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RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2017
Annotated checklist and insular distribution of freshwater
microcrustaceans (Copepoda: Calanoida & Cyclopoida; Cladocera:
Anomopoda & Ctenopoda) in the Philippines
Mark Louie D. Lopez1, Jhaydee Ann F. Pascual2, Erica Silk P. Dela Paz2,5, Eric Zeus C. Rizo6, Dino
T. Tordesillas5, Shea Kathleen Guinto5, Boping Han6 , Henri J. Dumont6,7, Augustus C. Mamaril, Sr.8
& Rey Donne S. Papa3,4,5
Abstract. This checklist puts together available information on the taxonomy, distribution, and current status of
freshwater microcrustacean zooplankton in the Philippines. To date, 81 species have been recorded from Philippine
inland waters, including 55 cladoceran and 36 copepod species, in two cladoceran orders (six families); and in
two copepod orders (four families). The level of endemicity and distribution patterns of microcrustaceans in the
archipelago’s freshwater systems reects the island’s origins, biogeographical status, and location in the tropics.
However, there are problems: in terms of taxonomy, species level identication is often doubtful and further study
on systematics and biogeography is needed to settle conicts in identication. This is demonstrated by the 29
synonymies and misidentications detected in previous Philippine records. In addition, the introduction of non-
native species of fishes, zooplankton, and other aquatic organisms has begun negatively impacting inland aquatic
biodiversity in the country, which is further exacerbated by eutrophication and other environmental changes.
Key words. zooplankton, taxonomy, diversity, tropics, inland waters
RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 65: 623–654
Date of publication: 8 November 2017
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D99EE23D-6EBA-4F22-A010-9DE79E64A77E
© National University of Singapore
ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 0217-2445 (print)
1Research Unit, Philippine Science High School, Agham Road, Diliman, Quezon
City 1101, Philippines
2Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern
University, Sampaloc, Manila 1015, Philippines
3Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas,
España, Manila 1015, Philippines; Email: rspapa@ust.edu.ph; reypaps@yahoo.com
(*corresponding author)
4Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas,
España, Manila 1015, Philippines
5The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015, Philippines
6Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou
510632, China
7Department of Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
8Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101,
Philippines
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is an archipelagic nation of approximately
7,000 islands in Southeast Asia. It has a total land area of
300,000 km2, 92% of which is found on the 11 largest islands
(Dickerson et al., 1928). Geographically, the country can be
grouped into three major island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. The largest island group, Luzon, covers 47 percent
of the total land area and is situated in the north. Mindanao,
located in the south and the second largest group, and
Visayas, a group of smaller islands in the central Philippines,
occupy 34% and 19% of the total land area respectively.
The country’s location and geographic origins make it a
megadiverse country in terms of degree of endemism and
number of endemic organisms per unit area (Myers et al.,
2000; Ong et al., 2002). Among the biodiverse habitats in
the Philippines, inland water systems are yet to be fully
understood. Freshwater resources/bodies cover at least 2,000
km2 of the total land area of the Philippines. They include
211 lakes, 18 major river systems and 22 marshes, swamps
and small reservoirs, which provide energy, irrigation, and
food from both open water sheries and aquaculture (DENR-
PAWB, 2009). Wetlands and inland waters in the country
contain at least 1,616 species of aquatic ora and at least
3,675 species of aquatic fauna (Ong et al., 2005). One of
the most understudied groups in aquatic ecosystems are
the freshwater zooplankton, composed of rotifers (Phylum
Rotifera) and freshwater microcrustaceans (Copepoda,
Cladocera, and Ostracoda). This group of organisms act as
an intermediate level between photosynthetic producers and
higher order consumers. Interest in freshwater zooplankton
research has recently shifted from temperate to sub-tropical
and tropical countries especially those located in Central and
South America, China and Southeast Asia.
Freshwater zooplankton research in the country began in the
late 19th century, considerably more recently compared to the
nearly 300 years of zooplankton research in Europe, America,
and Australia. The rst record of a zooplankton species
from the Philippines was by Semper (1872) who discovered
and described a novel species of rotifer, Trochosphaera
aequatorialis, from a rice field (Mamaril & Fernando,
1978). It then took another 50 years for the publication of
Taxonomy & Systematics
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
additional studies on Philippine zooplankton. These papers
focused more on freshwater microcrustaceans. They were
part of more extensive research on the species diversity and
distribution of Oriental cladocerans and copepod species in
Southeast Asian countries as part of the Wallacea-Tressler
Expedition (Wright, 1928; Kiefer, 1930; Brehm, 1938; Kiefer,
1938; Woltereck et al., 1941; Brehm, 1942). This research
effort not only listed species of freshwater zooplankton in
the region but also formulated ecological tools in studying
tropical zooplankton. The research on freshwater zooplankton
taxonomy, systematics and distribution continued in a
sporadic way after World War II. In 1954, several freshwater
bodies in Metro Manila were surveyed and a total of eight
species in four cladoceran families were noted (Cheng &
Clemente, 1954). After a decade, Uéno (1966) recorded
eight cladoceran and two copepod species from Lake Taal
(Luzon Island). Petersen & Carlos (1984) listed 15 cladoceran
and 25 copepod species from major lakes in Luzon and
Lake Lanao in Mindanaos. Lastly, a comprehensive survey
of microcrustacean zooplankton species in Philippine
freshwaters resulted in two important works, viz. Mamaril
& Fernando (1978), and Mamaril (1986). These two papers
included a total of 125 freshwater microcrustacean species
(49 cladocerans and 9 copepods) and provided taxonomic
illustrations, morphological descriptions, and taxonomic
keys for all species.
The past decade was marked by a renewed interest on the
study of freshwater microcrustaceans, with the advent of
more sophisticated and intensive zooplankton researches in
the country. Mamaril (2001) gave a summary of all recorded
species of freshwater zooplankton in different freshwater
ecosystems throughout the country. Since 2008, several
papers dealt with various aspects of limnology, zooplankton
ecology, taxonomy, and distribution. Many of these
contributed new information on freshwater microcrustacean
taxonomy and distribution and led to the discovery of
new distribution records for Lake Paoay, northern Luzon
(Aquino et al., 2008), and Lake Taal, southern Luzon,
including the rare endemic calanoid, Pseudodiaptomus
brehmi Kiefer, 1938, and the neotropical invasive calanoid
copepod, Arctodiaptomus dorsalis (Marsh, 1907) (Papa &
Zafaralla, 2011; Papa et al., 2012b). This was immediately
followed by a paper that highlighted the occurrence of A.
dorsalis in 19 other Philippine lakes (Papa et al., 2012a).
Papa & Hołyńska (2013) updated the information on the
distribution of Cyclopidae in Philippine lakes highlighting
new records for Mesocyclops taihokuensis Harada, 1931, the
redescription of Mesocyclops microlasius Kiefer, 1981 and
the discovery of a new species, Mesocyclops augusti Papa &
Hołyńska, 2013 from Lake Siloton (Mindanao, Philippines).
Previous information on records of Philippine cladocerans
is summarised and critically analysed by Korovchinsky
(2013a). Pascual et al. (2014) provided an update on the
cladoceran fauna of 86 inland water bodies throughout
the country. The most recent paper on the distribution of
Philippine cyclopid copepods was that of Dela Paz et al.
(2016), which documented the cyclopid fauna of major
islands in the Visayas region (central Philippines).
The increase in published information on Philippine
freshwater zooplankton has provided better insight on
its diversity in the archipelago, however, the lack of a
comprehensive checklist for this group hampers future
efforts in knowing over-all diversity of freshwater fauna in
the country. In light of this, the authors provided checklist
of Philippine freshwater microcrustaceans (Copepoda:
Calanoida & Cyclopoida; Cladocera: Anomopoda &
Ctenopoda) by consolidating published accounts to validate
taxonomic status and insular distribution of these taxa in
the Philippines.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data were gathered from all published papers on freshwater
zooplankton in the Philippines from 1928 to 2016. All papers
were evaluated wherein taxonomic descriptions, distributions
and remarks were thoroughly summarised by M.L. Lopez.
In addition, samples deposited in the University of Santo
Tomas – Zooplankton Reference Collection (UST-ZRC)
collected and identied by R. Papa, D. Tordesillas, J. Pascual,
E. Rizo, B. Han, H. Dumont, S. Guinto and E. dela Paz from
2008 to 2015 were also included in this study. Overall, the
microcrustacean zooplankton of 139 sampling sites have
been included in this study (Fig. 1).
TAXONOMIC CHECKLIST
Class Maxillopoda Dahl, 1956
Subclass Copepoda Milne-Edwards, 1840
Order Calanoida Sars, 1903
Family Diaptomidae Baird, 1850
Arctodiaptomus dorsalis (Marsh, 1907)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Tuyor & Baay, 2001; Papa et al., 2012a,
2012b; Metillo et al., 2014; and Rizo et al., 2015.
General geographic distribution: Nearctic and Central
America. Ranges from Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean
Sea regions, and from the southern United States to Central
America and northern South America.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Lago del
Ray; Batangas–Lake Taal; Camarines Sur–Lake Buhi,
Lake Bato, Lake Baao, Bicol River (Naga), and Camarines
Sur sports complex; Laguna–Lake Caliraya, Lake Lumot–
Mahipon, Lake Tadlak, Lake Sampaloc, Lake Bunot, Lake
Calibato, Lake Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Pandin,
and Lake Yambo; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay.
Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake
Lanao; South Cotabato–Lake Sebu and Lake Siloton.
Remarks. Arctodiaptomus dorsalis is a neotropical species
originally described from lakes near New Orleans, Louisiana,
U.S.A. In the Philippines, Tuyor & Baay (2001) noted its
occurrence in lakes Laguna de Bay, Mainit, and Sebu. The
Laguna Lake Development Authority 1996–2005 report for
seven lakes of San Pablo, Laguna noted the presence of A.
dorsalis in these lakes. Papa et al. (2012a) rst reported
the biological invasion of this species in 18 out of 27 lakes
surveyed in the Philippines (Fig. 2). The spread to new
localities has been attributed to aquaculture, and this species
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RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2017
Fig. 1. Sampling sites of recent collecting efforts for microcrustacean zooplankton (2008–2015) in the Philippines. See Table 1 for details
of localities.
was also found to benefit from eutrophic environments
(Reid, 2007).
Filipinodiaptomus vexillifer (Brehm, 1933)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaptomus vexillifer
Brehm, 1933.
Philippine record: Brehm, 1933; Petersen & Carlos, 1984.
General geographic distribution: So far known only from
Lake Danao, Philippines.
Distribution in the Philippines. Leyte: Lake Danao.
Remarks. Endemic. The earliest and only taxonomic
reference stating the presence of D. vexillifer in Lake Danao
was written by Brehm (1933). Papa et al. (2012a) pointed
out its unresolved taxonomic status. Recent morphological
and molecular work conrmed it as a Filipinodiaptomus Lai
et al. (1979) (Li et al., in press).
Filipinodiaptomus insulanus (Wright, 1928)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaptomus insulanus
Wright, 1928; Diaptomus sensibilis Kiefer, 1928a.
Philippine records: Wright, 1928; Mamaril & Fernando,
1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Tuyor
& Baay, 2001; Aquino et al., 2008; and Papa et al., 2012a.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Luzon and
Visayan Islands).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–
Lake Paoay; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam and
Marikina; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva
Ecija–Pantabangan Dam; Tarlac–Concepcion. Leyte: Lake
Danao.
Remarks. Endemic. Recent sampling collections (Papa et al.,
2012b) only observed the species in Lake Paoay, whereas
before it was noted in Laguna de Bay in 1978 and 2001
(Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 2001) and in Lake
Danao by Tuyor & Baay (2001).
Mongolodiaptomus birulai (Rylov, 1922)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Lai et al., 1979; Petersen & Carlos, 1984;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Papa et al., 2012a.
General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya and
Palaearctic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–Lake
Paoay and San Nicolas; Benguet–Baguio City.
Remarks. Distribution in the Philippines is limited to
northern Luzon. The species was rst reported by Mamaril
& Fernando (1978) and Lai et al. (1979) who examined
samples collected by D.G. Frey from Baguio City. It was
also recently recorded in Lake Paoay (Aquino et al., 2008).
Tropodiaptomus australis Kiefer, 1936
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1942; Lai et al., 1979; Kiefer,
1982; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Australasian.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan–Buguey;
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; National Capital Region–La Mesa
Dam, Marikina, UP Campus; and Laguna–Calamba.
Remarks. This species was not found in samples collected
in 2008–2015. Lake Paoay, where the species was previously
collected from is now dominated by M. birulai and A. dorsalis
(Papa et al., 2012a). Current occurrence of the species in
Philippine freshwaters remains unknown.
Tropodiaptomus gigantoviger Brehm, 1933
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1942; Lai et al., 1979; Kiefer,
1982; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Luzon and
Mindanao Islands).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake
Lanao and Marawi City.
Remarks. Endemic. This species was not found in samples
collected in 2008–2015. Samples from Laguna de Bay and
Lake Lanao, where the species was previously recorded, are
now dominated by A. dorsalis (Papa et al., 2012a; Metillo
et al., 2015). Current fate of the species in Philippine
freshwaters is unknown.
Tropodiaptomus lanaonus Kiefer 1982
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1982.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Mindanao
Island).
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Endemic. This species was not found in samples
collected in 2008–2015. Current fate of the species in
Philippine freshwaters is unknown.
Tropodiaptomus vicinus (Kiefer, 1930)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Tropodiaptomus malaicus
prasinus Brehm, 1933 (Table 3).
Philippine records: Lai et al., 1979; Kiefer, 1982; Petersen
& Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Camarines Sur–Lake Buhi. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. This species was not found in samples collected in
2008–2015. Lake Lanao, Lake Taal, and Lake Buhi, where
the species was previously recorded, are now dominated by
A. dorsalis (Papa et al., 2012a; Metillo et al., 2014). Current
occurrence of the species in Philippine freshwaters uncertain.
Family Pseudodiaptomidae Sars, 1902
Pseudodiaptomus brehmi Kiefer, 1938
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1938; Petersen & Carlos, 1984;
Walter et al., 2006; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; and Papa et
al., 2012b.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Greater Luzon
Island).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal. Mindoro: Lake Naujan.
Remarks. Endemic. This is probably the only exclusively
freshwater pseudodiaptomid in the Philippines.
Pseudodiaptomus brehmi was recorded in Lake Taal (Papa
& Zafaralla, 2011) but is no longer found in its type locality,
Lake Naujan (Mindoro Island), where it has already been
displaced by the invasive A. dorsalis.
Pseudodiaptomus smithi Wright, 1928
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Wright, 1928 and Petersen & Carlos, 1984.
General geographic distribution: Philippines.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–Manila.
Remarks. Endemic. Taxonomic status of P. smithi and its
occurrence in the Philippine freshwaters should be veried.
The species was not collected in recent sampling collections
of Mamaril (1986, 2001) and Papa et al. (2012a).
Pseudodiaptomus trihamatus Wright, 1937
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Petersen & Carlos, 1984.
General geographical distribution: Oriental Indomalaya.
Found in Vietnam, Philippines, and Japan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Quezon–Pagbilao.
Remarks. Occurrence of P. trihamatus in Philippine
freshwaters should be veried. The species was not found
in recent sampling collections by Mamaril (1986, 2001) and
Papa et al. (2012a).
Order Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1834
Family Cyclopidae Ranesque, 1815
Subfamily Cyclopinae Ranesque, 1815
Cryptocyclops linjanticus (Kiefer, 1928b)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Woltereck et al., 1941.
General geographic distribution: Afro-Asian.
Distribution in the Philippines. Camiguin: Mambajao.
Remarks. Genus needs revision; Philippine record needs
conrmation (Papa & Hołyńska, 2013).
Mesocyclops aspericornis (Daday, 1906)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Hołyńska, 2000; Tuyor & Baay, 2001;
Papa & Hołyńska, 2013; and Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Pantropical.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bulihan
swamp and rice eld; Laguna–IRRI rice eld; Nueva Ecija–
Mayapyap River, Irrigation canal. Cebu: Brgy. Danglag and
Lake Danao. Camiguin: Mambajao.
Remarks. Mesocyclops aspericornis occurs throughout the
tropics. Comparisons of specimens from the Neotropics and
West Africa to those from Central and Southeast Asia showed
variations in the spinule ornamentation of the caudal surface
of antennary basipodite (Hołyńska, 2000). Mesocyclops
aspericornis is a benthic cyclopid and may be found in
littoral vegetation (Reid & Saunders, 1986; Hołyńska, 2000).
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RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2017
Mesocyclops augusti Papa & Hołyńska, 2013
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Papa & Hołyńska, 2013.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Mindanao
Island).
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: South Cotabato–
Lake Siloton.
Remarks. Recorded from Vietnam and Philippines.
Mesocyclops augusti is closely related to M. dissimilis (Lake
Biwa, Japan).
Mesocyclops microlasius Kiefer, 1981
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1981; Tuyor & Baay, 2001; Papa
& Hołyńska, 2013; and Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Philippines.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–Lake
Paoay; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna De Bay. Cebu: Lake
Danao. Mindanao: South Cotabato–Lake Sebu.
Remarks. Endemic. Described from a concrete pond in
Manila (Kiefer, 1981) and later collected in Mindanao by
Tuyor & Baay (2001). However, its Mindanao record needs
conrmation. This species is also found in northern Luzon
(Papa & Hołyńska, 2013) and was recorded outside Luzon
Island for the rst time by Dela Paz et al. (2016). Phylogenetic
analysis revealed that closest relative of M. microlasius is
M. geminus from East Borneo (Papa & Hołyńska, 2013).
Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides Harada, 1931
Synonyms in Philippine literature: all the Philippine records
of Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus, 1857) are misidentications
and many of those may refer to M. thermocyclopoides.
Philippine records: Uéno, 1966; Tuyor & Baay, 2001; Papa
& Hołyńska, 2013; and Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Indonesia (Java, Flores?),
Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China,
Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Is.).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Camarines Sur–Lake Buhi; Laguna–Lake Caliraya,
Lake Lumot-Mahipon, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Tadlak, and
Calamba River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay.
Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Panay: Capiz–Fish pond in the
municipality of Pontevedra, and Panitan River. Negros:
Negros Oriental–Fishpond in the municipality of Siaton.
Mindanao: Agusan del Sur–Lake Mainit. Sulu Archipelago:
Lake Seit, Jolo.
Remarks. Distribution is widely spread in the Philippine
archipelago.
Mesocyclops woutersi Van de Velde, 1987
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Its known distribution also
includes North Australia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Laos,
Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.
Distribution in the Philippines. Cebu: Lake Lamak. Negros:
Negros Oriental–Lake Balinsasayaw.
Remarks. Mesocyclops woutersi collected from Negros
and Cebu islands were the rst records of the species in
the Philippines and also from insular SE Asia (Dela Paz
et al., 2016).
Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Hołyńska, 2000; Papa & Hołyńska, 2013.
General geographic distribution: Africa. Algeria, Natal.
Asia. Uzbekiztan, Japan (Kyushu). Brazil and Caribbean
Cayman Islands.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–San
Miguel: Malasipit River; Cagayan–Tuguegarao City,
Pinacanauan River, and Tawi River.
Remarks. The native range of M. ogunnus includes both
tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia.
Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer, 1853)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1938; Woltereck et al., 1941;
Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Tuyor &
Baay, 2001; Aquino et al., 2008; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011;
and Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Europe, Asia, Papua New
Guinea, Australia, Northand Central America (introduced
in the New World).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Bulacan–Bustos Dam, Malolos; Benguet–Baguio City;
Camarines Sur–Lake Buhi, and Lake Bato; Cagayan–Buguey;
Camarines Sur–Naga City; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay and
San Nicolas; Laguna–Lake Tadlak, Lake Bunot, Lake
Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Sampalok, Lake Palakpakin,
and IRRI Rice eld; National Capital Region–Marikina,
La Mesa Dam, UP Diliman campus, and Manila; Manila-
Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija–Cabanatuan and
Pantabangan; Quezon–Pagbilao, Lucban; Rizal–Binangonan;
Sorsogon–Lake Bulusan; Tarlac–Conception. Mindoro: Lake
Naujan. Cebu: Lake Danao and Estaca River. Negros: Negros
Oriental–Lake Balinsasayaw. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao:
Agusan del Sur–Lake Mainit; Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao;
South Cotabato–Lake Lahit and Lake Sebu. Sulu Archipelago:
Lake Seit, Jolo (?).
Remarks. Thermocyclops crassus is widespread in Eurasia,
tropical and temperate parts of Australia, and northeastern
U.S.A. (likely introduced) (Mirabdullayev et al., 2003). In
the Philippines, it is common in the freshwater ecosystems
of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Thermocyclops crassus
is supposed to be a complex of species (Mirabdullayev et
al., 2003).
Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer, 1929)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1938; Woltereck et al., 1941;
Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Tuyor & Baay, 2001; Papa &
Hołyńska, 2013; and Dela Paz et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: Pantropical.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cavite–Dasmariñas
Pond; Laguna–Calamba River and IRRI Rice eld; Manila-
Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Panay:
Aklan–Mangayaw Falls; Capiz–Mambusao Dam, Fishpond in
the municipality of Pontevedra, Fishpond in the municipality
of Mambusao, and Panitan River. Bohol: Malinao Dam.
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Cebu: Lake Malubog and Lake Cumbar. Negros: Negros
Oriental–Fishpond in Siaton and Lake Balanan. Mindanao:
Agusan del Sur–Lake Mainit; South Cotabato–Lake Lahit,
Lake Sebu, and Lake Seloton.
Remarks. Thermocyclops decipiens is a Pantropical species
with good ecological tolerance and dispersal capabilities,
known to inhabit small or large freshwater bodies.
Thermocyclops philippinensis (Marsh, 1932)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Marsh, 1932.
General geographic distribution: Philippines (Luzon Island).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–Manila.
Remarks. Endemic species reported only from Manila
(Marsh, 1932). Its occurrence in its type locality as well
as adjoining areas is yet to be veried. Current geographic
distribution of the species remains unknown.
Thermocyclops taihokuensis Harada, 1931
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Papa & Hołyńska, 2013 and Dela Paz
et al., 2016.
General geographic distribution: East and Central Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Camarines Sur–Lake
Bato and Lake Baao; Laguna–Lake Pandin, Lake Bunot, Lake
Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Sampalok. Leyte: Lake Bito
and BFAR Regional Aquaculture Freshwater Production.
Remarks. Also recorded from Taiwan, China, Korea,
Japan, Viet Nam, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Far
East of Russia (Mirabdullayev et al., 2003). It is commonly
collected in shponds and small waterbodies (Mirabdullayev
et al., 2003).
Thermocyclops wolterecki Kiefer, 1938
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Kiefer, 1938; Woltereck et al., 1941;
and Petersen & Carlos, 1984.
General geographic distribution: North Australia (Kimberley
region, Queensland), Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Laos,
Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Is., Honshu
Is.), South Korea.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur
- Lake Lanao.
Remarks. The limnetic and littoral forms of this species have
distinct morphometric characters (Chaicharoen et al., 2011).
Microcyclops varicans (Sars, 1863)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Woltereck et al., 1941; Mamaril, 1986,
2001; and Tuyor & Baay, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Reported from Eurasia,
Africa, the Americas, and Western Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: BenguetAlbay–
Legaspi City; Benguet–Baguio City; Batangas–Lake Taal
and San Luis; Bulacan–Bustos Dam and Malolos; Cagayan–
Buguey, Camarines Sur–Naga City; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay,
San Nicolas, and Laoag; Laguna–Lake Pandin, Calamba,
Los Baños, IRRI, Lumban, and Magbitac; National Capital
Region–Marikina, Pasig City, La Mesa Dam, UP Diliman
Campus, and Muntinlupa City; Nueva Ecija–Cabanatuan,
Pantabangan Dam, and Bicos; Pampanga–Candaba; Quezon–
Pagbilao, Lucena, and Lucban; Rizal–Binangonan; Tarlac–
Concepcion and Bamban. Mindoro: Calapan, Lake Naujan,
and Roxas. Cebu: Cebu City, Consolacion. Leyte: Tolosa,
Tanauan, and Lake Danao. Negros: Negros Oriental–Lake
Balinsasayaw. Mindanao: Agusan del Sur–Lake Mainit;
Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; Surigao del Norte–Surigao City.
Remarks. Alleged occurrence in the Philippines – the
records of M. varicans likely refer to other species (Papa
& Holyńska, 2013). Non-European records including those
from the Philippines need to be conrmed; species range
limits are insufcintly known (Papa & Hołyńska, 2013).
Family Cyclopidae Ranesque, 1815
Subfamily Eucyclopinae Kiefer, 1927
Ectocyclops phaleratus (Koch, 1838)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Tuyor & Baay,
2001; and Aquino et al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Batangas–IRRI Magbitac, Lake Taal; Bulacan–Malolos;
Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay. Mindoro–Lake Naujan and
Calapan; Quezon–Pagbilao and Lucban. Leyte: Tolosa and
Lake Danao. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; Surigao
del Norte–Surigao City.
Remarks. The genus is in urgent need of taxonomic revision;
Philippine records of E. phaleratus needs conrmation (Papa
& Hołyńska, 2013).
Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1851)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Tuyor & Baay,
2001; and Aquino, 2008.
General geographic distribution: Native range of the species
is likely restricted to the Palearctic region (Alekseev &
Sanoamuang, 2006).
Distribution in the Philippines.
Luzon: Benguet–Baguio City; Batangas–Lake Taal; Bulacan–
Bustos Dam; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay and Laoag; National
Capital Region–Marikina and La Mesa Dam; Nueva Ecija–
Palayan; Quezon: Pagbilao and Lucban. Mindoro: Lake
Naujan. Cebu: Cebu City. Negros: Negros Oriental–Lake
Balinsasayaw. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Alleged occurrence in the Philippines – all records
of E. serrulatus may refer to other species in the Philippines,
very likely it does not occur in the country.
Paracyclops afnis (Sars, 1863)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Tuyor & Baay (2001)
General geographic distribution: Southeast and East Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Not specied in
source. Sulu Archipelago: Lake Seit and Jolo.
Remarks. Not found in recent sampling (2008–2015).
Philippine record needs immediate verication.
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Paracyclops mbriatus (Fischer, 1853)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
2001; Tuyor & Baay, 2001; and Aquino et al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Eurasia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; Laguna–Los Baños; National
Capital Region–Marikina. Mindanao: Agusan del Sur–Lake
Mainit; Lanao del Sur–Tamparan.
Remarks. Paracyclops. mbriatus has often been confused
with other species in the past, the Philippine records also
need conrmation (Papa & Hołyńska, 2013).
Tropocyclops prasinus (Fischer, 1860)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
1986, 2001; and Aquino et al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Central America, Europe,
South Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos;
Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; Laguna–Los Baños, IRRI
compound; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Pasig,
and Muntinlupa City. Cebu: Cebu City. Mindanao: Misamis
Oriental - Cagayan de Oro; Lanao del Sur - Lake Lanao
and Marawi City.
Remarks. This species is supposed to be a cosmopolitan
planktonic organism reported from the whole of Eurasia,
Africa, North and South America (Silva, 2008) and Brazil
(Perbiche-Neves et al., 2007; Perbiche-Neves et al., 2015).
Recent works (Lee & Chang, 2007) however suggest that
some records may refer to other species.
Class Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817
Suborder Cladocera Latreille, 1829
Infraorder Ctenopoda Sars, 1865
Family Sididae Baird, 1850
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Often misidentied as
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin, 1848), Diaphanosoma
modigliani Richard, 1894 and Diaphanosoma tropicum
Korovchinsky, 1998.
Phirlippine records: Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: A species found in Russia,
China, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam
and Malaysia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Camarines Sur–
Lake Baao; Naga–Bicol River; Laguna–Lake Bunot, Lake
Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Pandin,
Lake Sampaloc, and Lake Caliraya; Manila-Laguna-Rizal:
Laguna de Bay; Tarlac–Lake Tambo. Mindanao: Agusan
del Norte–Agusan River.
Remarks. Specimens collected from China (Ming Lake,
Jinan University, Guangzhou City) have a strongly curved
apical antennal spine whereas the Philippine specimens have
a straight spine. The species is common in mesotrophic to
eutrophic lakes, reservoirs and sh ponds. It is primarily
limnetic and can co-exist with other sidids and a variety of
limnetic cladocerans.
Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, 1885
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaphanosoma brachyurum
(Liévin, 1848).
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Petersen &
Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 2001; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa
et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Distributed in tropical
and subtropical Australia, India, Eastern China, Nepal and
possibly Northern Africa.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Benguet–Ambuklao Dam; Cagayan–Lake Nalbuan,
Lake Calig, Lake Nagatutuan, Lake Cansiritan, Lake Cassily;
Camarines Sur–Lake Bato, Lake Baao, and Lake Buhi;
Ilocos Norte - Lake Paoay; Kalinga–Tabuk; Laguna–Lake
Bunot, Lake Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake
Pandin, Lake Sampaloc, Lake Tadlak, Lake Calibato, and
Lake Lumot-Mahipon; National Capital Region–La Mesa
Dam, Pasig River, and Marikina River; Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija–Pantabangan Dam;
Pangasinan–Burgos; Tarlac–Lake Tambo; Zambales–Lake
Mapanuepe. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Bohol: Malinao Dam.
Leyte: Lake Bito. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte–Lake Mainit;
Bukidnon–Lake Pulangi and Lake Pinamaloy; Lanao del
Norte–Agos IV Dam and Tubod-Mayahay River; Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao; and South Cotabato–Lake Siloton.
Remarks. This species is common in water bodies with
aquaculture, and co-existing with other limnetic cladocerans
(Chatterjee et al., 2013). Further analysis of DNA sequences
and morphological variation in separate populations is needed
to determine accurate distribution of Diaphanosoma species
(Paggi & da Rocha, 1999). It can be differentiated from D.
sarsi with the prominent dorsal portion of its head and more
massive antennae (Korovchinsky, 1992).
Diaphanosoma modigliani Richard, 1894
Synonyms in Philippine literature: the name modigliani
has often erroneously been applied to what in reality
is Diaphanosoma tropicum Korovchinsky, 1998 and
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril & Fernando, 1978;
Petersen & Carlos, 1984; and Mamaril, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Past records suggested
D. modigliani to be widely distributed in tropical Asia
Korovchinski (1992).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Diaphanosoma tropicum and D. dubium
populations may have been misidentied under the name
‘D. modigliani’ by Idris & Fernando (1981), and Rajapaksa
& Fernando (1982) from Malaysia, Kanduru (1981) Sri
Lanka and South India. It is possible to recognise species
correctly from diagnostic features such as a conelike head,
curved apical spine of upper antennal branch and the
number of denticles along the ventroposterior valve margins
(Korovchinsky, 1998).
Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, 1894
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaphanosoma brachyurum
(Liévin, 1848).
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Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; Mamaril
& Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Calos, 1984; Mamaril, 2001;
Aquino et al., 2008; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa et al.,
2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Found in tropical and
sub-tropical Asia. Populations have been found in Nepal,
Eastern China, Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia,
New Hebrides, Guam and few sites in tropical Africa
(Korovchinsky, 1992, 2001, 2013b)
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake Taal
and Taal Crater Lake; Benguet–Ambuklao Dam; Cagayan–
Lake Nalbuan, Lake Nagatutuan, and Lake Bangalau;
Camarines Sur–Lake Baao and Lake Buhi; Ilocos Norte–Lake
Paoay; Kalinga–Kalinga; Laguna–Lake Bunot, Lake Yambo,
Lake Mohicap, Lake Pandin, Lake Sampaloc, Lake Tadlak,
Lake Calibato, Lake Lumot-Mahipon, and Lake Caliraya;
National Capital Region–Manila, Pasig River, and Marikina
River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga–
Candaba Swamp; Sorsogon–Lake Bulusan; Tarlac–Lake
Tambo; Zambales–Lake Mapanuepe. Mindoro: Lake Naujan.
Bohol: Malinao Dam. Negros: Negros Oriental–Balinsasayao
Lake. Leyte: Lake Danao and Lake Bito. Negros Oriental:
Balinsasayao Lake. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte–Lake
Mainit; Agusan River; Lanao del Norte–Agos IV Dam,
Tubod-Mayahay River; Bukidnon: Lake Apo, Lake Pulangi
and Lake Pinamaloy; Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; and South
Cotabato–Lake Lahit.
Remarks. The species can be found in a wide range of water
bodies from large ancient lakes to rice elds. Common sidid
found in lotic ecosystems. Prefers shallow waters with heavy
vegetation but can also be observed in the limnetic zones of
lakes. Recent observations noted its common distribution but
sparse abundance, co-existing with D. excisum, D. dubium
and D. tropicum which are eutrophic species. D. sarsi has a
noticeable sloping dorsal portion of its head that can easily
differentiate it from other closely related species.
Diaphanosoma volzi (Stingelin, 1905)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Korovchinsky, 1995.
General geographic distribution: Widely distributed in the
tropics and subtropics of Eastern hemisphere. Found to be
present in China, Australia, Southeast Asia, and Sudan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–Marikina (small pond) and Pasig (pond); Bulacan:
Norzagaray and San Miguel.
Remarks. A rare, little-known species. Philippine populations
were re-identied and re-described by Korovchinsky (1995)
using collections of C. H. Fernando. Typically inhabits
small, shallow, vegetated water bodies, littoral zone of lakes
and rivers. Recent collections did not show any records of
D. volzi in Luzon Island. Possibly, it is a member of the
genus Neodiaphanosoma, along with D. birgei (Paggi &
da Rocha, 1999).
Diaphanosoma tropicum Korovchinsky, 1998
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Often misidentied as
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 and Diaphanosoma
modigliani Richard, 1894.
Philippine records: Korovchinsky, 1998; Papa & Zafaralla,
2011; Papa et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Species recorded in India,
Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and Malaysia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake Taal;
Camarines Sur–Lake Bato, Lake Baao, and Lake Buhi; Ilocos
Norte–Lake Paoay; Laguna–Lake Bunot, Lake Palakpakin,
Lake Pandin, and Lake Lumot-Mahipon; Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Tarlac: Lake Tambo.
Remarks. Found in lakes and reservoirs with ongoing
aquaculture activities, co-existing with other limnetic
cladocerans. It is an adaptive species that can survive
slightly brackish water and a wide range of physico-chemical
variables. It is differentiated from D. modigliani and D.
dubium by its curved antennal spine and prominently curved
postabdomen.
Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Uéno, 1966; Mamaril &
Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et al.,
2014.
General geographic distribution: Tropical and subtropical
Australia, Asia, Africa and America (Harding & Petkovski,
1963). Temperate localities have also been reported in Italy,
Yugoslavia Bulgaria and Northern America (Korovchinsky,
1992).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Cagayan–Lake Calig; National Capital Region–La Mesa
Dam. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; Maguindanao–Lake Balut.
Remarks. Found in littoral zones of lakes, reservoirs, and
other water bodies with good vegetation. It also thrives in
the limnetic zones of pools but prefer bottom sediments for
its habitat. It is a poorly known species with a possibility
of being a species group.
Infraorder Anomopoda Stebbing, 1902
Family Bosminidae Baird, 1845
Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Cheng & Clemente, 1954;
Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984;
Mamaril, 1986; Mamaril, 2001; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011;
Papa et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Reported in East Asian
lakes and reservoirs. Can also be found in the temperate
zone, north to the subtropical and tropical areas in Japan,
Philippines, China, and Indonesia (Kořinek, 2002).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Benguet–Ambuklao Dam; Cagayan–Lake Bangalau;
Camarines Sur–Lake Buhi and Lake Bato; Laguna–Lake
Tambo, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Kalibato, Lake Yambo,
Lake Tadlak, Lake Caliraya, and Lake Lumot-Mahipon;
National Capital Region–Manila, Pasig River, and Marikina
River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija–
Pantabangan Dam; Rizal–Binangonan; Sorsogon–Lake
Bulusan. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Negros Oriental: Lake
Kabalin-an. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao: Agusan del
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Norte–Lake Mainit; Lanao del Norte–Agos IV Dam; Lanao
del Sur–Lake Lanao; South Cotabato–Lake Lahit, Lake
Siloton, and Lake Sebu.
Remarks. Bosmina fatalis collected in the Philippines were
compared to the same species sampled in Lake Taihu, China
(type locality) and found that Philippine samples are bigger
with body length ranges in 0.4–0.6 mm with long rostrum
fused with antennules of variable length and shape.
Bosmina longirostris (Müller, 1785)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Often misidentied as
Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril & Fernando,
1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and
Aquino et al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–Lake
Paoay. Leyte: Lake Danao. Negros: Negros Oriental–Bacolod.
Remarks. Comparison between the results of the present
survey and previous ones revealed that Bosmina longirostris
was not present in more recently collected samples.
Morphological variations in rostrum structure, postabdominal
and carapace spines in some populations of B. fatalis could
have led to misidentication of B. longirostris. To avoid
confusion in its taxonomy, Goulden & Frey (1963) proposed
the use of the lateral head pore (LHP) pattern as diagnostic
characters.
Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril & Fernando,
1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and
Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Widely distributed in the
tropics.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan: Lake
Bangalau; Camarines Sur: Lake Bato and Lake Baao; National
Capital Region–Manila. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur: Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Bosminopsis deitersi collected in the Philippines
was compared with the species in Lake Taihu, China and
revealed the same morphological characters except for the
setae at the tip of the antennule which are not present in
samples from the Philippines (Kořinek, 2002).
Family Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
‘Alona’ afnis (Leydig, 1860)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Biapertura afnis (Leydig,
1860).
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Distributed in Eurasia, but
the group is cosmopolitan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Camiguin: Mambajao.
Remarks. Described as Lynceus affinis Leydig, 1860
from Friedrichshafen and Langenargen, Konstanz (Lake
Constance), Germany (Leydig, 1860). Types probably lost.
Valid species. Smirnov (1971) selected A. afnis as type
species of Biapertura, a polyphyletic assemblage that was
later abandoned (Fryer, 1968; Sinev, 1997, 1999; Van Damme
& Dumont, 2008a) although the name remains available. The
species can be cited as Alona afnis (Leydig, 1860), pending
a new generic afliation (this holds true for several other
‘Alona’ in the Philippines as well. European populations are
characterised in Alonso (1996) and Sinev (1997, 2009), the
latter with descriptions of limb morphology. A. afnis has
a number of siblings worldwide (e.g., Sinev, 1997, 2009).
‘Alona’ archeri Sars, 1888
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Brehm, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Australia and Southeast
Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindoro: Calapan.
Remarks. Valid species of the Alona pulchella complex.
Redescribed by Sinev (2002), including limb morphology.
‘Alona’ cambouei Guerne & Richard, 1893
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
1986, 2001; and Uéno, 1966.
General geographic distribution: It has a wide range of
distribution from South and West Africa, Tropical and sub-
topical Asia and the Middle-East.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Laguna–Lake
Tadlak; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam.
Remarks. Separated from the Alona pulchella group and
treated as an independent species in 2001 by Sinev. The
main difference between the two species is their headpores
where A. cambouei’s head pores are connected to each other,
and its smaller size.
‘Alona’ guttata Sars, 1862
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
1986; Mamaril, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Palearctic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Widespread valid species but may contain yet
undescribed sister species worldwide (Sinev, 2002; Kotov
et al., 2012). Philippine records may need revision as sibling
species may be present in Southeast Asia. A systematic
taxonomical revision is needed, as this species is considered
as one of the most common Aloninae.
‘Alona’ intermedia Sars, 1862
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: South Cotabato–
Guinang.
Remarks. Occurs worldwide (Idris, 1983; Flössner, 2000). A
complex with different species, not yet unraveled or revised
(Smirnov, 1971; Chengalath, 1987; Van Damme & Dumont,
2008b). Listed as Biapertura intermedia in Smirnov (1971)
with two subspecies, Biapertura intermedia intermedia and
Biapertura intermedia minor.
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‘Alona’ pseudanodonta Brehm, 1933
Synonymised name in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1933, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Not enough information.
Specimen described from Mindanao Island, Philippines.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Dangiagan.
Remarks. No information on types. May be close to A.
verrucosa, but true afnities are unclear. In Smirnov (1971),
it was treated as a valid species of Biapertura, with two
subspecies, B. pseudoanodonta pseudoanodonta Brehm,
1933, and B. pseudanodonta anodonta Daday, 1905. This
was taxonomically incorrect. In addition, the assignment of
two subspecies under pseudoanodonta by Smirnov (1971) is
based on presence or absence of tubercles, a character that
describes varieties (e.g., A. tuberculata Kurz, 1875). For now,
Van Damme et al. (2010) prefer to list A. pseudanodonta
Brehm, 1933, and A. anodonta Daday, 1905 as two separate
taxa of which the details are unknown. Possible member of
the genus Anthalona (Van Damme et al., 2011).
‘Alona’ pulchella King, 1853
Synonymised name in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et
al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Africa, Australia, and Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Benguet–Ambuklao
Dam; Cagayan–Buguey, Lake Calig, Lake Nalbuan, and
Chico River; Camarines Sur–Lake Baao, and Lake Danao;
Laguna–Lake Tadlak; Quezon–Lucban; and Tarlac–
Concepcion. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte–Lake Mainit,
Agusan River; and Lanao del Norte–Agos IV Dam.
Remarks. Considered as a species group with tropical to
sub-tropical distribution in Asia, Africa, and Australia. In
South East Asia and Australia, several species exist of the
A. pulchella-complex (Sinev, 2001a, 2001b). Fairly common
in littoral zones of lakes, rivers and streams.
‘Alona’ sarasinorum Stingelin, 1900
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Celebes, Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Dangiagan.
Remarks. Species inquirendum, but with unmistakable
characters, yet insufciently described. Seems closest to
Leberis Smirnov, 1989 due to dorsal keel, postabdomen and
habitus but limbs are unpublished (Maiphae et al., 2005)
and may reveal surprises. Drawings in Frey (1991) under
its junior synonym A. taraporevalae Shirgur & Naik (1977)
and in Idris (1983) under A. cf. sarasinorum.
Euryalona orientalis (Daday, 1898)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic records: Neotropical, Oriental
Indomalaya, and Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bulacan–Malolos; Cagayan–Buguey; Camarines Sur–Naga;
National Capital Region–San Juan River, Marikina, UP
Diliman Campus, and Pasig; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna
de Bay.
Remarks. Euryalona orientalis was originally described as
Alonopsis orientalis from Sri Lanka (Daday, 1898). Sars
(1901) established the genus Euryalona, with a description
of a new species E. occidentalis from Brazil. However, the
differential diagnosis for the two species was not given. Since
then taxa morphologically similar to these two ‘species’,
from different parts of the world, have been recorded under
the specic names orientalis or occidentalis (Scoureld,
1902; Stingelin, 1904; Brehm, 1933; Harding, 1957; Paggi,
1980; Van Damme & Maiphae, 2013), based largely on their
‘Eastern’ or ‘Western’ occurrence. Rajapaksa & Fernando
(1987b) examined the types of both species and conrmed
that E. occidentalis is a synonym of E. orientalis.
Karualona mulleri Richard, 1897
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Cheng & Clemente, 1954.
General geographic distribution: Chile and Brazil but may
inhabit in wider range that includes the entire Neotropics.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–San Juan River.
Remarks. Existence in the Philippines must be validated.
Species distribution is limited in neotropics. Allocated
to Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano 2000 by Sinev &
Hollwedel (2005), as Karualona muelleri (Richard, 1897).
One of two well described Neotropical Karualona species,
the other is K. penuelasi Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000.
Redescribed in detail by Sinev & Hollwedel (2005) from
the Neotropics.
Kurzia longirostris (Daday, 1898)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Pseudoalona longirostris
Harding, 1957.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bulacan–Bustos Dam, Malolos; National Capital Region–La
Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, Pasig; Metro
Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna del Bay. Mindanao: Lanao
del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Originally described from Sri Lanka by Daday
(1898) as Alona longirostris. It occurs in all types of habitats
from permanent to temporary water bodies. Distribution
may need to be reassessed with purely oriental species K.
brevilabris.
Leberis macronyx (Daday, 1898)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. First described as Alona macronyx from Sri
Lanka (Daday, 1898) and moved to Indialona Petkovski,
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1966 (Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1987a). The taxonomy of this
species needs to be revised and its distribution updated. Van
Damme et al. (2010) suggested this species be classied in
its own monotypic genus as the morphological evidence
suggested it is neither Alona nor Indialona. Sinev & Kotov
(2012) placed this taxon to the genus Leberis.
Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer, 1854)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Paleartic and common in
tropical and sub-tropical Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Batangas–Nasugbu; Bulacan–Bustos Dam, Malolos; Laguna–
Calamba; National Capital Region–San Juan River, La
Mesa Dam, Marikina, and UP Diliman Campus; Manila-
Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Quezon–Pagbilao. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao and Bacolod Chico; Surigao del
Sur–Surigao.
Remarks. Considered a species-group by Kotov (2009).
Southeast Asian population needs further study as there is
a possibility of nding sibling species within the region.
Oxyurella singalensis (Daday, 1898)
Synonymis in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et
al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Common in tropical and
subtropical Asia, Africa and Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bulacan–Malolos; Cagayan–Binag Dam and Lake Nalbuan;
Laguna–Lake Sampaloc, and Lake Calibato; National Capital
Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, and
Pasig; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga–
Candaba; Quezon–Pagbilao, Lucban. Mindoro: Calapan.
Leyte: Tolosa and Tanauan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–
Marawi.
Remarks. Found in sandy and muddy sediments of littoral
zones of lakes and reservoirs (Smirnov, 1984; Adamczuk,
2014).
Alonella excisa (Fischer, 1854)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Alonella kulczynskii
Grochmalicki, 1915.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos
Dam, Malolos; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; National Capital
Region–La Mesa Dam; Nueva Ecija: Pantabangan Dam;
Tarlac–Concepcion. Leyte: Lake Lanao. Negros: Negros
Occidental–Bacolod. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake
Dagiangan and Marawi; Surigao del Norte–Surigao.
Remarks. One of the most common species of Alonella,
distributed worldwide. Common in littoral areas, it can
survive different kinds of substrates and density of vegetation.
It is also observed from lowland water bodies to high altitude
mountain lakes (Smirnov, 1996). Apparently a species
complex in south Asia (Kotov et al., 2013b).
Chydorus eurynotus Sars, 1901
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Neotropical and Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos
Dam; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam and Marikina;
Quezon–Lucban; Sorsogon–Lake Bulusan. Mindoro: Calapan.
Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao and Marawi City.
Remarks. First described from South America, circumtropical
in distribution. A highly variable species, distribution of the
species needs to be re-assessed as the species may represent a
species group or quite different taxa (Smirnov, 1996). Recent
papers showed that Chydorus idrisi from South Vietname
belongs to the C. eurynotus complex group (Sinev, 2014).
Chydorus hermanni Brehm, 1933
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Brehm, 1933.
General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya and
Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region Manila.
Remarks. Species inquirendum. It was vaguely described
by Brehm (1933) and needs further analysis on its taxonomy
to further validate its species status (Smirnov, 1971, 1996).
Chydorus parvus Daday, 1898.
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine record: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical and Oriental
Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan–Buguey;
Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; National Capital Region–La Mesa
Dam, Marikina, and UP Diliman Campus; Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga–Candaba; Quezon–Lumban
and Pagbilao. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Lanao and Bacolod Chico.
Remarks. Indo-Malayan species rst described in Sri Lanka.
It differs from other Chydorus species by the presence of 1–3
knobs inside the anterior margin of the valve (Smirnov, 1996).
Chydorus sphaericus (Müller, 1785)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; and
Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: It has a possible worldwide
distribution but are less morphologically variable in the
tropics (Belyaeva & Taylor, 2009).
Distribution in the Philipines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–Manila; and Palawan–Lake Malbato. Mindanao:
Bukidnon–Lake Pinamaloy; Misamis Oriental–Lake Danao.
Remarks. Recognised as a species complex and can possibly
be separated into several good species (Duigan & Murray,
1987; Belyaeva & Taylor, 2009). It occurs in both littoral
and limnetic zones. It is dominant in highly eutrophic waters
with dense macrophyte cover.
Chydorus ventricosus Daday, 1898
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
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Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Aquino et
al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Neotropical,
anf Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Benguet–Baguio;
Bulacan–Bustos Dam; Cagayan–Buguey; Ilocos Norte–Laoag
and Lake Paoay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Bacolod Chico.
Remarks. Since its original description from Sri Lanka by
Daday, there have been numerous reports in the literature of
C. ventricosus from different geographical areas under the
same or different names, however, the correct identication
of some of the earlier records appears doubtful (Smirnov,
1996). In 1979, Michael & Hann redescribed C. ventricosus
and C. reticulatus to clearly differentiate the two species
(Michael & Hann, 1979).
Dadaya macrops (Daday, 1898)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geopgraphic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos
Dam; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and
Pasig; Quezon–Lumban, Magbitac, and Pagbilao. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Marawi.
Remarks. It occurs commonly in rice elds and has its
structural specialisation for the habit of swimming on
the underside of the surface lm of water (Rajapaksa &
Fernando, 1982).
Dunhevedia crassa King, 1853
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal, Nasugbu; Bulacan–Bustos Dam, Malolos; Cagayan–
Buguey; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; Laguna–Calamba, IRRI
Compound, and UP Los Banos Campus; National Capital
Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus;
Nueva Ecija–Pantabangan Dam; Pampanga–Candaba;
Quezon–Pagbilao. Mindoro: Calapan. Negros: Negros
Occidental–Bacolod. Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro–Cagayan
de Oro; Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao. Camiguin: Mambajao.
Remarks. Originally described in Australia, it has a wide
distribution worldwide though commonly found in warm
latitudes (Michael & Sharma, 1988; Smirnov, 1992). It
has a strong preference for warm climate and has a good
tolerance of salinity.
Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bulacan–Malolos; Camarines Sur: Naga; National Capital
Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina; Quezon–Lucban. Negros:
Negros Occidental–Bacolod. Leyte–Tolosa and Tanauan.
Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Daday (1898) recorded D. serrata as having
longitudinal lines on the carapace. However, examination of
material from Sri Lanka as well as from other surrounding
countries, revealed that in addition to these lines there were
some polygonal reticulations because of the connection
of the longitudinal lines by vertical striae (Michael &
Sharma, 1988). Smirnov (1971) illustrated this character
in African material. Specimens examined from Malaysia,
India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Africa (Nigeria) are very
similar to the Sri Lanka taxon. This species is known from
the Oriental and the Ethiopian regions, and Daday (1901)
recorded it in the Australasian region in New Guinea.
Ephemeroporus barroisi (Richard, 1894)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Chydorus barroisi
(Richard, 1894).
Philippine records: Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Found also in Australia, Iraq,
Argentina, Thailand, Vietnam China and Far East Russia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan–Binag
Dam, Lake Nalbuan, Lake Calig, and Lake Baao; Ilocos
Norte–Lake Paoay. Negros: Negros Oriental: Lake Kabalin-
an. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte–Lake
Mainit; South Cotabato–Lake Lahit and Lake Siloton.
Remarks. There are probaly several congener species in
South Asia (Kotov et al., 2013; Van Damme et al., 2013).
Commonly found in littoral zones of ponds and reservoirs
and stream.
Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotrpical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotroipical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Malolos;
National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam; and Nueva Ecija–
Pantabangan Dam. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao: Lanao
del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Europe being the main area of P. aduncus, the
full range of similar forms extends to Asia and Australia.
The postabdomen characteristic of P. aduncus may vary,
within the limits characteristic of this species, in form, size,
and distribution of anal teeth. The number of marginal setae
on valve varies within a certain range (Frey, 1991). Labral
keel is variable and may be sometimes distorted in shape
(abnormal). Length of terminal setae of the endopod may
vary in relation to the ramus length.
Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus) quasidenticulatus (Smirnov,
1996)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: Found also in Australia, Iraq,
Argentina, Thailand, Vietnam, China and Far East Russia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan–Lake
Nalbuan and Lake Cansiritan.
Remarks. Recently redescribed and reviewed by Sinev &
Sanoamuang in 2013, the status of Picripleuroxus as a genus
is questioned and demoted to a subgenus. Commonly found
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in littoral zones of ponds and reservoirs and streams (Frey,
1993; Sinev & Sanoamuang, 2013).
Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus) similis Vávra, 1900
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: It is recorded from South
America to Central Asia, and Australia (Smirnov, 1996;
Chatterjee et al., 2013).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos
Dam; and National Capital Region–Marikina.
Remarks. The holotype of this species is lost (Smirnov,
1996). Records in the Philippines must be further validated.
Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820
Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1885
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Uéno, 1966; Mamaril &
Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986,
2001; Aquino et al., 2008; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa
et al., 2012b.
General geographic distribution: Well distributed in the
tropics and subtropics of all continents (Kořinek, 2002).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal; Benguet–Baguio; Bulacan–Bustos; Cagayan–Cagayan;
Ilocos Norte–Paoay Lake: Laguna: IRRI compound; National
Capital Region–Manila, La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and UP
Diliman Campus; Nueva Ecija–Pantabangan Dam; Quezon–
Pagbilao and Lucena; Sorsogon–Bulusan Lake. Cebu:
Consolacion. Negros: Negros Oriental–Lake Balinsasayao;
Negros Occidental–Bacolod. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; and Surigao del Norte–Surigao
del Norte.
Remarks. One of the species of Ceriodpahnia that develop
cuticular defences in the presence of predators (Zaret, 1969;
Serpe et al., 2009; Rietzler et al., 2010). This species is
considered as a group of sibling species with clear continental
pattern (Sharma & Kotov, 2013). Populations in different
continents needs re-evaluation to determine taxonomic status
in the species complex.
Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars, 1862
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Petersen & Carlos,
1984.
General geographic distribution: Common pelagic species in
lakes, reservoirs and ponds worldwide. It is recorded from
the Palearctic to tropical Africa and Asia to temperate South
America (Kořinek, 2002).
Distribution in the Philippines. Negros: Negros Occidental–
Bacolod. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. This species can be distinguished by noting the
posterior margin of the carapace. A row of thin hairs continues
till the rear edge is present, while the posterodorsal angle
shows presence of a spine which is laid almost parallel to
its edge (Sharma, 2014).
Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Petersen & Carlos, 1984.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Neartic,
Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Pampanga–Candaba.
Remarks. Found in all water bodies but European populations
have been found to prefer the littoral areas with good
vegetation. Tropical and subtropical populations needs to
be re-evaluated morphologically to determine if they are
similar species or a different taxa (Kořinek, 2002).
Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard, 1894
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; and
Cheng & Clemente, 1954.
General geographic distribution: Neotropical and was also
noted in India and Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Lake
Taal and Taal Volcano Crater Lake; Laguna–Tadlak Lake;
National Capital Region–UP Diliman Campus. Leyte: Lake
Danao. Negros: Negros Oriental–Lake Balinsasayao.
Remarks. Its taxonomic status is unclear. It is a possible
ecomorph of Ceriodaphnia cornuta, but without horns on
the head (Zaret, 1969).
Scapholeberis kingi Sars, 1888
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Occurs in tropical and
subtropical Australia, Southeast Asia, India, China, Middle-
East and Africa.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Batangas–Mabitak and Nasugbu; Cagayan–Cagayan;
Camarines Sur–Naga; Ilocos Norte–San Nicolas; Laguna–
Calamba; National Capital Region–Manila, La Mesa Dam,
Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, and Pasig; Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija–Pantabangan Dam;
Quezon–Lumban, Pagbilao; Tarlac–Concepcion. Leyte:
Tolosa. Negros: Negros Occidental–Bacolod. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Prefers littoral zone of lakes with vegetation and
can be observed swimming with the ventral side of the valve
attached to the water surface (Dumont & Pensaert, 1983),
feeding on the hyponeuston.
Simocephalus acutirostratus (King, 1853)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Cheng & Clemete, 1954; Mamaril &
Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: This species has been
recorded from Australia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Venezuela
and Africa.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Bustos
Dam; Cagayan–Cagayan; National Capital Region–Marikina
and San Juan River.
Remarks. Considered as a species group. The range of this
species needs to be re-evaluated as it is usually misused for
other species but Australian and Southeast Asian population
ranges can be identied with certainty (Orlova-Bienkowskaja,
2001).
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Simocephalus latirostris Stingelin, 1906
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Distributed in tropical and
subtropical South and Central America. It also has records
in Australia and Southeast Asia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Batangas–Nasugbu; Benguet–Baguio; Bulacan–Bustos;
Cagayan–Cagayan; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay;
Nueva Ecija–Cabanatuan, Pantabangan Dam; Pampanga–
Candaba; Quezon–Lucban, Pagbilao; Tarlac–Concepcion.
Mindoro: Calapan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Species range outside of South and Central
America need to be further evaluated as the name is
commonly misused for S. heilongjiangensis (Orlova-
Bienkowskaja, 2001).
Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch, 1841)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, ad Paleartic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del
Sur–Lake Dangiagan.
Remarks. Variable species found in Europe, Asia, North
and South America and Australia. It has many recognised
subspecies and molecular analysis is suggested to determine
its overall genetic diversity (Orlova-Bienkowskaja, 2001).
Simocephalus vetulus (Müller, 1776)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; Cheng
& Clemente, 1954; Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Europe and North Africa.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital
Region–San Juan River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de
Bay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. Philippine records needs to be re-evaluated as the
species is only found in Europe and North Africa. Possibly
misidentied with closely related species such as S. mixtus,
S. vetuloides and S. elizabethae (Yoon & Kim, 2000; Orlova-
Bienkowskaja, 2001).
Family Macrothrichidae Norman & Brady, 1867
Grimaldina brazzai Richard, 1892
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: The species was recorded
in Mexico, Australia and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Malolos;
National Capital Region–Marikina and Pasig. Mindanao:
Lanao del Sur–Lake Dangiagan, Lake Lanao, and Marawi.
Remarks. The only known species of the genus Grimaldina.
It is distributed within the tropics. Differentiated from other
members of family Macrothricidae by having a wide oval
body, a missive postabdomen and a head not separated from
the carapace. It also has outgrowths in the ventral outline
of its head near the base of the antennule (Harding, 1957;
Smirnov, 1992).
Guernella raphaelis Richard, 1892
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Widely distributed in
the tropics as well as subtropical China. Afrotropical,
Australasian, Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan–Malolos;
National Capital Region–Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, and
Pasig. Cebu: Consolacion. Leyte: Tanauan. Negros: Negros
Occidental–Bacolod. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. The only known species of the genus Guernella.
Commonly found in vegetation of littoral zones of lakes and
ponds (Harding, 1957; Smirnov, 1992).
Macrothrix spinosa King, 1853
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bataan–Orani and
Abucay; Batangas–Nasugbu and San Luis; Benguet–Baguio;
Bulacan–Bustos Dam, and Malolos; Cagayan–Buguey;
Camarines Sur–Naga; Ilocos Norte–San Nicolas; La
Union–Aringay; Laguna–Calamba, IRRI compound, Los
Banos, and Lumban; National Capital Region–La Mesa
Dam, Marikina, and UP Diliman Campus; Manila-Laguna-
Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija–Cabanatuan and Bicos;
Quezon–Pagbilao; Rizal–Binangonan; Tarlac–Bamban.
Mindoro: Roxas. Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro–Cagayan de
Oro; Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao; Surigao del Sur–Surigao;
South Cotabato–Guinang.
Remarks. A common species of Macrothrix in tropical and
subtropical freshwaters. It has serrulations along the dorsal
margin of its head and valves, but is best distinguished from
the related, temperate-zone M. laticornis by the presence of
serrated postabdomen (Silva-Briano et al., 1999; Smirnov,
1992).
Macrothrix triserialis Brady, 1886
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Cheng & Clemente, 1954;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: It has a pantropical and
subtropical distribution.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bulacan–Bustos Dam and Malolos; Laguna–Calamaba;
National Capital Region–Marikina, UP Diliman Campus,
Pasig, and San Juan River. Mindoro: Calapan.
Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro–Cagayan de Oro; Lanao del
Sur–Lake Dangiagan; Misamis Oriental–Misamis Oriental.
Remarks. Its taxonomy is quite complicated, forming a
species group with a related temperate-zone taxon M. rosea
(M. rosea-triserialis species group) (Smirnov, 1992; Dumont
& Silva-Briano, 1998; Dumont et al., 2002).
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Family Ilyocryptidae Smirnov, 1992
Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Ilycryptus longiremis Sars,
1888 and Ilyocryptus verrucosus Daday, 1905.
Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: This is a common species
distributed from North and South America, South Asia and
Australia.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas–Nasugbu;
Bulacan–Bustos Dam and Malolos; Cagayan–Buguey;
National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and UP
Diliman Campus; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay;
Nueva Ecija–Pantabangan Dam. Negros: Negros Occidental–
Bacolod; Negros Oriental–Sibulan. Mindanao: Agusan del
Norte–Lake Mainit; Lanao del Sur–Lake Lanao.
Remarks. It is the dominant species of Family Ilyocryptidae
in most freshwater bodies of the tropics and subtropics (Jeong
et al., 2012; Kotov & Sanoamuang, 2005). It is usually
associated with large tropical lakes with a good coverage
of vegetation (Kotov & Stifter, 2006). Philippine population
needs to be compared with others to determine morphological
differences among population and identify probable sibling
species (Frey, 1982; Kotov & Elías-Gutiérrez, 2009; Kotov
& Sanoamuang, 2004).
Family Moinidae Goulden, 1968
Moina brachiata (Jurine, 1820)
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril,
1986, 2001.
General geographic distribution: It is widely distributed in
north temperate regions. Reported mostly in Continental
Europe, England, Russia, and Mongolia. Its distribution
extends southward to Italy and Greece, and has been collected
from North Africa as well as South Africa.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–San
Nicolas; National Capital Region–Marikina; Laguna–Los
Baños.
Remarks. Moina brachiata was not encountered in the recent
samples (2008–2016). The authors propose that early records
of this species in the country were misidentied M. micrura.
Goulden (1968) and Fernando (2002) limit distribution of
this species in north temperate regions of Europe and some
localities in Northern Africa. The species should not be
confused with M. micrura, which has a smaller body size
of 0.5–1.2 mm, a different head shape, and a large pecten
on the end-claws of the postabdomen.
Moina micrura Kurz, 1875
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Moina dubia parva
Jenkin, 1934, Moina weismanni Ishikawa, 1896, and
Moina macrophthalma Stingelin, 1914. Previous Philippine
specimens often misidentied as Moina macrocopa (Straus,
1820).
Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Petersen &
Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986; Mamaril, 2001; and Aquino
et al., 2008.
General geographic distribution: Palearctic, Australia, tropics
and subtropics of America, Africa, Europe, and far East and
Southeast Asia specically in India, Indonesia and Taiwan
(Goulden, 1968; Kořinek, 2002).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Batangas–Nasugbu and Lake Taal; Benguet–Ambuklao
Dam; Cagayan–Lake Nagatutuan; Camarines Sur–Lake
Buhi; Ilocos Norte–Lake Paoay; La Union–San Jose;
Laguna–IRRI compound, Lake Bunot; Lake Palakpakin;
Lake Sampaloc; Lake Pandin; Lake Kalibato; Lake Tadlak;
Lake Caliraya; and Lake Lumot-Mahipon; National Capital
Region–Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, Pasig River, and
Marikina River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay;
Nueva Ecija–Pantabangaan Dam; Pampanga–Candaba;
Pangasinan–Fishpond in Pangasinan; Tarlac–Concepcion and
Lake Tambo; Zambales–Lake Mapanuepe. Mindoro: Lake
Naujan. Leyte: Lake Danao. Negros: Negros Oriental–Lake
Balinsasayao. Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro–Cagayan de
Oro; Lanao del Norte–Lake Lanao; Misamis Oriental–Lake
Gumaod, South Cotabato–Lake Siloton, Lake Lahit, and
Lake Sebu.
Remarks. Moina micrura can be distinguished from other
moinids based from its small size and the small pecten on
the end-claws, and by the complete absence of hairs on both
the head and shell. A total of eight clades of the micrura-like
taxa (ve North American and three Eurasian) were noted
(Bekker et al., 2016).
Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820)
Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Petersen &
Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Aquino et al., 2008.
Synonyms in Philippine literature: Moina brachiata (Jurine,
1820) and Moina micrura Kurz, 1875.
General geographic distribution: Reported from many parts
of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Neartic,
Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Ilocos Norte–Lake
Paoay; National Capital Region–Muntinlupa and San Juan
River.
Remarks. Early records of M. macrocopa in several lakes
and ponds in Luzon lack taxonomic descriptions and
illustrations, which has caused confusion in the identity of
M. macrocopa and other moinids present in the Philippines.
Goulden (1968) noted the distinct absence of supraocular
depression in the species. Average total body size ranges
from 1.0–1.5mm making it larger compared to other moinids.
Moreover, presence of hairs in the head and body is also a
good distinguishing character for M. macrocopa. The species
was not noted in recent samples by Pascual et al. (2014).
Moinodaphnia macleayi King, 1853
Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.
Philippine records: Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 1986;
Mamaril, 2001; and Pascual et al., 2014.
General geographic distribution: It is distributed throughout
the humid tropics specically in Africa, Australia, South
America, Caribbean Islands, Philippines and India (Kořinek,
2002).
Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay–Legaspi;
Bataan–Bataan; Cagayan–Lake Calig; Kalinga–Asibanglan;
Laguna–Calamba; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam,
638
Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Table 1. List of sampling sites visited in the years 2008–2015 for the collection of microcrustacean zooplankton in the Philippines.
Site
No. Name Municipality/City Province Latitude Longitude Island
1 Nalbuan Buguey Cagayan 18.2232 121.7833 Luzon
2Calig Lakes Buguey Cagayan 18.2064 121.8216 Luzon
3Lake Bangalau Sta. Teresita Cagayan 18.2243 121.8811 Luzon
4Binag Dam La-lo Cagayan 18.1874 121.6969 Luzon
5 Cansiritan Cansiritan Cagayan 17.9037 121.6991 Luzon
6Lake Nagatutuan Gattaran Cagayan 18.0643 121.6624 Luzon
7Cagayan River Tuguegarao Cagayan 17.7695 121.7157 Luzon
8Lake Cassily Tuao Cagayan 17.6717 121.5128 Luzon
9Callao Caves Penablanca Cagayan 17.7069 121.8194 Luzon
10 Chico River (upstream) Pinukpuk Kalinga 17.6158 121.4069 Luzon
11 Temporary Pool Asibanglan Kalinga 17.5042 121.2900 Luzon
12 Limos Stream Limos Kalinga 17.5019 121.2900 Luzon
13 Laoagan Resort (sh
pond)
Tabuk Kalinga 17.4169 121.4580 Luzon
14 Lake Paoay Paoay Ilocos Norte 18.1212 120.5405 Luzon
15 Lake Danum Sagada Mt. Province 17.0945 120.8843 Luzon
16 Underground River Sagada Mt. Province 16.0853 120.9035 Luzon
17 Bokong Falls Sagada Mt. Province 17.0921 120.9035 Luzon
18 Sumaging Cave Sagada Mt. Province 17.0645 120.9039 Luzon
19 Chico River
(downstream)
Bontoc Ifugao 17.6158 120.9773 Luzon
20 Ambuklao Dam Bokod Benguet 16.4593 120.7450 Luzon
21 Pangasinan Fish Pond Burgos Pangasinan 16.0667 119.9167 Luzon
22 Pantabangan Lake Pantabangan Nueva Ecija 15.8322 121.1483 Luzon
23 Lake Mapanuepe San Marcelino Zambales 14.9822 120.2860 Luzon
24 Mt. Pinatubo Crater Lake Mt. Pinatubo Zambales 15.1526 120.3530 Luzon
25 Lake Tambo Santa Juliana Tarlac 15.2917 120.3792 Luzon
26 Candaba Swamp Pampanga Pampanga 15.0863 120.8365 Luzon
27 Marikina River Marikina Metro Manila 14.6400 121.0972 Luzon
28 Pasig River Metro Manila Metro Manila 14.5956 120.9736 Luzon
29 Imus River Imus Cavite 14.4241 120.9427 Luzon
30 Laguna de Bay Several surrounding
municipalities & cities
Metro Manila, Laguna &
Rizal
14.3855 121.2845 Luzon
31 Lake Tadlak Tadlak Laguna 14.1826 121.2065 Luzon
32 Lake Caliraya Lumban-Cavinti-
Kalayaan
Laguna 14.3031 121.5295 Luzon
33 Lake Lumot-Mahipon Lumban-Cavinti-
Kalayaan
Laguna 14.2558 121.5470 Luzon
34 Lake Sampalok San Pablo Laguna 14.1212 121.5405 Luzon
35 Lake Bunot San Pablo Laguna 14.0831 121.3831 Luzon
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Site
No. Name Municipality/City Province Latitude Longitude Island
36 Lake Yambo San Pablo Laguna 14.1998 121.6164 Luzon
37 Lake Mohikap San Pablo Laguna 14.1229 121.3340 Luzon
38 Lake Palakpakin San Pablo Laguna 14.1112 121.3388 Luzon
39 Lake Pandin San Pablo Laguna 14.1167 121.3667 Luzon
40 Lake Calibato San Pablo Laguna 14.1042 121.3772 Luzon
41 Lake Taal Several surrounding
municipalities & cities
Batangas 13.9484 121.0073 Luzon
42 Daet River Daet Camarines Norte 14.1139 122.9558 Luzon
43 Bicol River Naga Camarines Sur 13.6467 123.1107 Luzon
44 Lake Buhi Buhi Camarines Sur 13.4567 123.5142 Luzon
45 Lake Bato Iriga Camarines Sur 13.3317 123.3589 Luzon
46 Lake Baao Baao Camarines Sur 13.4638 123.3589 Luzon
47 Lake Danao Albay Camarines Sur 13.2226 123.5435 Luzon
48 Lake Bulusan Mt. Bulusan Sorsogon 12.7616 124.0916 Luzon
49 Lake Malbato Coron Palawan 12.0300 120.1166 Palawan
50 Lake Kayangan Coron Palawan 11.9540 120.2241 Palawan
51 Lake Laguna Malay Aklan 11.9246 121.9603 Panay
52 Tamarog River Libertad Antique 11.7893 121.9223 Panay
53 Aklan River Libacao Aklan 11.4787 122.3039 Panay
54 Dalanas River Tibiao Antique 11.2480 122.0682 Panay
55 Brgy. Julita (shpond) Libacao Aklan 11.4688 122.3195 Panay
56 Brgy. Sublangon
(shpond)
Pontevedra Capiz 11.4688 122.8266 Panay
57 Brgy. Tumalalud
(shpond)
Mambusao Capiz 11.4164 11.4164 Panay
58 Brgy. Guadalupe
(shpond A)
Libacao Aklan 11.4562 122.3285 Panay
59 Brgy. Guadalupe
(shpond B)
Libacao Aklan 11.4506 122.3299 Panay
60 Ibajay River Ibajay Aklan 11.7317 122.1780 Panay
61 Brgy. Julita (lagoon) Libacao Aklan 11.4673 122.3238 Panay
62 Mambusao Dam Mambusao Capiz 11.4164 122.4004 Panay
63 Mangayaw Falls Libacao Aklan 11.4483 122.3326 Panay
64 Panay River Libacao Aklan 11.4961 122.8198 Panay
65 Panitan River Panitan Capiz 11.4632 122.7691 Panay
66 Brgy. Tabuc (pond) Pontevedra Capiz 11.4909 122.8289 Panay
67 District 3 (pond) Sibalom Antique 10.7876 122.0247 Panay
68 Jose Irrigation Water
System
Sibalom Antique 10.7876 122.0315 Panay
69 Brgy. Guia (spring) Pandan Antique 11.7676 122.0764 Panay
70 Tibiao River Tibiao Antique 11.3021 122.0535 Panay
640
Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Site
No. Name Municipality/City Province Latitude Longitude Island
71 Calbiga River Calbiga Eastern Samar 13.1695 121.3484 Samar
72 Lulugayan Falls Calbiga Eastern Samar 11.6283 125.0187 Samar
73 Quary Cold Spring
Resort
Hinabangan Western Samar 11.7109 125.0676 Samar
74 Brgy. Mugdo (pond) Hinabangan Western Samar 11.7142 125.0655 Samar
75 Brgy. Tominamos (deep
well)
Santa Rita Western Samar 11.4533 125.0206 Samar
76 Lake Danao Ormoc Leyte 11.5895 125.0897 Leyte
77 Lake Bito McArthur Leyte 10.8681 124.8556 Leyte
78 Diong River Javier Leyte 10.7410 124.9159 Leyte
79 Busay Falls Babatngon Leyte 11.4082 124.8483 Leyte
80 BFAR Regional
Aquaculture Freshwater
Production
Babatngon Leyte 11.4111 124.8490 Leyte
81 Poblacion (deep well) Inopacan Leyte 10.5009 124.7414 Leyte
82 Poblacion (sh pond) Inopacan Leyte 10.4906 124.7286 Leyte
83 Lake Malubog Toledo City Cebu 10.3667 123.7169 Cebu
84 Brgy. Danglad (pond) Consolacion Cebu 10.3998 123.9541 Cebu
85 Estaca River Compostela Cebu 10.4352 124.0012 Cebu
86 Lake Cumbar Liloan Cebu 10.4091 123.9894 Cebu
87 Lake Lamak Liloan Cebu 10.3794 123.9973 Cebu
88 Lake Danao Danao Cebu 10.7582 124.9746 Pacijan
89 Malinao Dam Pilar Bohol 9.8277 124.3093 Bohol
90 Loboc River Loboc (upstream) Bohol 9.6350 124.0312 Bohol
91 Loboc River Bilar (downstream) Bohol 9.7069 124.1092 Bohol
92 Brgy. Lumanoy
(irrigation system)
Lila Bohol 9.5916 124.0798 Bohol
93 Brgy. Lumanoy (sh
pond)
Lila Bohol 9.5905 124.0798 Bohol
94 Lake Danao Dumaguete Negros Oriental 9.8279 124.3133 Negros
95 Lake Balinsasayaw Dumaguete Negros Oriental 9.3506 123.1831 Negros
96 Lake Kabalin-an Mt.Talinis Negros Oriental 9.3664 123.1553 Negros
97 Uba River Talisay Negros Occidental 10.7063 122.9916 Negros
98 Brgy. Alunan (deep well
A)
Bacolod City Negros Occidental 10.6604 122.9378 Negros
99 Brgy. Alunan (deep well
B)
Bacolod City Negros Occidental 10.6605 122.9376 Negros
100 Brgy. Alunan (deepwell
C)
Bacolod City Negros Occidental 10.6607 122.9371 Negros
101 Mambukal Resort
(Lagoon)
Murcia Negros Occidental 10.5131 123.1039 Negros
102 Brgy. Mailum Dam Bago City Negros Occidental 10.5131 123.0883 Negros
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Site
No. Name Municipality/City Province Latitude Longitude Island
103 Brgy. Mailum (irrigation
system)
Bago City Negros Occidental 10.4813 123.0688 Negros
104 Lake Linao Hinigaran Negros Occidental 10.2303 122.9250 Negros
105 Brgy. Bagroy (canal) Binalbagan Negros Occidental 10.2020 122.9308 Negros
106 Guintubdan River La Carlota City Negros Occidental 10.2067 122.9441 Negros
107 Brgy. Guintubdan (deep
well)
La Carlota City Negros Occidental 10.2072 122.9443 Negros
108 Bago City (canal) Bago City Negros Occidental 10.2071 122.9443 Negros
109 Lake Balanan Siaton Negros Oriental 9.1351 123.0007 Negros
110 Caticugan (sh pond) Siaton Negros Oriental 9.0827 123.0143 Negros
111 Pilapil (canal) Siaton Negros Oriental 9.0641 123.0265 Negros
112 Siaton River Siaton Negros Oriental 9.0638 123.0274 Negros
113 Lake Naujan Naujan Oriental Mindoro 9.3664 123.1566 Mindoro
114 Lake Mainit Mainit Agusan del Sur 9.4339 125.5331 Mindanao
115 sh pond Magsaysay Misamis Oriental 8.9899 125.5003 Mindanao
116 Agusan River Butuan Agusan del Norte 8.9481 125.5471 Mindanao
117 Gingoong River Gingoong Misamis Oriental 8.8301 125.1261 Mindanao
118 Cold springs Albuig Misamis Oriental 8.9258 125.0045 Mindanao
119 Cagayan River Kabugapit Misamis Oriental 8.8000 124.9000 Mindanao
120 rice eld Longalog Misamis Oriental 8.7974 124.7868 Mindanao
121 Magkaambos Cave Longalog Misamis Oriental 8.6565 124.7472 Mindanao
122 Kabulig River Kabulig Misamis Oriental 8.6565 124.7472 Mindanao
123 Lake Danao Jasaan Misamis Oriental 8.6636 124.7801 Mindanao
124 Lake Gumaod Jasaan Misamis Oriental 8.6535 124.8093 Mindanao
125 Tagaloan River Tagaloan Cagayan de Oro 8.5442 124.7593 Mindanao
126 Tubod-Mayahay River Tubod Iligan City 8.2198 124.1986 Mindanao
127 Tumuga Bridge Tubod Iligan City 8.1908 124.1782 Mindanao
128 Maria Cristina Falls Iligan Lanao del Norte 8.1913 124.1918 Mindanao
129 Agos IV Dam Iligan Lanao del Norte 8.1334 124.1986 Mindanao
130 Tinago Falls Iligan Lanao del Norte 8.1591 124.3093 Mindanao
131 Lake Lanao Marawi Lanao del Sur 7.8866 124.2781 Mindanao
132 Lake Napalit Pangantucan Bukidnon 7.8659 124.7796 Mindanao
133 Lake Apo Valencia Bukidnon 7.8667 125.0082 Mindanao
134 Lake Pulangi Valencia Bukidnon 7.7889 125.0214 Mindanao
135 Lake Tutay Don Carlos Bukidnon 7.6669 125.0278 Mindanao
136 Lake Pinamaloy Don Carlos Bukidnon 7.6738 125.8350 Mindanao
137 Lake Siloton General Santos South Cotabato 6.2259 124.7310 Mindanao
138 Lake Lahit General Santos South Cotabato 6.2517 124.7150 Mindanao
139 Lake Sebu General Santos South Cotabato 6.2274 124.7085 Mindanao
642
Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Table 2. Insular distribution of microcrustacean zooplankton noted in the Philippines.
Taxa
Geographic distribution in the Philippines
General distribution
Lu Mn Ne-
Pa Pal Cam Min Jo
Calanoida Sars, 1903
Arctodiaptomus dorsalis (Marsh,
1907)
* * * Neartic and Central
America
Filipinodiaptomus vexillifer (Brehm,
1933)
*Philippine endemic
Filipinodiaptomus insulanus (Wright,
1928)
* * Philippine endemic
Mongolodiaptomus birulai (Rylov,
1922)
*Oriental Indomalaya and
Palaearctic
Tropodiaptomus australis Kiefer,
1936
* Australasian
Tropodiaptomus gigantoviger Brehm,
1933
* * Philippine endemic
Tropodiaptomus lanaonus Kiefer
1982
*Philippine endemic
Tropodiaptomus vicinus (Kiefer,
1930)
* * Oriental Indomalaya
Pseudodiaptomus brehmi Kiefer,
1938
* * Philippine endemic
Pseudodiaptomus smithi Wright,
1928
*Philippine endemic
Pseudodiaptomus trihamatus Wright,
1937
*Oriental Indomalaya
Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1834
Cryptocyclops linjanticus (Kiefer,
1928b)
*Afro-Asian
Mesocyclops aspericornis (Daday,
1906)
* Pantropical
Mesocyclops augusti Papa &
Hołyńska, 2013
*Philippine endemic
Mesocyclops microlasius Kiefer,
1981
* * * Philippine endemic
Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides
Harada. 1931
* * * * Southeast Asia, China, and
Japan
Mesocyclops woutersi Van de Velde,
1987
* Australiasia
Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro,
1957
*Africa, Japan, Brazil, and
Cayman Island
Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer,
1853)
* * * * Europe, Asia, Australiasia,
and North and
Central America
Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer,
1929)
* * * * Pantropical
Thermocyclops philippinensis (Marsh,
1932)
*Philippine endemic
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Taxa
Geographic distribution in the Philippines
General distribution
Lu Mn Ne-
Pa Pal Cam Min Jo
Thermocyclops taihokuensis Harada,
1931
* * East and central Asia
Thermocyclops wolterecki Kiefer
1938
*Australasia, Southeast
Asia, China, and Japan
Microcyclops varicans (Sars, 1863) * * * * Eurasia, Africa, the
Americas, and Western
Australia
Ectocyclops phaleratus (Koch, 1838) * * * * Cosmopolitan
Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) * * * * Paleartic
Paracyclops afnis (Sars, 1863) * * Southeast and East Asia
Paracyclops mbriatus (Fischer,
1853)
* * Euroasia
Tropocyclops prasinus (Fischer,
1860)
* * * Central America, Europe,
South Africa, Southeast
Asia, and Australia.
Cladocera Latreille, 1829
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova,
1964
* * Russia, Sout Asia, and
Southeast Asia
Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, 1885 * * * * Australia, India, China,
Nepal, and Africa
Diaphanosoma modigliani Richard,
1894
* * Tropical Asia
Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, 1894 * * * * Nepal, Eastern China,
Australia, New Guinea,
New Caledonia, New
Hebrides, Guam and few
sites in tropical Africa
Diaphanosoma volzi (Stingelin, 1905) *China, Australia, Southeast
Asia, and Sudan
Diaphanosoma tropicum
Korovchinsky, 1998
*India, Sri Lanka, China,
Thailand and Malaysia.
Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 * * * * Australia, Asia, Africa,
Europe, and America
Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924 * * * * East and Southeast Asia
Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris
(Müller, 1785)
* * Cosmopolitan
Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895 * * * Tropicopolitan
‘Alona’ afnis (Leydig, 1860) * Euroasia
‘Alona’ archeri Sars 1888 *Australia and Southeast
Asia
‘Alona’ cambouei Guerne & Richard,
1893
*South and West Africa,
Tropical and sub-topical
Asia and the Middle-East.
‘Alona’ guttata Sars 1862 * Palearctic
‘Alona’ intermedia Sars 1862 * Cosmopolitan
‘Alona’ pseudanodonta Brehm, 1933 *Philippine endemic (?)
644
Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Taxa
Geographic distribution in the Philippines
General distribution
Lu Mn Ne-
Pa Pal Cam Min Jo
‘Alona’ pulchella King, 1853 * * Africa, Australia, and Asia
‘Alona’ sarasinorum Stingelin, 1900 *Celebes, Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
Euryalona orientalis (Daday, 1898) *Neotropical, Oriental
Indomalaya, and Australia.
Karualona mulleri Richard, 1897 * Neotropical
Kurzia longirostris (Daday 1898) *Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neotropical, and Oriental
Indomalaya.
Leberis macronyx (Daday, 1898) *Oriental Indomalaya.
Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer
1854)
* * Paleartic and common in
tropical and sub-tropical
Asia
Oxyurella singalensis (Daday, 1898) * * * * Tropical and subtropical
Asia, Africa and Australia
Alonella excisa (Fischer, 1854) * * * Cosmopolitan
Chydorus eurynotus Sars, 1901 * * * Neotropical and Australia
Chydorus hermanni Brehm, 1933 *Oriental Indomalaya and
Australia
Chydorus parvus Daday 1898 * * * Afrotropical and Oriental
Indomalaya
Chydorus sphaericus (Müller, 1785) * * Pantropical
Chydorus ventricosus Daday, 1898 * * Afrotropical, Neotropical,
anf Oriental Indomalaya
Dadaya macrops (Daday 1898) * * Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neotropical, and Oriental
Indomalaya
Dunhevedia crassa King 1853 * * * * Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical,
Oriental Indomalaya, and
Paleartic.
Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898 * * * Afrotropical, Australasian,
and Oriental Indomalaya
Ephemeroporus barroisi (Richard,
1894)
* * * Australia, Iraq, Argentina,
Thailand, Vietnam China
and Far East Russia.
Distribution in the
Philippines
Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) * * * Afrotrpical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotroipical,
Oriental Indomalaya, and
Paleartic.
Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus)
quasidenticulatus (Smirnov, 1996)
*Australia, Iraq, Argentina,
Thailand, Vietnam China
and Far East Russia
Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus) similis
Vávra, 1900
*South America to Central
Asia, and Australia
Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1885 * * * Tropics and subtropics of
all continents
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Taxa
Geographic distribution in the Philippines
General distribution
Lu Mn Ne-
Pa Pal Cam Min Jo
Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars 1862 * * Palearctic to tropical
Africa and Asia to
temperate South America
Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine 1820) *Afrotropical, Neartic,
Neotropical, Oriental
Indomalaya, and Paleartic.
Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard 1894 * * Neotropical and was
also noted in India and
Australia
Scapholeberis kingi Sars, 1888 * * * Tropical and subtropical
Australia, Southeast Asia,
India, China, Middle-East
and Africa.
Simocephalus acutirostratus (King
1853)
*Australia, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Venezuela and
Africa
Simocephalus latirostris Stingelin
1906
Tropical and subtropical
South and Central America
and also Australia and
Southeast Asia.
Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch 1841) *Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical,
Oriental Indomalaya, ad
Paleartic
Simocephalus vetulus (Müller, 1776) * * Europe and North Africa
Grimaldina brazzai Richard 1892 * * Mexico, Australia and
Oriental Indomalaya
Guernella raphaelis Richard, 1892 * * * Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neotropical, China, and
Oriental Indomalaya
Macrothrix spinosa King, 1853 * * * Afrotropical, Australasian,
Neartic, Neotropical,
Oriental Indomalaya, and
Paleartic
Macrothrix triserialis Brady, 1886 * * * Pantropical and subtropical
distribution
Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick 1882 * * * North and South America,
South Asia and Australia
Moina brachiata (Jurine 1820) *Continental Europe,
England, Russia, South
Africa, and Mongolia
Moina micrura Kurz, 1875 * * * * Palearctic, Australia,
tropics and subtropics of
America, Africa, Europe,
and far East and Southeast
Asia.
Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) *Tropical and subtropical
regions of the world.
Neartic, Neotropical, and
Oriental Indomalaya.
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Taxa
Geographic distribution in the Philippines
General distribution
Lu Mn Ne-
Pa Pal Cam Min Jo
Moinodaphnia macleayi King, 1853 * * * Africa, Australia, South
America, Caribbean
Islands, Philippines and
India
Lu, Greater Luzon; Mi, Mindoro; Ne-Pa, Negros-Panay; Pal, Greater Palawan; Cam, Camiguin; Min, Mindanao; Jo, Jolo.
UP Diliman Campus, Marikina, and Pasig; and Rizal–Tanay.
Mindoro: Roxas. Cebu: Lake Mabulog.
Remarks. Moinodaphnia can be distinguished from most
Moina by the presence of an ocellus below the eye and is
located above the origin point of the antennules. The
antennules are long and movable. The females are laterally
attened, and the dorsal margin of the shell has a sharp
keel. The second antennae are very characteristic because
the distal segment of the exopod has four rather short setae
rather than three long setae. The postabdomen is long. Only
one sexual egg is normally deposited in the ephippium. The
supraocular depression is absent. Moinodaphnia also has
a different distribution and habitat than Moina. It prefers
to be in small temporary ponds, small lakes, swamps and
pools. It lives near the mud or in the weeds where it lters
the water surrounding the weeds.
DISCUSSION
The present checklist provides an updated taxonomy and
distribution of the microcrustacean zooplankton in the
Philippines. Overall, a total of 84 species, consisting of 11
calanoid and 18 cyclopoid copepod species and 55 cladoceran
species, were included in this listing. It is estimated that
there are at least 620–720 species of cladocerans worldwide
(Forró et al., 2008; Kotov et al., 2013a). Approximately
7–8% of these species have now been recorded in Philippine
inland waters, which in turn constitutes 51% and 18% of the
total cladoceran diversity of the Oriental Indomalayan and
Southeast Asian regions, respectively (Korovchinsky, 2013a).
Among the copepods, the recorded species of Calanoida and
Cyclopoida amount to at least 7% of the regional diversity
and 1.27% of the average global diversity (Boxshall &
Defaye, 2008). In terms of endemicity, the Philippines have
eight copepods and one cladoceran thus far. The very low
endemicity rate for cladocerans coincides with that observed
for the region, wherein only at least 21 species and one genus
were found to be endemic in Oriental Indomalaya (Forró et
al., 2008). On the other hand, the level of regional endemism
in freshwater copepods is remarkable, however, the number
of copepod endemics in the country is far less than the known
levels in the Oriental region, which has an intermediate level
(73.2%) of endemism (Boxshall & Defaye, 2008). These
numbers at least reflect the intensity of research (since
1880) rather than real patterns of diversity in the country
thus, suggesting that majority of the dominant planktonic
taxa communities of Southeast Asia, remain taxonomically
unexplored. The insular distribution of the listed species is
summarised in Table 2. The species composition of Philippine
cladocerans is most similar to that of tropical to subtropical
and temperate Asia and Australia. The rest were mainly from
the tropics or subtropics of the eastern hemisphere and only
few were northern in origin. The copepod diversity, being
dominated by family Cyclopidae and Diaptomidae, shows
high similarity with those of neighboring regions that extend
as far as Papua New Guinea–Australia, and dispersal from
the Asian continent to Australia as suggested by Hołyńska
(2006). This agrees with the analysis of Boxshall & Defaye
(2008) that the Oriental region (Southeast Asia + India) had
the greatest similarity with Australia (including New Guinea).
For many Philippine micrcrustacean zooplankton species,
their taxonomy remains unresolved (Korovchinsky, 2013b).
Many descriptions of Philippine species lack adequate
information on their important taxonomic characters, and this
has often led to misidentication (summarised in Table 3) in
previous records (Pascual et al., 2014). Compounding this
problem, many type specimens have been lost, preventing re-
examination and posing obstacles for a detailed re-description
of several species. The taxonomic status of most of these
species will have to be claried. Comparison of species
diversity across Southeast Asia is needed to obtain a true
species richness for the region. Interest in the research of
tropical freshwater microcrustaceans has recently gained
popularity helping consolidate material on their systematics
and biogeography. This may allow researchers to access new
data to close the information gap on the species present in
Philippine inland waters. DNA analysis, along with new
and enhanced morphological data, is needed to determine
and stabilise species identities. It will also facilitate the
comparison of populations across the archipelago and across
the region. Increased sampling efforts should be directed
at more types of water bodies such as rice elds, swamps,
temporary pools, caves, groundwater and moist vegetation
(Dumont, 1983, 1994; Dumont & Negrea, 1996), as these
are habitats that have been overlooked for a long time and
have a high probability of yielding additional taxa. Additional
surveys in understudied islands and other isolated areas in
the Philippines are expected to contribute greatly to a better
understanding of the diversity of freshwater microcrustaceans.
These efforts should not only focus on identifying possible
new taxa but also critically reviewing existing literature by
analysing different populations. This checklist aims to provide
a step towards increased interest and clarity in the study of
freshwater microcustacean systematics and biogeography
in the Philippines.
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Table 3. List of taxonomic synonymies and misidentication in microcrustacean zooplankton in the Philippines.
Family Taxa Philippine Records Taxonomic status
Family Diaptomidae Baird,
1850
Diaptomus insulanus Wright,
1928
Wright, 1928; Kiefer, 1928a;
Brehm, 1942
Synonym of Filipinodiaptomus
insulanus (Wright, 1928).
Revisions in the genera level
done by Lai et al. (1979)
Diaptomus sensibilis Kiefer,
1928a
Kiefer, 1930 Synonym of Filipinodiaptomus
insulanus (Wright, 1928).
Revisions in the genera level
done by Lai et al. (1979)
Tropodiaptomus malaicus
prasinus Brehm, 1933
Brehm, 1942; Petersen &
Carlos, 1984
Synonym of Tropodiaptomus
prasinus Brehm, 1933.
Philippine records were
misidentied. Specimens
are actually Tropodiaptomus
vicinus (Kiefer, 1930)
Family Cyclopidae
Ranesque, 1815
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus,
1857)
Woltereck et al., 1941;
Petersen & Carlos, 1984;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001
Philippine records were
misidentied. Specimens
probably refer to Mesocyclops
thermocyclopoides (Papa &
Hołyńska, 2013).
Cryptocyclops linjanticus
(Kiefer, 1928b)
Woltereck et al., 1941 Microcyclops linjanticus
(Kiefer, 1928b).
Paracyclops afnis (Sars,
1863)
Tuyor & Baay, 2001 Synonym of Ectocyclops
afnis (Sars, 1863)
Family Sididae Baird, 1850 Diaphanosoma brachyurum
(Liévin, 1848)
Cheng & Clemente, 1954 Philippine records may have
referred to D. excisum, D.
sarsi, or D. dubium
Pseudosida bidentata Herrick,
1882
Cheng and Clemente, 1954;
Mamaril & Fernando, 1978;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001
Southeast Asian and Indian
specimens were re identied
as P. szalayi (Korovchinsky,
1992, 2010). Philippine
populations might be P.
szalayi but still requires
further verications
Family Chydoridae
Dybowski & Grochowski,
1894
Alona bukobensis Welther,
1897
Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Coronatella
bukobensis (Weltner, 1897)
Alona circummbriata
Megard, 1967
Mamaril & Fernando, 1978;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001
Synonym of Coronatella
circummbriata (Megard,
1967)
Alona davidi Richard, 1895 Mamaril & Fernando, 1978;
Mamaril, 1986, 2001
Synonym of Leberis davidi
(Richard, 1895)
Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Anthalona obtusa
Van Damme et al., 2011
Biapertura afnis (Leydig,
1860)
Mamaril, 1986; Mamaril, 2001 Synonym of Alona afnis
(Leydig, 1860)
Biapertura karua (King, 1853) Mamaril, 1986 Synonym of Alona karua
(King, 1853) and Karualona
karua (King 1853)
Biapertura pseudoverrucosa
Smirnov, 1971
Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Aquino
et al., 2008
Synonym of Alona
pseudoverrucosa (Sars, 1901)
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Lopez et al.: Freshwater microcrustaceans of the Philippines
Family Taxa Philippine Records Taxonomic status
Family Chydoridae
Dybowski & Grochowski,
1894
Camptocercus uncinatus
Smirnov, 1971
Mamaril, 1986, 2001; Pascual
et al., 2014
Philippine specimens must
be revisited for possible
misidentication with another
species C. vietnamensis
Indianlona globulosa (Daday,
1898)
Mamaril, 1986, 2001 Synonym of Notoalona
globulosa (Daday, 1898)
Alonella karua (King, 1853) Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Alona karua
(King, 1853) and Karualona
karua (King 1853)
Alonella kulczynskii
Grochmalicki, 1915
Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Alonella excisa
(Fischer, 1854)
Alonella sculpta Sars, 1901 Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Notoalona
sculpta (Sars, 1901)
Chydorus barroisi (Richard,
1894)
Brehm, 1938; Woltereck,
1941; Petersen & Carlos,
1984; Mamaril, 1986;
Mamaril, 2001; and Aquino et
al., 2008
Philippine specimens were
most likely E. barroisi
Family Daphniidae Straus,
1820
Daphnia pulex Leydig, 1860 Petersen & Carlos, 1984 Misidentied specimen.
Daphnia species are not
present in the Philippines
Family Macrothricidae
Norman & Brady, 1867
Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine
1820)
Brehm, 1938 and Cheng &
Clemente, 1954
Philippine records may refer
to Macrothrix spinosa King,
1853
Family Ilyocryptidae
Smirnov, 1992
Ilycryptus longiremis Sars,
1888
Brehm, 1938 and Cheng &
Clemente, 1954
Synonym of Ilyocryptus
spinifer Herrick 1882
Ilyocryptus verrucosus Daday,
1905
Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Ilyocryptus
spinifer Herrick 1882
Family Moinidae Goulden,
1968
Moina dubia Guerne &
Richard, 1892
Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Moina micrura
Kurz, 1875
Moina macrophthalma
Stingelin, 1914
Brehm, 1938 Synonym of Moina micrura
Kurz, 1875
Moina weismanni Ishikawa,
1896
Cheng & Clemente, 1954 Synonym of Moina micrura
Kurz, 1875
Moina dubia parva Jenkin,
1934
Uéno, 1966 Synonym of Moina micrura
Kurz, 1875
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The graduate studies of ES Dela Paz, ML Lopez, SK Guinto,
and D Tordesillas were supported by the Philippine DOST-
SEI ASTHRDP scholarship, while scholarship grant from
the China Scholarship Council of the China Ministry of
Education to EZ Rizo. Recent collection trips in Lake Taal by
RDS Papa were supported by the Partnerships for Enhanced
Engagement in Research (PEER) Science Grant awarded by
the US National Academy of Sciences and USAID (Sub
Grant No. PGA-2000004881; AID-OAA-A-11-00012 2014-
2016). Collection trips to other localities have been supported
by the UST Research Center for the Natural and Applied
Sciences. JA Pascual, ML Lopez and ES Dela Paz were
supported by their Tonolli Fund Postgraduate Fellowship
from the International Society of Limnology. Support from
the grant for leading talent scientists of Guangdong Province
to H Dumont and National Basic Research Program of
China (No: 2012CB956100). In addition, the authors would
like to thank the anonymous reviewers and editors for their
valuable comments that greatly helped in improving the
manuscript. Lastly, the authors would like to acknowledge
the help of Artem Y. Sinev for providing primary literature
in the gathering of trait data.
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RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2017
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