Content uploaded by افتكار محسن صالح
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by افتكار محسن صالح on Nov 12, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
!1945
"#
! "
#$ %& '(1945 , )*+%,-' *. /, 0%
, 1234# %4! 5#6 2 78 ) 9&
, :; 0% <= >>2?=#@ & ?(A B#
C( #& %& D+ E% FG 7H% 34#
E>+ 0I1942 , E'9 9, JK L ?
9& M!N# %& & OP$Q >' )HR!% # Q
, '( 4 ! 7S+T )>, E:# TP$ E$
D+R U'. 9, #&V EG )4, %&
:> =! & 6 ; %&
'( /=H#6 9& /N 7!H#&1956.
2
$! %$ $! %$
&" ! ' ($) ! *+"
,+- ) - ) -
./ 0 ./ 0
- 1 $ - 1 $
The graduators conference and its role in the National Sudanese
Movement until the year of 1945
ABSTRACT
The research sheds the light on the study and the role of the General
Graduators conference in the National Sudanese Movement until the year
1945 as a new committee established in Sudan under the British
occupation . The conference could gather all political sides though the
differences between these parties and their thoughts . Also the
conference was able to carry the sound of the Sudanese people by its
famous memorandum in 1942 . Moreover the conference was the first
nucleus the breeds the life of political parties that contributed in the
development of the National Sudanese Movement and gives a new
picture on Sudan that there are national representative who are able to fill
the political space for the invaders and that paved the way to get National
independence in 1956.
3
Assist Lec: Sabah Hasan Bdeew Assist lec : Aftikar Mohsin Salih
College of Education for Girls College of Education
University of Qadisiya University of Qadisiya
: 22 $/
9& '( : : )'
#$1945 , W., 9& # $ XI. : KL
. 7 '( $ /, Y=4% F:>Z >% 7$
, %#@ O!, L %& D+1945 , I :>Z :H
:T 0' )R!% OP$, >-T & : >#%
, HZQ OP$ Q OP$ .[T, 9& TP E )SZ
& ?(\ 1 2 >#% OP$Q XI. +'T
9& ]#
# F2#'#6 W. )' @ $! ^=^ ! B_
: 9& & 3VQ /Q ! /' 9R$! > 7G
, `_ E_+' P :H %R ! L ; 7!;
1938 , '( :T W#. :H R ! ,
& OP$Q ; #$ 7N] 7S+T1945 .
3VT)N#@ # Ca^ N :: ! :#
, '( b O# >. 9S D#S Z!7S+T !
( , 4 O# +! : #: K#= %&
, ) O# W' :$ Dc 0] %& '(
( , 'Ca^ O# = Ha^ O# . +T +T 0]
) O#. : : +T ] !.I 7TT /]#$6
Ha^ .
.[T, 9 6 M(6 7a : :#
, ) (%% Z R$! + 9H %& =H#6
, )' # 9& W H#T G E+' Ca^
, I. W>& 9L 9R$! 7_ I. %& 1V /$ E:: 7G]
T ( b#T #> R$! E]# 1V# :>
0 d@ 7S+T G & 9& b#T 7S+T
C# .
4
: 3+4 5! .! 678 2 98 :+
41924-1936
H:T $ 9& & 3VQ F:>Z
ER 1924 /=@ %& D+ >=@ ! #
, %&e F:$ > )Z # 0.-
ERT E^_# %4! 2 W>1919 , >9 # N
%& '( f+% <[T <
(1)
,XI.) K
" E:$ ET 9A 7' 5 E:$ Z F.-#
," 9 E:# O!Q )+ # 9& N '(
>H#$ J 9& 9 KL & ]a4 >#:H
) ( # 'c H( . &a ' ?(, ^=^
(2)
( aT
) 'c
(3)
:> 9& YZ
(4)
) ( 5:> $ :! aT
(
5)
) ( , 5:'> B B+ 9& Oc
(6)
<,W> ]a(
(7 )
.
: /=@ ER XI. g>2L Ba4 XI. 7
, E!F4; 7> )T, JK D%2 ER :_ W>!L
, #61 :N W.TL %& D+ .2
<'< Ba4 XI. h W #6 7 7THT
N@:V 6. >T - # E!S . <:]#&
&
(8)
.
:S$ H# :T F2 # N S )
( /c[24 %R +1924) ( ZT [ :$ aT
(9)
)
/#c:T %4T >:G, # %4! D4 )N% #
( U# &Lee stack ) E.H 9& W19
5
N FHD&T H ; :GL 0&]% %R +
X:$ %4! FH 02 %& D+ 72
(10)
, E[
)>V 5N e %& F:$ D JK
0 .h6 9S % 3 E; 7S+ 9& W EL
0' :N 7 I]'
(11)
.
9:
<:#& 9 ER XI> :_# N#@ O!Q XI> 9
, JK [ ]HR ]8 iQ 2:T
(G %& f! T C&'# /N6 BV
, L>'T F, O!Q XI. 7 %&9: ;T W>aH
>:., CH ER 7+
(12)
.
$ & j: I. :T %& '( )@
/SZ_T'( 7 > ! E:: F'& F#
i: +% /=@ JK & 1T4 0 Dk E::
TQ F+;' /=@ > /P FI@, # S] F.6
V:%Q G /[' :H # F& #26
#26
( 13)
.
)&_ # TQ ? T, 2 )%1927 ? T $
) ()&_ # F 7a, 9 ': $L l:$
, )>,:; E_+' Q . EH )% 9&
E= A L 9& HR 1
m!
<>L
) ( OQT)#. F'+ @, )&, # E 2 JK
, 2F[T # HZQ 2 JI Y 2 HR
1929
(14)
)&_ G n@ F XI. f+% 7H#% W^
: TQ TQ oTQ 2 .[T, F21936
, 0Y4#' >=@ CR!% # %: ':
95I TQ 92> f+% JK E[ H !
4]: 4 =! 2L 12 + S] /2 0 UZ
7
(15)
.
9c O=( OVL 9
(16)
1931 7 /, .
E^ :T %4! 9& S$ :V 9# 0T H 2
1924 2 ER J 1; I' & E: >' :T :
BN%F>'2 &@ D o]# #% OVA I.
, 7H 0%, o]# I. /=@ , :H F>'2 %^ 9 9, :T
S 1 g]# E+ 'T ) ' SZ :H I W>%_Z
) ( 7] :$ aT )%
(17)
7Q F:! E4 XI. )%
6
W-'
(18)
, -'EL PS%6 S > !2 :;
, p]SD_T
<;N# R, $ OVA I. 9 :H o]#T
9: # O!+ EHT !Z W-' ; /=@ &
W>:., :$ 1T W-' W;! X :> 5I
(
19)
.
: 4 ; :+1936
2 , : : +%L ES F,:T
W>ZH% W>#26
<H 5% I I TQ %:
7 M!G, #$ %: RS )TI2 #
# XI.
<!&#' ,
<+ L %: 5%
)&_1936
(20 )
.
W> C(q F#26 XI. <[T < 9
, ( ) ( %R 7L @ :$ 7 W. %: : 2 W
) ( ) , ,@:$ 9:; `%, W.TL 9R W.TL
(21)
p
- NE:. :H :T 0V H, 9L :T G@ XI>
%4!1936 ) ( >+% E:. :T & '!2 9'T
5' T /:2 rH' 7 )V, # ]
, D4CH D+ MN > G `
T5S] 6 L %HW# p=GL '(
,E# gH .Q EAT G Ma p=GL
(22)
.
E:. TL 9%& s21936 %4TN T
9&T H# 7a& W>, I@ FV] W>ZL 9
(
23 )
, 9, E:. XI. ta#% +@ C; %& l: 9 :H
) ( 12 %4! S K]% E; :P L 5
) ( E:.XI> p6 :T Z JI %& Q F4
(24)
,
%4TN W>#I@ :; N 9L L -%%& 9, E=
(
25)
E:. 9 :H#%1936 >9& R + :
7!H#& ^ . F; 5# E:. XI. 'T 9, G@
W.:T
(26)
, E 9&T C# E:. XI. )]# :H
;] E:#& H! 9& EL 5L a'R WS ;]T 7
1899 N 9& L 5Ne E
, TY J'. 9S 6 9, 9& S$ Ba8 %4!
, 5N 5 e#] 7 J#T C# %4! N
7
, >TH# 9+T -' :' 9& W ` $
0#]8
(27)
.
E:. 91936 :T >8 !
, t%T1V `_# 9 :H E:. XI. #'
>% '(1937
<6!;)H :; ES )%
, F+%# @ :$ :T G@ 2 D%2
<
<:
b#T ] 16 ,1937
<6> H 9 .H
) ( /=@ :H 9 , T 5% L >T 9' 7H#%
9 _T XP < , 4T %& 9S 9L S XI.
(
28)
,0=@ +' %& 9: ;T l@, 3 > 9S
& '!2 ?% S H & 0%T
(29)
.
5% F2 # FZH' :: :T 9 7G
W>Tj:# 77R *. L 9 , 0':T
Q E: F:H% WT a>' >SZ 9
, 5A W 5A S& 9 D#
( 9=2 `H% 9&Ansks Gilan ) C:N# 0 !(
<T4@
, 5AS& YG WT W> S
f!Z S 1938 , *. 9, i,
, /$ 5_T %& D+ 7R 60% )& #2
"H 0a, -% >2 7R 0% /$Q
(30)
.
3#2 /, :H12 /Q 9%1938 :;
( X$1180 , ).:T)!#%
< # 9S# *. D#%
<@
7+ a WaS > < + &@ I]' '
I]'# ' '#& *> O#% :# 9L ' ,
, .' ?:., 9, Wc 7 VQ :
$9& /=H# 9 Q ?:> 9,
m6;L #2 ?:.,
/=@ d D%2 I@ 7T ?:> I. 9, _+ W 9,
?:., 9=L
(31 )
, S /, 5.[Q 7L M!G,
( 32)
.
>-S :! ; %4! EA F:,
, , KL > M#
<!'
<=SZ JK F: (H: >#2$ >2
>T W>4T 9& ]HR # E4& /=k# )'&$,
(
33)
, H^ 0S *] XI. 9, ;=4% E-' XI. _
9V > 9S 9, >a#$ /=@ S
Wc > 7# S * >% %4! 2 H#
'( >P#
(34)
.
8
9& %4! & 1
<Z#2 :_# 9, o! l
, S F, :H F= F;'# T aH
5, %&D+ [ &'# ? E::2 >2
, TL
<= N%Q # #]a( T :H# F= 0 ?
::27, ;T T %4T F, :H 9& 5N ^Q
N E:T N@ % $ <+'9
(35 )
.
, B#@ :H ; 5N B; ,
, kGF: H `# W %4! EA B;
, %4! MN :@ N 9& 7N `S# %4T
NES] %S W 0a, Dc 9 9, G@
, Xk :; 5N B; 9, 6, 7' 5 E:$ CH#
5N[ `a >T ; # EP :T G@ L 0-%
( .1939 -1940 )18 /Q 9%1940 9& L
?:., 0=( I]'# ' _T 0#2
N 1 ;= C :_ O; 0; O!,
(36)
.
: 4 - $ :; :+
.! <=81945
7! #$T 9& f+%
W#/ Q $ 0(+% FN% :H 0:., CH
#26 Q
, 9&% ]1938 T# 3Z
>MV 9& W L > 9& W# EI
`
<=L
<T 0>2 9S 9 9& W# /$ 0#h
FS5+# ` +%L '( 12 7+ 9L HL
%& 0 7R
(37)
.
:$ :;:' /I. I]'# F4 ,F,:T
) ( 14 EI @1940 > p#H
F!# 0 1 0 uN .Q W# 3+ '!# 9,
W :; i: '! [= / 1 YQ H '(
F!#T1 U#Z I]'# ' 7!; 3+ '!
'7!; G@ a6 1V W :; PS%6 , :
FN FL W# T H# 7a& 12 W-'#
(38)
.
# 0+' l:$ W# / 0[% :$
Q . W# 3!# > :
(39)
-:
9
1. -W# 7$ B# E::2 i: +%L
2. -.[% > 9aH 14#& W # i: 'T L
3. -> 7G# 2$ )% # .Q i: %L
4. -W>&]%, Y]%A 94#& 6 I !4 %L
5. -.Q W# +' F: : D:
6 -9& n@ FRT /L
.
':7 M!G #$ .6 i: ; 1
+% f+% 1T6 F'& /=@ vT #$ a:#T :
:a $
(40)
, #7H f+% N#H W
9 <V <%2> ; K V 7H :# :H
V 9& M## V :%6 0 )#Z
0 ) 5I T6 92>T W#. V O6 H(
: %R 0T 7]#
<'(
<: M!N %: T T6
7 4]
(41)
.
E>+ EI :GTF,:T :H & $ ,
9&%1942 , 7k# :H EIT ) #
9=/=@ & 7 ] 2 ?-
4'(6 YR
(42)
14 O1941 `! R!T <
(43)
G
]NT>aH# 9& >[ :T G@ :'> /=H# +;'T
, '^ ] D%2 )]; 9& 9 <= %&
9& 3 E; F:$ / /=@ %R O
XI./ 9 > g# # ! <6G H
I>TH 7!; %& 5, E+# 9 ! FH
26
(44)
.
0I 1VT 2 @: 7 XI. ).
, ( W :! 5.[6 7 =q W. 0a 7!; >+
) , , W > W @ :$ 'c 0 :! :
9&
(45)
EI XI. F#$ :H I]'# ' >!; :T
6 D4
( 46)
-:
1- ) , ( M'T N PS%6 #S U#+ MN :GL
EZ! O :T N H C$ 9&.
2. -%H %P ;A %& R *. `_
10
3. -%& 0#!c, W# , ` `_
4. -I]'# 4& aH 4& 7N
5 - /H#%6 6 ; 1 ]H C(' %; kL
. %&
6. -%& &'::#T 1+ 1V
7 -PS%6 E:. 0; : 9& L E> B;
N.
8. -EPT P + :: :H
9 -G %& 4wT Ba8 a:! . ,:! C!4
. Ba8 ] U#Z6T
10 -kT >* DG' , %& Ba8 N;
72Q E: HT x#y %&
11 -P # =! R# %& S
. 'N
12 -!H !&%::#T # F! F+ PwT 9%; 1V
. %& L >]a8
13 -/+ W# tT :$ FA i: F%=A B;
O'
.
E>+ EI XI. S F29 9&%
( :T% i=c 5AS& C( 0&]%Dongles Newbold)
I>. EI J /!; W 4# ` 0%
<!#
%&D+ WT j:# C$ 0% S%, WS E
E!S & D4 XI>T :H# 9 0H$ `
( 50)
.
, W.: T S ?# D&T :. JK
<=
) ( :$ W.TL `a L >RT # T W.:.
(51)
,
, S& 9 l:2 9 4 T FI /! #
9&P X T EZ! ` D4 XI. 9L
<a 5A
a'R WS ;] WaH X# &1899
E:.1936
(52)
, S$9_Z D2 Q XI. 9,
<!#
7., G >P# D&$ . :$ 9_Z ` 9&
9&
(53)
.
11
$:T EI o ; D
9& %4! EA T Z! ] :N
(54)
, EL. EI XI. o 9 X: :H
%4!EA 7!; ?# ; 0% X: Q
(55)
,
ST M# EI XI. o EA XI. F, :H
X4@ ), >%Q XH#$
(56)
.
%4!EA B; I. [L W&H%
S&T S& .:$ S& LEI o:T
) ( 0%l 9 5I `a :$ W.TL aT :#
Wc %4! EA T ;= # :T 6
, EA1 l:2 60% l @Q S& EI o
6,CH# W I. EZ! & >2 :T 6 %4!
FT#% JK W aT $(AT1943 O#%W :H
!k 0!Q 9 5I
<&a 5.[Q 7L
I]'# '
<S 9:[ , D#%
(57)
.
/L; ]RS 7; 1VT %4! EA )Z
#>#, F& 3'4G 7 0HZ
5+#6`T ? 7S+ /=@ :T 9S#
1944
(58)
, 7H%/ % 0H% )HH$ ` I. 9, X:
, `I. )SZ :H 9& F4& L F$=N
, ( ( .F6 `@ 9S 9& /Z
) , , , EN#H ` I>T >a_T R Y[67' 9 =&
%H1+ W:H W>!2 I]' S E:& W.
W>
(59 )
.
Xh, I$5+#6 ` ES o
9,
<:
< 7N] 0 U#+ 0%
<' 0 U#Z6
9&/Z N#; 0% + 4 0 S W `
( E:$ ::> 54' XI. 9O' N;,
!k 9 Q :H 4L Wc
( W.: v! ` ,28 )a+[ W.
F4&
(60)
.
SM!G, 5I 9:'. 9& W aT ` 9
5+#6 `
(61 )
R5+#6 ` B; 9 JI
U#Z6 :#T 9& :, :H @6 ?(L 3P%
;+;' %& # G M# 0%_T W.H#6 `
12
) ( ES] : N%Q]a( W[ 5:> $ :! 9 =!
` 0;H$ 9& /N$ % E4@ 0%_T X!# `
YHXI. P2 .
( 62)
. 95I ` I.
< M!G, :H
( 9:'. 9& WXSHenderson
)
( 63)
.
, :H 0a+%L I' &H% 4@ L B; XI>#% g
N% 0# 9, %4! EA HR :H 5I S& l,
n#1 6 Z 1 JK 9& # > 9#
5.[Q 7L aT S& XI. 9 5N
(64)
, 'T
aT % :#T 5I @Q C] D&%
Q OP$ X,
<TP$ _+% N%Q 5:> $ :!1945
9& /=H# :, %& 9& Z 72 5I
(65)
,
G@E-% 0 9 5I 5:> $ :! W>[ h H4'
& ER o 1; x = /=@ %4!2T
$ 0G$ /=@ CV ]a( -'T -' 9 0% E=
) ( :T 9S&#& %4! 9, <:>4V6 N%Q ]a(
W>N 1 g# 6 )
(66 )
.
9;!_ 9, XN%, 5:> O&% D
HZQ OP$ X, OP$ 7S+#31 Kz1945 I]'#T ,:T
]a(W[ B; W># N D%2 L ]; & W>%T
W>!%2L 'c 9& #
( 67 )
, 97k# :H
W>KL >'T `'# #]a4 [ T 'P *& ;=
S WS$ ;L L 14#T 5:> $ :!
< 'c
.:# I. 9 14# I. 1+#T %4! EA W> 9&
HZQ OP 'c :_ !! ;=
(68)
, OP$Q7S+#T
& : 7S+T >#% :; 9S 9& E::
<F, 9& 1 *. >]GT
:& 9& b / 4H% 7SZ
<
'( !4 9& DZ <=R W-' /_
.
: '# /=@ ' M
, W-'& !# ;=4% 7R 0% %& '(
D+?:., : >:., :$ %& ]HR H!4 1
, 0% JK D%2 '( /=H#6 CH#T R# %&
': Ba4 [ E:%& W /N 34#
) , ( ?; 14#& 02 5I Q N%Q # 9&
13
, E= '( >H^ > E; 0]GT %4! #& 02
{%& & -' H :> TRT 9 9L JK
&p ! *># 9& & H!4 +%
, #&72 %& ( l: W ?:.Q V
14#& H!( 2 :T 9& X2 F!!& W., :H]
, H!4XI. H iQ 7 M!G, #T :! E;
, /=H#6% 3&# 7S+T C4 :> ]HR &
%& '(.
>?
(1 , ) E^ 9@z :! & :1924, , 9&
, 9& 1T :2012 , d301 .
(2 ) ( -: ). W# 9R : :& L >&_ b_ 12 #
.P( T & L K >!&% H E, :'
, ) ( 9R: ;, KL p=N WT >#Z d / )'T
) (34# 9& YZ /Z
<G
<$=GL
< W#
/)T / L 0T&#%_T W.H# 0#H4 G' 3!L S
) (HH4 >, UI%z N Y4 JS]
<= d
-: . -' + 1# 9H %R BN' N Y4 !
, , '; F+' 9& # b 9R :$ Y(
, , ( 9_1998 , d15 -d21.
(3( : )'c1873-1958 ):&X: 'c :& .
, ]:> WS >#VT 0 FP 'c 9R :
, :>&' )&_ # # ]a4 W[ . 9&
HZ6 OP G' 9 6 l_T %4T W:T JK
OP$:% HZ6 OP$ W[ 5.[6 7 1 B#@ :'
)4H# 6 OP$ T N :T (H: D+
5.[6 7E[1956 #T =#a S$ )%S
#$ F# N%617 %^ +1958 WS
, ?Z6: _+% :H HR WT 0 #. 0' ? 5S&
, _+% !;# %& FS l: %S0: (&!T _
) ( :; 9& FG E:21958: . -' (
, , f %& S] 5ZT O1, , ,FT 7
1991 ,d259-262.
14
(4 : ):$ : .; # :> ER N%, C4 & :>
%R WS :V 5:>1885 9& UQ ( 34#
#$WS # 1898 F; : :> :fH :T
H # ': S] >:H :> 9 K %4! Pk
D+ ?]G UI%z <2 );6 # -#' 5:> ES
CTUQ > # W- EH fk u# %&
E:$ CH 9& Ba( 7a!; :$ 0RT 34# %&
, : , ER 9@z 5N &$ PP :! -' 9& '(
, , +' T] Z E::2 h 3+ 9& :>1990,
d236.
(5 ( : )5:> $ :!1885-1959 )%&9 ': :
E+ . 9,H |]$ :H ' *T 3
5:>] ` : H
< H X
9 9& %4! e /@ :> :(H :T N%6
, n@ W^ X, W :; :> = :
H# #$ 5:> E, H! 1 E:# C('} 7H#%
S7!;
<V 4 :H P >V_T T, EP2
. >#P1906 `@ E: . :T >S 7TH
, W^ 0$ W>2 N%6 1 ;= :: 34# JK :T F'
, #% 6 O ; :T > H#, 9 7H#%
O 0%& 7a!H Ba4 X:%& W: %4T 2
) ( W/=@ 0!H ) :> N% N%6 X >#
ER5:> o :H JI N#;6 0=0#[ 1#T 5:>
, E^ o :H JI 9& %4T :V &1924 .:V
"To 9 %4T "k & H4 '# 9
, a'RWS ;]T ?#6 : NT %& '(
, ) (EI:% 0%6 %& 9& Z 1 %4T N
1942 , 1945 , 6 OP$ s+%1946
, HC$ 9& M' EV N%6 O!Z 4T s+%
:TdN I>T F E: 9:' E.H N
%& FT#%61953 0TP$ 7N$22 7S+02 :H
%R 9% /6 /=H#6 #$ ` V1956
, , : ,P 5:> $ :! 6 FI 5:> $ :! -'
, . , , d F E.H %& F:1-d156.
(6 : )>#'6 : B+ T B B+ . 5:'> B
) ( 9DH I>T 0#& F2 d WS / 0!&%
15
, : 7G6 :'. )% 0#V1869 , |]$,; 9
0@ 6 : B+ X: :T X: : WS 9,H
:>U l:$ 0@ >+#:T ?Z6 B+
, ,1#2 ~ + T . ?Z6 E UI% 5:> ]@ X:;
`_ 7] 0 9 0#%S OG O:$ 7 i' 0
, 0#H# H#6 P i' 1+ lH ::
%4! F4&1905 >' $ S >#T
0'n= F4V 0! i' "k #% >Z # E: PS%6
, : UZ :T 0%6 ( 0!; H4'T 0#; ::
.N#% O >#%_T %4T J *'># 9&1919 , B
( , N' 9'T O# 0 Ma: : ': F] ::
) : 1942 : , /& -' P Wa; MV 0
: =H% 5:'> B+www.mash.had.org
(7 , , )f 9& '( 4 W' :$ Dc1,
, , :kT # !#S F+'1981 , d82.
(8 , )9& '( b +T :1900-1969,
, , , ( D#S %& : 9@z g 5'. 21980,
d121 , , , d CT& :N W' :$ Dc82.
(9 : ) :'S6 : ZT [ :$1864 &ZE
)P W^ :'S6T &%] :T0 H 7G6
, , E::DG' :H &% `!T YH n W^ F!T
, :'S= <-W^ ?'*#6 ST <+#&#$ H
, T E: 6 [ [ _&a W^ <8%/ M!G
1924-1925 , TE: %R1925 -1926, : ,Y[D! 9% -'
N F[ b1878 -1953, , .6 & F: P
, , E.H # j! Ca^ E:$1975 ,d281-288.
(10 , , )d CT& :N 9@z :! & :317 .
( 11) Pierre Carbtes < The winning of the sudan < Broadway house ,
)London , 1934 (, p . 192
(12 , , )d CT& :N +T :312.
(13 , , )d CT& :N W' :$ Dc83 .
16
(14 , )'( . TQ 4+%Q B b+ M]
, ,: HA F: %&34( , :34,)2012 , d104,
d111.
(15 , ) )*+%, 9c 1902 0##c 5I ZT 9c lI <:
5:> A F;1885 7!; .h+%L W ( M#
%R : TRT )% 9& W '+#
, , /]#$6 ' Ca^ : : +T -' 9& E:$
, 9& !.I 7TT1938- 1988 , $L '
, , d ( lK12.
(16 , )3N %& & 0( $ :! 7N
9& 9_+T %4! 5N1938 – 1953 , +' Q
, , EP 1[#1995 , d21.
(17 : ) : 7] :$1885 9,H|]$ W^ ' *T s+%
, W&; 9c ST C# W^ =6 : :T W, WS
, Tk 02 0' ? Z
<V; n EH
, ,
<#]M!G ; :; %4! #= 0#.ST >#Z O6
, 5% 0(+% T F>8 %4! h' X# )% 9&
, , 9 F'^=R 14 5' <&aM!G :H 9 _T
:& TH 9& HZ6 OP$ :
, 'c1956 : .{CT& :N { 5ZT O -'
d39-40.
(18 , , )f 9& b F]; : p=G1, ,/=>
E.H1995 , d21 .
-: *G : Y[Q 7' ]V 9& " 1H %:
. ) ( EP 6
(19, , , )( 2 +T +T
, (1988 , d74.
(20, , )+ 9H 9& =H#6 %% Z
, , : 2 #26 %&%A #&2
, , aP @2015 , d82 .
(21 : ) : @ :$1904 ( Y[67' 6 %: ': O'2
, , )T& ] 'c E& 0#a ': 6 9 <$
, 5I 6, JI
<;K$
<K 9 6 : , O#ST C#
17
7H#% W^ @ S FK 9# (T a:#T6 :T Y#6
, S 02 :T %R : 1925
<]8
, 7 ( 7H#% W^ 0' ': 9& S$
, 56 S& D#S 7 7H#% W^ <: 9c
, , W^ >
<! F' j=^ > HT %: : W^ (
7H#%1934 , ) ( 9& ?Z =&': 71936
, :H U'. l@ E %: 7H#%
) ( X:G 9& P%6 _ 9'T O# B,1946.
, : d d { CT& :N : : +T -'7-29.
(22 , , )d CT& :N 0( $ :! 7N48.
( 23 )Report by the Governer- General anthe Adiminis tration,finan cas
and tions of the sadan in 1936,p .
( 24 )Roberto . collins, Ahistory of ModernSudan ,CambridgeUniversity
press,2008,p.46 .
(25 ) Gawin bell ,the Gvowth of SudaneseNationalisam Devoluthion and
the Road to Lndependence , the Durham Sudan Historyal Record
conference wes Heldin trevlyan college,Darham ,14-16 Aprial
1982,p.147 .
(26 , ) : 9& N b 9@z W.TL Y[ :! 0 :!
, , , E.H 1[# +' HR G1997 ,d257.
(27 ) ( : )9: ! G ( 6 Tc 1H 9
. 9& H GT ? 9&
(28 , , )d CT& :N +T :176.
(29 , , )d CT& :N W' :$ Dc95.
(30 , )I 9R : 5:1914 -1958, , 9:# !4
(1961 , d20 , , d CT& :N %% Z •84.
(31 ( )5.[Q 7L1900 -1969 : )b H % E,
, :> %: ': : EH RS >' 1!% 9&
, W^ 4 :T C# W^ 0 0#T#T 7L b+ 0TQ X:2
FVi K >' < n 9P 0# 7,
2 F: 7, W^ 9& i: PS%6
SQ FT1927 2`, 9P i: W^
18
:T0 S / M!G 7S+ :T E8' O€
, HZQ OP
<&a D#% 7@ F;H+%61946
, 7S+:T 9& N /$ N V] %& : i,
+# 1948 :T 7H#K, > V 9
JK1953 ` 7SZ :' 56 '( OP i,
•+ O'1954 :T E[ &a 5.[Q 7L D#%
/=H#61956 W.TLC] O=H% :T % E[ /,
!1964 E^ :T E&` <&a M!G,25 1969 7H#
7@0 g :#Z OP$Q /2 7 0 T 1V
]+#& L 7H% &1969.
, , , , : FT 7 %& S] 5ZT O -'
1991 , d57-61.
(32, , )d CT& :N %% Z83.
( 33) Willis Justin ,Tribal gathering colonial spectacle ,native
administration and local government in codominim Sudan Durham
Unirersity ,past present , 2014,pp243-268 .
(34 , , )d CT& :N 9R 5 :86.
(35 - , )N %& F;= : b+ 9'$1956-1958:
, , , , ( 2 F: #&2
2006 ,d23.
(36 , , )d CT& :N 0( $ :! 7N129 b+ 9'$ •
, , d CT& :N :24.
(37 , , )d CT& :N W' :$ Dc125.
(38 , , )d CT& :N : : +T47.
(39 , )d 0&]% :N47.
(40 , , )d CT& :N +T +T85.
(41 , )d 0&]% :N58.
(42 , , )d CT& :N : : +T49.
(43 : ) :G 4'(6 YR14 O,1941 7q 7!;
7Z+9#&% %4! [ `a )[ SQ `a
19
HC$ >=@ :, fH% 9^ : & W
F=&# EH :# 3'#6 O+ N
O W>N 72 p=& :# /:: &
: , 2]7^ /=. -' O+ T 5N#;6 9# EV
( , %, :V O SQ E:# F6 9@z1941-
1945 , , ): EN! Oz 68 , 2014 , d201.
(44 : ):$`! #& >, # R! . `! RT
3#2=>!; : :'> L %4! S / [
:T:'> /=H# 9=A %4! F$#HT W>';A '> PT
oT5:%c W>, P 6. 7!; )>T2 # O
, )% O :T L 72_# : # /=H#6 9=wT !(
EP XI.1942, , : , :'> & &$ 0 :! -'
, , E.H 1[# +' 2# T F2012 ,d148- 149.
(45 , , )d CT& :N : : +T14.
(46 , )d 0&]% :N52-55.
( 47 , , )d CT& :N +T +T71-72.
(48 , )d 0&]% :N57.
(49( : ):$ W.TL1898 – 1989 : ) :'> W&; n
$& :'> ~: S ]8 7 W^ 9c
, 0T=( 7!; :H 1V P#6 ;:, 0' <9 9c
S,0 )% ; #Z I 7aQ 9
# 5_T f!6 9 9& /=H#T 9A )R V
) ( 7L S& a' 9 JI %4T N a'R WS
EI W:H U#Z aT [ 5.[Q
E>+ 1942 /=H#6:T %& S );
1956 , ``a : DN' W^ [ DN' W&
: , O -' %& 5# J'! . % J'T EL
, , d CT& :N 5ZT8-10.
(50 , , )d CT& :N : : +T56.
(51 , , )d CT& :N +T +T74.
(52 , , )d CT& :N W' :$ Dc104.
20
(53 , ) #$ Z! %4! WS 9& 9&T `2
, , , , d FT 7 % :T ]4N D /=H#6133.
(54 , , )P 5:> $ :! A FI 5:> $ :!
, , E.H %& F:1996 ,d44.
(55 , , )d CT& :N +T :251.
(56 , , )d CT& :N W' :$ Dc104.
( 57 )Report on The Adiministration of The Sudan for The yrare 1942-
1944,p.9 .
( 58 , , )d CT& :N +T :215.
(59 ( , , ): ( %& %[k E:2740 ) b#T15 1944
,d110: ,=H%
www.dds.crt.edu
(60 , , )d CT& :N 5:> $ :!62, ,+T :
, d CT& :N216.
(61 , , )d CT& :N : : +T62.
(62 , , )d CT& :N +T :215.
(63 , , )d CT& :N 5:> $ :!42.
(64 , , )d CT& :N : : +T63.
(65 , , )d CT& :N 9R :$ Y(70.
21
22