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Voltage source multilevel inverter voltage quality comparison under multicarrier sinusoidal PWM and space vector PWM of two delta voltages
... Thus, the increase in the electric demand requires increasing the capacity of generation, transmission and electric distribution at a structural level (Pérez-García et al., 2019). This leads to a significant increase in economic investments by companies in order to cover the demand (Chang & Yeh, 2003;Lopatkin, 2017). ...
... If the voltage of the device is higher than that of the mains, such as , The device would supply a current in advance behaving like a capacitor, now if the voltage of the device is lower than that of the electrical network, it would consume a current in delay behaving like an inductor. The idea is to use an appropriate control strategy to synchronize the voltage and the phase angle of the device with the network and to control the amplitude depending on the need (Haider et al., 2012;Lopatkin, 2017). ...
In this article Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are addressed, especially the design and implementation of a D-STATCOM prototype, making a comparison between the theoretical behavior and the aforementioned prototype. A fuzzy logic-based strategy was used for voltage control, employing the Matlab Fuzzy Logic Designer tool. The neural network was trainned with the network voltage, the voltage of the inverter stage, the current, the active and reactive power, and the power factor as inputs. Initially, the load power factor was 0.62 and the prototype operation allowed the voltage to be increased above the grid voltage, which is reflected in the forward current, modifying the power factor to a value of 0.91 while maintaining the same voltage. Finally, the results demonstrate the relationship between the increase of the inverter stage of the prototype above the electrical power line, obtaining a variable capacitor thus adjusting the power factor.
... Por lo tanto, en este artículo se propone una estructura de modulación que consiste en una combinación del espacio vectorial con modulación por desplazamiento de fase. El propósito de este enfoque es reducir el costo computacional al disminuir el número de vectores utilizando como base una topología CHB de 3 niveles correspondiente a un CHB por fase, donde los vectores se representan como el primer y segundo hexágono delineados como se muestra en la Fig. 3, el tercer y cuarto hexágono representan el segundo nivel al agregar un CHB, el quinto y sexto hexágono definen el tercer nivel al agregar un tercer CHB [30]. Para reducir el número de vectores, los vectores de primer nivel se extrapolan al segundo y tercer nivel. ...
... Contrary to the PWM, which achieves the maximum A 1 at D = 1 2 , the maximum A 1 in the DDC-PWM is achieved at the condition D = 1 2 N or D = 2 N −1 2 N , which equals the f PW M−DDC to f PW M [65][66][67]. Applying Equation (7) at the condition D = 1 2 N , the maximum first harmonic for DDC-PWM is obtained in Equation (24). ...
The flexibility provided by FPGAs permits the implementation of several ADCs, each one configured with the required bit resolution and sampling frequency. The paper presents the design and implementation of scalable and parametrizable analog-to-digital converters (ADC), based on a successive approximation register (SAR), on FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays). Firstly, the work develops a systematic methodology for the implementation of a parametrizable SAR-based ADC from a set of building modules, such as the pulse-width modulator (PWM), external low-pass filter (LPF) and the analog comparator. The presented method allows choosing the LPF parameters for the required performance (resolution bits and sampling frequency) of a SAR-based ADC. Secondly, the paper also presents several optimizations on the PWM module to enhance the sampling frequency of implemented ADCs, and the method to choose the LPF parameters is adapted. The PWM and SAR logic are synthesizable and parametrizable, using a low number of resources, in order to be portable for low-cost FPGA families. The methodology and PWM optimizations are tested on a Zynq-7000 device from Xilinx; however, they can be adapted to any other FPGA.
... In PD PWM technique [58], the carrier signals are placed at different position in above and below of the zero reference as shown in Fig.5 (a). While in POD PWM technique [59], the carrier signals are not only placed in different positions but also the phase angles are shifted by 180 o for the signals placed below zero reference when compared to the signals placed above zero reference as shown in Fig.5 (b). In APOD PWM technique [60], the alternative carrier signals are shifted by 180 o to each other as given in Fig..5 (c). ...
The Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Multi-Level Inverters (MLI) have been ruling the power electronics industries for the past two decades. The Multi-Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (MCPWM) is common PWM techniques which are widely used in NPC-MLI applications. However, MCPWM is not having a good impact on the balancing of DC-link voltages, Common Mode Voltage (CMV) and limiting the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). The Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) technique is introduced for reducing the THD, however all the switching angles should be maintained less than π/2 to keep the eliminated harmonics at constant level which narrows down the modulation index range. Hence, in recent days Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is widely used in NPC-MLI, which gives better DC-link voltage balancing, self-neutral point balancing, near-zero CMV reduction, better-quality harmonics profile and switching loss minimization. Hence, it is a preferred solution for the majority of electrical conversion applications such as electric traction, high power industrial drives, renewable power generation, and grid-connected inverters, etc. The paper gives a comprehensive review of the SVM for NPC-MLI. First, this paper deliberates the state of art for two-level SVM and extends it to three-level (3L) SVM. Also compares the 3L SVM performance with other MCPWM techniques. Followed by the various modified MLI SVM techniques in terms of their implementations, DC-link capacitor balancing, and reduction of CMV. Further, the review of MLI SVM is widened to open-end winding Inverters and multiphase MLIs. The final part of this paper discussed the future trends and research directions on MLI SVM techniques and its applications.
... The most traditional control approach is pulse width modulation (PWM). In the case of three or more phase systems, named "polyphase systems," the industry-standard today is the so-called space vector modulation, in which switching commands for all three phases are generated in a coordinated fashion [3]- [6]. ...
The rapid growth of renewable energy applications increases the complexity of the system, followed by the increase of using fast switching converters in the smart grid. Thus, the probability of electromagnetic interference between the system elements may cause a lot of communication problems between smart grid elements. On the other hand, the use of a SiC-based converter gets a great interest due to its fast switching capability and loss reduction. This paper focuses on studying the difference between the influence of dc Si-based transistor and SiC-based transistor on the performance of narrowband G3-PLC. The experimental setup was implemented to emulate a real situation, and tests were performed to show the results at different operating conditions.
... The most traditional control approach is pulse width modulation (PWM). In the case of three or more phase systems, named "polyphase systems", the industrystandard today is the so-called space vector modulation, in which switching commands for all three phases are generated in a coordinated fashion [3]- [6]. Two approaches became more popular; one is the optimization the Power Electronic Interfaces thought their switch modulation strategies. ...
The increase in the use of power converters in a smart grid system causes the presence of high-level of conducted electromagnetic interference. Consequently, this leads to a miscommunication problem between the smart grid elements. This paper focuses on the influence of two power converter modulation techniques: deterministic and random modulation, on the performance of the Power Line Communication (PLC) signal. The paper presented a practical implementation of the system and discussed the results for different operating scenarios.
In order to reduce voltage distortion and supraharmonic (SH) emission in microgrid (MG) systems with electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, this research compares several harmonic elimination approaches. The increasing deployment of EVs has led to the integration of EV charging stations within MG systems, presents challenges in maintaining a high power quality (PQ). Voltage distortions and SH emissions are caused due to non-linear loads and the intermittent nature of EV charging, which have an effect on the performance and dependability of the MG. In order to solve these problems, multilevel converters (MLCs) are used to produce high-quality waveforms. MLCs use harmonic elimination methods to cut down on SH emissions, which improves the PQ overall. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM), selective harmonic elimination (SHE), space vector modulation (SVM), and random-PWM (RPWM) techniques are among the harmonic elimination methods compared and analyzed. The results will enable the selection of the most appropriate strategy for minimizing voltage distortion and SH emission in MG systems, while providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of each method.
One of the implementation variants of the algorithm of the space vector pulse-width modulation of the two delta voltages of the multilevel autonomous voltage source inverter, using the five-segment sequence of the three vectors switching is offered. The diagrams of the dependences of the output voltage THD and integral factors of harmonics on the amplitude modulation index are obtained for the various values of the frequency modulation index as a result of Mathcad simulation.
The cost reduction of power electronic devices, the increase in their reliability, efficiency and power capability, lower development times, together with more demanding application requirements, have driven the development of several new inverter topologies recently introduced in industry, particularly medium-voltage converters. New more complex inverter topologies and new application fields come along with additional control challenges, such as: voltage imbalances, power quality issues, higher efficiency needs and fault tolerant operation, which necessarily requires the parallel development of modulation schemes. Therefore, recently there have been significant advances in the field of modulation of dc/ac converters, which conceptually has been dominated during the last several decades almost exclusively by classic pulse width modulation methods. This paper aims to concentrate and discuss the latest developments on this exciting technology, to provide insight on where the state-of-the-art stands today, and analyze the trends and challenges driving its future.
This paper is a study of Multilevel Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (MSPWM) methods; Phase Disposition (PD), Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) on a single phase Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter. Various factors such as amplitude modulation index (Ma), frequency modulation index (Mf), phase angle between carrier and reference modulating wave (Φ) have been considered for simulation. Variation in these factors and their effect on inverter performance is evaluated. Factors such as DC bus utilization, output r.m.s voltage, total harmonic distortion (%THD), dominant harmonic order, switching losses are evaluated based on simulation results.
The paper describes some details of the voltage source multilevel inverter space vector PWM algorithm developed on the base of one of the more general algorithms for oblique-angled coordinates of two delta voltages. The instantaneous output voltage waveform simulation has been carried out, and voltage THD and harmonics integral factors dependences on the amplitude modulation index are presented.
The article deals with the experience of the first descriptions of the methods of pulse width modulation in the power electronics from the start of its use to the present day. Development of PWM in the 20th century made mainly from publications of the USSR period and the development of multi-level PWM inverters made available by the publications of foreign authors. The analysis allowed at this process to identify four time stages each of which has its own characteristics.
For medium voltage and high power applications, multilevel inverter has been accepted as a better alternative; as it has better waveform quality, low stresses on switching devices and better performance. Among the various topology of multi level inverter cascaded H-bridge inverter has been found as more reliable, easy to implement and better performance. This paper analyses the performance of cascaded H-bridge inverter for 5-level, 7-level, 9-level, 11-level, 13-level and 21-level for single phase and also three phases. The performance of mentioned level has been analyzed through simulation using level-shift PWM technique i.e. for all the levels using In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition. A comparison between total harmonic distortions at modulating frequency 1 KHz and 4 KHz for all levels has been done for various methods of level shifted PWM techniques.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the comparative relationship between Space-Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) for three phase multilevel inverters. Detailed comparative analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for both modulation strategies analyzed. The converter technologies are receiving increased attention due to high power applications. This increased attention is probably due to the fact that the output waveforms are much improved over those of the three-phase carrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).
The importance and the physical meaning of the integral and differential factors of the voltage (and current) harmonics are highlighted. The core part of the LabVIEW virtual instrument for the evaluation of the voltage harmonics integral factors is presented. The simulating LabVIEW verification by means of the meander signal has been accomplished.
The paper proposes some new expressions in several coordinate systems (oblique-angled 60- and 120-degree coordinates, barycentric and affine coordinates on triangles) for the voltage space vector of the multilevel voltage source inverter. The offered space vector representations can be useful for the real time digital signal processor control of converters, some of them lead to the algorithmic simplifications.
This book presents the latest cutting-edge technology in high-power converters and medium voltage drives, and provides a complete analysis of various converter topologies, modulation techniques, practical drive configurations, and advanced control schemes. Supplemented with more than 250 illustrations, the author illustrates key concepts with simulations and experiments. Practical problems, along with accompanying solutions, are presented to help you tackle real-world issues. © 2006 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
High-power high-voltage power electronics systems with fully-controlled semiconductors can benefit from the development of modular solutions based on voltage-sourced building blocks. This paper offers a performance comparison of various multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques for the control of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on the half-bridge capacitor cell. It is found that the PWM method can significantly affect the ripple of the capacitor free DC-bus, hence the selection of the carrier frequency and the multi-carrier PWM method is an important design question for the MMC topology. Simulation results for a three-phase rectifier-inverter system generated with the PSCAD/EMTDC software package are provided to support the theoretical considerations.
This paper studies the relations of space-vector modulation (SVM) and carrier-based pulse-width modulation (PWM) for multilevel inverter. The PWMs' generation of SVM can be achieved by carrier-based PWM scheme, but the modulated wave of SVM is acquired by vectors' calculations and switching-states' selection. Based on different selection of redundant switching-states, there are many types of SVM modulated waves, some of which can function equivalently through proper selection of common-mode injections in the case of carrier-based PWM, the others have more freedoms in switching-states' selection than carrier-based PWM. Selection of more switching-states in SVM is propitious to optimize the output voltage, balance the dc power and so on. Then an improved PWM scheme is proposed based on the modulation waves of three-level SVM, which reserves the main advantages of SVM, and can be achieved easily. Finally, a five-level test circuit is built to verify this PWM scheme.
Direct Methods of Calculation of Power Indicators of Valve Converters
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Energy conversion quality analysis of PWM autonomous voltage inverter
- I A Bakhovtsev
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Generalized analysis of output power of multiphase multilevel PWM voltage source inverters
- I A Bakhovtsev
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