Disseminating weather information through different agencies
Operational communication to end-users (farmers)
State Met Centres
Agromet Advisory Bulletin
by AMFUs
Postal Contact Personal
Contact
Radio News Papers
KVK
State Agril. Dept.
Farmer
Television
SMS on
mobile

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Fig.3 District wise correct and usable rainfall forecast (%) in different districts of Telangana
during kharif, 2015

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Advanced Weather Interactive Processing
System (AWIPS)
The Advanced Weather Interactive
Processing System (AWIPS) computer
workstation provides various weather maps
and overlaps on different screens. AWIPS
works in four steps which are given below:
Data communication.
Storage.
Processing, and
Display.
ITK for weather prediction
Out of various the factors which control
agricultural production, weather is the only
factor over which man has no control and
hence it has an overwhelming dominance
over the success or failure of agricultural
enterprise. It is an accepted fact that food
production is inextricably linked with climate
and weather. It is also reported that weather
induced variability of food production is more
than 10 per cent. This variability can be as
high as 50 per cent of the normal production
in respect of smaller areas situated in arid and
semi-arid regions. In order to reduce risks of
loss in food production due to the vagaries of
weather, weather per se, should be taken into
account as one of the major inputs in
agricultural planning. That is why forecast of
weather parameters play a vital role in
agricultural production. It also aids in
minimize crop losses to a considerable extent.
Thus development and refinement of the art
of weather prediction has been essential since
time immemorial. In present times we have
many improved technologies for making
weather forecasts as well as for their
dissemination. Previously when there was no
such technology available farmers based their
prediction on many natural, cultural and
social phenomena. Some of these are
discussed below:
Visible spectrum around the sun and the
moon
People predicted weather after observing the
visible spectrum around the sun or moon. If
the spectrum around the sun had a greater
diameter than that around the moon, they
predicted rainfall after a day or two.
Some people based their weather prediction
on the nature of the solar halo, specifically: "if
the spectrum around the sun has a larger
diameter then rainfall is assured.
All the photometers are a luminous
phenomenon produced by the reflection,
refraction, diffraction or interference of light
from the sun or moon. The visible spectrum
of light around the sun or moon is called halo,
or carona according to its distance from the
sun or moon.
If the distance is more then it is called the
halo phenomenon, which is caused by a layer
of thin veil of cirrus clouds i.e. non rain
bearing clouds. But if the distance is less, it is
called corona phenomena produced by
somewhat dense clouds which may cause
rainfall. The accuracy of this indigenous
observation can be as high as 50 per cent.
Cloud and wind direction
If there is an accumulation of clouds in the
South-East direction in a layered form
accompanied by winds blowing from the
southern direction then it is claimed that there
will be rainfall within a day or two.
Weather prediction through birds and
other animals
Farmers also predict weather by observing
closely the different activities of various
birds, animals etc. The following are some
indigenous beliefs:

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It is believed that on a hot summer day the cry
of the bird called “Nialu” for water brings
rainfall
During the rainy season farmers observe the
"Matilari" bird (House swift) and they predict
heavy rainfall if the bird flies high in the sky
If the “Maina” bird bathes in the water it
indicates that there will be rainfall within one
or two days
During long hot days in summer if the cry of
theapiha bird is heard then people believe that
God will quench her thirst and there will be
rainfall after one or two days.
A group of sparrows frolicking in the sand
indicates that there will be rainfall that day or
the next day and if they are observed to be
playing in water then it is believed that the
weather will be dry for some days to come.
If the "Jonks" (Leechs) are
immobile/stationary at the water surface
(Pond) then dry weather is predicted but if
they move rapidly in the upward and
downward direction in water then rainfall is
predicted.
If the "Tatihari" bird (Lapwing) lays her eggs
on the higher portion of the field then heavy
rainfall is predicted during the coming rainy
season but if the eggs are laid in the lower
portion of the field then a drought is
predicted. These birds never construct a nest
but lay their eggs on bare soil.
Further it is also believed that if a single egg
is laid, then there will be rainfall only for one
month out of four months of the rainy season.
If two eggs are laid then rainfall will occur for
two months and similarly four eggs indicate
there will be rainfall during all the four
months of the rainy season.
If there is a swelling on the lower portion of
the camel's legs then rainfall is predicted by
the farmers. The swellings are probably
caused due to higher relative humidity.
If the "Tillbohara" (Dragon fly), which
appears generally in the rainy season, are
observed to swarm in a large group over a
water surface (Pond) then dry weather is
predicted but if they swarm over open dry
lands or fields then early rainfall is predicted
by the farmers.
If the colour of the clouds is similar to the
colour of the wings of the Titar bird
(Partridge) i.e. grey or black-grey and strong
eastern winds are also blowing then assured
rainfall is predicted by the farmers.
The clouds of a colour similar to that of the
said bird are rain bearing clouds i.e. of
cumulonimbus type.
If centipedes emerge from their holes carrying
their eggs in swarms in order to shift them to
safer places (within the house) then farmers
predict early rainfall The centipedes do this so
as to avoid egg damage which can be caused
by rain water.
When spider nets are plentiful on grasses,
sticks of tomato crop and on trench bean crop
then it is estimated that the rainy season is
over.
Social and cultural beliefs
Many cultural, social and religious beliefs and
activities superstitious pertaining to the
prediction of future weather prevail since
generations. From time immemorial farmers
have predicted the weather on the basis of
these beliefs/activities.
The following are some examples from the
western Himalayan region.

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If the first 10-15 of the month "Jeth" (May-
June) are very hot then good rainfall/monsoon
is predicted during the ensuing rainy season.
This results probably from the low pressure
zone in north-west India that is generated due
to the high temperatures.
The Soolini Mela (Festival) is organised in
Solan, during the month of June every year.
People of this area firmly believe that rainfall
will occur on the very day of the festival or
one day before or day after the festival
It is also believed, that when grey coloured
clouds descend below the hill tops then they
definitely cause rainfall.
If the "Khejri" tree bears good fruit in a
particular year then farmers predict good
rainfall during the next rainy season and vice
versa less rain is predicted in the event of a
poor fruit crop.
If the Chakkala-Belan, (rolling pin and
board), used in the Kitchen, show moisture on
them then within few days rainfall is
expected.
In villages elderly farmers usually carry a
small bag for "Tambaku" (Tobacco) for
Hukka (Smoking device). When this bag
shows more moisture in the Tambakku then
farmers predict rainfall within one or two
days.
Some folk-lore regarding weather
forecasting
The folk-lore of the popular poet Gag and his
wife Bhahdari, who lived during the 17th
century, regarding weather forecasting are
still very popular in northern India. Some are
given as under:
When strong eastern winds blow continuously
then it is estimated that the rainy season has
come.
When days are very hot and there is dew at
night, then according to Gag, there are very
limited chances of rainfall.
When cloudy days are accompanied by clear
nights and the eastern winds blow somewhat
strongly, then according to Gag no rainfall is
predicted. Thus there is accompanied by a
shortage of water in ponds, rivers etc.
Consequently clothes are washed using water
from wells.
When a rainbow is formed in the direction of
Bengal then there will be rainfall, if not by the
evening then definitely by next morning.
During the rainy season, if a cloud appears on
Friday and Saturday then rainfall is predicted
either for Sunday or Monday.
National agromet advisory bulletin
In order to provide direct services to the
farming community of the country an
exclusive Division of Agricultural
Meteorology was set up in 1932 under the
umbrella of Dissemination of Agromet
Advisory in India.
Under the project, advisories are primarily
disseminated to farmers by mass mode,
outreach at village level and human face for
advisory dissemination. Advisories are being
disseminated to farmers through following the
multi-channel system: All India Radio (AIR)
and doordarshan, private TV and radio
channels, Mobile phones/SMS, newspapers,
internet, virtual academy/virtual
universities/NGOs, Kisan Call Centres/ICAR
and other related Institutes/Agricultural
Universities/Extension network of
state/central Agriculture Departments, Krishi
Vigyan Kendras.
Now-casting have very high accuracy and
medium range weather forecasting have very
high potential usefulness than the others.

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Advanced Weather Interactive Processing
System (AWIPS) is a computer based system
which provides fastest and accurate data on
future weather conditions. In villages of India
Indigenous Technological Knowledge (ITK)
is used for weather forecasting.
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How to cite this article:
Vijay Kumar Didal, Brijbhooshan, Anita Todawat and Kamlesh Choudhary. 2017. Weather
Forecasting in India: A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(11): 577-590.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.070