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Sustainable Development Guidance 2
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Air quality and climate change are inexorably linked from their emission sources to their impacts on climate, human health, and ecosystems, including agriculture. However, in global environmental change and sustainability policies the link between air quality and climate change is often ignored. To facilitate including the link between air pollution and climate change in the policy process, three key considerations (1) mix of emissions, (2) lifetime, and (3) benefits and trade-offs should be taken into account. These three key considerations will help decision makers understand how proposed policies may impact the emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases and their resulting impacts on climate, human health, and ecosystems, thus reducing unintended consequences and likely resulting in additional economic and environmental benefits.
Måns Nilsson, Dave Griggs and Martin Visbeck present a simple way of rating relationships between the targets to highlight priorities for integrated policy.
PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF QUALITATIVE METHODS The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Strategic Themes in Qualitative Methods Variety in Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications PART TWO: QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND DATA COLLECTION Designing Qualitative Studies Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods Qualitative Interviewing PART THREE: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis
A formal procedure for data quality management in life cycle inventory is described. The procedure is applied to the example of an energy inventory for 1 kg rye bread. Five independent data quality indicators are suggested as necessary and sufficient to describe those aspects of data quality which influence the reliability of the result. Listing these data quality indicators for all data gives an improved understanding of the typical data quality problems of a particular study. This may subsequently be used for improving the data collection strategy during a life cycle study. To give an assessment of the reliability of the overall result of a life cycle inventory, the data quality indicators are transformed into estimates of the additional uncertainty due to the insufficient data quality. It is shown how a low data quality can both increase the uncertainty and change the mean value. After assigning additional uncertainties to all data in the study, a calculation of the uncertainty of the overall result is made by the use of simulations. The use of default estimates of additional uncertainties is suggested as a way to both simplify and improve the procedure.
Starting from the conditions for a successful implementation of saving options, a general framework was developed to investigate possible interaction effects in sets of energy policy measures. Interaction regards the influence of one measure on the energy saving effect of another measure. The method delivers a matrix for all combinations of measures, with each cell containing qualitative information on the strength and type of interaction: overlapping, reinforcing, or independent of each other. Results are presented for the set of policy measures on household energy efficiency in the Netherlands for 1990–2003. The second part regards a quantitative analysis of the interaction effects between three major measures: a regulatory energy tax, investment subsidies and regulation of gas use for space heating. Using a detailed bottom-up model, household energy use in the period 1990–2000 was simulated with and without these measures. The results indicate that combinations of two or three policy measures yield 13–30% less effect than the sum of the effects of the separate measures.
Climate Policy Implementation Tracking Framework. Working 4 Paper
- P Barua
- T Fransen
- D Wood
Barua, P., T. Fransen, and D. Wood. 2014.Climate Policy Implementation Tracking Framework. Working
4
Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at http://wri.org/publication/climate-5
policy-tracking.