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Antioxidant and Antiaging Assays of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract and Its Compounds
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex biological process due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Free radical oxidative is one of extrinsic factors that induce activation of collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase. Natural product from plants has been used as antioxidant and antiaging. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and antiaging properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE) and its compounds including myricetin, ascorbic acid, and β carotene. The phytochemical of H. sabdariffa was determined using modified Farnsworth method and presence of phenols, flavonoids and tannins were in moderate content, whereas triterpenoids and alkaloids were in low content. Total phenolic content performed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, was 23.85 μg GAE/mg. Quantitative analysis of myricetin, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid of HSE was performed with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) that shows 78.23 μg/mg myricetin, 0.034 μg/mg β-carotene, whilst ascorbic acid was not detected. HSE has lower activity on DPPH (IC50 = 195.73 μg/mL) compared to β-carotene, the lowest in ABTS assay (IC50 = 74.58 μg/mL) and low activity in FRAP assay (46.24 μM Fe(II)/μg) compared to myricetin, β-carotene. Antiaging was measured through inhibitory activity of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. HSE had weakest collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50= 750.33 μg/mL), elastase inhibitory activity (103.83 μg/mL), hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 619.43 μg/mL) compared to myricetin, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid. HSE contain higher myricetin compared to β-carotene. HSE has moderate antioxidants and lowest antiaging activities. Myricetin is the most active both antioxidant and antiaging activities.
... In this research, phytochemical screening had been conducted to determine the bioactive component found in extracts of basil leaves (Ocimum americanum L.). Identification of the chemical contents of the screening consists of alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and terpenoids (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017(Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
... Then added Mg/Zn and heated for 5-10 minutes, then cooled and strain and added amil alcohol as much as 1 ml. If extracts produce a red/orange color, the sample contains a flavonoid compound (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017(Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
... The second tube solution was removed by one drop on a plate of drops, then added 3 drops of Dragendroff reagent. The orange deposits are formed indicating the presence of alkaloids (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017(Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
Harm effect from UV light, both UV-A and UV-B is contributing as a disease trigger and has an impact on human health. To investigate the bioactive compound, antioxidant, and the potential of basil leaves as antiaging sources particularly as the tyrosinase inhibitor. This study used phytochemical screening for the bioactive compound, DPPH scavenging activity for antioxidant assay, and tyrosinase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The phytochemical screening shows that the basil leaves extract has flavonoid, saponin, phenol, steroid, and alkaloid. The basil leaves extract has lower antioxidant activity (20.55 ± 0.04 μg/mL) compared with eugenol (2.44 ± 0.26 μg/mL) through DPPH scavenging activity. The basil leaves extract (35.59 ± 0.83 μg/mL) has lower antiaging activity particularly as antityrosinase activity compared with eugenol (10.87 ± 0.41 μg/mL). Our findings suggest that basil leaves can be used as an antioxidant and antiaging source, particularly as a tyrosinase inhibitor.
... The extraction was performed in the form of maceration. [11][12][13][14] Dried S. sonchifolius leaves were soaked in 70% distilled ethanol. Filtration was taken every 24 h and the process was performed until the colorless filtrate was found. ...
... The filtrate was then evaporated with a rotatory evaporator to obtain S. sonchifolius extract (SSE), and then was stored at -20°C. [11][12][13][14] ...
... The modified Fransworth method is the basis for the SSE test because it can recognize phytochemical compounds such as phenols, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. [11][12][13][14] Phenols identification SSE as much as 10 mg was loaded on a drop plate and mixed with 1% FeCl 3 (Merck 1.03861.0250). Good results for the phenols test is green, red, purple, blue, and black. ...
... The phytochemical screening aimed to identifiy the qualitative presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. 6,9 For flavonoid identification, 10 mg of sample was added into a test tube then Mg [Merck EM105815, USA] and HCl 2N were added to the sample. The mixture was heated for 5 to 10 min then filtered after it was cooled down. ...
... The positive reaction was shown by the formation of red or orange color. 6,9 For saponins identification, approximately ...
... The tube was then shaken vigorously and saponin content was indicated by the presence of persistent froth on the surface. 6,9 For phenols identification, 10 mg of sample was placed on a dropping plate then 1% FeCl3 [Merck 1.03861.0250, USA] was added into the sample. ...
Aging involves progressive physiological changes of the body, including skin dysfunction and death which can be accelerated by the presence of free radicals. Compounds with potential antioxidants and antiaging are contained in various fruits, including dragon fruit (Hyloceureus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose). This study aimed to compare the antioxidant and antiaging activities of dragon fruit rind extract (DFRE) and Kaempferol. The antioxidant and antiaging activities were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenger and inhibitory activity assay of tyrosinase, respectively and was conducted at the Biomolecular and Biomedicine Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, from August to November 2018. Data acquired were then analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Post Hoc Test using Turkey HSD test with a confidence level of 95% (α=0.05). Phytochemical assay was also conducted to determine the content of active ingredients in thedragon fruit rind extract. Phytochemical test result showed that DFRE contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids compounds. Both DPPH scavenging and tyrosine inhibition assay indicated that Kaempferol compound also had antioxidant and antiaging activities. The IC50 values of DFRE and Kaempferol antioxidant activities were 164.98 μg/mL and 83.30 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 values of tyrosinase inhibition activity of DFRE and Kaemferol were 88.46 μg/mL and 59.34 μg/mL, respectively. DFRE had antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibition activities thus can be used as an alternative antiaging and antioxidant agents.
... Quercetin functions as a diuretic through a oxide nitric mechanism that will increase the renal vasorelaxation [156] and as an antidiabetic through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [57]. Myricetin has potential as an antiaging agent [129]. In addition, extracts containing catechin, quercetin, and rutin were reported to have neuroprotective potential [97]. ...
... Roselle is known as a plant that provides many health benefits-namely, as a source of antioxidants [14,15]. The antioxidant activity of roselle calyx has been confirmed in various studies [92,129,155]. Studies measuring the antioxidant activity of roselle calyx were conducted both through the study of extract characterizations [66,102,115,121,158], comparisons between cultivars [10,29, 36,108,118,122] and between species [34,90,92,114,115,119,137,139], calyx processing treatments [125,147], and the comparison of extraction conditions [3,28,58,64,65,81,82,99,111] and extraction optimization [9, 67,76]. ...
... In addition, several studies have reported antioxidant activity by using the method of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, ion-reducing capability assay, and ion-chelating assay. The most widely used method of measuring the antioxidant activity of roselle calyx was the DPPH assay [3,9,10,28,29,31,34,36,57,58,[64][65][66][67]70,74,76,81,82,90,92,95,102,111,114,115,118,119,121,122,125,129,137,139,145,147,155,158,161]. The determination of the antioxidant activity was conducted through the measurement of free radical activity (diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl) inhibition by antioxidant compounds via hydrogen atoms transfer and transforming the radicals into a nonradical compound (di-phenyl-picryl-hydrazine), which was characterized by a change in the mixture color from purple to yellow. ...
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), as an edible flower, has long provided an array of positive effects on human health. This benefit is a result of phenolic compounds that are naturally present mainly in the calyx. Plentiful medicinal remedies and functional foods based on this flower are available worldwide, as supported by the studies of phenolic compounds in recent decades. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the composition, biological activity, and beneficial effects on human health of phenolic compounds in roselle. This review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A structured search in the published literature for phenolics compositions in roselle was required prior to the evaluation on the validity of the reported analytical methods. Reliable identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in roselle can be achieved by employing the proper extraction and separation methods. With ample alternative analytical methods discussed here, this review provided an aid for comprehending and selecting the most appropriate method for a particular study. The applications of the analytical methods highlighted indicated that phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their derivatives have been identified and quantified in roselle with a range of biological activities and beneficial effects on human health. It was also disclosed that the composition and concentration of phenolic compounds in roselle vary due to the growth factors, cultivars, and environmental influence. Finally, apart from the research progress carried out with roselle during the last ten years, this review also proposed relevant future works.
... Bioactive compounds as antioxidants from the plant have been widely studied to prevent aging. Various plants have been known to have activities as antioxidants that can prevent aging such as green tea, grape seeds, ginger (Cai et al., 2004), Oryza sativa (Widowati et al., 2016), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Widowati et al., 2017), and Jasminum sambac . ...
... The phytochemical screening assay of BEE was evaluated by modified Farnsworth method to identify the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenol, tannins, quinon, steroids and triterpenoids, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids as listed below (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017Siregar et al., 2019;Prahastuti et al., 2020;Farnsworth, 1966). ...
... After that, amyl alcohol was added to the 5 mL filtrate. A yellow to red colour will be formed if there were flavonoids in the mixture (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017Siregar et al., 2019;Prahastuti et al., 2020). ...
The declining ability of tissues to repair or replace themselves and maintain their structure and normal function is called aging. Aging is caused by free radical that can induce the activation of elastase and collagenase. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) or known as Babadotan is a medicinal plant that has been reported to be a good source of antioxidants that also inhibit aging process. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant and antiaging properties of Babadotan Ethanolic Extract (BEE). Franswoth method was used to determine the phytochemical assay of BEE. Measurement of 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenger was used for antioxidant assay, and inhibitory of elastase and collagenase activities was used for antiaging assay. The analysis of phytochemical compounds exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and triterpenoids, monoterpenoids and terpenoids, and the absence of saponin. BEE has lower activity on DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 80.7 µg/mL) than quercetin (IC50 = 3.25 µg/mL). BEE exhibited lower elastase and collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 45.35 ± 2.2 µg/mL and 55.07 ± 1.1 µg/mL, respectively) compared to quercetin (IC50 = 11.64 ± 0.67 µg/mL and 19.91 ± 0.46 µg/mL). Overall, BEE possesses antioxidant and antiaging activities, although the activities are lower than quercetin.
... Measurement of absorbance with a microplate reader at a wavelength of 745 nm. 12,13,14 % scavenging activity = [(control-sample) / control] x 100 Elastase inhibition assay ...
... The absorbance is measured using a wavelength of 410 nm. 12,13,14,15 % scavenging activity = [(control-sample) / control] x 100 ...
... The higher ability of the sample to inhibit elastase activity, the less Sucala3 is formed (yellow was slightly/clear). 12,13,14,20 IC50 values of black soybean extract and daidzein were 93.36 ± 6.39 μg/ml and 57.35±5.64 μg/ml. ...
Background: Skin aging occurs along with age. Genetic, nutrients, hormones, and sun exposure can affect directly and indirectly the structure of the skin. These things will induce an increase in free radicals which disrupts one of the most important enzymes in the extracellular matrix which is elastase enzyme. High enzyme synthesis will cause skin wrinkle. Free radicals can be inhibited by the presence of antioxidants. The plant contains natural phytochemical compounds which act as antioxidants and anti aging. Black soybeans are rich in daidzein compound, which protect against free radicals and prevent premature aging.
Objective: This research evaluates the antioxidant and antiaging potential of Black Soybean (Glycine max L.) extract and its compound, daidzein.
Methods: Analysis of antioxidants from black soybean extract and daidzein were carried out using ABTS scavenging activity assay. The antiaging assay was carried out through inhibition of elastase enzyme.
Results: Black soybean extract had lower IC50 value of ABTS scavenging activity around 77.39±4.05 μg/ml better than daidzein with IC50 of 83.34±3.89 μg/ml. The results of elastase inhibition activity assay showed that daidzein compound has a lower IC50 value, 57.35±5.64 μg/ml compared to black soybean extract with IC50 value, 93.36±6.39 μg/ml.
Conclusion: Black soybean extract had higher antioxidant. Daidzein had better elastase inhibition activity compared to black soybean extract.
... Aging is a normal multifactorial pattern that catalyzes physical changes in skin and connective tissue (Farage et al., 2009;Widowati et al., 2016Widowati et al., , 2017Widowati et al., , 2018. Such physiological changes occur as a result of intrinsic aging and cumulative extrinsic damage, such as UV exposures , pollution (Riani et al., 2018), and free radicals (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
... The abilities of natural compounds like flavonoids and phenols to scavenge free radicals are confirmed (Yang et al., 2008). Many studies have elucidated the biological activities of flavonoids and phenols, including as antioxidants (Rusmana et al., 2017), antivirals, anti-inflammatory agents (Harborne and Williams, 2000), and antiaging (Taofiq et al., 2016;Widowati et al., 2016Widowati et al., , 2017Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
... Briefly, 2 µl of samples at various concentrations were put into a 96-well plate, mixed with 198 µl of ABTS •+ solution, and then incubated at 37°C for 6 minutes. Afterward, the absorbance values of these samples were gauged using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 745 nm (Geeta et al., 2019;Widowati et al., 2016Widowati et al., , 2017Widowati et al., , 2018 % ABTS Reducing Activity = (1-(As/Ac)) x 100 Ac: Absorbance of negative control As: Sample absorbance ...
Aging is a complicated process occurring due to the combination of incremental alterations of the skin and accumulated extrinsic factors that causes both structural and functional disruptions. The extrinsic factor of skin aging is mostly caused by free radicals, UV exposures, and pollution. Prevention is possible by escalating antioxidant intake to scavenge ROS in the skin aging process. Rutin and caffeic acid are recognized for their free radical trapping effects and reported to have potential antiaging activities. This study aimed to identify the potentials of rutin and caffeic acid as antioxidant and antiaging. Rutin and caffeic acid were tested for their antioxidant properties using the DPPH, H2O2, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. Meanwhile, their antiaging activities were examined by collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory assays. The study drew on the evidence of antioxidant and antiaging properties from the scavenging, ferric ion reducing, and inhibitory activities of rutin and caffeic acid (in ascending order): in scavenging DPPH free radicals (IC50 of rutin = 5.79 µg/mL, IC50 of caffeic acid = 8.72 µg/mL), scavenging H2O2 ( IC50 rutin = 12.09 µg/ml, IC50 caffeic acid = 15.23 µg/mL), reducing ABTS (IC50 caffeic acid = 6.23 µg/mL, IC50 rutin = 16.59 µg/mL), reducing ferric ions at 50 µg/mL (FRAP of rutin = 480.08 µM Fe(II)/µg, FRAP of caffeic acid= 526.50 µM Fe(II)/µg), inhibiting collagenase (IC50 caffeic acid = 74.42 µg/mL, IC50 rutin = 104.70 µg/mL), inhibiting elastase (IC50 rutin = 46.88 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid = 76.95 µg/mL), inhibiting tyrosinase (IC50 rutin = 55.65 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid = 145.91 µg/mL), and inhibiting hyaluronidase (IC50 rutin = 114.07 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid= 244.45 µg/mL). Rutin and caffeic acid have the potentials as antiaging and antioxidant.
... Loss of collagen reduces the skin tensile strength. 4,5 According to the free radical theory of aging, scavenging free radicals can suppress the aging process. Free radicals can be neutralized by increasing the antioxidant intake. ...
... The filtrate was then collected and condensed at 50°C using a rotary evaporator (Zhengzhou Well-known, RE-201D) to obtain BSE, which was then stored at -20 °C. 4,5,10,11,12 The total phenol content in BSE was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Merck, 1090010500). Fifteen microliters sample at a final concentration of 1000 µg µg/ mL or Gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 398225) at a final concentration of 50-1.56 µg/mL were introduced into a 96-well plate. ...
... The total phenol value was presented as µg of Gallic Acid equivalent (GAE) in 1 mg of the extract. 4,5,13 Total flavonoid content in BSE was examined using the slightly modified aluminum chloride colorimetric method. 14 Seventy-five microliters of sample or quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, Q4951), at a final concentration of 1,000 µg/mL, were mixed with 75 µL of 2% Aluminum chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 237051) solution then incubated at room temperature for 10 min. ...
Free radicals are known as a leading factor in aging. Nitric oxide (NO) and O2•- have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of matrix components and stimulate prolidase activities involved in collagen degradation. Hydroxyl (•OH) radical is a precursor of hyaluronic acid degradation. Antioxidants act as a scavenger for free radicals, creating a possibility to use them to prevent the aging process. Black soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) contain bioactive compounds that have the ability to scavenge free radicals, including daidzein. Daidzein belongs to the isoflavones group which is the most active compound in black soybean. This study aimed to understand the antioxidant activities of the black soybean extract (BSE) and daidzein compound in the scavenging of •OH and NO radicals and was performed at the Aretha Medika Utama-Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), Bandung, Indonesia, from September to November 2018. The scavenging activity of •OH was assessed using the deoxyribose method, while the assessment of the scavenging of NO radicals was carried out using the sodium nitroprusside method. BSE and daidzein had an •OH scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 71.07 μg/mL, followed by daidzein with 24.57 μg/mL. A higher NO scavenging activity was seen in BSE with an IC50 of 71.60 μg/mL followed by daidzein with 35.68 μg/mL. Daidzein has a higher antioxidant activity through hydroxyl and nitric oxide scavenging compared to Glycine max (L.) Merr. extract. Hence, daidzein has a higher potential as an anti-aging agent based on the free-radical theory of aging.
... The Elastase Inhibition Assay Elastase inhibition was assayed using the method according to previous study. 23 The color intensity of the solution was measured following elastase-mediated N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-Nitroanilide (SANA) (Catalogue #S4760, Sigma-Aldrich) cleavage to be the basis for determining inhibition. First of all, 1 mM SANA was prepared in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0). ...
... Inhibition of hyaluronidase was determined according to previous study. 23 A mixture of enzyme diluent consisted of a 5 μL of hyaluronidase derived from bovine solution containing 1.50 U of enzyme in 100 μL of solution comprising 20 mM (pH 7.0) sodium phosphate buffer, 77 mM sodium chloride, and 0.01% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was incubated for 10 min at 37°C. In addition, a control containing 3 µL enzymes and 37 µL phosphate buffers and a blank containing 15 µL phosphate buffers and 25 µL samples were incubated at 37°C for 10 min. ...
... FRAP activity was measured based on the linear equation of the standard FeSO 4 curve. Ferrous reducing activity of sample was calculated based on FeSO 4 standard curve .23,24 ...
Background: Skin-aging is a progressive changes in the skin combine with cumulative extrinsic factors which are mostly caused by free radicals caused by exposure to lots of free radicals molecules from pollutant, wrongly food intake, or too much sun bathing. These free radicals can be tackled by a treatment using antioxidants. Prevention of aging can be done by escalating antioxidant intake. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) and Ferulic acid (FA) have been known for their scavenging properties on free radicals and antiaging activity. Antioxidant and antiaging activity of both compounds have not been compared comprehensively before. Hence, current study was conducted to compare the potential of PCA and FA for their antioxidant and antiaging activities using various methods.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant analysis of PCA and FA was conducted using H2O2 scavenging assay, 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Meanwhile, antiaging activities of PCA and FA were examined using inhibitory activities of tyrosinase, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase.
Results: IC50 of scavenging activity of ABTS were 125.18 µg/mL (PCA) and 35.55 µg/mL (FA), inhibition activity of collagenase were 126.16 µg/mL (PCA) and 52.85 µg/mL (FA) and inhibition activity of tyrosinase were 246.42 µg/mL (PCA), 253.58 µg/mL (FA).
Conclusion: In conclusion, FA has better ABTS scavenging and collagenase inhibition activities compared to PCA. Meanwhile, PCA has better activity of tyrosinase inhibition than FA.
Keywords: antioxidant, antiaging, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid
... Most of the drying of agricultural products occurs in the falling rate period and the movement of water during this period is controlled by internal diffusion. Analysis in this period was carried out to understand the drying kinetics by determining the effective diffusivity ( Deff ) ( Afifah et al., 2017). The results of the calculation of the D eff value for all treatments are presented in table 8. Table 2 Effective diffusivity (Deff) value of drying shallot slices at various temperatures Drying Temperature ( o C) Effective Diffusivity (m 2 /s) 40 ...
... Several other studies have shown that the Deff value in sliced garlic on drying using an oven dryer at a temperature of 60 o C and 70 o C is 8.11 x 10 -11 m 2 /s and 1.22 x 10 -10 m 2 /s (Roman et al. , 2019). The difference in effective diffusivity values between agricultural commodities is possible due to differences in the structure of the dried material including differences in material thickness (Widowati et al., 2017). ...
Shallots are one of the mainstay products of Demak Regency which are continuously being developed. However, the Demak Shallot Cluster faces a major obstacle, namely drying technology, which is the main cause of the decline in competitiveness, and farmers suffer huge losses. Therefore, in this study, a study of the drying of sliced shallots using a food dehydrator will be carried out. The research analysis includes (1) Drying Characteristics, (2) Drying Rate Analysis, (3) Application of Thin Layer Drying Model, (4) Rehydration Ratio Analysis, (5) Color Analysis, (6) Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Analysis, (7) Antioxidant Activity Analysis. The quality parameters of shallot products in general will follow SNI 3159-2013, this standard stipulates provisions regarding the quality, size and hygiene of shallots (Allium cepa varascalonicum) of the Alliaceae family for consumption, plus the strength of onion bulbs, identification and quantification of flavonoid compounds, and anthocyanin levels. The results showed that the moisture ratio value in equilibrium was 9.34% with the fastest drying occurring at a temperature of 60 oC , which was 0.938 g/minute. The three thin layer drying models were analyzed to determine the appropriate thin layer drying model. The Page model was chosen because it has an R value of 2 the highest is 0.9353 and the lowest RMSE and x 2 values are 0.04354 and 0.0025 3. Changes in color and bioactive compounds in the dried onion slices are caused by heat which causes damage to bioactive compounds. Based on the parameters that have been determined, a temperature of 50 o C indicates the optimum temperature for drying shallot slices.
... Furthermore, ascorbic acid captures the α-tocopheroxyl radicals which are included in the radicals that can sink in the water phase. The direct chemical reaction between ascorbic acid and αtocopherol, in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to the other, is responsible for the synergy (Hazewindus et al., 2012;Widowati et al., 2017). ...
... Vitamin C is an antioxidant that works to shield against radiation. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and αtocopherol or β-carotene have a synergistic effect in increasing free radical scavenging activity (Swindells and Rhodes, 2004;Widowati et al., 2017). In addition, the increase in antioxidant activity is in line with the high concentration of RPO. ...
Oximata® jelly mix is a functional food rich in carotenoids and tocopherols from the formulation of red palm oil, pumpkin juice, and red dragon fruit juice. This study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing red palm oil concentration, temperature, and storage time on vitamin C, total titrated acid, and antioxidant activity using the ABTS method ((2,2-Azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline) -6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The study used three factors with a combination of treatments consisting of observation day (day 1, 7 and 14), storage temperature (28oC and 7 oC) and red palm oil concentration (0; 0.15%; 0.30% and 0.45%). The results showed that Oximata® jelly mix powder added with 0.45% red palm oil and stored at 7°C for seven days was the best treatment with vitamin C levels 5.83±0.24 µg/mL, antioxidant activity 74.29±3.00% (ABTS) and 22.17±0.24 µg/mL (FRAP). The total titrated acid value increased in the addition of Red Palm Oil by 0.15 and 0.3% and storage for 14 days at 28oC, namely 1.54%. The concentration of red palm oil, temperature, and storage time affect vitamin C, total titrated acid, and antioxidant activity.
... Meanwhile, 500 g of Raja Bulu banana blossom simplicia were macerated using 70% ethanol, filtered, and evaporated using rotary vacuum evaporator to produce a thick peel banana ethanolic extract (PBEE) and blossom banana ethanolic extract (BBEE) The extract was used for further testing and stored at -20°C (Walida et al., 2016;Widowati et al., 2017;Prahastuti et al., 2020). ...
... Phytochemical tests were carried out on PBEE and BBEE using the modified Farnsworth method to identify the presence of phenols, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids qualitatively based on color reaction and precipitation that is typical of each secondary metabolite (Harbone, 1987;Widowati et al., 2017;Prahastuti et al., 2020). The method was listed below. ...
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue. Surgical treatments of breast cancer can reduce breast aesthetics and chemotherapy can cause severe side effects. It makes the searches for plants as breast anticancer agents intensively carried out. Several studies have shown that banana peels and hearts possess antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to determine the fruit peel and heart of Raja Bulu banana (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)), an endemic banana species in Indonesia, potential as antioxidant and anticancer agent in MCF-7 cells. Antioxidant potential was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay. Anticancer potential was determined by cytotoxic test using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The results showed that 70% ethanol extract of fruit peel (PBEE) and heart (HBEE) of Raja Bulu banana had median inhibition concentration (IC50) for DPPH scavenging activity at 115.32 µg/mL and 162.52 µg/mL respectively, while for H2O2 scavenging activity at 624.80 µg/mL and 497.13 µg/mL respectively. Anticancer potential was expressed by inhibiting concentration of 50% proliferation (IC50) of MCF-7 cells for PBEE and HBEE were 115.001 µg/mL and 338.469 µg/mL respectively. This study showed that PBEE and HBEE have antioxidant and anticancer.
... Ultraviolet radiation is one of the most harmful environmental factors influencing the health and physiology of the skin, being an important extrinsic skin-aging cause [65,66]. Constant exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of pigmentation disorders and skin photoaging [67]. ...
... Similar to our findings, the authors did not observe effects of collagenase inhibition at low concentrations of the extracts but only at significant high concentrations [56]. In a different study, the IC50 value in collagenase inhibition of H. sabdariffa ethanolic extracts was 0.75 ± 0.04 mg mL −1 [65], which is an activity that is almost six times lower than those described here for H. roseus. ...
The use of plant extracts in skin-care cosmetics is a modern trend due to their richness in polyphenols that act as anti-aging molecules. Hibiscus roseus is a perennial species naturalized in Italy, with beautiful soft pink flowers; its phenolic composition and biological activities have not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify the phenolics and to evaluate the antioxidant, sun protection factor (SPF), and anti-collagenase activities of the ethanolic extracts of H. roseus leaves (HL) and flowers (HF). p-Coumaric, chlorogenic, and trans-ferulic acids derivatives as well as quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids were the main phenolic compounds detected. Catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, tiliroside, oenin, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside were detected only in HF, while phloridzin was exclusive from HL, which also showed greater amounts of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. HF was richer in flavonoids and total phenolics, also exhibiting greater antioxidant capacity. The SPF and anti-collagenase activity of both extracts were similar and comparable to those of synthetic standards. The overall results demonstrate that H. roseus extracts are promising sources of bioactive phenolic compounds that could be potentially applied as anti-aging agents in skin-care cosmetics.
... Elastase inhibitor activity was used as an antiaging assay and measured following Widowati et al. (2017). Sample of 10 µl with 6 concentration levels (2.08; 4.17; 8.83; 16.67; 33.33; 66.67) (0.78 -50 µg.ml -1 ), 5 µl enzyme elastase from porcine pancreas (0.01 mg.ml -1 ) and 125 µl buffer tris (100 mM, pH 8) were incubated for 15 minutes at 25°C. ...
... Moreover, Widowati et al. (2016) also reported IC 50 of ABTS-reducing activity of Oryza sativa extract, which was the highest (145.67 µg.ml -1 ) among other compounds. Widowati et al. (2017) also revealed the IC 50 of ABTS-reducing activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract, which was the highest (74.58 ± 2.97 µg.ml -1 ) compared to others compound. The bioactive compound of tomato had an antiradical activity which protected the cell from the degeneration process (Treml and Šmejkal 2016). ...
Skin aging due to the damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and toxic ingredients in cosmetics is still a problem. Tomato has antioxidant and skin protection activities. The study aimed to investigate the potential of tomato as an antioxidant and elastase inhibitor. A 170 g of tomato simplicial powder was extracted using ethanol 70% by the maceration method. Antioxidant activity was measured through 2,2’-Azino-bis 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)-reducing activity. The antiaging activity was measured through anti-elastase activity. Tomato extract (SLE) showed strong ABTS-reducing activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 86.66 ± 10.58) and very strong anti-elastase activity (IC<sub>50 </sub>= 19.73 ± 0.44). In conclusion, there was a linear correlation between antioxidant activity and anti-elastase activity. However, the antioxidant activity and anti-elastase activity of tomatoes were still below lycopene (IC<sub>50</sub> antioxidant = 49.23 ± 2.06 µg.ml<sup>-1</sup> and IC<sub>50</sub> anti-elastase = 10.39 ± 0.43 49.23 ± 2.06 µg.ml<sup>-1</sup>). However, it was worth to be developed as a natural product as an antioxidant and anti-elastase. Further study is required to do fractionation to get the purer lycopene compound from tomato.
... The anti-elastase activity was evaluated by the elastase inhibition assay using the modified protocol [13,48,49]. Briefly, 20 µL of extracts, 10 µL of 0.4 U/mL pancreatic porcine elastase (PPE), and 140 µL of 0.1 M Tris-HCL buffer at pH 8.0 were added in 96-well plate and pre-incubated at RT for 20 min. ...
The skin is the largest organ that performs a variety of the body’s essential functions. Impairment of skin structure and functions during the aging process might severely impact our health and well-being. Extensive evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species play a fundamental role in skin aging through the activation of the related degradative enzymes. Here, the 16 Thai medicinal plant species were screened for their potential anti-skin aging properties. All extracts were investigated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, anti-elastase, and anti-tyrosinase activities, as well as the binding ability of compounds with target enzymes by molecular docking. Among all the plants screened, the leaves of A. occidentale and G. zeylanicum exhibited strong antioxidants and inhibition against elastase and tyrosinase. Other potential plants include S. alata leaf and A. catechu fruit, with relatively high anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activities, respectively. These results are also consistent with docking studies of compounds derived from these plants. The inhibitory actions were found to be more highly positively correlated with phenolics than flavonoids. Taken together, our findings reveal some Thai plants, along with candidate compounds as natural sources of antioxidants and potent inhibitors of elastase and tyrosinase, could be developed as promising and effective agents for skin aging therapy.
... The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of H. cordata extracts was evaluated by the turbidimetric assay according to the sigma protocol with a slight modification [24]. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. ...
Although many biological properties of Houttuynia cordata have been found, its anti-aging and anti-acne effects have not yet been investigated. This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-aging and anti-acne activities of H. cordata extracts and their cytotoxic activities and phytochemicals analyzed with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Dried aerial parts of H. cordata were given different extractions. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained were named HCA and HCE, respectively, and used to screen total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vitro anti-aging, skin-related antimicrobial, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro cytotoxic, and LC-MS/MS analyses were performed. The total phenolic contents of the HCA and HCE were 5.11 ± 0.25 and 27.02 ± 1.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract while their total flavonoid contents were 104.94 ± 5.16 and 571.86 ± 2.86 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry extract, respectively. The HCA and HCE inhibited the activities of collagenase (28.33–46.00%), elastase (30.00–34.33%), and hyaluronidase (93.87–98.72%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the HCA against Cutibacterium acnes DMST14916 were 5.77 and 5.77 mg/mL while those of the HCE were 2.47 and 2.47 mg/mL, respectively. Cell collapses of C. acnes after treatment with the extracts were observed with SEM. The HCE was not toxic to macrophages, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts up to 400 mg/mL. The HCA showed toxicity against macrophages at 62.5 mg/mL and both skin cells at 250 mg/mL. The main phytochemicals in the extracts were identified with LC-MS/MS. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and flavonoid derivatives in H. cordata extracts could be major phytochemicals to possess a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-aging activities. The findings from this study showed that the HCE has potential anti-aging and anti-acne properties while having non-cytotoxic activities on the immune and skin cells. These results indicate that the extract is probably advantageous in the development of skincare cosmeceutics and beauty treatments.
... Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity was determined by the turbidimetric method according to Widowati and colleagues' protocol with some modifications [39]. Hyaluronic acid can be precipitated with albumin acid solution and generate turbidity solution. ...
The investigation into promising botanical materials for natural cosmetics is expanding due to environmental and health awareness. Here, we aimed to evaluate the phytochemical substances and the potential skin-related pharmacological activities of four Mucuna seeds, namely M. gigantea (Willd.) DC. (MGG), M. interrupta Gagnep. (MIT), M. monosperma Wight (MMM), and M. pruriens (L.) DC. (MPR), belonging to the Fabaceae family. In methodology, the Mucuna seeds were authenticated using morphological and molecular approaches. L-DOPA, phenolics, and flavonoid content, incorporated with HPLC and GC–MS fingerprinting analyses, were determined. Then, skin-related antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiaging activities were determined. The results revealed that MPR showed the highest L-DOPA content (75.94 mg/100 mg extract), whereas MGG exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid content (56.73 ± 0.62 mg gallic/g extract and 1030.11 ± 3.97 mg quercetin/g extract, respectively). Only MMM and MPR could inhibit all of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans, but no sample could inhibit C. acnes. Furthermore, all samples demonstrated antioxidant activity. Interestingly, all Mucuna samples exhibited strong collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities. We conclude that the ethanolic extracts of four Mucuna seeds are probably advantageous in the development of skincare cosmeceutical products.
... In the phytochemical test study using a modified Fansworth method consisting of identification of phenols, steroids/triterpenoids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. (Widowati et al., 2016(Widowati et al., , 2017(Widowati et al., , 2018. ...
Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolic disorder that is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). According to the American Heart Association, data from 2013 to 2016, as many as 92.8 million adults in America have total cholesterol of more than 200 mg / dL. Curcumin, the main compound in turmeric, can lower cholesterol levels due to inhibiting the reabsorption of cholesterol derived from the outside (exogenous) and increasing the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor so that fat synthesis can run well. The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of mangosteen peel ethanol extract as an anti-dyslipidemia in male Wistar rats given Propylthiouracil (PTU). This study is an experimental study with a Pre-test and Post-test group only control design approach that uses male Wistar rats as test animals and turmeric extract. The study was conducted in March 2021, at the Herbarium Medanese FMIPA USU, the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of the FACULTY of Pharmacy USU, and the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology USU. Descriptive data analysis (Central tendency and Dyspersi) in the form of lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, Total Cholesterol, and Triglycerides), color, texture, weights. Then analyzed with One-Way Anova if the distributed data is normal, if the distributed data is not normal, then the Kruskal-Wallis test is used. The results and conclusions, turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma Longa) III (151.70 ± 0.95 mg/dl) can significantly decrease total cholesterol compared to the control group (178.50 ± 6.05mg/dl) (P-value < 0.05). Turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma Longa) III (110.00 ± (109-112) mg/dl) may significantly lower triglyceride levels compared to the control group (167.00 (162-179) mg/dl). (Value P = 0.027). Turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma Longa) III (68.50 ± 1.28 mg/dl) significantly lowered LDL levels compared to the control group (107.20 ± 3.60 mg/dl). (P-value < 0.05). Turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma Longa) III, (61.00 (60-62) mg/dl) may significantly increase HDL levels compared to the control group (28.50 (37-45) mg/dl). (Value P = 0.027). Turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma Longa) III significantly lowered SGOT (Value = 0.027) and SGPT (Value P < 0.05) compared to the control group.
... On the other hand, the fresh lemon pepper was also screened for the phytochemical included flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, phenol, steroid/ triterpenoid, terpenoid, and saponin [7,8]. Moreover, the essential oil of ...
Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acceleration of the wound healing properties from lemon pepper’s essential oil as the lemon pepper’s ointment. Methods: There were 20 Wistar rats as an animal trial divided into four sample groups, including control (ointment base), standard (Nebacetin®), 5% lemon pepper, and 10% lemon pepper ointment, and all groups were injured by electric soldier for 10 s. The wound contraction and epithelialization period were the parameters of wound healing activity. Result: Wound contraction as the parameter of wound healing showed significant difference between the standard and lemon pepper ointment (p<0.05). The lemon pepper ointment groups showed no significant wound contraction difference in each lemon pepper ointment concentration at the initial time of observation, however, it become more obvious at last period of observation. Furthermore, the epithelialization period did not showed any significant differences between standard, 5% or 10% lemon pepper ointment against the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lemon pepper ointment had the potential to accelerate wound healing activity.
... β-Carotene is used as an antioxidant agent. From Table 6, it is evident that the complex demonstrated higher radical svavenging effects on DPPH methods with lower IC 50 values when compared with β-carotene (Widowati et al. 2017). Additionally, catechin is also used an antioxidant agent. ...
A novel water soluble ternary copper(II) complex,-[Cu2(phen)2(3-IAA)2(H2O)](ClO4)2·H2O-(phen: 1,10-phenanthroline, 3-IAA: 3-indoleacetic acid), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental CHN analysis, ESI-TOF, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by absorption spectral titration, ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33258 displacement assay. The interactions between the complex and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The experimental results indicate that the fluorescence quenching mechanism between the complex and BSA is a static quenching process. The Stern-Volmer constants, binding constants, binding sites and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of BSA + complex systems were determined at different temperatures. The binding distance between the complex and BSA was calculated according to Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory (FRET). The effect of the complex on the conformation of BSA was also examined using synchronous, two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, the oxygen radical scavenging activity of the complex was determined in terms of IC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 method, to show that it particularly enables electron loss from radical species. This study highlights the importance of indole and moieties in the development of antioxidant agents. A potent drug candidate novel water soluble ternary copper(II) complex,-[Cu2(phen)2(3-IAA)2(H2O)] (ClO4)2·H2O-(phen: 1,10-phenanthroline, 3-IAA: 3-indoleacetic acid), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental CHN analysis, FTIR, ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The complex has been tested for in vitro biomacromolecular interactions by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, radical scavenging activities of the complex were also investigated.
... The hyaluronidase inhibition activity was measured using a method developed by Sigma Aldrich and Tu & Tawata (2015) with minor modifications (4,19,20). The mixture consisting 25 µL samples (0.78-50 µg/mL), 3 µL enzymes hyaluronidase from bovine testes type IS (0.02 mg/mL) (Sigma Aldrich H3506), and 12 µL phosphate buffer (300 mM, pH 5.35) (Sigma Aldrich, 0751) was incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes. ...
p>The potential utilization of flavonoid compounds, especially scutellarin, and apigenin, contained in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaf extract to manage the aging effects on the skin, that occurs because of over-activated hyaluronidase enzyme and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, is not well known. This study was conducted to assess the H2O2 scavenging activity and the inhibition of hyaluronidase from scutellarin and apigenin at various concentrations. The study was conducted by measuring H2O2 scavenging inhibition and hyaluronidase inhibition of scutellarin and apigenin in various concentrations using the spectrophotometry method. The various activity was tested using the One-Way ANOVA test followed by Tukey post hoc test. IC50 values were calculated based on linear regression equations of H2O2 scavenging inhibition and hyaluronidase inhibition. The analysis showed the highest H2O2 scavenging activity was found in scutellarin with IC50 158.76 μg/mL. Scutellarin has greater scavenging activity than apigenin. Hyaluronidase inhibition of scutellarin with IC50 35.25 µg/mL, while apigenin was 162.86 µg/mL. Scutellarin has higher hyaluronidase inhibition activity than apigenin. Antioxidant and antiaging effects of basil leaf extract caused by phytochemical compounds contained, especially scutellarin.</p
... The DPPH assay was conducted using the method from Widowati et al. (2017) with some modification to determine antioxidant activity. A series of concentrations of the leaves extract of B. Albiflora (50, 75, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) were used to make a linearity regression of DPPH scavenging activity. ...
... Similar to the other member of genus Curcuma, C. mangga contains numerous phytochemical compounds, some of which are curcuminoids (Malek et al., 2011;Pujimulyani and Sutardi, 2003). Phytochemical compounds are often associated with a wide array of useful biological activities (Widowati et al., 2017(Widowati et al., , 2018b. According to Pujimulyani et al. (2013), C. mangga extract contains gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechingallat, and gallocatechingallat of 124 Â 10 À3 AE 0.01, 134 Â 10 À3 AE 0.05, 442 Â 10 À3 AE 0.02, 113 Â 10 À3 AE 0.02, 0.37 Â 10 À3 AE 0.02, and 159 Â 10 À3 AE 0.01 mg/g dried extract, respectively. ...
Oxidative stress, the disrupted oxidation-reduction mechanism in our body, is caused by the excessive exposure of free radicals and the impaired antioxidant defenses that can accelerate skin aging. Antioxidants can be obtained from nature, which are available widely in therapeutic-rich plants, such as white saffron (Curcuma mangga Val., denoted as C. mangga). Although many pieces of evidence reveal that C. mangga contains an abundance of phenolic compounds and has antioxidative effects, its cosmeceutical potentials remain unclear. The present study aimed to disclose the unexplored antiaging potentials of C. mangga extract (CME) in oxidative stress-induced human BJ fibroblasts with a focus on collagen protection against pro-inflammatory mediators MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13. The oxidative stress-induced cells were treated with CME and curcumin at different doses. The results showed that treatment using CME (25 μg/mL) could maintain the collagen contents up to 18.45 AE 0.68 μg/ mL in H 2 O 2-treated fibroblasts (only~26.63% reduction in collagen contents), while the figure for the negative control was the lowest (12.79 μg/mL), showing a significant reduction in collagen contents by 49.13%. In addition, the gene expression of pro-inflammatory MMPs arose significantly in BJ fibroblasts after oxidative stress induction using 200 μM H 2 O 2 , in which the expression for MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13 increased by 7.10, 38.96, and 2.69 times, respectively. Interestingly, CME treatment (100 μg/mL) could effectively inhibit MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13 gene expression by 3.65, 34.62, and 2.02 times, respectively. In conclusion, CME showed favorable antiaging activities in H 2 O 2-treated human BJ fibroblasts as confirmed by the low levels of gene expression of MPP1, MMP3, and MMP13 after treatment with CME.
... β-carotene is also used as an antioxidant agent. From Table 7, the H 2 L Schiff base ligand and its the Cu(II) coordination polymer demonstrated higher radical scavenging effects on DPPH methods with lower IC 50 values when compared with β-carotene [63]. Moreover, catechin is also used an antioxidant agent. ...
N-salicylidene-2-amino5-chlorobenzoic acid, (H2L), NOO-type tridentate Schiff base and its one-dimensional Cu(II) coordination polymer, [Cu2(H2L)2(MeOH)]n, have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and XRD techniques. Interaction of the H2L Schiff base ligand and its the Cu(II) coordination polymer with biomacramolecules {calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)} has been investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental outcomes indicate that the H2L Schiff base ligand and its the Cu(II) coordination polymer bind to CT-DNA by means of a moderate intercalation mode. Furthermore, the fluorescence quenching mechanism between the H2L Schiff base ligand and its the Cu(II) coordination polymer and BSA is a static quenching process. Radical scavenging activity of the H2L Schiff base ligand and its the Cu(II) coordination polymer was determined in terms of IC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 method. In biomacromolecules interaction and radical activity studies, the Cu(II) coordination polymer was found to give better results than free the H2L Schiff base ligand.
... Phenol and polyphenol compounds such as flavonoids are found in food products derived from plants that have been shown to have significant antioxidant activity. Hidalgo et al. (2010) According to Widowati et al. (2017), the smaller the IC 50 value of a sample, the better the ability of the sample to trap free radicals. Meanwhile, according to Molyneux (2004), a substance has antioxidant activity if the IC 50 obtained ranges from 200-1000 µg/mL, including the substance that is considered to be less active, but is still considered to be an antioxidant potential. ...
Free radicals can cause damage to cells or tissues, autoimmune diseases, degenerative diseases, or cancer. Therefore, the body needs important substances, namely antioxidants that can help protect the body by reducing negative effect from free radicals. Rose flower (Rosa damascena) has anthocyanin pigment which belongs to flavonoid group which has a function as antioxidant or free radical scavenger. This study aims to determine antioxidant and anti-elastase potentials of rose petals and receptacles. The method used in this study was a qualitative phytochemical test to determine the compounds contained in the Rose Petal Extract (RPE) and Rose Receptacle Extract (RRE), ABTS ((2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid))-reducing assay to determine antioxidant activity, and antiaging test with anti-elastase assay. RPE and RRE contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins and alkaloids, but did not contain saponins. RPE contained triterpenoids and terpenoids, while RRE contained steroids, but did not contain terpenoids. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the ABTS reducing assay were 4.46 ± 0.34 μg/mL (RPE) and 15.49 ± 0.23 μg/mL (RRE), while the results of the anti-elastase assay were 17.51 ± 1.47 μg/mL (RPE) and 58.91 ± 2.31 μg/mL (RRE). Both RPE and RRE are potent antioxidant and anti-elastase, and RPE is more active than RRE in these assays.
... The filtrate was collected every 24 hour and the maceration process were repeated until the filtrate became colorless. Then, the collected filtrate was concentrated using evaporator at 50℃ (Zhengzhou Wellknown, RE 201D) until red betel leaves extract (RBLE) was obtained and stored at -20 o C (Widowati et al., 2017;Lister et al., 2019a) ...
Background
Prolonged exposure of free radicals, or known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), in hepatic cells may cause oxidative stress. Without proper treatment, it can induce liver injury and fatal hepatic disease, including cirrhosis. Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is one of Indonesia’s medicinal plants that has been known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to determine hepatoprotective effect of red betel leaves extract (RBLE) towards liver injury.
Method
Hydrogen peroxide-induced HepG2 cells were used as liver injury model. H2O2-induced HepG2 cells were treated with 25 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL RBLE. Several parameters were observed, including TNF-α level through ELISA; apoptosis and ROS level through flow cytometry analysis; and GPX gene expression through qPCR.
Result
The study showed that treatment with RBLE were able to decrease TNF-α level; necrotic and death cells percentage; as well as ROS level. On the other hand, it were able to increase apoptotic and live cells percentage; as well as GPX gene expression. Low concentration (25 µg/mL) of RBLE treatment exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory activity as it was resulted in the lower TNF-α level and were able to switched hepatic cell death pathway from necrosis to apoptosis as shown by the shifted of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells percentage. This lead to lower death cells and ultimately improve live cells percentage. Meanwhile high concentration of RBLE (100 µg/mL) exhibited stronger antioxidant properties as indicated by lower ROS level and higher GPX gene expression.
Conclusion
Overall, this study was able to demonstrate hepatoprotective effect of RBLE towards liver injury model through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
... The microplate was closed, then incubated for 6 min at 37˚C. The absorbance value was determined using microplate reader at a wavelength of 745 nm (Widowati et al., 2016;Widowati et al., 2017;. The ABTS reduction percentage was calculated using the subsequent formula: ...
Guazuma ulmifolia, or commonly known as the bastard cedar, has many pharmaceutical activities and is, therefore, claimed as a source of various plant-based medicines. This reserach was purposed to identify the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of G. ulmifolia (EEGU) by phytochemical screening assay, total flavonoid and total phenolic testing, and comparative analysis between the antioxidant activities of EEGU and epicatechin. The qualitative phytochemical screening assay of EEGU detected the availability of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, but not saponins and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, the total phenolic content was 32.24 µg GAE/mg extract, and the total flavonoid content decided using aluminum chloride reagent with quercetin standard, was 6.48 µg QE/mg extract. The role of antioxidants examined by FRAP, DPPH, H2O2, and ABTS assays. These assay are proved that the IC50 values of EEGU are higher than those of epicatechin. For DPPH scavenging, H2O2 scavenging, and ABTS reduction activities, EEGU resulted IC50 45.70 μg/mL, 162.93 μg/mL, and 35.96 μg/mL, while epicatechin only yielded IC50 0.56 μg/mL, 57.91 μg/mL, and 16.74 μg/mL respectively. Otherwise, the highest reduction in FRAP activities were shown at 50 μg/mL concentration of epicatechin and EEGU were 236.33 and 202.71 µM Fe (II)/µg respectively. Based on these results, EEGU is concluded as an active natural product because it exhibit antioxidant activities.
... The absorbance value of control and sample also was measured at 510 nm using a microplate reader. [14][15][16] The experiment was carried out in triplicates. The percentage inhibition of H 2 O 2 scavenging activity using the following equation: ...
Background: The excessive free radicals condition called oxidative stress can harmful for the body. To prevent and cure it, the antioxidant agents are required. Nowadays, the natural product extracted from plants have been widely used in folk medicine as antioxidant for the treatment of many diseases. Ficus elastica (rubber tree) has some compounds that has several biological activities, i.e., quercitrin, myricitrin, morin, and eleutheroside B. The F. elastica works against the free radicals and can be potential as antioxidant agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antioxidant properties of F. elastica ethanolic extract (FEE), quercitrin, myricitrin, morin, and eleutheroside B.
Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activities of FEE and standard compounds were evaluated by free radical-scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities using spectrophotometry method.
Results: FEE has the lowest of DPPH scavenging activity (IC50=13.82 µg/mL) than other compounds. In ABTS scavenging activity, FEE has moderate activity with IC50 value 23.29 µg/mL. In FRAP activity, FEE has moderate activity with value 241.58 µM Fe(II)/µg, while in H2O2 scavenging activity, FEE also show moderate activity with IC50=83.97 µg/mL compared to other compounds.
Conclusion: In summary, FEE and the pure compounds (quercitrin, myricitrin, morin, and eleutheroside B) have potential as antioxidant agent.
Keywords: free radical, morin, myricitrin, quercitrin, rubber tree, scavenging activities
... The extraction and fractionation were processed using method previously described. 10,14 The maceration process was done using ethanol since the major compound of C. mangga Val. were soluble in ethanol. C. mangga Val. ...
Background: With the increase of diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence, natural product emerged as complementary source on the development of new drug for this disease. White saffron (Curcuma mangga Val.) is a widely available plant found in Indonesia which often used traditionally as medicine for various ailment. Unfortunately scientific evidence of its antidiabetic activity has not been described very well. Present study was trying to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of white saffron based on the change of lipid accumulation.
Materials and Methods: Cells viability assay was done using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) reagent to determine the safe concentrations of C. mangga Val. extract and its fractions including hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, ethanol, water fractions and curcumol for the further assay. The preadipocyte cells (3T3-L1) were grown and differentiated into adipocyte cells using 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone and insulin. The adipocyte cells were treated with C. mangga Val. extract (CME) (the safest fraction at all concentrations) for 24 h. Oil red O staining was used to measure the lipid accumulation in adipocyte cells.
Results: The CME was not toxic and able to decrease the lipid droplets of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells.
Conclusion: The CME has potential antidiabetic activity due to ability to decrease the lipid droplet without disturbing the viability of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells.
Keywords: white saffron, Curcuma mangga Val., antidiabetic
Aim: To determine the effectiveness of Anti-Acne from the methanol extract of dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) by In vitro and In vivo assay. Methods: This study was an experimental study using disc diffusion and microdilution methods as in vitro methods. Meanwhile, the topical application of dragon fruit peel extracts to P. acne-injected rats by In vivo method. Results: Dragon fruit peels methanolic extract had MIC and MKC values of 50 mg/ml by In vitro assay. In addition, the dragon fruit peels methanolic extract as a gel showed significant improvement in acne vulgaris lesions after 7-14 days of extract administration (p-value < 0.05). The lesion improvement was demonstrated by decreasing the size of the lesion. It was supported by the regeneration of the epidermal structure of all groups that received dragon fruit peels extract gel compared to the control group that only received gel base. Conclusion: Dragon fruit peels methanol extract has an antiacne effect in a physically stable gel form.
Penuaan kulit dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, terutama akibat pengaruh lingkungan. Hal tersebut dapat diminimalisasi dengan penggunaan produk antipenuaan yang mengandung ekstrak tumbuhan. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi ilmiah mengenai potensi ekstrak tumbuhan herbal dengan berbagai aktivitas antipenuaan. Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan pencarian pustaka melalui Google Scholar dengan kata kunci “natural cosmetic AND extract”, “skin care AND extract”, dan "optimization" AND "extraction" AND "cosmetic". Mayoritas ekstrak tersebut kaya akan polifenol terutama flavonoid, asam fenolat, dan asam hidroksinamat. Di antara ekstrak yang paling potensial sebagai antioksidan, yaitu Annona squamosa L., Ardisia elliptica Thunb., Fragaria vesca L., Himantoglossum robertianum, Mangifera indica Linn., Pandanus amaryllifolius, Quercus pubescens Willd., dan Stevia rebaudiana Bert. M. indica juga berpotensi sebagai bahan pencerah kulit, kemudian terdapat ekstrak Melientha suavis Pierre yang dapat diformulasikan dalam produk tabir surya. Ekstrak lainnya mengandung senyawa non fenolik, di antaranya Panax ginseng yang mengandung ginsenosida dan berfungsi sebagai agen pelindung UV, juga agen antiinflamasi seperti Zanthoxylum piperitum DC yang mengandung senyawa hidroksi-α-sanshool dan α-sanshool, serta Centella asiatica yang mengandung asam madecassic, asam asiatic, dan asiatikosida.
Kedelai saat ini menjadi objek penelitian di bebrapa negara, termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian mengarah pada peningkatan mutu gizi kedelai. Lembaga riset pengembangan benih kedelai telah menghasilkan varietas-varietas unggul yang di lepas bagi petani agar didapatkan kedelai dengn kualitas baik. Jenis kedelai, lokasi geografis, dan metode pengolahan memberikan pengaruh besar pada kandungan senyawa aktif dalam biji kedelai. Satu hal yang penting dari kedelai sebagai pangan fungsional adalah kandungan isoflavon sebagai metabolit sekunder. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan pada biji kedelai varietas Burangrang, Deja 1 Derap 1, Gepak Kuning, Detam, Devon, Demas 1, Dena 1, dan Gema. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetri, menggunakan radikal DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrilhidrazil). Seluruh varietas biji kedelai positif memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang beragam, aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dimiliki oleh kedelai varietas Dena (2818,36 µg/ml) dan aktivitas antioksidan terendah dimiliki oleh kedelai varietas Derap (5112,567 µg/ml). berdasarkan nilai IC50, keseluruhan biji kedelai termasuk dalam katagori lemah
Cadmium can accumulate in the renal cortex and lead to renal failure. Hence, this study was designed to investigate lemon pepper’s kidney protection effect against cadmium toxicity. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into five groups viz. Control (0.5% Na-CMC), standard (25 mg/ kg BW quercetin), Lemon Pepper methanol extract (LPME)-1 (300 mg/ kg BW), 2 (600 mg/ kg BW), and 3 (1,200 mg/ kg BW). These interventions were performed for 14 days; at the first seven days, all rats received some interventions based on intervention group without cadmium administration followed by cadmium administration for the next seven days. After that, all rats were sacrificed for kidney function tests and histology studies. The highest BUN level was found in the control group (103.20 ± 3.11 mg/dL) and the lowest was the standard group (57.60 ± 2.41 mg/dL). Meanwhile, the highest creatinine levels were found in the control group (1.06 ± 0.02 mg/dL), and the lowest was found in the standard group (0.83 ± 0.07 mg/dL). Moreover, the LPME-3 group also rescued some glomerular structures and reduced cyst formation due to severe kidney damage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the lemon pepper had a kidney protection effect against cadmium toxicity.
Basic Health Research Report shows that an average prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in urban areas is 5.7% in the population aged over 15 years. Many studies have been conducted to explore the pharmacological effects of snake fruit skin as different preparations against DM. In this study, the effect of snake fruit skin extract (SFSE) on body weight and blood glucose levels induced by alloxan was tested on 25 male Wistar rats. All rats were initially induced with 5% alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) then after 48 hours were grouped into: control (Na-CMC 0.5%), standard (Metformin), SFSE-I (60 mg/200 gBW), SFSE -II (120 mg/200 gBW), and SFSE-III (240 mg/200 gBW). The treatment was given for 14 days. The results showed that the tendency for the highest blood glucose levels of about 333 mg/dl (after 28 days of treatment) was found in the control group, followed by SFSE-I (222 mg/dl), -II (205 mg/dl), -III (138 mg/dl), and the lowest in the standard group was about 129 mg/dl. Hence, it can be concluded that SFSE which has the best antihyperglycemic effect was obtained with the highest dose of 240 mg/200 gBW.
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an increasingly attractive plant for its health and pharmaceutical, beverage, and cosmetic applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of roselle drink on antioxidant activity, blood pressure, and skin condition. Roselle drink used in this study contained rich phenolics (1.96 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 ml) and anthocyanins (1.65 g of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalent/100 ml). In a randomized, cross‐over, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study, 39 healthy adults received drank 200 ml of roselle drink or placebo‐control drink for 6 months. A significant reduction in the blood pressure was observed in the roselle drink treated group when compared with preintervention values. After 6 months of treatment with roselle drink, serum phenolics contents, the levels of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and glutathione reductase (GSH‐Rd) were significantly increased in healthy subjects. However, a significant increment in skin redness and skin moisture was observed in the facial skin of roselle drink‐treated participants. Oral administration of roselle drink for 6 months significantly lowered the blood pressure, improved antioxidation level, and positively regulated skin redness as well as moisture. Phenolics and anthocyanins in roselle could be the major potential contributors to such health effects.
Practical applications
Roselle is a typical plant. Continuous administration of roselle drink clearly improved antioxidation levels, reduced blood pressure and positively regulated skin redness and moisture. Phenloics and anthocyanins in roselle could be the major potentila contributors of such health benefits.
Background: Kidney disorders in diabetic patients can gradually fall into end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) which can greatly interfere with the person's quality of life, in developed countries about 50% of patients with ESKD are caused by diabetes. On the other hand, various studies on citrus fruits have been performed to explore its pharmacological benefits. Aim: this study was aimed to explore the benefits of Sunkist orange peel ethanol extract against diabetic nephropathy in wistar rats as animals’ trial. Methods: This study was used 25 rats and was divided into five groups: viz. control, standard, Sunkist Peel Ethanol Extract-I, II, and III (500, 750, and 1500 mg/kg BW). After 28 days of intervention, BUN and Creatinine levels were measured in all rats. Meanwhile, data analysis used is parametric statistics in the form of One-Way ANOVA with alternative analysis in the form of the Kruskal Wallis test. Results: This study showed that the Sunkist peels ethanol extract significantly decreased BUN (P-Value < 0.05) and creatinine (P-Value < 0.05) level. The highest dosage of extract did not show a significant difference in BUN level against standard group. Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that the Sunkist peel ethanol extract has kidney protection effect against diabetic nephropathy at highest dosage (1500 mg/ kg BW).
BACKGROUND: Glutamate toxicity is involved in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of ethanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces (HS) against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT-22 cells and induce anti-aging property in Caenorhabditis elegans. METHODS: HT-22 cells were pre-treated with HS followed by glutamate and evaluated for the neuroprotective effect using cell viability assay, confocal microscopic analysis, qPCR, Western blot, and docking analysis. Induction of anti-aging property in C. elegans with HS extract was analyzed through physiological assays and qPCR analysis. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis of the HS extract showed the presence of 19 compounds with antioxidant properties including oleamide,2-(diethoxymethyl)furan and 5-methylfurfural. In vitro studies reveal that glutamate exerted toxicity in HT-22 cells by inducing oxidative stress, depleting glutathione, downregulating glutamate transporters, antioxidant genes, inducing autophagy (Beclin-1, Atg-5, Atg-7, LC3-II) by the activation of MAPK (p38, JNK) pathway, and causing apoptosis. However, pre-treatment with HS extract (5, 10μg/ml) reversed the effect and offered neuroprotection. In silico studies showed that the compounds of HS extract can bind effectively and inhibit the activity of NMDAR, calpain-1 and GSK-3β. In C. elegans, HS extended lifespan, reduced the accumulation of lipofuscin, modulated healthspan-related genes and downregulated the expression of daf-2. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that HS with its bioactive components exhibits neuroprotective activity by upregulating glutamate transporters, inhibiting autophagy and exerts anti-aging property through DAF-16 dependent mechanism.
The genus Hibiscus belongs to the mallow family, Malvaceae comprising of about 275 species growing in tropical and sub tropical areas. The various species of genus Hibiscus have been used as traditional medicine all over the world. There are numerous reports of their traditional medicinal uses in various countries like India, Nigeria, China, and Srilanka etc. to cure various ailments such as hypertension, cardiac diseases, stomach-ache, urine problems, skin diseases and many more. Based on the historical knowledge, various pharmacological and phytochemical studies on some species of the genus Hibiscus have been done. Nevertheless, there are no up-to-date articles published which can provide an overview of pharmacological effects of the genus Hibiscus. Therefore, the main objective of the review article is to provide a systematic comprehensive summary of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Hibiscus and to build up a correlation between its traditional ethano-botanical uses and pharmacological activities so as to find some advanced research opportunities in this field. The given information on the ethano-botanical uses, phytoconstituents and various medicinal properties of the genus Hibiscus was gathered from the online scientific databases through search in Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, NCBI, Pubmed, Springer Link, Research Gate by using some keywords as. Besides these websites other published literature and unpublished Ph.D. thesis and M.Sc. dissertation were also consulted. Previously conducted research revealed that the genus contains good amount of phytoconstituents such as antioxidants, phytosterols, saponins, lignin, essential oils, glycosides, and anthocyanins etc. Presence of these bioactive compounds in the crude extracts of the plants make it suitable for various medicinal properties like anti inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-proliferative, anti-ulcer, hypersensitive, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and many more. Additionally, this review article showed that mainly two species of the genus i.e. H. rosa-sinensis and H. sabdariffa have been explored for their pharmacological activities. There are few reports on some other species like H. tiliaceous, H. microanthus, H. asper, H. acetosella. This review highlights the medicinal potential of the plant Hibiscus due to its unique blend of phytochemicals. These phytoconstituents can be further assessed and subjected to clinical trials for their proper validations. Although large amount of the data regarding pharmacological effects has already been added to the existing reservoir but still potential of certain species like H. radiatus, H. hirtus, H. moschetous, H. trionum and many more is not yet unveiled and can be considered as future prospects that need to be worked out. Graphical Abstract:
One-dimensional (1D) copper(II) glycinate coordination polymer {[Cu(gly)2(H2O)]n; (gly: glycine)} has been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI–MS, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Interaction of the complex with biomacromolecules {calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)} has been investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The experimental outcomes indicate that the complex binds to CT-DNA by means of a moderate intercalation mode. Furthermore, the fluorescence quenching mechanism between the complex and BSA is a static quenching process. The Stern–Volmer constants, binding constants, binding sites and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of BSA + the complex systems were determined at different temperatures. The binding distance between the complex and BSA was calculated according to Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory (FRET). The effect of the complex on the conformation of BSA was also examined using synchronous, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectroscopy. Radical scavenging activity of the complex was determined in terms of IC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 method. In biomacromolecules interactions and radical activity studies, the complex was found to give good results.
Free radicals affect aging by unspecific lead breakdown to macromolecules, like DNA, lipids, and proteins. The degradation of the extracellular matrix affects skin aging and correlated with the hyaluronidase enzyme. Rose (Rosa damascena) petal extract and rose receptacle extract can scavenge free radicals, thus hindering the aging process. This study examines phenolic and flavonoid content, the antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase potential owned by rose petal extract (RPE), and rose receptacle extract (RRE) inhibiting skin aging. In this study, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay was done to analyze the antioxidant activity while the hyaluronidase inhibitory assay analyzed antiaging activity. The characteristic of RPE and RRE were measured the phenolics and flavonoids content. The phenolics content of RPE and RRE were 9.66 μg GAE/mg RPE and 4.31 μg GAE/mg RRE, respectively, while the flavonoids content of RPE and RRE respectively 1.22 μg QE/mg RPE and 0.59 μg QE/mg RRE. The median inhibitory (IC50) of H2O2 scavenging of RPE (207.99 µg/mL) was more active than RRE (348.24 µg/mL). RPE's anti-hyaluronidase (IC50: 51.68 µg/mL) is as effective as RRE (IC50: 51.98 µg/mL). Antioxidant and antiaging activities possessed by RPE and RRE are promising natural agents for aging therapy.
Skin aging is a complex natural process characterised by gradual diminishment of structural integrity and physiological imbalance of the skin tissue. Since the oxidative stress is tightly corelated to the skin aging process, the usage of antioxidant may serve as favourable strategies for slowing down the skin aging process. Mangosteen is an important fruit commodity and its extract had been extensively studied and revealing various biological activities. Present study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiaging activity of mangosteen peel extract (MPE) and its phytochemical compounds. MPE and its compounds were subjected to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroperoxide (H2O2) scavenging, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase and antityrosinase assay. MPE has the highest FRAP 116.31 ± 0.60 μM Fe(II) μg–1 extract, IC50 of MPE on H2O2 scavenging activity was 54.61 μg mL–1. MPE also has the highest anti elastase activity at IC50 7.40 μg mL–1. Alpha-mangostin showed potent anti-collagenase activity (IC50 9.75 μg mL–1). While gamma-mangostin showed potent anti-hyaluronidase (IC50 23.85 μg mL–1) and anti-tyrosinase (IC50 50.35 μg mL–1). MPE and its compounds were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant and antiaging activities. Current findings may provide scientific evidence for possible usage of mangosteen extract and its compounds as antioxidant and antiaging agent.
NOO‐type tridentate Schiff base, N‐salicylidene‐2‐aminobenzoic acid, (H2L), and its ternary Cu (II) complex containing H2L Schiff base and 4,7‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (4,7‐dmphen), [Cu(4,7‐dmphen)(H2L)]27H2O, have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI‐MS, FTIR, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. The interaction of alone H2L Schiff base ligand and ternary Cu (II) complex with biomacramolecules {calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)} has been investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that H2L Schiff base ligand and ternary Cu (II) complex bind to CT‐DNA by means of a moderate intercalation mode. Furthermore, the fluorescence quenching mechanism between H2L Schiff base ligand and ternary Cu (II) complex with BSA possesses a static quenching process. Radical scavenging activity of H2L Schiff base ligand and ternary Cu (II) complex was measured in terms of EC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 methods. Biomacromolecule interactions and scavenging activity studies revealed that ternary Cu (II) complex yielded better results than H2L Schiff base ligand alone.
A novel ternary copper(II) complexes, - [Cu(py-phen)(asn)(NO3)(H2O)] (1) and [Cu(py-phen)(trp)(H2O)]NO3 (2)- (py-phen: pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline, asn: asparagine, trp: tryptophan), have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI-MS, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Interaction of the complexes 1 and 2 with CT-DNA has been investigated by absorption spectral titration, EB and Hoechst 33258 displacement assay. The interaction between the complexes 1 and 2 and BSA was
investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The experimental outcomes indicate that the fluorescence quenching mechanism between the complexes 1 and 2 and BSA is a static quenching process. The Stern-Volmer constants, binding constants, binding sites and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (DG, DH, DS) of BSA þ complex systems were determined at different temperatures. The binding distance between the complexes 1 and 2 and BSA was calculated according to FRET. The effect of the complexes 1 and 2 on the conformation of BSA was also examined using synchronous, two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectroscopy. Radical scavenging activity of the complex was determined in terms of EC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 method. The anticancer activities of the complexes 1 and 2 were investigated using an XTT assay against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Caco-2 and A549) and non-tumor cell line (BEAS-2B).
Two water soluble copper(II) mono-anionic glutamate complexes - [Cu(phen)(glu)(H2O)]NO3•H2O (1) and [Cu(py-phen)(glu)(H2O)]NO3•H2O (2) - (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline, py-phen: pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline, glu: glutamic acid), have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI-MS, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Interaction of the complex with biomacromolecules {calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)} has been investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The experimental outcomes displays that the complexes 1 and 2 bind to CT-DNA by means of a moderate intercalation mode. Furthermore, the fluorescence quenching mechanism between BSA and the complexes 1 and 2 is a static quenching process. The Stern-Volmer constants, binding constants, binding sites and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of BSA+ the complexes 1 and 2 systems were determined at different temperatures. The binding distance between BSA and the complexes 1 and 2 was calculated according to Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory (FRET). The effect of the complexes 1 and 2 on the conformation of BSA was also examined using synchronous, two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectroscopy. Radical scavenging activity of the complexes 1 and 2 was determined in terms of IC50, using the DPPH and H2O2 method. In biomacromolecules interactions and radical activity studies, the complexes 1 and 2 were found to give good results.
Background: Obesity is a disorder of lipid metabolism and the enzyme involved in this process could be selectively targeted to develop anti obesity drugs.Inhibition of digestive enzymes is one of the most widely studies mechanisms used to determine the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agent of natural products for anti-obesity agent screening. Aims: To evaluate the inhibitory potential of G. mangostana extract, xanthone and α-mangosteen compound toward pancreatic lipase and α-amylase enzyme as once of anti-obesity
mechanism. Material and Methods: The IC50 value of the mangosteen pericarp extract, xanthone, and α-mangosteen toward pancreatic lipase and α-amylase were determined in vitro compared to orlistat and acarbose as standard drugs. Results: Mangosteen pericarp extract contains phenol, terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin. Mangosteen pericarp extract is a more active compound in inhibiting the PPL activity compared to α-mangosteen, and xanthone. Mangosteen pericarp extract shows the higher activity compared to xanthone but still lower activity compared to α-mangosteen. However, its activity is still lower than standard drugs. Conclusions: Our in vitro, confirmed that the
mangosteen pericarp extract has the phytochemical bioactive content that possesses anti-obesity potential through pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activity.
Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic.
Objective: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer as well as one of leading cause of cancer-related death for women worldwide. In regards to that issue, focus of this paper will be on popularly used Piperaceae members including Piper betle L, Piper cf fragile Benth, Piper umbellatum L, Piper aduncum L, Piper pellucidum L. This research was conducted to elucidate the antioxidant, anticancer and apoptosis inducing activities of Piperaceae extracts on cervical cancer cells, namely HeLa cell line. Methods: The anticancer activity was determined by inhibiting the proliferation of cells. Apoptosis inducing was determined by inhibiting proliferation cells and by SubG1 flow cytometry. The antioxidant activity is determined by using superoxide dismutase value and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Results: The highest anticancer activity at 24 h incubation was found for P.pellucidum extract (IC50: 2.85 µg/ml); The anticancer activity at 48 h incubation was more than at 24 h for all extracts. The highest apoptotic activity was found for P.betle (12.5 µg/ml) at both 24 and 48 h incubatio. The highest antioxidant activity was also represented by P.betle extract. Conclusions: All Piperaceae extracts have high anticancer activity; longer incubation increase anticancer activity. P.betle extract has the highest antioxidant property. [J Exp Integr Med 2013; 3(3.000): 225-230]
This review represents the studies performed on some beneficial mangrove plants such as Ceriops decandra, Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Excoecaria agallocha, Sarcolobus globosus, Sonneratia caseolaris and Acanthus ilicifolius from the Sundarban estuary spanning India and Bangladesh with regard to their biological activities and chemical investigations till date. Sundarban is the largest single chunk of mangrove forest in the world. The forest is a source of livelihood to numerous people of the region. Several of its plant species have very large applications in the traditional folk medicine; various parts of these plants are used by the local people as cure for various ailments. Despite such enormous potential, remarkably few reports are available on these species regarding their biological activities and the active principles responsible for such activities. Though some chemical studies have been made on the mangrove plants of this estuary, reports pertaining to their activity-structure relationship are few in number. An attempt has been made in this review to increase the awareness for the medicinal significance as well as conservation and utilization of these mangrove species as natural rich sources of novel bioactive agents.
Photoaging of the skin depends primarily on the degree of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and on an amount of melanin in the skin (skin phototype). In addition to direct or indirect DNA damage, UVR activates cell surface receptors of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the skin, which leads to a breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix and a shutdown of new collagen synthesis. It is hypothesized that dermal collagen breakdown is followed by imperfect repair that yields a deficit in the structural integrity of the skin, formation of a solar scar, and ultimately clinically visible skin atrophy and wrinkles. Many studies confirmed that acute exposure of human skin to UVR leads to oxidation of cellular biomolecules that could be prevented by prior antioxidant treatment and to depletion of endogenous antioxidants. Skin has a network of all major endogenous enzymatic and nonenzymatic protective antioxidants, but their role in protecting cells against oxidative damage generated by UV radiation has not been elucidated. It seems that skin's antioxidative defence is also influenced by vitamins and nutritive factors and that combination of different antioxidants simultaneously provides synergistic effect.
Ethanolic extracts from the roots of wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota), narrow-leaved echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia), senega (Polygala senega), leaves of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and aerial parts of two varieties of horsetail (Equisetum spp.) were prepared and evaluated for their free-radical scavenging capacity and their antioxidant activity, by a number of chemical assays. Assays employed included a β-carotene-linoleic acid (linoleate) model system, reducing power, scavenging effect on the DPPH free radical and capacity to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals (HO), by use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The bearberry-leaf extract consistently exhibited the highest antioxidant activity based on the tests performed, and seems to be a promising source of natural antioxidants. The polyphenolic constituents appear to be responsible, at least in part, for the extract's radical-scavenging capacity. Research is progressing to characterize the antioxidant compounds in the bearberry-leaf extract and their mode of action in imparting antioxidant activity to various food systems.
Collagenase, a matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a key regulator in the photoaging process of skin due to the reactive oxygen species generated after exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA). Flavonoid compounds have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant properties, and could be useful in the prevention of photoaging. In this study, to investigate the structure-activity relationship of flavonoid compounds on their antioxidant property and inhibitory effects against the MMP activity, the effects of several flavonoids; myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin and chrysin, on the reactive oxygen species scavengering activity and inhibitory effect against the MMP activity were examined in vitro and in human dermal fibroblasts induced by UVA. The relative order of antioxidative efficacy, as determined using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, was as follows; flavones: luteolin > apigenin > chrysin, flavonols: myricetin > quercetin > kaempferol, and correlated with the respective number of OH group on their B-ring. In good correlation with the antioxidant properties, the flavonoids inhibited the collagenase activities, in a dose-dependent manner, and the MMP expression. These results suggested the UVA induced antioxidative activity and inhibitory effects of flavonoids on the collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts depends on the number of OH group in the flavonoid structure, and those with a higher number of OH group may be more useful in the prevention of UV stressed skin aging.
During ageing, elasticity of the skin decreases due to enzyme elastase leads to sagging and at the same time hyaluronic acid in the skin also diminishes and skin becomes dry and wrinkled. Hence, there is need to conserve matrix metallo proteins by inhibiting the activity of these matrix metallo proteinases. Certain plant extracts are reported to be good antioxidants. Garcinol and cambogiol present in the fruit rinds of Garcinia indica were reported to be good antioxidants due to presence of phenolic group. Along with this various preparations of G. indica have shown significant antioxidant ability. To check whether fractions separated from fruit rinds of G. indica play a role in prolonging ageing, we fractionated crude Methanolic Extract (ME) into ethyl acetate and Water Fraction (WF) and those fractions were screened for anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity. Among tested three fractions, Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) at concentrations as low as 25 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> showed significant hyaluronidase inhibition while water fraction proved to be good elastase and hyaluronidase inhibitor at 90 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Water fraction could be further exploited to be used in anti-ageing formulations.
This study focuses on the effect of 'Diashis', a polyherbal formulation composed of eight medicinal plants for the management of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. As oxidative stress is one of the consequences of diabetes, the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes and metabolic enzymes were evaluated. Treatment with 'Diashis' in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) recovery in the activities of hepatic hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase along with correction in the levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and liver and skeletal muscle glycogen. The oxidative stress status in the liver was corrected by 'Diashis' which was highlighted by the recovery in the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase along with the correction in the quantity of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and conjugated diene. 'Diashis' was not found to have any metabolic toxicity. The antidiabetic effects of 'Diashis' were compared with those of the antidiabetic drug, 'Glibenclamide'.
Platelet aggregation is an important factor contributing to the formation of thrombus due to an uncontrolled blood clotting. An antiplatelet agent is a compound which decreases platelet aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. The objectives of this study were to determine the class of compound employing phytochemical assay and to determine the in vitro antiplatelet activity of four fraction, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions of velvet bean seeds (Mucuna pruriens L.) using epinephrine (EPN) as agonist of platelet aggregation. The antiplatelet activities were tested in human platelet rich plasma with hyperaggregation. To determine the activities, EPN was arranged at 4 level of concentrations (300, 150, 75, and 30 μM), and antiplatelet agents were at 500 µg/ml. The results indicated that ethyl acetate, butanol and water fraction contained high flavonoids and moderate phenols. The water, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of velvet bean seeds exhibited potential inhibition of EPN-induced platelet aggregation at all concentrations. The strongest antiplatelet agent was water fraction and had the same antiplatelet activity as aspirin at level 150, 75, and 30 μM of EPN. Butanol fraction had the same antiplatelet activity as aspirin at the lowest EPN (30 μM).
Estimating a realistic effect size is an important issue in the planning of clinical studies of complementary and alternative medicine therapies. When a minimally important difference is not available, researchers may estimate effect size using the published literature. This evidence-based effect size estimation may be used to produce a range of empirically-informed effect size and consequent sample size estimates. We provide an illustration of deriving plausible effect size ranges for a study of acupuncture in the relief of post-chemotherapy fatigue in breast cancer patients.
A PubMed search identified three uncontrolled studies reporting the effect of acupuncture in relieving fatigue. A separate search identified five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a wait-list control of breast cancer patients receiving standard care that reported data on fatigue. We use these published data to produce best, average, and worst-case effect size estimates and related sample size estimates for a trial of acupuncture in the relief of cancer-related fatigue relative to a wait-list control receiving standard care.
Use of evidence-based effect size estimation to calculate sample size requirements for a study of acupuncture in relieving fatigue in breast cancer survivors relative to a wait-list control receiving standard care suggests that an adequately-powered phase III randomized controlled trial comprised of two arms would require at least 101 subjects (52 per arm) if a strong effect is assumed for acupuncture and 235 (118 per arm) if a moderate effect is assumed.
Evidence-based effect size estimation helps justify assumptions in light of empirical evidence and can lead to more realistic sample size calculations, an outcome that would be of great benefit for the field of complementary and alternative medicine.
Human skin is continuously exposed to internal and external influences that may alter its condition and functioning. As a consequence, the skin may undergo alterations leading to photoaging, inflammation, immune dysfunction, imbalanced epidermal homeostasis, or other skin disorders. Modern nutritional science is developing new insights into the relation between food intake and health, and effects of food ingredients may prove to be biologically relevant for optimal skin condition. The objective of this review was to evaluate the present knowledge about the interrelation of nutrients and skin, particularly the photoprotective effects of nutrients, the influences of nutrients on cutaneous immune responses, and therapeutic actions of nutrients in skin disorders. The nutrients of focus were vitamins, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation with these nutrients was shown to provide protection against ultraviolet light, although the sun-protection factor was relatively small compared with that of topical sunscreens. An increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity skin responses after supplementation with nutrients has proven beneficial, especially in elderly people, and may boost cell-mediated immunity. Dietary consumption of certain plants or fish oil is known to modulate the balance of lipid inflammatory mediators and, therefore, is valuable in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. It was concluded that nutritional factors exert promising actions on the skin, but information on the effects of low-to-moderate doses of nutrients consumed long term by healthy individuals is obviously lacking, as are data on direct effects on basal skin properties, including hydration, sebum production, and elasticity.
Virtually all plants and animals protect themselves from the sun using vitamins C and E.
The purpose of this study was to see if a combination of topical vitamins C and E is better for UV protection to skin than an equivalent concentration of topical vitamin C or E alone.
We developed a stable aqueous solution of 15% L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 1% alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). We applied antioxidant or vehicle solutions to pig skin daily for 4 days. We irradiated (1-5x minimal erythema dose) control- and antioxidant-treated skin using a solar simulator with a 295-nm band-pass filter. On day 5, we measured antioxidant protection factor, erythema, sunburn cells, and thymine dimers.
The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% alpha-tocopherol provided significant protection against erythema and sunburn cell formation; either L-ascorbic acid or 1% alpha-tocopherol alone also was protective but the combination was superior. Application during 4 days provided progressive protection that yielded an antioxidant protection factor of 4-fold. In addition, the combination of vitamins C and E provided protection against thymine dimer formation.
Appreciable photoprotection can be obtained from the combination of topical vitamins C and E. We suggest that these natural products may protect against skin cancer and photoaging.
Oxidative stress participates in the cell carcinogenesis by inducing DNA mutations. Our aim was to assess whether ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, could have a role in preventing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation in experimental gastric carcinoma in a rat model.
Experimental gastric cancer was induced in twelve Wistar male rats (weighting 250-350 g) by profound duodeno-gastric reflux throught split gastrojenunostomy. The rats were allocated to the following groups: Group I (n=6) was the control; Group II (n=6) which was mantained with daily intake of tape water with Vitamin C (30 mg/Kg). After 6 or 12 months, samples of gastric tumor or non tumor mucosa were taken from the anastomosis of both groups. Oxidative stress was measured by superoxide quantification through lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence base and by staining with Nitrobluetetrazolium. The histopathologic confirmation of adenocarcinoma was made by eosin-hemathoxilin method.
The intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma was microscopically identified in all animals of group I whereas only 3 rats of group II showed an adenocarcinoma without macroscopic evidence of them. The cancers were located in the anastomosis in all cases. Basal luminescence from tumor gastric tissue generated 38.4+/-6.8 count per minute/mg/X10(6) (mean+/-SD) and 14.9+/-4.0 count per minute/mg/X10(6), respectively, in group I and II animals (P<0.05). The Nitrobluetetrazolium method showed intense staining in tumor tissues but not in non neoplasic mucosa.
Experimental gastric tumors seem to produce more reactive oxygen species than non neoplasic gastric tissue. The reduction of oxidative stress and gastric tumor incidence in rats were induced by the intake of ascorbic acid. Therefore, it may have a role in the prevention of gastric carcinoma.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an ancient fruit with exceptionally rich ethnomedical applications. The peel (pericarp) is well regarded for its astringent properties; the seeds for conferring invulnerability in combat and stimulating beauty and fertility. Here, aqueous fractions prepared from the fruit's peel and fermented juice and lipophilic fractions prepared from pomegranate seeds were examined for effects on human epidermal keratinocyte and human dermal fibroblast function. Pomegranate seed oil, but not aqueous extracts of fermented juice, peel or seed cake, was shown to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation in monolayer culture. In parallel, a mild thickening of the epidermis (without the loss of ordered differentiation) was observed in skin organ culture. The same pomegranate seed oil that stimulated keratinocyte proliferation was without effect on fibroblast function. In contrast, pomegranate peel extract (and to a lesser extent, both the fermented juice and seed cake extracts) stimulated type I procollagen synthesis and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1; interstitial collagenase) production by dermal fibroblasts, but had no growth-supporting effect on keratinocytes. These results suggest heuristic potential of pomegranate fractions for facilitating skin repair in a polar manner, namely aqueous extracts (especially of pomegranate peel) promoting regeneration of dermis, and pomegranate seed oil promoting regeneration of epidermis.
Pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases is associated with excessive elastase release through neutrophil degranulation. In the present study, inhibition of human neutrophil degranulation by four flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, galangin) was evaluated by using released elastase as a biomarker. Inhibitory potency was observed in the following order: quercetin > myricetin > kaempferol = galangin. Quercetin, the most potent inhibitor of elastase release also had a weak inhibitory effect on the enzyme catalytic activity. Furthermore, the observed effects were highly dependent on the presence of a catechol group at the flavonoid B-ring. The results of the present study suggest that quercetin may be a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory diseases.
!--[if gte mso 9]> <!--[if gte mso 9]> Degenerative diseases and chronic diseases are often caused by oxidative stress . Oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Antixodant as inhibitor are needed t o prevent it which is one of antioxidant sources is tea. Tea processing generally produce various kinds of teas such as black, green and oolong tea. Tea processing affect the content of phenoli c compounds . The aim of the research is to evaluate phytochemical content, total phenolic conten t of black tea , green tea and oolong tea extracts using catechin, quercetin , kaempferol, myricetin as standard, and to evaluate the antioxidative potency of black tea, green tea and oolong tea extracts compared to catechin, quercetin , kaempferol, myricetin . Phytochemical assay using modified Farnsworth method, the antioxidant activity were measured by by its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Green tea extract contained highest phenolic and flavonoid. The highest antioxidant activity was green tea extract with IC<sub>50</sub> =0,487 μ g/mL . Green tea extract content phenol and flavonoid are higher compared to the other extracts, green tea extract has the highest antioxidant activity. </p
Context Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) (amla), Manilkara zapota L.P. Royen (Sapotaceae) (sapota) and silymarin are reported to contain antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-aging properties is limited.
Objective To compare in vitro antioxidants, anti-collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and anti-elastase properties as well as the phenolic and flavonoid contents of amla, sapota and silymarin as potential anti-aging ingredients.
Materials and methods The ethanol amla and sapota fruit extracts were prepared by three cycles of maceration with 24 h duration each. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The effects of MMP-1, MMP-2 and elastase inhibitions were determined by using the EnzChek® assay kits (Molecular-Probes, Eugene, OR).
Results Amla exhibited the highest in TPC (362.43 ± 11.2 mg GAE/g) while silymarin showed the highest in TFC (21.04 ± 0.67 mg QE/g). Results of antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods showed that amla possessed the most potent capacity with IC50 values of 1.70 ± 0.07 and 4.45 ± 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. Highest inhibitions against MMP-1, MMP-2 and elastase were detected for sapota with IC50 values of 89.61 ± 0.96, 86.47 ± 3.04 and 35.73 ± 0.61 μg/mL, respectively.
Discussion and conclusion Test extracts offered anti-aging properties in different mechanisms. Amla showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant property with moderate anti-collagenase. Silymarin exhibited measurable flavonoid content with anti-elastase effect. Sapota showed the highest collagenase and elastase inhibitions with moderate antioxidant effect. Thus, extracts might be added as a mixture to gain the overall anti-aging effects.
Nutracosmetics are an emerging class of health and beauty aid products that combine the benefits of nutracosmetical ingredients with the elegance, skin feel, and delivery systems of cosmetics. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty because herbs have many beneficial properties, such as sunscreen, antiaging, moisturizing, antioxidant, anticellulite, and antimicrobial effects. As compared with synthetic cosmetic products, herbal products are mild, biodegradable, and have low toxicity profile. To enhance these properties, research is being done in the development of newer approaches, which could improve both the aesthetic appeal and performance of a cosmetic product. In this respect, the approaches studied and discussed include liposomes, phytosomes, transferosomes, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanocrystals, and cubosomes.
Life expectancy has increased across the globe and the number of aged people is increasing rapidly. With the rise in the average age of people, the prevalence of age related pathologies has also increased and thus the strategies to find anti-aging molecules assume significance. Anti-aging basically concerns the prevention or delaying the alterations taking place as a function of age which are manifested as age-associated illnesses.
This review covers anti-aging strategies involving supplementation of dietary antioxidants such as polyphenols, vitamins E and C, lipoic acid, acetyl carnitine, carnosine and cysteine along with the application of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and plasma membrane redox system activators. It also presents the use of different hormone supplementation, for example, melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone and sex hormones as a tool against aging. The use of caloric restriction and calorie restriction mimetics as an anti-aging intervention is also reviewed.
The concept, use and efficacy of different anti-aging approaches.
Despite a lot of research and sustained ongoing efforts, finding a viable anti-aging therapy which can extend the maximum human lifespan remains elusive. However, several interventions aimed towards a longer healthy life seem promising.
The relation between antioxidant activity and anthocyanin was determined in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) petals. Petals from Roselle, cultivar F141, were collected and dried in Taitung, Taiwan. Roselle extract was prepared by extracting dried Roselle petals in boiling water. The relation between the anthocyanin color and antioxidant capacity was elucidated by comparing absorbance at 520 nm, with ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total antioxidant status (TAS) antioxidant assays. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of Roselle extract increased when extraction time or weight of petals increased. The FRAP assay showed a linear relationship with anthocyanin as determined at 520 nm. Comparisons between FRAP and ORAC or FRAP and TAS assays gave a linear relation. These results suggest that anthocyanin is the major source of antioxidant capacity in Roselle extract. Further purification using Amberlite XAD-2 and HPLC indicated that anthocyanin and a brown pigment in the extract account for about 51 and 24% of the antioxidant capacity, respectively. Under different processing temperatures and storage periods, anthocyanin content declines. However, other phenolic compounds increase and overall there is only a relatively small decrease in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.
The present review deals with some factors determining the anti-aging as well as the aging process. In order to get a deeper insight in the subject matter, firstly some less known spectroscopic and kinetic data of antioxidant vitamins (C, E, β-carotene) acting as anti-aging factors by electron transfer are briefly discussed. The generation of oxygen transients (OH, ROO, 1O2, ozone radicals, etc.) by sunlight, ultrasonic and microwave radiation are causing “oxygen stress” and contribute to early ageing is also reviewed. Particular attention is paid to external environmental aging factors. Their action is based on the incorporation of various pollutants contained in water and air in the human organism. In this respect the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an essential role by initiating DNA-mutation, leading to an accelerate aging, carcinogenesis and diseases.
A stable ascorbic acid derivative, 2-O-α-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G), was evaluated and compared with ascorbic acid for its protective effect against cellular damage and senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Pretreatment with AA-2G for 72 h promoted the proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and protected against cell damage induced by H(2)O(2). In contrast, ascorbic acid increased the proliferation and protected against cell damage, only when culture medium containing ascorbic acid was replaced every 24 h during the pretreatment period. These results suggest that the effect of AA-2G is longer-lasting compared to that of ascorbic acid. Senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, a classical biomarker of cellular senescence, was increased in H(2)O(2)-exposed NHDF cells, but pretreatment or posttreatment with ascorbic acid or AA-2G significantly inhibited the increase in SA-β-gal levels. AA-2G was more potent than ascorbic acid in down-regulating SA-β-gal activity. Expression of SIRT1, which has attracted attention as an anti-aging factor in recent years, was significantly decreased in H(2)O(2)-exposed NHDF cells compared to untreated cells. However, pretreatment NHDF cells with AA-2G before H(2)O(2) exposure significantly inhibited this decrease in SIRT1 expression, whereas ascorbic acid had no effect. After H(2)O(2) exposure, the expression levels of p53 and p21 were increased in NHDF cells and pretreatment with AA-2G inhibited this increase. Together, these results suggest that AA-2G protects dermal fibroblasts from oxidative stress and cellular senescence. These characteristics indicate that AA-2G could become a promising material for its anti-aging properties.
The tomato fruit is a dietary source of carotenoids, bioactive antioxidant compounds that play an important role in the prevention of degenerative diseases. Several extraction and detection techniques regarding carotenoids in tomatoes can be found in the literature, mainly based on high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet-visible detection.
The best extraction conditions and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were evaluated: lycopene and β-carotene were extracted in a cyclohexane/ethyl acetate mixture without the addition of antioxidants, next separated by liquid chromatography on a C(18) column and then determined through electrospray tandem MS. Ionic suppression by the matrix in negative ionisation mode did not allow the analysis of extracts, hence the positive ionisation mode was chosen. Validation parameters demonstrated the suitability for purpose of the analytical method: accuracy, precision, linearity and detection limits were adequate. The method was finally applied to different tomato samples, and differences could be easily highlighted.
The method was simple, fast and appropriate for the purpose of analysing lycopene and β-carotene in tomatoes.
Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) light causes skin photoaging. Many studies have shown that naturally occurring phytochemicals have anti-photoaging effects, but their direct target molecule(s) and mechanism(s) remain unclear. We found that myricetin, a major flavonoid in berries and red wine, inhibited wrinkle formation in mouse skin induced by chronic UVB irradiation (0.18J/cm(2), 3 days/week for 15 weeks). Myricetin treatment reduced UVB-induced epidermal thickening of mouse skin and also suppressed UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein expression and enzyme activity. Myricetin appeared to exert its anti-aging effects by suppressing UVB-induced Raf kinase activity and subsequent attenuation of UVB-induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in mouse skin. In vitro and in vivo pull-down assays revealed that myricetin bound with Raf in an ATP-noncompetitive manner. Overall, these results indicate that myricetin exerts potent anti-photoaging activity by regulating MMP-9 expression through the suppression of Raf kinase activity.
Myricetin is a flavonoid similar to quercetin, which is commonly found in natural foods such as berries, vegetables, teas, wine, and herbs. It is considered to be an antioxidant which is capable of quenching photoaging-causing free radicals within the skin. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying protective effect of myricetin on ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced damage to keratinocytes. We found that myricetin concentration-dependently attenuated UVB-induced keratinocyte death as determined by a cell viability assay. Pretreatment with myricetin also reduced the UVB-induced malondialdehyde level. Moreover, UVB-induced H(2)O(2) generation in keratinocytes was inhibited by myricetin according to flow cytometry, suggesting that myricetin can act as a free radical scavenger when keratinocytes experience photodamage. Furthermore, UVB-induced activation of c-jun-NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK) in keratinocytes was inhibited by myricetin. UVB-induced pre-G(1) phase arrest leading to apoptotic changes in keratinocytes was blocked by myricetin. Taken together, the protective mechanisms of keratinocyte by myricetin against UVB-induced photodamage occur by the inhibition of UVB-induced intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, lipid peroxidation and JNK activation. Therefore, myricetin is suitable for further development as an anti-aging agent for skin care.
The French paradox is a dietary anomaly which has focused attention on the Mediterranean diet. Epidemiological studies revealed that this diet, replete in flavonoid-rich foods (Allium and Brassica vegetables, and red wine), correlated with the increased longevity and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease seen in these populations. The most frequently studied flavonoid, quercetin, has been shown to have biological properties consistent with its sparing effect on the cardiovascular system. Quercetin and other flavonoids have been shown to modify eicosanoid biosynthesis (antiprostanoid and anti-inflammatory responses), protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation (prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation), prevent platelet aggregation (antithrombic effects), and promote relaxation of cardiovascular smooth muscle (antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic effects). In addition, flavonoids have been shown to have antiviral and carcinostatic properties. However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed from the gut and are subject to degradation by intestinal micro-organisms. The amount of quercetin that remains biologically available may not be of sufficient concentration, theoretically, to explain the beneficial effects seen with the Mediterranean diet. The role of flavonoids may transcend their presence in food. The activity of flavonoids as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase suggests a place for these compounds in the control of retrovirus infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition to specific effects, the broad-modulating effects of flavonoids as antioxidants, inhibitors of ubiquitous enzymes (ornithine carboxylase, protein kinase, calmodulin), and promoters of vasodilatation and platelet disaggregation can serve as starting material for drug development programmes.
We have investigated the effects of different biologically active components from natural products, including green tea polyphenols (GTP), resveratrol, genistein and organosulfur compounds from garlic, on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and MMP-12 activities. GTP caused the strongest inhibition of the three enzymes, as measured by fluorescence assays using gelatin or elastin as substrates. The inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 caused by GTP was confirmed by gelatin zymography and was observed for MMPs associated with both various rat tissues and human brain tumors (glioblastoma and pituitary tumors). The activities of MMPs were also measured in the presence of various catechins isolated from green tea including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin (C). The most potent inhibitors of these activities, as measured by fluorescence and by gelatin or casein zymography, were EGCG and ECG. GTP and the different catechins had no effect on pancreatic elastase, suggesting that the effects of these molecules on MMP activities are specific. Furthermore, in vitro activation of proMMP-2 secreted from the glioblastomas cell line U-87 by the lectin concanavalin A was completely inhibited by GTP and specifically by EGCG. These results indicate that catechins from green tea inhibit MMP activities and proMMP-2 activation.