... To incorporate additional palatal variations noted in SAMA P40536, K. ieversi, and other ankylosaurians, we added a new character (178 in Arbour and Currie, 2016;and 190 in Soto-Acuña et al., 2021) that describes the position of the choanae within the palate relative to the maxillary tooth row: choanae with their anterior margins inline or within the anterior third of the maxillary tooth row (178/190:0); choanae posteriorly situated with their anterior margins at least mid-way along the tooth row (178/190:1). Ankylosaurians were scored from the literature (Eaton Jr, 1960;Sereno and Zhimin, 1992;Lee, 1996;Godefroit et al., 1999;Carpenter et al., 2001aCarpenter et al., , 2008Carpenter et al., , 2011Vickaryous et al., 2001;Hill et al., 2003;Carpenter, 2004;Kilbourne and Carpenter, 2005;Parsons and Parsons, 2009;Arbour and Currie, 2013;Arbour et al., 2014a;Leahey et al., 2015;Kinneer et al., 2016;Arbour and Evans, 2017;Yang et al., 2017;Bourke et al., 2018;Paulina-Carabajal et al., 2018;Wiersma and Irmis, 2018;Norman, 2020;Park et al., 2020); however, we could not adequately code the outgroup taxon Huayangosaurus taibaii because the condition of its choanae is unknown. Character polarity was therefore determined from Hesperosaurus mjosi (Maidment et al., 2018) and a 3D cranial model of Stegosaurus armatus (specimen number; UMNH VPC 44, sketchfab. ...